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Hocquigny A, Hugerot H, Ghanem R, Haute T, Laurent V, Cogulet V, Montier T. Mucoactive drugs and multiple applications in pulmonary disease therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 194:110-117. [PMID: 38048888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex polymeric hydrogel that serves as a critical defense in several organs. In the lungs, it provides a formidable barrier against inhaled particles such as microorganisms. In addition, mucus is essential for normal lung physiology, as it promotes immune tolerance and facilitates a normal commensal pulmonary microbiome. Hypersecretion of airway mucus is a characteristic of numerous respiratory diseases, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Cystic Fibrosis (CF), and creates pulmonary obstruction, limiting the effectiveness of inhaled therapies. Due to those alterations, therapeutic strategies must be optimal to limit airway obstruction and restore pulmonary function. Mucoactive drugs are common therapeutic options and are classified into different groups depending on their modes of action, i.e., expectorants, mucokinetics, mucoregulators and mucolytics. This review focuses on mucoactive drugs and their modes of action. A special focus will be made on two challenging pulmonary pathologies: COPD and CF, and on their clinical studies conducted with mucoactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Hugerot
- CHU de Brest, Pharmacie hospitalière, Brest, 5 avenue du Maréchal Foch, France
| | - Rosy Ghanem
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; CHU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tanguy Haute
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Véronique Laurent
- CHU de Brest, Pharmacie hospitalière, Brest, 5 avenue du Maréchal Foch, France
| | - Virginie Cogulet
- CHU de Brest, Pharmacie hospitalière, Brest, 5 avenue du Maréchal Foch, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; CHU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, 29200 Brest, France; CHU de Brest, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200, Brest France.
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Muntiu A, Papait A, Vincenzoni F, Vitali A, Lattanzi W, Romele P, Cargnoni A, Silini A, Parolini O, Desiderio C. Disclosing the molecular profile of the human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell secretome by filter-aided sample preparation proteomic characterization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:339. [PMID: 38012707 PMCID: PMC10683150 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from the amniotic membrane (hAMSCs) has been extensively studied for its in vitro immunomodulatory activity as well as for the treatment of several preclinical models of immune-related disorders. The bioactive molecules within the hAMSCs secretome are capable of modulating the immune response and thus contribute to stimulating regenerative processes. At present, only a few studies have attempted to define the composition of the secretome, and several approaches, including multi-omics, are underway in an attempt to precisely define its composition and possibly identify key factors responsible for the therapeutic effect. METHODS In this study, we characterized the protein composition of the hAMSCs secretome by a filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) digestion and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach. Data were processed for gene ontology classification and functional protein interaction analysis by bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Proteomic analysis of the hAMSCs secretome resulted in the identification of 1521 total proteins, including 662 unique elements. A number of 157 elements, corresponding to 23.7%, were found as repeatedly characterizing the hAMSCs secretome, and those that resulted as significantly over-represented were involved in immunomodulation, hemostasis, development and remodeling of the extracellular matrix molecular pathways. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our characterization enriches the landscape of hAMSCs with new information that could enable a better understanding of the mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic efficacy of the hAMSCs secretome while also providing a basis for its therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Muntiu
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC) ''Giulio Natta'', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Papait
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ''Agostino Gemelli'' Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ''Agostino Gemelli'' Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Vitali
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC) ''Giulio Natta'', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ''Agostino Gemelli'' Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Romele
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Cargnoni
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ''Agostino Gemelli'' Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC) ''Giulio Natta'', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
