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Vankadara S, Ke Z, Wang S, Foo SY, Gunaratne J, Lee MA, Koh X, Chia CSB. Cytotoxic activity and cell specificity of a novel LHRH peptide drug conjugate, D-Cys6-LHRH vedotin, against ovarian cancer cell lines. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14516. [PMID: 38618710 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most deadly female gynaecological malignancy in developed countries and new treatments are urgently needed. The luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) peptide drug conjugate Zoptarelin doxorubicin is one such potential new drug modality that entered clinical trials for treating LHRH receptor-positive gynaecological cancers. However, development stopped after disappointing Phase 3 results in 2017. We believe the lack of efficacy was due to linker instability and payload potency. In this work, we replaced its linker-toxin with vedotin (MC-VC-PABC-MMAE), yielding the novel peptide drug conjugate D-Cys6-LHRH vedotin. A GI50 and cell specificity comparison against cancerous and non-cancerous ovarian cell lines showed significantly superior bioactivity and selectivity over Zoptarelin doxorubicin (GI50 4 vs. 453 nM) and other chemotherapeutic drugs used for treating ovarian cancers. Our results suggest D-Cys6-LHRH vedotin can potentially be used as a treatment for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Vankadara
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Ke
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sifang Wang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sin Yun Foo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaoying Koh
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - C S Brian Chia
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Yadav P, Singh Y, Chauhan D, Yadav PK, Kedar AS, Tiwari AK, Shah AA, Gayen JR, Chourasia MK. Development and approval of novel injectables: enhancing therapeutic innovations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:639-662. [PMID: 38703363 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2351987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel injectables possess applications in both local and systemic therapeutics delivery. The advancement in utilized materials for the construction of complex injectables has tremendously upgraded their safety and efficacy. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on various strategies to produce novel injectables, including oily dispersions, in situ forming implants, injectable suspensions, microspheres, liposomes, and antibody-drug conjugates. We herein present a detailed description of complex injectable technologies and their related drug formulations permitted for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). The excipients used, their purpose and the challenges faced during manufacturing such formulations have been critically discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel injectables can deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled way at the desired site. However, several challenges persist with respect to their genericization. Astronomical costs incurred by innovator companies during product development, complexity of the product itself, supply limitations with respect to raw materials, intricate manufacturing processes, patent evergreening, product life-cycle extensions, relatively few and protracted generic approvals contribute to the exorbitant prices and access crunch. Moreover, regulatory guidance are grossly underdeveloped and significant efforts have to be directed toward development of effective characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yuvraj Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Divya Chauhan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashwini S Kedar
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Amrendra K Tiwari
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aarti Abhishek Shah
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Ibrahim AA, Nsairat H, Al-Sulaibi M, El-Tanani M, Jaber AM, Lafi Z, Barakat R, Abuarqoub DA, Mahmoud IS, Obare SO, Aljabali AAA, Alkilany AM, Alshaer W. Doxorubicin conjugates: a practical approach for its cardiotoxicity alleviation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:399-422. [PMID: 38623735 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2343882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Doxorubicin (DOX) emerges as a cornerstone in the arsenal of potent chemotherapeutic agents. Yet, the clinical deployment of DOX is tarnished by its proclivity to induce severe cardiotoxic effects, culminating in heart failure and other consequential morbidities. In response, a panoply of strategies has undergone rigorous exploration over recent decades, all aimed at attenuating DOX's cardiotoxic impact. The advent of encapsulating DOX within lipidic or polymeric nanocarriers has yielded a dual triumph, augmenting DOX's therapeutic efficacy while mitigating its deleterious side effects. AREAS COVERED Recent strides have spotlighted the emergence of DOX conjugates as particularly auspicious avenues for ameliorating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These conjugates entail the fusion of DOX through physical or chemical bonds with diminutive natural or synthetic moieties, polymers, biomolecules, and nanoparticles. This spectrum encompasses interventions that impinge upon DOX's cardiotoxic mechanism, modulate cellular uptake and localization, confer antioxidative properties, or refine cellular targeting. EXPERT OPINION The endorsement of DOX conjugates as a compelling stratagem to mitigate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity resounds from this exegesis, amplifying safety margins and the therapeutic profile of this venerated chemotherapeutic agent. Within this ambit, DOX conjugates stand as a beacon of promise in the perpetual pursuit of refining chemotherapy-induced cardiac compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed Alqader Ibrahim
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mazen Al-Sulaibi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Areej M Jaber
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zainab Lafi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rahmeh Barakat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Duaa Azmi Abuarqoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ismail Sami Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Sherine O Obare
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Jäger S, Könning D, Rasche N, Hart F, Sensbach J, Krug C, Raab-Westphal S, Richter K, Unverzagt C, Hecht S, Anderl J, Schröter C. Generation and Characterization of Iduronidase-Cleavable ADCs. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2221-2233. [PMID: 38054705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A crucial design feature for the therapeutic success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is the linker that connects the antibody with the drug. Linkers must be stable in circulation and efficiently release the drug inside the target cell, thereby having a fundamental impact on ADC pharmacokinetics and efficacy. The variety of enzymatically cleavable linkers applied in ADCs is limited, and some are believed to be associated with unwanted side effects due to the expression of cleavage-mediating enzymes in nonmalignant cells. Based on a bioinformatic screen of lysosomal enzymes, we identified α-l-iduronidase (IduA) as an interesting candidate for ADC linker cleavage because of its low expression in normal tissues and its overexpression in several tumor types. In the present study, we report a novel IduA-cleavable ADC linker using exatecan and duocarmycin as payloads. We showed the functionality of our linker system in cleavage assays using recombinant IduA or cell lysates and compared it to established ADC linkers. Subsequently, we coupled iduronide-exatecan via interchain cysteines or iduronide-duocarmycin via microbial transglutaminase (mTG) to an anti-CEACAM5 (aCEA5) antibody. The generated iduronide-exatecan ADC showed high serum stability and similar target-dependent tumor cell killing in the subnanomolar range but reduced toxicity on nonmalignant cells compared to an analogous cathepsin B-activatable valine-citrulline-exatecan ADC. Finally, in vivo antitumor activity could be demonstrated for an IduA-cleavable duocarmycin ADC. The presented results emphasize the potential of iduronide linkers for ADC development and represent a tool for further balancing out tumor selectivity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doreen Könning
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Hart
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Carina Krug
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Konstantin Richter
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Anderl
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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Filis P, Zerdes I, Soumala T, Matikas A, Foukakis T. The ever-expanding landscape of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in solid tumors: A systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 192:104189. [PMID: 37866413 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of targeted therapies signaled novel avenues for more optimal oncological outcomes. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have risen as a cornerstone of the ever-expanding targeted therapy era. The purpose of this systematic review is to delineate the rapidly evolving clinical landscape of ADCs for solid tumors. METHODS A literature search was performed in Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases for phase II and III clinical trials. Outcomes of interest were the objective response rate, overall survival, progression-free survival and adverse events. RESULTS A total of 92 clinical trials (76 phase II and 16 phase III) evaluated the efficacy and safety of ADCs for a plethora of solid tumors. Out of the 30 investigated ADCs, 8 have received approval by regulatory organizations for solid tumors. Currently, 52 phase III clinical trials for ADCs are ongoing. CONCLUSION ADCs have shown promising results for several solid tumors and various cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Filis
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Zerdes
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodora Soumala
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexios Matikas
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Breast Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lee G, Iwase T, Matsumoto S, Nabil A, Ebara M. Development of Apoptotic-Cell-Inspired Antibody-Drug Conjugate for Effective Immune Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16036. [PMID: 38003225 PMCID: PMC10671176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic cells' phosphoserine (PS) groups have a significant immunosuppressive effect. They inhibit proinflammatory signals by interacting with various immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4+ cells. Previously, we synthesized PS-group-immobilized polymers and verified their immunomodulatory effects. Despite its confirmed immunomodulatory potential, the PS group has not been considered as a payload for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in a targeted anti-inflammatory approach. AIM We conducted this research to introduce an apoptotic-cell-inspired antibody-drug conjugate for effective immunomodulation. METHOD Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylserine) (p(HEMA-co-MPS)) was synthesized as a payload using RAFT polymerization, and goat anti-mouse IgG was selected as a model antibody, which was conjugated with the synthesized p(HEMA-co-MPS) via 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) reaction. The antibody-binding affinity, anti-inflammatory potential, and cytotoxicity measurements were evaluated. RESULTS We successfully synthesized ADCs with a significant anti-inflammatory effect and optimized the antibody-polymer ratio to achieve the highest antibody-binding affinity. CONCLUSION We successfully introduced p(HEMA-co-MPS) to IgG without decreasing the anti-inflammatory potential of the polymer while maintaining its targeting ability. We suggest that the antibody-polymer ratio be appropriately adjusted for effective therapy. In the future, this technology can be applied to therapeutic antibodies, such as Tocilizumab or Abatacept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongwoo Lee
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan (A.N.)