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Ghavami Shahri SH, Balali-Mood M, Heidarzadeh HR, Abrishami M. Ophthalmic Complications and Managements of Sulfur Mustard Exposure: A Narrative Review. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2022; 25:647-657. [PMID: 37543890 PMCID: PMC10685765 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2022.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a lethal chemical agent that affects many organs, particularly the eyes, respiratory system and skin. Even asymptomatic patients with documented SM vapor exposure may develop organ disorder many years later. Patients with even minor signs in the acute stage may experience late complications that necessitate surgery. Early decontamination and conservative measures could help the patients and decrease the complications. Despite decades of research, there is still no effective treatment for either acute or long-term SM-induced ocular complications. Even after multiple medications and surgical procedures, the majority of patients continue to have symptoms. For dry eye, punctual occlusion, autologous eye drops, and aggressive lubrication are used; for persistent epithelial defects (PED), tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane transplant, and stem cell transplantation are used; for total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), living-related conjunctivolimbal allograft and keratolimbal allograft are used; for corneal vascularization, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor prescribed; and for corneal opacities, corneal transplantation is done. Platelet rich plasma and topical drops containing stem cell transplantation for LSCD, photodynamic therapy paired with subconjunctival or topical anti-vascular endothelial growth factors for corneal vascularization, topical curcumin and topical ciclosporin-A for dry eye, and orbital fat-derived stem cells for PED are all alternative treatments that can be suggested. Despite the experimental and clinical research on the complications of SM exposure over the past decades, there is still no effective treatment for eye complications. However, supportive medical and surgical management has been applied with relatively good outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bokor M, Tantos Á. Protein-Protein Connections-Oligomer, Amyloid and Protein Complex-By Wide Line 1H NMR. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050757. [PMID: 34070204 PMCID: PMC8158481 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amount of bonds between constituting parts of a protein aggregate were determined in wild type (WT) and A53T α-synuclein (αS) oligomers, amyloids and in the complex of thymosin-β4–cytoplasmic domain of stabilin-2 (Tβ4-stabilin CTD). A53T αS aggregates have more extensive βsheet contents reflected by constant regions at low potential barriers in difference (to monomers) melting diagrams (MDs). Energies of the intermolecular interactions and of secondary structures bonds, formed during polymerization, fall into the 5.41 kJ mol−1 ≤ Ea ≤ 5.77 kJ mol−1 range for αS aggregates. Monomers lose more mobile hydration water while forming amyloids than oligomers. Part of the strong mobile hydration water–protein bonds break off and these bonding sites of the protein form intermolecular bonds in the aggregates. The new bonds connect the constituting proteins into aggregates. Amyloid–oligomer difference MD showed an overall more homogeneous solvent accessible surface of A53T αS amyloids. From the comparison of the nominal sum of the MDs of the constituting proteins to the measured MD of the Tβ4-stabilin CTD complex, the number of intermolecular bonds connecting constituent proteins into complex is 20(1) H2O/complex. The energies of these bonds are in the 5.40(3) kJ mol−1 ≤ Ea ≤ 5.70(5) kJ mol−1 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Bokor
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-209939420
| | - Ágnes Tantos
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
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Bokor M, Tantos Á, Mészáros A, Jenei B, Haminda R, Tompa P, Tompa K. Molecular Motions and Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of Thymosin-β 4 , Stabilin CTD and Their 1 : 1 Complex, Studied by 1 H-NMR Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1420-1428. [PMID: 32469123 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wide-line 1 H NMR measurements were extended and all results were interpreted in a thermodynamics-based new approach on aqueous solutions of thymosin-β4 (Tβ4 ), stabilin cytoplasmic domain (CTD), and their 1 : 1 complex. Energy distributions of potential barriers controlling the motion of protein-bound water molecules were determined. Heterogeneous and homogeneous regions were found in the protein-water interface. The measure of heterogeneity of this interface gives quantitative value for the portion of disordered parts in the protein. Ordered structural elements were found extending up to ∼20 % of the individual whole proteins. About 40 % of the binding sites of free Tβ4 get involved in bonds holding the complex together. The complex has the most heterogeneous solvent accessible surface (SAS) in terms of protein-water interactions. The complex is more disordered than Tβ4 or stabilin CTD. The greater SAS area of the complex is interpreted as a clear sign of its open structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bokor
- Department of Experimental Solid State Physics Wigner Research Centre, Konkoly-Thege út 29-33., 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Á Tantos
- Research Group of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Mészáros
- Research Group of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Jenei
- Research Group of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Haminda
- Chemical Institute, Eötvös Lóránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1 A, 1117, Budapest
| | - P Tompa
- Research Group of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Peter Tompa Lab, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Tompa
- Department of Experimental Solid State Physics Wigner Research Centre, Konkoly-Thege út 29-33., 1121, Budapest, Hungary
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Li X, Kang B, Eom Y, Lee HK, Kim HM, Song JS. The Protective Effect of a Topical Mucin Secretagogue on Ocular Surface Damage Induced by Airborne Carbon Black Exposure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:255-264. [PMID: 30649152 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exposure to airborne particulate matter can induce ocular surface damage and inflammation. We evaluated the effects of a topical mucin secretagogue on the mitigation of ocular surface damage induced by exposure to airborne carbon black (CB). Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ambient CB for 2 hours twice daily for 5 days. Corneal staining score and tear lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were measured to evaluate ocular surface damage. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgE levels and the sizes of cervical lymph nodes were also measured. The expressions of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, and interferon (IFN)-γ were measured by Western blot analysis. Diquafosol tetrasodium was instilled six times a day for 5 days, and the extent of ocular surface damage was evaluated. Results After exposure to airborne CB, the median corneal staining score and LDH activity were significantly increased. Serum IgG and IgE levels and the sizes of cervical lymph nodes were also significantly increased. Additionally, the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ was elevated in the anterior segment of the eyeball. Furthermore, the expression of IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ was elevated in the cervical lymph nodes. When exposed to airborne black carbon, topical diquafosol tetrasodium significantly increased tear MUC5AC concentration and decreased tear LDH activity. Conclusions Exposure to airborne CB induced ocular surface damage and increased proinflammatory cytokines in the eyes and cervical lymph nodes. Topical mucin secretagogues seem to have a protective effect on the ocular surface against exposure to airborne particulate matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhe Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boram Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngsub Eom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Myung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Bokor M, Tantos Á, Mészáros A, Jenei B, Haminda R, Tompa P, Tompa K. Molecular Motions and Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of Thymosin-β 4 , Stabilin C-Terminal Domain (CTD) and Their 1:1 Complex Studied by 1 H NMR Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:848-856. [PMID: 29274195 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wide-line 1 H NMR measurements were extended and all results were reinterpreted in a new thermodynamics-based approach to study aqueous solutions of thymosin-β4 (Tβ4 ), stabilin C-terminal domain (CTD) and their 1:1 complex. The energy distributions of the potential barriers, which control motion of protein-bound water molecules, were determined. Heterogeneous and homogeneous regions were found at the protein-water interface. The measure of heterogeneity gives a quantitative value for the portion of disordered parts in the protein. Ordered structural elements were found extending up to 20 % of the whole proteins. About 40 % of the binding sites of free Tβ4 become involved in bonds holding the complex together. The complex has the most heterogeneous solvent accessible surface (SAS) in terms of protein-water interactions. The complex is more disordered than Tβ4 or stabilin CTD. The greater SAS area of the complex is interpreted as a clear sign of its open structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Bokor
- Experimental Solid State Research, Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege út 29-33. 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Tantos
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mészáros
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Jenei
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Haminda
- Chemical Institute, Eötvös Lóránd University, Pázmány P. sétány 1A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,VIB Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kálmán Tompa
- Experimental Solid State Research, Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege út 29-33. 1121, Budapest, Hungary
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Panahi Y, Rajaee SM, Sahebkar A. Ocular Effects of Sulfur Mustard and Therapeutic Approaches. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3549-3560. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Seyyed Mahdi Rajaee
- Chemical Injuries Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Serafino A, Andreola F, Pittaluga E, Krasnowska EK, Nicotera G, Sferrazza G, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Pierimarchi P, Garaci E. Thymosin α1 modifies podosome architecture and promptly stimulates the expression of podosomal markers in mature macrophages. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S101-16. [PMID: 26098689 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1024221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The immunomodulatory activity of thymosin α1 (Tα1) on innate immunity has been extensively described, but its mechanism of action is not completely understood. We explored the possibility that Tα1-stimulation could affect the formation of podosomes, the highly dynamic, actin-rich, adhesion structures involved in macrophage adhesion/chemotaxis. METHODS The following methods were used: optical and scanning electron microscopy for analyzing morphology of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs); time-lapse imaging for visualizing the time-dependent modifications induced at early times by Tα1 treatment; confocal microscopy and Western blot for analyzing localization and expression of podosome components; and Matrigel Migration Assay and zymography for testing MDM invasive ability and metalloproteinase secretion. RESULTS We obtained data to support that Tα1 could affect MDM motility, invasion and chemotaxis by promptly stimulating assembly and disassembly of podosomal structures. At very early times after its addition to cell culture medium and within 1 h of treatment, Tα1 induces modifications in MDM morphology and in podosomal components that are suggestive of increased podosome turnover. CONCLUSIONS Since impairment of podosome formation leads to reduced innate immunity and is associated with several immunodeficiency disorders, we confirm the validity of Tα1 as a potent activator of innate immunity and suggest possible new clinical application of this thymic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalucia Serafino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy , Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome , Italy