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Taishu Iwase
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan (A.N.)
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsumoto
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan (A.N.)
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ahmed Nabil
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan (A.N.)
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan (A.N.)
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Katsushika-ku, Shinjuku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Wang Z, Li H, Gou L, Li W, Wang Y. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in payloads. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4025-4059. [PMID: 37799390 PMCID: PMC10547921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs), which combine the advantages of monoclonal antibodies with precise targeting and payloads with efficient killing, show great clinical therapeutic value. The ADCs' payloads play a key role in determining the efficacy of ADC drugs and thus have attracted great attention in the field. An ideal ADC payload should possess sufficient toxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability, and modifiable functional groups. Common ADC payloads include tubulin inhibitors and DNA damaging agents, with tubulin inhibitors accounting for more than half of the ADC drugs in clinical development. However, due to clinical limitations of traditional ADC payloads, such as inadequate efficacy and the development of acquired drug resistance, novel highly efficient payloads with diverse targets and reduced side effects are being developed. This perspective summarizes the recent research advances of traditional and novel ADC payloads with main focuses on the structure-activity relationship studies, co-crystal structures, and designing strategies, and further discusses the future research directions of ADC payloads. This review also aims to provide valuable references and future directions for the development of novel ADC payloads that will have high efficacy, low toxicity, adequate stability, and abilities to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
| | - Hanxuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lantu Gou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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Antonarelli G, Corti C, Tarantino P, Salimbeni BT, Zagami P, Marra A, Trapani D, Tolaney S, Cortes J, Curigliano G. Management of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer after trastuzumab deruxtecan failure. ESMO Open 2023; 8:101608. [PMID: 37467660 PMCID: PMC10372550 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced breast cancer (ABC) has been greatly impacted in the past decade by the introduction of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which represent a relatively novel therapeutic class with the peculiar ability to deliver otherwise overtly toxic chemotherapeutics to tumor sites by exploiting the specificities of monoclonal antibodies. Indeed, drug engineering refinements in ADC design, such as through the introduction of cleavable linkers and hydrophobic payloads, resulted in improved patient outcomes in recent years. Two different ADCs, namely trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), have already entered clinical practice for the treatment of HER2-positive ABC. In this scenario, T-DXd has shown to portend better survival outcomes compared to T-DM1, while leaving a large unsought area of unmet medical need upon T-DXd failure. Treatment decision and benefit of cancer drugs following T-DXd still represent an area of clinical controversy, where a preclinical investigation and clinical development should be prioritized. As the pace of innovation is currently accelerating, and with novel ADC formulations advancing in early-phase clinical trials, the whole BC field is changing at an unprecedented rate, with potential broadenings of therapeutic indications. In this review, we present the clinical landscape of HER2-positive advanced BC and discuss our vision on how to tackle T-DXd resistance, providing a perspective on the priority areas of the cancer research in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Antonarelli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy. https://twitter.com/GabrAnton
| | - C Corti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy. https://twitter.com/CCortiMD
| | - P Tarantino
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA. https://twitter.com/PTarantinoMD
| | - B T Salimbeni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - P Zagami
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy. https://twitter.com/paolazagam
| | - A Marra
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy. https://twitter.com/antoniomarraMD
| | - D Trapani
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy. https://twitter.com/darioT_
| | - S Tolaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA. https://twitter.com/stolaney1
| | - J Cortes
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Barcelona; Medical Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona; Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - G Curigliano
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Payload diversification: a key step in the development of antibody-drug conjugates. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:3. [PMID: 36650546 PMCID: PMC9847035 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is a fast moving class of targeted biotherapeutics that currently combines the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of a payload consisting of cytotoxic agents. For many years microtubule targeting and DNA-intercalating agents were at the forefront of ADC development. The recent approval and clinical success of trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu®) and sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy®), two topoisomerase 1 inhibitor-based ADCs, has shown the potential of conjugating unconventional payloads with differentiated mechanisms of action. Among future developments in the ADC field, payload diversification is expected to play a key role as illustrated by a growing number of preclinical and clinical stage unconventional payload-conjugated ADCs. This review presents a comprehensive overview of validated, forgotten and newly developed payloads with different mechanisms of action.
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10
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Emergence of a Novel Therapeutic Class. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:1829-1841. [PMID: 36197593 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of therapeutics that combine target-specific monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Here, we describe the components of ADCs and review their promising activity, safety, and applicability in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RECENT FINDINGS Technological advancements have reinvigorated ADCs as a viable treatment strategy in advanced solid tumors. Several target-specific ADCs have shown promise in treatment-refractory NSCLC, including agents targeting HER2, HER3, TROP2, CEACAM5, and MET, among others, with multiple confirmatory phase 3 trials ongoing. Critically, ADCs have demonstrated efficacy signals in both driver mutation-positive and mutation-negative advanced NSCLC, reinforcing their potential as an efficacious treatment strategy that transcends diverse tumor biology in advanced NSCLC. ADCs are a promising class of anti-cancer therapeutics that have significant potential in advanced NSCLC. Beyond confirmatory phase 3 trials, several questions remain including optimal agent sequencing, combinatorial methods, and unique toxicity management.