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Wong SW, Sun S, Cho M, Lee KKH, Mak AFT. H2O2 Exposure Affects Myotube Stiffness and Actin Filament Polymerization. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1178-88. [PMID: 25371376 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles often experience oxidative stress in anaerobic metabolism and ischemia-reperfusion. This paper reports how oxidative stress affects the stiffness of cultured murine myotubes and their actin filaments polymerization dynamics. H2O2 was applied as an extrinsic oxidant to C2C12 myotubes. Atomic force microscopy results showed that short exposures to H2O2 apparently increased the stiffness of myotubes, but that long exposures made the cells softer. The turning point seemed to take place somewhere between 1 and 2 h of H2O2 exposure. We found that the stiffness change was probably due to actin filaments being favored for depolymerization after prolong H2O2 treatments, especially when the exposure duration exceeded 1 h and the exposure concentration reached 1.0 mM. Such depolymerization effect was associated with the down-regulation of thymosin beta 4, as well as the up-regulation of both cofilin2 and profilin1 after prolong H2O2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Wan Wong
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Rossetti DV, Martelli C, Longhi R, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Desiderio C. Quantitative analysis of thymosin β4 in whole saliva by capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry using multiple ions monitoring (CE-MIM-MS.). Electrophoresis 2014; 34:2674-82. [PMID: 23857244 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide present in almost any tissue and in extracellular media in mammals, having multiple amazing functions as wound healing, stimulation of angiogenesis, and suppression of inflammation. This study describes its determination in saliva through CE-MS using multiple ions monitoring scan mode by isolating the four most intense multicharged ions present in the MS spectra of the peptide. This scan modality, by reducing the baseline noise and interferences, increases the sensitivity and specificity in biological matrices. The CE-MS separation was optimized by studying different parameters influencing CE analysis, sample injection, and MS ionization, that is, the nebulizer gas flow, the sheath liquid, and BGE composition. The proposed technique can unambiguously identify in short time Tβ4 in saliva after a very fast and reduced sample pretreatment procedure. The method was validated for quantitation showing linearity of the response in the range 0.25 (lower limit of quantification) to 4 μM (average R2 0.996 ± 0.005) and intra- and interassay precision and accuracy at three different concentrations with RSD values in the range of 7–16%. It was successfully applied to the analysis of Tβ4 in whole saliva showing a variable peptide content from individual to individual (in the range of 0.3–1.4 μM) and in different days from the same individual. CE-MS in multiple ions monitoring scan mode provides a fast, selective, and economic method requiring only very few microliters of sample.
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Müller P, Langenbach A, Kaminski A, Rychly J. Modulating the actin cytoskeleton affects mechanically induced signal transduction and differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71283. [PMID: 23923061 PMCID: PMC3726577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical interactions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with the environment play a significant role in controlling the diverse biological functions of these cells. Mechanical forces are transduced by integrins to the actin cytoskeleton that functions as a scaffold to switch mechanical signals into biochemical pathways. To explore the significance of cytoskeletal mechanisms in human MSC we modulated the actin cytoskeleton using the depolymerising drugs cytochalasin D (CytD) and latrunculin A (LatA), as well as the stabilizing drug jasplakinolide (Jasp) and examined the activation of the signalling molecules ERK and AKT during mechanical loading. All three drugs provoked significant changes in cell morphology and organisation of the cytoskeleton. Application of mechanical forces to β1-integrin receptors using magnetic beads without deformation of the cell shape induced a phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Of the two drugs that inhibited the cytoskeletal polymerization, LatA completely blocked the activation of ERK and AKT due to mechanical forces, whereas CytD inhibited the activation of AKT but not of ERK. Activation of both signalling molecules by integrin loading was not affected due to cell treatment with the cytoskeleton stabilizing drug Jasp. To correlate the effects of the drugs on mechanically induced activation of AKT and ERK with parameters of MSC differentiation, we studied ALP activity as a marker for osteogenic differentiation and examined the uptake of fat droplets as marker for adipogenic differentiation in the presence of the drugs. All three drugs inhibited ALP activity of MSC in osteogenic differentiation medium. Adipogenic differentiation was enhanced by CytD and Jasp, but not by LatA. The results indicate that modulation of the cytoskeleton using perturbing drugs can differentially modify both mechanically induced signal transduction and MSC differentiation. In addition to activation of the signalling molecules ERK and AKT, other cytoskeletal mechanisms are involved in MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Müller
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Langenbach
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Kaminski
- Department of Heart Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Joachim Rychly
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kardos R, Nevalainen E, Nyitrai M, Hild G. The effect of ADF/cofilin and profilin on the dynamics of monomeric actin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2010-9. [PMID: 23845993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of the work was to uncover the dynamical changes in actin induced by the binding of cofilin and profilin. The change in the structure and flexibility of the small domain and its function in the thermodynamic stability of the actin monomer were examined with fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The structure around the C-terminus of actin is slightly affected by the presence of cofilin and profilin. Temperature dependent fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements indicated that both actin binding proteins decreased the flexibility of the protein matrix between the subdomains 1 and 2. Time resolved anisotropy decay measurements supported the idea that cofilin and profilin changed similarly the dynamics around the fluorescently labeled Cys-374 and Lys-61 residues in subdomains 1 and 2, respectively. DSC experiments indicated that the thermodynamic stability of actin increased by cofilin and decreased in the presence of profilin. Based on the information obtained it is possible to conclude that while the small domain of actin acts uniformly in the presence of cofilin and profilin the overall stability of actin changes differently in the presence of the studied actin binding proteins. The results support the idea that the small domain of actin behaves as a rigid unit during the opening and closing of the nucleotide binding pocket in the presence of profilin and cofilin as well. The structural arrangement of the nucleotide binding cleft mainly influences the global stability of actin while the dynamics of the different segments can change autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kardos
- University of Pécs, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Szigeti str. 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság str. 34, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
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Sribenja S, Wongkham S, Wongkham C, Yao Q, Chen C. Roles and Mechanisms of β-Thymosins in Cell Migration and Cancer Metastasis: An Update. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:103-10. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.756111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tantos A, Szabo B, Lang A, Varga Z, Tsylonok M, Bokor M, Verebelyi T, Kamasa P, Tompa K, Perczel A, Buday L, Lee SH, Choo Y, Han KH, Tompa P. Multiple fuzzy interactions in the moonlighting function of thymosin-β4. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2013; 1:e26204. [PMID: 28516021 PMCID: PMC5424802 DOI: 10.4161/idp.26204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymosine β4 (Tß4) is a 43 amino acid long intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), which was initially identified as an actin-binding and sequestering molecule. Later it was described to have multiple other functions, such as regulation of endothelial cell differentiation, blood vessel formation, wound repair, cardiac cell migration, and survival.1 The various functions of Tβ4 are mediated by interactions with distinct and structurally unrelated partners, such as PINCH, ILK, and stabilin-2, besides the originally identified G-actin. Although the cellular readout of these interactions and the formation of these complexes have been thoroughly described, no attempt was made to study these interactions in detail, and to elucidate the thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural underpinning of this range of moonlighting functions. Because Tβ4 is mostly disordered, and its 4 described partners are structurally unrelated (the CTD of stabilin-2 is actually fully disordered), it occurred to us that this system might be ideal to characterize the structural adaptability and ensuing moonlighting functions of IDPs. Unexpectedly, we found that Tβ4 engages in multiple weak, transient, and fuzzy interactions, i.e., it is capable of mediating distinct yet specific interactions without adapting stable folded structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Tantos
- Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Szabo
- Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Lang
- Eötvös Loránd University; Institute of Chemistry; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maksym Tsylonok
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Monika Bokor
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics; Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Verebelyi
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics; Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pawel Kamasa
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics; Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kalman Tompa
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics; Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Perczel
- Eötvös Loránd University; Institute of Chemistry; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Buday
- Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Si Hyung Lee
- Division of Biosystems Research; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Choo
- Division of Biosystems Research; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyou-Hoon Han
- Division of Biosystems Research; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
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Milhorn D, Hamilton T, Nelson M, McNutt P. Progression of ocular sulfur mustard injury: development of a model system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1194:72-80. [PMID: 20536452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of tissues to sulfur mustard (SM) results in the formation of protein and nucleotide adducts that disrupt cellular metabolism and cause cell death. Subsequent pathologies involve a significant proinflammatory response, disrupted healing, and long-term defects in tissue architecture. Following ocular exposure, acute corneal sequelae include epithelial erosions, necrosis, and corneal inflammation. Longer term, a progressive injury becomes distributed throughout the anterior chamber, which ultimately causes a profound remodeling of corneal tissues. In many cases, debilitating and vision-threatening injuries reoccur months to years after the initial exposure. Preliminary data in humans suffering from chronic epithelial lesions suggest that thymosin beta4 (Tbeta4) may be a viable candidate to mitigate acute or long-term ocular SM injury. To evaluate therapeutic candidates, we have developed a rabbit ocular exposure model system. In this paper, we report molecular, histological, ultrastructural, and clinical consequences of rabbit ocular SM injury, which can be used to assess Tbeta4 efficacy, including timepoints at which Tbeta4 will be assessed for therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Milhorn
- United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
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Tapp H, Deepe R, Ingram JA, Yarmola EG, Bubb MR, Hanley EN, Gruber HE. Exogenous thymosin beta4 prevents apoptosis in human intervertebral annulus cells in vitro. Biotech Histochem 2010; 84:287-94. [PMID: 20055734 DOI: 10.3109/10520290903116884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cells in the human disc due to programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a major factor in the aging and degenerating human intervertebral disc. Our objective here was to determine if thymosin beta(4) (TB4), a small, multifunctional 5 kDa protein with diverse activities, might block apoptosis in human annulus cells cultured in monolayer or three-dimensional (3D) culture. Apoptosis was induced in vitro using hydrogen peroxide or serum starvation. Annulus cells were processed for identification of apoptotic cells using the TUNEL method. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by cell counts. Annulus cells also were treated with TB4 for determination of proliferation, and proteoglycan production was assessed using cell titer and 1,2 dimethylmethylamine (DMB) assays and histological staining. A significant reduction in disc cell apoptosis occurred after TB4 treatment. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis decreased significantly in TB4 treated cells in both apoptosis induction designs. TB4 exposure did not alter proteoglycan production as assessed by either DMB measurement or histological staining. Our results indicate the need for further studies of the anti-apoptotic effect of TB4 and suggest that TB4 may have therapeutic application in future biological therapies for disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tapp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, USA
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Morris DC, Chopp M. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with thymosin β₄ in rats. J Neurosurg 2010; 114:102-15. [PMID: 20486893 DOI: 10.3171/2010.4.jns10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of delayed thymosin β(4) (Tβ(4)) treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. METHODS Young adult male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) sham group (6 rats); 2) TBI + saline group (9 rats); 3) and TBI + Tβ(4) group (10 rats). Traumatic brain injury was induced by controlled cortical impact over the left parietal cortex. Thymosin β(4) (6 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally starting at Day 1 and then every 3 days for an additional 4 doses. Neurological function was assessed using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS), foot fault, and Morris water maze tests. Animals were killed 35 days after injury, and brain sections were stained for immunohistochemistry to assess angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis after Tβ(4) treatment. RESULTS Compared with the saline treatment, delayed Tβ(4) treatment did not affect lesion volume but significantly reduced hippocampal cell loss, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the injured cortex and hippocampus, increased oligodendrogenesis in the CA3 region, and significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery and spatial learning. CONCLUSIONS These data for the first time demonstrate that delayed administration of Tβ(4) significantly improves histological and functional outcomes in rats with TBI, indicating that Tβ(4) has considerable therapeutic potential for patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Abstract