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Berois N, Pittini A, Osinaga E. Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030645. [PMID: 35158915 PMCID: PMC8833780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant glycosylation is a common feature of many cancers, and it plays crucial roles in tumor development and biology. Cancer progression can be regulated by several physiopathological processes controlled by glycosylation, such as cell–cell adhesion, cell–matrix interaction, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), which are suitable for selective cancer targeting, as well as novel antitumor immunotherapy approaches. This review summarizes the strategies developed in cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms and state-of-the-art methods in clinical oncology. Abstract Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and can lead to changes that influence tumor behavior. Glycans can serve as a source of novel clinical biomarker developments, providing a set of specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) suitable for selective cancer-targeting therapy. The best characterized TACAs are truncated O-glycans (Tn, TF, and sialyl-Tn antigens), gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GM2, GM3, fucosyl-GM1), globo-serie glycans (Globo-H, SSEA-3, SSEA-4), Lewis antigens, and polysialic acid. In this review, we analyze strategies for cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, including different antibody developments, the production of vaccines, and the generation of CAR-T cells. Some approaches have been approved for clinical use, such as anti-GD2 antibodies. Moreover, in terms of the antitumor mechanisms against different TACAs, we show results of selected clinical trials, considering the horizons that have opened up as a result of recent developments in technologies used for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berois
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Alvaro Pittini
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Osinaga
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
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12
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Challenges of Current Anticancer Treatment Approaches with Focus on Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090835. [PMID: 34577537 PMCID: PMC8466509 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to a 2020 World Health Organization report (Globocan 2020), cancer was a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The aim of anticancer therapy is to specifically inhibit the growth of cancer cells while sparing normal dividing cells. Conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical treatments have often been plagued by the frequency and severity of side effects as well as severe patient discomfort. Cancer targeting by drug delivery systems, owing to their selective targeting, efficacy, biocompatibility and high drug payload, provides an attractive alternative treatment; however, there are technical, therapeutic, manufacturing and clinical barriers that limit their use. This article provides a brief review of the challenges of conventional anticancer therapies and anticancer drug targeting with a special focus on liposomal drug delivery systems.
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13
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Reuss JE, Gosa L, Liu SV. Antibody Drug Conjugates in Lung Cancer: State of the Current Therapeutic Landscape and Future Developments. Clin Lung Cancer 2021; 22:483-499. [PMID: 34420859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While both targeted therapy and immunotherapy-based strategies have emerged as frontline standard-of-care for patients with advanced lung cancer, acquired resistance and disease progression remain inevitable in most cases. Chemotherapy is a common salvage option in this scenario, but is limited by a relatively narrow therapeutic index. The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) offer an appealing alternative. ADCs couple the specificity of a monoclonal antibody with the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy to facilitate the targeted delivery of cytotoxic payloads directly to cancer cells. Here, we review the general structure and function of ADCs, followed by a discussion of emerging ADCs in lung cancer and the future applications of this increasingly relevant class of novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Reuss
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
| | - Laura Gosa
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen V Liu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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14
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Progress in Gynecologic Cancers with Antibody Drug Conjugates. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:89. [PMID: 34125311 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a comprehensive review of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) under investigation in gynecologic cancers. The structure and function of ADCs are reviewed with a focus on clinical benefit as well as toxicity profiles. RECENT FINDINGS Several ADCs with various target antigens have been investigated in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. ADCs have consistently demonstrated favorable safety/tolerability profiles both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. In ovarian cancer, response rates have ranged from 9 to 46% for monotherapy with response rates as high as 83% in combination therapy. In patients with cervical cancer with progressive disease despite doublet therapy and bevacizumab, response rates as high as 24% have been observed. ADCs represent a rapidly evolving field of targeted therapy which have demonstrated notable clinical benefit both as monotherapy but also in combination therapy with an overall favorable toxicity profile. With continued refinement of the target biomarkers utilized, improved clinical benefit is likely to be observed.
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15
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Thurin M. Tumor-Associated Glycans as Targets for Immunotherapy: The Wistar Institute Experience/Legacy. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:89-100. [PMID: 34161162 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by the expression of tumor-specific carbohydrate structures that differ from their normal counterparts. Carbohydrates on tumor cells have phenotypical as well as functional implications, impacting the tumor progression process, from malignant transformation to metastasis formation. Importantly, carbohydrates are structures that play a role in receptor-ligand interaction and elicit the activity of growth factor receptors, integrins, lectins, and other type 1 transmembrane proteins. They have been recognized as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, and evidence demonstrating their relevance as targets for anticancer therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy, continues to accumulate. Different approaches targeting carbohydrates include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody (Ab)-drug conjugates, vaccines, and adhesion antagonists. Development of bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) as promising cancer immunotherapeutic agents is rapidly evolving. As reviewed here, there are several cancer-associated glycan features that can be leveraged to design rational drug or immune system targets, applying multiple TACA structural and functional features to be targeted as the standard treatment paradigm. Many of the underlying targets were defined by researchers at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which provide basis for different immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Anti-glycan antibodies: roles in human disease. Biochem J 2021; 478:1485-1509. [PMID: 33881487 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding antibodies play diverse and critical roles in human health. Endogenous carbohydrate-binding antibodies that recognize bacterial, fungal, and other microbial carbohydrates prevent systemic infections and help maintain microbiome homeostasis. Anti-glycan antibodies can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. For example, alloantibodies to ABO blood group carbohydrates can help reduce the spread of some infectious diseases, but they also impose limitations for blood transfusions. Antibodies that recognize self-glycans can contribute to autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. In addition to endogenous antibodies that arise through natural processes, a variety of vaccines induce anti-glycan antibodies as a primary mechanism of protection. Some examples of approved carbohydrate-based vaccines that have had a major impact on human health are against pneumococcus, Haemophilus influeanza type b, and Neisseria meningitidis. Monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting pathogen associated or tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are used clinically for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to highlight some of the well-studied and critically important applications of anti-carbohydrate antibodies.
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17
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Considerations for the Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020015. [PMID: 33921632 PMCID: PMC8167597 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted delivery of drugs by means of linking them to antibodies (Abs) to form antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has become an important approach in oncology and could potentially be used in other therapeutic areas. Targeted therapy is aimed at improving clinical efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions. The nonclinical safety assessment of ADCs presents several unique challenges involving the need to examine a complex molecule, each component of which can contribute to the effects observed, in appropriate animal models. Some considerations for the nonclinical safety evaluation of ADCs based on a literature review of ADCs in clinical development (currently or previously) are discussed.
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Yang MC, Shia CS, Li WF, Wang CC, Chen IJ, Huang TY, Chen YJ, Chang HW, Lu CH, Wu YC, Wang NH, Lai JS, Yu CD, Lai MT. Preclinical Studies of OBI-999: A Novel Globo H-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1121-1132. [PMID: 33722855 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globo H (GH), a hexasaccharide, is expressed at low levels in normal tissues but is highly expressed in multiple cancer types, rendering it a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. OBI-999, a novel antibody-drug conjugate, is derived from a conjugation of a GH-specific mAb with a monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) payload through a site-specific ThioBridge and a cleavable linker. OBI-999 high homogeneity with a drug-to-antibody ratio of 4 (>95%) was achieved using ThioBridge. OBI-999 displayed GH-dependent cellular internalization and trafficked to endosome and lysosome within 1 and 5 hours, respectively. Furthermore, OBI-999 showed low nanomolar cytotoxicity in the assay with high GH expression on tumor cells and exhibited a bystander killing effect on tumor cells with minimal GH expression. Tissue distribution indicated that OBI-999 and free MMAE gradually accumulated in the tumor, reaching maximum level at 168 hours after treatment, whereas OBI-999 and free MMAE decreased quickly at 4 hours after treatment in normal organs. Maximum MMAE level in the tumor was 16-fold higher than in serum, suggesting that OBI-999 is stable during circulation and MMAE is selectively released in the tumor. Excellent tumor growth inhibition of OBI-999 was demonstrated in breast, gastric, and pancreatic cancer xenograft or lung patient-derived xenograft models in a dose-dependent manner. The highest nonseverely toxic dose in cynomolgus monkeys is 10 mg/kg determined by a 3-week repeated-dose toxicology study demonstrating an acceptable safety margin. Taken together, these results support further clinical development of OBI-999, which is currently in a phase I/II clinical study in multiple solid tumors (NCT04084366). OBI-999, the first GH-targeting ADC, displayed excellent tumor inhibition in animal models across multiple cancer types, including breast, gastric, pancreatic, and lung cancers, warranting further investigation in the treatment of solid tumors.
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19
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Drago JZ, Modi S, Chandarlapaty S. Unlocking the potential of antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:327-344. [PMID: 33558752 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine different antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are currently approved as cancer treatments, with dozens more in preclinical and clinical development. The primary goal of ADCs is to improve the therapeutic index of antineoplastic agents by restricting their systemic delivery to cells that express the target antigen of interest. Advances in synthetic biochemistry have ushered in a new generation of ADCs, which promise to improve upon the tissue specificity and cytotoxicity of their predecessors. Many of these drugs have impressive activity against treatment-refractory cancers, although hurdles impeding their broader use remain, including systemic toxicity, inadequate biomarkers for patient selection, acquired resistance and unknown benefit in combination with other cancer therapies. Emerging evidence indicates that the efficacy of a given ADC depends on the intricacies of how the antibody, linker and payload components interact with the tumour and its microenvironment, all of which have important clinical implications. In this Review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the design, mechanism of action and clinical efficacy of ADCs as well as the apparent limitations of this treatment class. We then propose a path forward by highlighting several hypotheses and novel strategies to maximize the potential benefit that ADCs can provide to patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Drago
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weil Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shanu Modi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Weil Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Weil Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Slemmons KK, Mukherjee S, Meltzer P, Purcell JW, Helman LJ. LRRC15 antibody-drug conjugates show promise as osteosarcoma therapeutics in preclinical studies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28771. [PMID: 33063919 PMCID: PMC9137401 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common bone tumor in children and adolescents, has high rates of metastasis leading to poor survival. Leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), a transmembrane protein whose expression is modulated by TGFβ, was recently shown to be highly expressed on the surface of OS tumor cells. Here, we evaluate a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting LRRC15 in OS human cell lines and murine xenografts. We compare this new ADC, which is conjugated to the anthracycline derivative PNU-159682 (PNU), to a previously studied LRRC15 ADC that is conjugated to the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), since anthracyclines are standard of care in OS. PROCEDURE We evaluated LRRC15 expression in OS cells using Western blots and flow cytometry, and analyzed the epigenetic landscape of the LRRC15 locus using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Efficacy of ADCs on cell growth was analyzed by IncuCyte live cell imaging. Intramuscular xenograft tumor growth was assessed by bioluminescence imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS LRRC15-PNU is more effective at inhibiting growth in vitro and in vivo than an isotype antibody control or the LRRC15-MMAE ADC in two high LRRC15 expressing OS cell lines. Low expressing cell lines are not sensitive to either ADC. Importantly, cells with low LRRC15 expression are amenable to re-expression after TGFβ treatment, suggesting a potential to sensitize insensitive OS cells to LRRC15 ADC treatment. In vivo, LRRC15-PNU had cure rates of 40-100% in OS xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS Overall, LRRC15-directed ADCs are a promising new avenue for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K. Slemmons
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sanjit Mukherjee
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Lee J. Helman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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21
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Bloise N, Okkeh M, Restivo E, Della Pina C, Visai L. Targeting the "Sweet Side" of Tumor with Glycan-Binding Molecules Conjugated-Nanoparticles: Implications in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:289. [PMID: 33499388 PMCID: PMC7911724 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is in the spotlight of therapeutic innovation, with numerous advantages for tumor visualization and eradication. The end goal of the therapeutic use of nanoparticles, however, remains distant due to the limitations of nanoparticles to target cancer tissue. The functionalization of nanosystem surfaces with biological ligands is a major strategy for directing the actions of nanomaterials specifically to tumor cells. Cancer formation and metastasis are accompanied by profound alterations in protein glycosylation. Hence, the detection and targeting of aberrant glycans are of great value in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we provide a brief update on recent progress targeting aberrant glycosylation by functionalizing nanoparticles with glycan-binding molecules (with a special focus on lectins and anti-glycan antibodies) to improve the efficacy of nanoparticles in cancer targeting, diagnosis, and therapy and outline the challenges and limitations in implementing this approach. We envision that the combination of nanotechnological strategies and cancer-associated glycan targeting could remodel the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy, including immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mohammad Okkeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Della Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano e CNR-ISTM, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
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22
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23
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Makawita S, Meric-Bernstam F. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Patient and Treatment Selection. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2020; 40:1-10. [PMID: 32213087 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_280775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising drug platform designed to enhance the therapeutic index and minimize the toxicity of anticancer agents. ADCs have experienced substantial progress and technological growth over the past decades; however, several challenges to patient selection and treatment remain. Methods to optimally capture all patients who may benefit from a particular ADC are still largely unknown. Although target antigen expression remains a biomarker for patient selection, the impact of intratumor heterogeneity on antigen expression, as well as the dynamic changes in expression with treatment and disease progression, are important considerations in patient selection. Better understanding of these factors, as well as minimum levels of target antigen expression required to achieve therapeutic efficacy, will enable further optimization of selection strategies. Other important considerations include understanding mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to ADCs. Ongoing efforts in the design of its constituent parts to possess the intrinsic ability to overcome these mechanisms, including use of the "bystander effect" to enhance efficacy in heterogeneous or low target antigen-expressing tumors, as well as modulation of the chemical and immunophenotypic properties of antibodies and linker molecules to improve payload sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy, are under way. These strategies may also lead to improved safety profiles. Similarly, combination strategies using ADCs with other cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents are also under development. Great strides have been made in ADC technology. With further refinements, this therapeutic modality has the potential to make an important clinical impact on a wider range of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Makawita