The dynamic remolding of the actin cytoskeleton is a critical part of most cellular activities, and malfunction of cytoskeletal proteins results in various human diseases. The transition between two forms of actin, monomeric or G-actin and filamentous or F-actin, is tightly regulated in time and space by a large number of signaling, scaffolding and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). New ABPs are constantly being discovered in the post-genomic era. Most of these proteins are modular, integrating actin binding, protein-protein interaction, membrane-binding, and signaling domains. In response to extracellular signals, often mediated by Rho family GTPases, ABPs control different steps of actin cytoskeleton assembly, including filament nucleation, elongation, severing, capping, and depolymerization. This review summarizes structure-function relationships among ABPs in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Haeng Lee
- Chosun University School of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
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Yarmola EG, Bubb MR. How depolymerization can promote polymerization: the case of actin and profilin. Bioessays 2010; 31:1150-60. [PMID: 19795407 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rapid polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments in response to extracellular stimuli is required for normal cell motility and development. Profilin is one of the most important actin-binding proteins; it regulates actin polymerization and interacts with many cytoskeletal proteins that link actin to extracellular membrane. The molecular mechanism of profilin has been extensively considered and debated in the literature for over two decades. Here we discuss several accepted hypotheses regarding the mechanism of profilin function as well as new recently emerged possibilities. Thermal noise is routine in molecular world and unsurprisingly, nature has found a way to utilize it. An increasing amount of theoretical and experimental research suggests that fluctuation-based processes play important roles in many cell events. Here we show how a fluctuation-based process of exchange diffusion is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Yarmola
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Zhang J, Zhang ZG, Morris D, Li Y, Roberts C, Elias SB, Chopp M. Neurological functional recovery after thymosin beta4 treatment in mice with experimental auto encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1887-93. [PMID: 19782721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we hypothesized that thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta4) is a potential therapy of multiple sclerosis (MS). To test this hypothesis, SJL/J mice (n=21) were subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. EAE mice were treated with saline or Tbeta4 (6 mg/kg, n=10) every 3 days starting on the day of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) immunization for total five doses. Neurological function, inflammatory infiltration, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes were measured in the brain of EAE mice. Double immunohistochemical staining was used to detect proliferation and differentiation of OPCs. Tbeta4 was used to treat N20.1 cells (premature oligodendrocyte cell line) in vitro, and proliferation of N20.1 cells was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunostaining. Tbeta4 treatment improved functional recovery after EAE. Inflammatory infiltrates were significantly reduced in the Tbeta4 treatment group compared to the saline groups (3.6+/-0.3/slide vs 5+/-0.5/slide, P<0.05). NG2(+) OPCs (447.7+/-41.9 vs 195.2+/-31/mm(2) in subventricular zone (SVZ), 75.1+/-4.7 vs 41.7+/-3.2/mm(2) in white matter), CNPase(+) mature oligodendrocytes (267.5+/-10.3 vs 141.4+/-22.9/mm(2)), BrdU(+) with NG2(+) OPCs (32.9+/-3.7 vs 17.9+/-3.6/mm(2)), BrdU(+) with CNPase(+) mature oligodendrocytes (18.2+/-1.7 vs 10.7+/-2.2/mm(2)) were significantly increased in the Tbeta4 treated mice compared to those of saline controls (P<0.05). These data indicate that Tbeta4 treatment improved functional recovery after EAE, possibly, via reducing inflammatory infiltrates, and stimulating oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Au JK, Olivares AO, Henn A, Cao W, Safer D, De La Cruz EM. Widely distributed residues in thymosin beta4 are critical for actin binding. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4181-8. [PMID: 18327913 DOI: 10.1021/bi701769u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the contributions of hydrophobic residues, the conserved and variable proline residues, and the conserved lysine residues to the affinity and kinetics of thymosin beta4 (Tbeta4) binding to MgATP-actin monomers. Pro4, Lys18, Lys19, Pro27, Leu28, Pro29, and Ile34 were substituted with alanine residues. Mutagenesis of Pro4 or Pro27 has little effect (<or=3-fold reduction) on the actin binding affinity of Tbeta4. Substitution of Lys18 and Lys19, Leu28, Pro29, or Ile34 weakens the affinity of the actin-Tbeta4 complex >or=10-fold, but the kinetic basis of the lower stability varies among the mutants. Substitution of the conserved lysine residues weakens the affinity by slowing association and accelerating dissociation. Substitution of hydrophobic residue Leu28 or Ile34 weakens the affinity by accelerating dissociation. These results favor a reaction mechanism in which Tbeta4 binds actin monomers following a two-step mechanism in which the formation of a bimolecular complex is followed by isomerization to a strong binding state that is coupled to the formation of widely distributed hydrophobic contacts. The isomerization equilibrium is slowed by mutagenesis of Pro29, as revealed by the double-exponential time course of association. Mutagenesis of Pro4 or Pro27 accelerates binding and dissociation but minimally affects the binding affinity (<or=3-fold reduction), suggesting that cis- trans isomerization of these proline residues contributes to the slow association rate constant of wild-type Tbeta4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Au
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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