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Tolcher AW. The Evolution of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A Positive Inflexion Point. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2020; 40:1-8. [PMID: 32223669 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_281103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, an important inflection point occurred when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved three new antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for the treatment of malignancies, including urothelial cancer (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (polatuzumab vedotin-piiq), and HER2 breast cancer (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki), and expanded the indication for ado-trastuzumab emtansine to early breast cancer. This near doubling in the number of approved ADCs within 1 year validates the ADC platform and represents a successful evolution over the past 30 years. ADCs were born in an era when systemic therapy for cancer was largely cytotoxic chemotherapy. Many of the investigational cytotoxic agents were determined to be too toxic for oral and intravenous use. The agents were especially potent, with inhibitory concentrations that inhibited 50% of cells in the nanomolar and picomolar range but had poor therapeutic indexes when administered systemically. Now, over the last 30 years, we have seen an evolution of the many aspects of this complex platform with better antigen target selection, more sophisticated chemistry for the linkers, a growing diversity of payloads from cytotoxic chemotherapy to targeted therapies and immunostimulants, and, with the recent series of regulatory approvals, a buoyed sense of optimism for the technology. Nonetheless, we have not fully realized the full potential of this platform. In this review, the many components of ADCs will be discussed, the difficulties encountered will be highlighted, the innovative strategies that are being used to improve them will be assessed, and the direction that the field is going will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Tolcher
- New Experimental Therapeutics (NEXT), San Antonio, TX.,Texas Oncology, San Antonio, TX
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25
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Thomas D, Rathinavel AK, Radhakrishnan P. Altered glycosylation in cancer: A promising target for biomarkers and therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188464. [PMID: 33157161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a well-regulated cell and microenvironment specific post-translational modification. Several glycosyltransferases and glycosidases orchestrate the addition of defined glycan structures on the proteins and lipids. Recent advances and systemic approaches in glycomics have significantly contributed to a better understanding of instrumental roles of glycans in health and diseases. Emerging research evidence recognized aberrantly glycosylated proteins as the modulators of the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas has identified alterations in the expressions of glycosylation-specific genes that are correlated with cancer progression. However, the mechanistic basis remains poorly explored. Recent researches have shown that specific changes in the glycan structures are associated with 'stemness' and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. Moreover, epigenetic changes in the glycosylation pattern make the tumor cells capable of escaping immunosurveillance mechanisms. The deciphering roles of glycans in cancer emphasize that glycans can serve as a source for the development of novel clinical biomarkers. The ability of glycans in intervening various stages of tumor progression and the biosynthetic pathways involved in glycan structures constitute a promising target for cancer therapy. Advances in the knowledge of innovative strategies for identifying the mechanisms of glycan-binding proteins are hoped to hold great potential in cancer therapy. This review discusses the fundamental role of glycans in regulating tumorigenesis and tumor progression and provides insights into the influence of glycans in the current tactics of targeted therapies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Thomas
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Rathinavel
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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26
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Yang X, Pan Z, Choudhury MR, Yuan Z, Anifowose A, Yu B, Wang W, Wang B. Making smart drugs smarter: The importance of linker chemistry in targeted drug delivery. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2682-2713. [PMID: 32803765 PMCID: PMC7817242 DOI: 10.1002/med.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smart drugs, such as antibody-drug conjugates, for targeted therapy rely on the ability to deliver a warhead to the desired location and to achieve activation at the same site. Thus, designing a smart drug often requires proper linker chemistry for tethering the warhead with a vehicle in such a way that either allows the active drug to retain its potency while being tethered or ensures release and thus activation at the desired location. Recent years have seen much progress in the design of new linker activation strategies. Herein, we review the recent development of chemical strategies used to link the warhead with a delivery vehicle for preferential cleavage at the desired sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manjusha Roy Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Abiodun Anifowose
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
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Hafeez U, Parakh S, Gan HK, Scott AM. Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4764. [PMID: 33081383 PMCID: PMC7587605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel drugs that exploit the specificity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to reach target antigens expressed on cancer cells for the delivery of a potent cytotoxic payload. ADCs provide a unique opportunity to deliver drugs to tumor cells while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue, achieving wider therapeutic windows and enhanced pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. To date, nine ADCs have been approved by the FDA and more than 80 ADCs are under clinical development worldwide. In this paper, we provide an overview of the biology and chemistry of each component of ADC design. We briefly discuss the clinical experience with approved ADCs and the various pathways involved in ADC resistance. We conclude with perspectives about the future development of the next generations of ADCs, including the role of molecular imaging in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umbreen Hafeez
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia, (U.H.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Sagun Parakh
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia, (U.H.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Hui K Gan
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia, (U.H.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia, (U.H.)
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
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28
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Rodrigues Mantuano N, Natoli M, Zippelius A, Läubli H. Tumor-associated carbohydrates and immunomodulatory lectins as targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001222. [PMID: 33020245 PMCID: PMC7537339 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, tumor cells present specific carbohydrate chains that are new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Whereas these tumor-associated carbohydrates (TACA) can be targeted with antibodies and vaccination approaches, TACA including sialic acid-containing glycans are able to inhibit anticancer immune responses by engagement of immune receptors on leukocytes. A family of immune-modulating receptors are sialic acid-binding Siglec receptors that have been recently described to inhibit antitumor activity mediated by myeloid cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Other TACA-binding receptors including selectins have been linked to cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that glycan-lectin interactions can be targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy. For example, interactions between the immune checkpoint T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and the lectin galectin-9 are targeted in clinical trials. In addition, an antibody against the lectin Siglec-15 is being tested in an early clinical trial. In this review, we summarize the previous and current efforts to target TACA and to inhibit inhibitory immune receptors binding to TACA including the Siglec-sialoglycan axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Natoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Barkat HA, Das SS, Barkat MA, Beg S, Hadi HA. Selective targeting of cancer signaling pathways with nanomedicines: challenges and progress. Future Oncol 2020; 16:2959-2979. [PMID: 32805124 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Regardless of advances in understanding the molecular mechanics of cancer, its treatment is still lacking and the death rates for many forms of the disease remain the same as six decades ago. Although a variety of therapeutic agents and strategies have been reported, these therapies often failed to provide efficient therapy to patients as a consequence of the inability to deliver right and adequate chemotherapeutic agents to the right place. However, the situation has started to revolutionize substantially with the advent of novel 'targeted' nanocarrier-based cancer therapies. Such therapies hold great potential in cancer management as they are biocompatible, tailored to specific needs, tolerated and deliver enough drugs at the targeted site. Their use also enhances the delivery of chemotherapeutics by improving biodistribution, lowering toxicity, inhibiting degradation and increasing cellular uptake. However, in some instances, nonselective targeting is not enough and the inclusion of a ligand moiety is required to achieve tumor targeting and enhanced drug accumulation at the tumor site. This contemporary review outlines the targeting potential of nanocarriers, highlighting the essentiality of nanoparticles, tumor-associated molecular signaling pathways, and various biological and pathophysiological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al Jamiah, Hafr Al-Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, BIT, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al Jamiah, Hafr Al-Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nanomedicine Research Lab, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Hazrina Ab Hadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, 25200, Malaysia
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30
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer typically presents at an advanced stage and while initial chemotherapy response rates are favorable, a majority of patients experience recurrence with the subsequent development of chemoresistance. Recurrent, platinum-resistant disease is associated with a very poor prognosis as treatment in this setting is often limited by systemic toxicity. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel therapeutic agents designed to target antigens specific to ovarian tumor cells with direct delivery of cytotoxic agents to combat recurrent, platinum-resistant disease while limiting systemic toxicity. AREAS COVERED The basic structure and function of ADCs will be reviewed as well as the current data on ADCs under investigation in ovarian cancer. EXPERT OPINION ADCs represent a promising class of targeted therapy in recurrent ovarian cancer with excellent response rates particularly when utilized as combination therapy. While mirvetuximab soravtansine is the only ADC that has been evaluated in a phase 3 trial, many other ADCs and trials are on the horizon. As the field of targeted therapy continues to evolve, continued development of target antigens and ADCs are likely to represent a key development in treatment of recurrent, platinum-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A Calo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David M O'Malley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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31
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Chomet M, Schreurs M, Nguyen M, Howng B, Villanueva R, Krimm M, Vasiljeva O, van Dongen GA, Vugts DJ. The tumor targeting performance of anti-CD166 Probody drug conjugate CX-2009 and its parental derivatives as monitored by 89Zr-immuno-PET in xenograft bearing mice. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5815-5828. [PMID: 32483421 PMCID: PMC7255005 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probody® therapeutics are recombinant masked monoclonal antibody (mAb) prodrugs that become activated by proteases present in the tumor microenvironment. This makes them attractive for use as Probody drug conjugates (PDCs). CX-2009 is a novel PDC with the toxic drug DM4 coupled to an anti-CD166 Probody therapeutic. CD166 is overexpressed in multiple tumor types and to a lesser extent by healthy tissue. Methods: The tumor targeting potential of CX-2009 was assessed by performing 89Zr-immuno-PET/biodistribution/therapy studies in a CD166-positive H292 lung cancer mouse model. Head-to-head comparisons of CX-2009 with the Probody therapeutic without DM4 (CX-191), the unmasked antibody drug conjugate (ADC) CX-1031, and the parental mAb CX-090 were performed. All constructs were 89Zr labeled in a GMP compliant way, administered at 10, 110, or 510 µg, and ex vivo biodistribution was assessed at 24, 72, and 168 hours post-injection. Results: Comparable biodistribution was observed for all constructs, confirmed with PET/CT. Tumors showed the highest uptake: 21.8 ± 2.3 ([89Zr]Zr-CX-2009), 21.8 ± 5.0 ([89Zr]Zr‑CX-191), 18.7 ± 2.5 ([89Zr]Zr-CX-1031) and 20.8 ± 0.9 %ID/g ([89Zr]Zr-CX-090) at 110 µg injected. Increasing the dose to 510 µg resulted in lower tumor uptake and higher blood levels for all constructs, suggesting receptor saturation. In addition, CX-2009 and CX-1031 showed similar therapeutic potential. Conclusions: CX-2009 is optimally capable of targeting CD166-expressing tumors when compared with its derivatives, implying that enzymatic activation inside the tumor, required to allow CD166 binding, does not limit tumor targeting. Because CX-2009 does not bind to mouse CD166, however, reduced targeting of healthy organs should be confirmed in ongoing clinical 89Zr-immuno-PET studies.
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32
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Gauzy-Lazo L, Sassoon I, Brun MP. Advances in Antibody–Drug Conjugate Design: Current Clinical Landscape and Future Innovations. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:843-868. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555220912955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of potent cytotoxic molecules into cancer cells is considered a promising anticancer strategy. The design of clinically effective antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which biologically active drugs are coupled through chemical linkers to monoclonal antibodies, has presented challenges for pharmaceutical researchers. After 30 years of intensive research and development activities, only seven ADCs have been approved for clinical use; two have received fast-track designation and two breakthrough therapy designation from the Food and Drug Administration. There is continued interest in the field, as documented by the growing number of candidates in clinical development. This review aims to summarize the most recent innovations that have been applied to the design of ADCs undergoing early- and late-stage clinical trials. Discovery and rational optimization of new payloads, chemical linkers, and antibody formats have improved the therapeutic index of next-generation ADCs, ultimately resulting in improved clinical benefit for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Sassoon
- Immuno-Oncology Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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33
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Reda A, Hosseiny S, El-Sherbiny IM. Next-generation nanotheranostics targeting cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2487-2514. [PMID: 31490100 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is depicted as the most aggressive malignancy and is one the major causes of death worldwide. It originates from immortal tumor-initiating cells called 'cancer stem cells' (CSCs). This devastating subpopulation exhibit potent self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation characteristics. Dynamic DNA repair mechanisms can sustain the immortality phenotype of cancer to evade all treatment strategies. To date, current conventional chemo- and radio-therapeutic strategies adopted against cancer fail in tackling CSCs. However, new advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for creating next-generation nanotheranostics as multifunctional smart 'all-in-one' nanoparticles. These particles integrate diagnostic, therapeutic and targeting agents into one single biocompatible and biodegradable carrier, opening up new avenues for breakthroughs in early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer through efficient targeting of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Reda
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,Molecular & Cellular Biology division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Salma Hosseiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
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34
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Merkul E, Sijbrandi NJ, Muns JA, Aydin I, Adamzek K, Houthoff HJ, Nijmeijer B, Van Dongen GAMS. First platinum(II)-based metal-organic linker technology (Lx®) for a plug-and-play development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:783-793. [PMID: 31327255 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1645118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Compared to the antibody and drug components of an ADC, the linker part has been somewhat neglected. However, its importance for the reduction of failures in ADC approvals is increasingly recognized. Next of being a stable glue between drug and antibody, an ideal linker should improve the manufacturability and widen the therapeutic window of ADCs. Areas covered: The biopharmaceutical company LinXis started an ADC development program in which platinum(II) is the key element of the first metal-organic linker. The cationic complex [ethylenediamineplatinum(II)]2+, herein called 'Lx®', is used successfully for conjugation of drugs to antibodies. Expert opinion: Based on lessons learned from ADC development, Lx linker technology fulfills most of the desirable linker characteristics. Lx allows large-scale cost-effective manufacturing of ADCs via a straightforward two-step 'plug-and-play' process. First clinical candidate trastuzumab-Lx-auristatin F shows favorable preclinical safety as well as outstanding in vivo tumor targeting performance and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Merkul
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Sijbrandi
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Joey A Muns
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ibrahim Aydin
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Adamzek
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Nijmeijer
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S Van Dongen
- b Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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35
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Nakada T, Sugihara K, Jikoh T, Abe Y, Agatsuma T. The Latest Research and Development into the Antibody-Drug Conjugate, [fam-] Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a), for HER2 Cancer Therapy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:173-185. [PMID: 30827997 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of traditional chemotherapy for cancer is dose-limiting toxicity, caused by the exposure of non-tumor cells to cytotoxic agents. Use of molecular targeted drugs, such as specific kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, is a possible solution to overcome this limitation and has achieved clinical success so far. Use of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a rational strategy for improving efficacy and reducing systemic adverse events. ADCs use antibodies selectively to deliver a potent cytotoxic agent to tumor cells, thus drastically improving the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents. Lessons learned from clinical failure of early ADCs during the 1980s to 90s have recently led to improvements in ADC technology, and resulted in the approval of four novel ADCs. Nonetheless, further advances in ADC technology are still required to streamline their clinical efficacy and reduce toxicity. [fam-] Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) is a next-generation ADC that satisfies these requirements based on currently available evidence. DS-8201a has several innovative features; a highly potent novel payload with a high drug-to-antibody ratio, good homogeneity, a tumor-selective cleavable linker, stable linker-payload in circulation, and a short systemic half-life cytotoxic agent in vivo; the released cytotoxic payload could exert a bystander effect. With respect to its preclinical profiles, DS-8201a could provide a valuable therapy with a great potential against HER2-expressing cancers in clinical settings. In a phase I trial, DS-8201a showed acceptable safety profiles with potential therapeutic efficacy, with the wide therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakada
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takahiro Jikoh
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yuki Abe
- Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
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36
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Mukherjee A, Waters AK, Babic I, Nurmemmedov E, Glassy MC, Kesari S, Yenugonda VM. Antibody drug conjugates: Progress, pitfalls, and promises. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:53-62. [PMID: 30223393 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising and an efficient strategy for targeted cancer therapy. Comprised of a monoclonal antibody, a cytotoxic drug, and a linker, ADCs offer tumor selectively, reduced toxicity, and improved stability in systemic circulation. Recent approvals of two ADCs have led to a resurgence in ADC research, with more than 60 ADCs under various stages of clinical development. The therapeutic success of future ADCs is dependent on adherence to key requirements of their design and careful selection of the target antigen on cancer cells. Here we review the main components in the design of antibody drug conjugates, improvements made, and lessons learned over two decades of research, as well as the future of third generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhab Mukherjee
- Drug Discovery and Nanomedicine Research Program, CA-90404, USA.,Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Ariana K Waters
- Drug Discovery and Nanomedicine Research Program, CA-90404, USA.,Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Ivan Babic
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Elmar Nurmemmedov
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Mark C Glassy
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Nascent Biotech, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
| | - Venkata Mahidhar Yenugonda
- Drug Discovery and Nanomedicine Research Program, CA-90404, USA.,Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA-90404, USA
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Abstract
Targeted therapies hold great promise for cancer treatment and may exhibit even greater efficacy when combined with patient selection tools. The clinical impact of identifying likely responders includes reducing the number of unnecessary and ineffective therapies as well as more accurately determining drug effects. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using zirconium-89 radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), also referred to as zirconium-89 (89Zr)-immuno-PET, provides a potential biomarker to measure target expression and verify optimal delivery of targeted agents to tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the high affinity and specificity of mAbs with the potency of cytotoxic drugs to target tumor-expressing antigen and destroy cancer cells. Thus, 89Zr-immuno-PET of whole-body biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and tumor targeting of antibodies and ADCs to predict toxicity and efficacy could help guide individualized treatment. Here, we review how 89Zr-immuno-PET is being used as a companion diagnostic with the development of ADCs. Furthermore, we discuss how 89Zr-immuno-PET may be utilized in future clinical trials as an adjunct tool with novel ADCs to select cancer patients who have the greatest potential to benefit from treatment and improve ADC dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra S Carmon
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Tan TH, Lee HV, Yehya Dabdawb WA, Hamid SBBOAA. A review of nanocellulose in the drug-delivery system. MATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019:131-164. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816913-1.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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39
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van Berkel SS, van Delft FL. Enzymatic strategies for (near) clinical development of antibody-drug conjugates. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:3-10. [PMID: 30553518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Target-specific killing of tumor cells with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is an elegant concept in the continued fight against cancer. However, despite more than 20 years of clinical development, only four ADC have reached market approval, while at least 50 clinical programs were terminated early. The high attrition rate of ADCs may, at least in part, be attributed to heterogeneity and instability of conventional technologies. At present, various (chemo)enzymatic approaches for site-specific and stable conjugation of toxic payloads are making their way to the clinic, thereby potentially providing ADCs with increased therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Floris L van Delft
- Synaffix BV, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB, Oss, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs): Potent biopharmaceuticals to target solid and hematological cancers- an overview. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Hasan M, Leak RK, Stratford RE, Zlotos DP, Witt‐Enderby PA. Drug conjugates-an emerging approach to treat breast cancer. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00417. [PMID: 29983986 PMCID: PMC6032357 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer treatment using a single drug is associated with a high failure rate due, in part, to the heterogeneity of drug response within individuals, nonspecific target action, drug toxicity, and/or development of resistance. Use of dual-drug therapies, including drug conjugates, may help overcome some of these roadblocks by more selective targeting of the cancer cell and by acting at multiple drug targets rather than one. Drug-conjugate approaches include linking drugs to antibodies (antibody-drug conjugates), radionuclides (radioimmunoconjugates), nanoparticles (nanoparticle-drug conjugates), or to other drugs (drug-drug conjugates). Although all of these conjugates might be designed as effective treatments against breast cancer, the focus of this review will be on drug-drug conjugates because of the increase in versatility of these types of drugs with respect to mode of action at the level of the cancer cell either by creating a novel pharmacophore or by increasing the potency and/or efficacy of the drugs' effects at their respective molecular targets. The development, synthesis, and pharmacological characteristics of drug-drug conjugates will be discussed in the context of breast cancer with the hope of enhancing drug efficacy and reducing toxicities to improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Hasan
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social SciencesDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social SciencesDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPAUSA
| | | | - Darius P. Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryThe German University in CairoNew Cairo CityCairoEgypt
| | - Paula A. Witt‐Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social SciencesDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPAUSA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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42
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Bliman D, Demeunynck M, Leblond P, Meignan S, Baussane I, Fort S. Enzymatically Activated Glyco-Prodrugs of Doxorubicin Synthesized by a Catalysis-Free Diels-Alder Reaction. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2370-2381. [PMID: 29878753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe side effects associated with the use of anthracycline anticancer agents continues to limit their use. Herein we describe the synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of three enzymatically activatable doxorubicin-oligosaccharide prodrugs. The synthetic protocol allows late stage variation of the carbohydrate and is compatible with the use of disaccharides such as lactose as well as more complex oligosaccharides such as xyloglucan oligomers. The enzymatic release of doxorubicin from the prodrugs by both protease (plasmin) and human carboxylesterases (hCE1 and 2) was demonstrated in vitro and the cytotoxic effect of the prodrugs was assayed on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bliman
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV , 38000 Grenoble , France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | | | - Pierre Leblond
- Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit , Centre Oscar Lambret , 59000 Lille , France.,INSERM U908, Institute for Cancer Research of Lille , 59000 Lille , France
| | - Samuel Meignan
- Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit , Centre Oscar Lambret , 59000 Lille , France.,INSERM U908, Institute for Cancer Research of Lille , 59000 Lille , France
| | | | - Sebastien Fort
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Alrushaid S, Zhao Y, Sayre CL, Maayah ZH, Forrest ML, Senadheera SN, Chaboyer K, Anderson HD, El-Kadi AOS, Davies NM. Mechanistically elucidating the in vitro safety and efficacy of a novel doxorubicin derivative. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 7:582-597. [PMID: 28462502 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer drug; however, it is cardiotoxic and has poor oral bioavazilability. Quercetin is a plant-based flavonoid with inhibitory effects on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 and also antioxidant properties. To mitigate these therapeutic barriers, DoxQ, a novel derivative of doxorubicin, was synthesized by conjugating quercetin to doxorubicin. The purpose of this study is to mechanistically elucidate the in vitro safety and efficacy of DoxQ. Drug release in vitro and cellular uptake by multidrug-resistant canine kidney (MDCK-MDR) cells were quantified by HPLC. Antioxidant activity, CYP3A4 inhibition, and P-gp inhibitory effects were examined using commercial assay kits. Drug potency was assessed utilizing triple-negative murine breast cancer cells, and cardiotoxicity was assessed utilizing adult rat and human cardiomyocytes (RL-14). Levels of reactive oxygen species and gene expression of cardiotoxicity markers, oxidative stress markers, and CYP1B1 were determined in RL-14. DoxQ was less cytotoxic to both rat and human cardiomyocytes and retained anticancer activity. Levels of ROS and markers of oxidative stress demonstrate lower oxidative damage induced by DoxQ compared to doxorubicin. DoxQ also inhibited the expression and catalytic activity of CYP1B1. Additionally, DoxQ inhibited CYP3A4 and demonstrated higher cellular uptake by MDCK-MDR cells than doxorubicin. DoxQ provides a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate the cardiotoxicity and poor oral bioavailability of doxorubicin. The cardioprotective mechanism of DoxQ likely involves scavenging ROS and CYP1B1 inhibition, while the mechanism of improving the poor oral bioavailability of doxorubicin is likely related to inhibiting CYP3A4 and P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaa Alrushaid
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Yunqi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Casey L Sayre
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, 84096, USA
| | - Zaid H Maayah
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Sanjeewa N Senadheera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Kevin Chaboyer
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Hope D Anderson
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Dan N, Setua S, Kashyap VK, Khan S, Jaggi M, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC. Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Chemistry to Clinical Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020032. [PMID: 29642542 PMCID: PMC6027311 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the major therapeutic options for cancer treatment. Chemotherapy is often associated with a low therapeutic window due to its poor specificity towards tumor cells/tissues. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology may provide a potentially new therapeutic solution for cancer treatment. ADC technology uses an antibody-mediated delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the tumors in a targeted manner, while sparing normal cells. Such a targeted approach can improve the tumor-to-normal tissue selectivity and specificity in chemotherapy. Considering its importance in cancer treatment, we aim to review recent efforts for the design and development of ADCs. ADCs are mainly composed of an antibody, a cytotoxic payload, and a linker, which can offer selectivity against tumors, anti-cancer activity, and stability in systemic circulation. Therefore, we have reviewed recent updates and principal considerations behind ADC designs, which are not only based on the identification of target antigen, cytotoxic drug, and linker, but also on the drug-linker chemistry and conjugation site at the antibody. Our review focuses on site-specific conjugation methods for producing homogenous ADCs with constant drug-antibody ratio (DAR) in order to tackle several drawbacks that exists in conventional conjugation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirnoy Dan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Saini Setua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Vivek K Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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46
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47
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Antibody–Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Solid Tumors: Clinical Experience and Latest Developments. Target Oncol 2017; 12:719-739. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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48
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Malik P, Phipps C, Edginton A, Blay J. Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Antibody-Drug Conjugates against Cancer. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2579-2595. [PMID: 28924691 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are ushering in the next era of targeted therapy against cancer. An ADC for cancer therapy consists of a potent cytotoxic payload that is attached to a tumour-targeted antibody by a chemical linker, usually with an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 3.5-4. The theory is to deliver potent cytotoxic payloads directly to tumour cells while sparing healthy cells. However, practical application has proven to be more difficult. At present there are only two ADCs approved for clinical use. Nevertheless, in the last decade there has been an explosion of options for ADC engineering to optimize target selection, Fc receptor interactions, linker, payload and more. Evaluation of these strategies requires an understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of ADC pharmacokinetics. Development of ADCs for use in cancer further requires an understanding of tumour properties and kinetics within the tumour environment, and how the presence of cancer as a disease will impact distribution and elimination. Key pharmacokinetic considerations for the successful design and clinical application of ADCs in oncology are explored in this review, with a focus on the mechanistic determinants of distribution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Malik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Colin Phipps
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.,DMPK & Translational Modeling, Abbvie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
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Alrushaid S, Sayre CL, Yáñez JA, Forrest ML, Senadheera SN, Burczynski FJ, Löbenberg R, Davies NM. Pharmacokinetic and Toxicodynamic Characterization of a Novel Doxorubicin Derivative. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9030035. [PMID: 28902176 PMCID: PMC5620576 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective anti-cancer medication with poor oral bioavailability and systemic toxicities. DoxQ was developed by conjugating Dox to the lymphatically absorbed antioxidant quercetin to improve Dox’s bioavailability and tolerability. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and safety of Dox after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of DoxQ or Dox (10 mg/kg) and investigate the intestinal lymphatic delivery of Dox after PO DoxQ administration in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Drug concentrations in serum, urine, and lymph were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. DoxQ intact IV showed a 5-fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC)—18.6 ± 1.98 compared to 3.97 ± 0.71 μg * h/mL after Dox—and a significant reduction in the volume of distribution (Vss): 0.138 ± 0.015 versus 6.35 ± 1.06 L/kg. The fraction excreted unchanged in urine (fe) of IV DoxQ and Dox was ~5% and ~11%, respectively. Cumulative amounts of Dox in the mesenteric lymph fluid after oral DoxQ were twice as high as Dox in a mesenteric lymph duct cannulation rat model. Oral DoxQ increased AUC of Dox by ~1.5-fold compared to after oral Dox. Concentrations of β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) but not cardiac troponin (cTnI) were lower after IV DoxQ than Dox. DoxQ altered the pharmacokinetic disposition of Dox, improved its renal safety and oral bioavailability, and is in part transported through intestinal lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaa Alrushaid
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Casey L Sayre
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84096, USA.
| | - Jaime A Yáñez
- YARI International Group, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 and INDETEC Corp., Lima, Peru.
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Sanjeewa N Senadheera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Frank J Burczynski
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Papageorgiou L, Cuong NT, Vlachakis D. Antibodies as stratagems against cancer. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2047-55. [PMID: 26738941 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00699f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have been in the frontline of anticancer research during the last few decades, since a number of different ways have been discovered to utilize them as parts or main components of anticancer drugs. Antibodies are used as the only component of some anticancer drugs, but they can also be conjugated with a variety of substances. Antibody engineering methods such as humanization, chimerization and Fc engineering are applied in order to modify their properties according to the requirements of anticancer drug application. Given the continuous advances in biology and informatics, the role of antibodies in anticancer treatment is expected to be prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Papageorgiou
- Computational Biology & Medicine Group, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece. and Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus, Athens, 15784, Greece
| | - Nguyen Tien Cuong
- Computational Biology & Medicine Group, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Computational Biology & Medicine Group, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece. and Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, School of Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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