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Tiwari A, Alcover K, Carpenter E, Thomas K, Krum J, Nissen A, Van Decar S, Smolinsky T, Valdera F, Vreeland T, Lacher M, Del Priore G, Williams W, Stojadinovic A, Peoples G, Clifton G. Utility of cell-based vaccines as cancer therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2323256. [PMID: 38544385 PMCID: PMC10984131 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2323256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines use autologous patient-derived tumor cells, allogeneic cancer cell lines or autologous antigen presenting cells to mimic the natural immune process and stimulate an adaptive immune response against tumor antigens. The primary objective of this study is to perform a systematic literature review with an embedded meta-analysis of all published Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of cell-based cancer vaccines in human subjects. The secondary objective of this study is to review trials demonstrating biological activity of cell-based cancer vaccines that could uncover additional hypotheses, which could be used in the design of future studies. We performed the systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The final review included 36 studies - 16 single-arm studies, and 20 controlled trials. Our systematic review of the existing literature revealed largely negative trials and our meta-analysis did not show evidence of clinical benefit from cell-based cancer-vaccines. However, as we looked beyond the stringent inclusion criteria of our systematic review, we identified significant examples of biological activity of cell-based cancer vaccines that are worth highlighting. In conclusion, the existing literature on cell-based cancer vaccines is highly variable in terms of cancer type, vaccine therapies and the clinical setting with no overall statistically significant clinical benefit, but there are individual successes that represent the promise of this approach. As cell-based vaccine technology continues to evolve, future studies can perhaps fulfill the potential that this exciting field of anti-cancer therapy holds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Tiwari
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Karl Alcover
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Katryna Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Julia Krum
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alexander Nissen
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Spencer Van Decar
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Todd Smolinsky
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Franklin Valdera
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Vreeland
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guy Clifton
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Nikolouzakis TK, Chrysos E, Docea AO, Fragkiadaki P, Souglakos J, Tsiaoussis J, Tsatsakis A. Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1995. [PMID: 38893120 PMCID: PMC11171065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the colon and rectum (CRC) has been identified among the three most prevalent types of cancer and cancer-related deaths for both sexes. Even though significant progress in surgical and chemotherapeutic techniques has markedly improved disease-free and overall survival rates in contrast to those three decades ago, recent years have seen a stagnation in these improvements. This underscores the need for new therapies aiming to augment patient outcomes. A number of emerging strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell therapy (ACT), have exhibited promising outcomes not only in preclinical but also in clinical settings. Additionally, a thorough appreciation of the underlying biology has expanded the scope of research into potential therapeutic interventions. For instance, the pivotal role of altered telomere length in early CRC carcinogenesis, leading to chromosomal instability and telomere dysfunction, presents a promising avenue for future treatments. Thus, this review explores the advancements in CRC immunotherapy and telomere-targeted therapies, examining potential synergies and how these novel treatment modalities intersect to potentially enhance each other's efficacy, paving the way for promising future therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Chrysos
- Department of General Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece; (T.K.N.); (E.C.)
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (P.F.); (A.T.)
| | - John Souglakos
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (P.F.); (A.T.)
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Jia W, Shen X, Guo Z, Cheng X, Zhao R. The future of cancer vaccines against colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:269-284. [PMID: 38644655 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2341744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most lethal malignancy worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) benefit only 15% of patients with mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability (dMMR/MSI) CRC. The majority of patients are not suitable due to insufficient immune infiltration. Cancer vaccines are a potential approach for inducing tumor-specific immunity within the solid tumor microenvironment. AREA COVERED In this review, we have provided an overview of the current progress in CRC vaccines over the past three years and briefly depict promising directions for further exploration. EXPERT OPINION Cancer vaccines are certainly a promising field for the antitumor treatment against CRC. Compared to monotherapy, cancer vaccines are more appropriate as adjuvants to standard treatment, especially in combination with ICI blockade, for microsatellite stable patients. Improved vaccine construction requires neoantigens with sufficient immunogenicity, satisfactory HLA-binding affinity, and an ideal delivery platform with perfect lymph node retention and minimal off-target effects. Prophylactic vaccines that potentially prevent CRC carcinogenesis are also worth investigating. The exploration of appropriate biomarkers for cancer vaccines may benefit prognostic prediction analysis and therapeutic response prediction in patients with CRC. Although many challenges remain, CRC vaccines represent an exciting area of research that may become an effective addition to current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zichao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gupta S, Yadav S, Kumar P. Efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Cancer Prevention and Its Putative Mechanisms. J Cancer Prev 2024; 29:6-15. [PMID: 38567111 PMCID: PMC10982520 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.23.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. Although it was developed as a prophylactic vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), researchers have also evaluated it for preventing cancer development or progression. These studies were inspired by the available data regarding the protective effects of microbial infection against cancers and an inverse relationship between TB and cancer mortality. Initial studies demonstrated the efficacy of BCG in preventing leukemia, melanoma and a few other cancers. However, mixed results were observed in later studies. Importantly, these studies have led to the successful use of BCG in the tertiary prevention of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, wherein BCG therapy has been found to be more effective than chemotherapy. Moreover, in a recently published 60-year follow-up study, childhood BCG vaccination has been found to significantly prevent lung cancer development. In the present manuscript, we reviewed the studies evaluating the efficacy of BCG in cancer prevention and discussed its putative mechanisms. Also, we sought to explain the mixed results of BCG efficacy in preventing different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- Department of Preventive Oncology (Dr. BRA-IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Yadav
- Department of Preventive Oncology (Dr. BRA-IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Preventive Oncology (Dr. BRA-IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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5
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Rastin F, Javid H, Oryani MA, Rezagholinejad N, Afshari AR, Karimi-Shahri M. Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: Rational strategies and novel therapeutic progress. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111055. [PMID: 37992445 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
There are increasing incidences and mortality rates for colorectal cancer in the world. It is common for chemotherapy and radiation given to patients with colorectal cancer to cause toxicities that limit their effectiveness and cause cancer cells to become resistant to these treatments. Additional targeted treatments are needed to improve patient's quality of life and outcomes. Immunotherapy has rapidly emerged as an incredibly exciting and promising avenue for cancer treatment in recent years. This innovative approach provides novel options for tackling solid tumors, effectively establishing itself as a new cornerstone in cancer treatment. Specifically, in the realm of colorectal cancer (CRC), there is great promise in developing new drugs that target immune checkpoints, offering a hopeful and potentially transformative solution. While immunotherapy of CRC has made significant advances, there are still obstacles and limitations. CRC patients have a poor response to treatment because of the immune-suppressing function of their tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition to blocking inhibitory immune checkpoints, checkpoint-blocking antibodies may also boost immune responses against tumors. The review summarizes recent advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for CRC, including CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, and TIM-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farangis Rastin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Akbari Oryani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amir-R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
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Verma C, Pawar VA, Srivastava S, Tyagi A, Kaushik G, Shukla SK, Kumar V. Cancer Vaccines in the Immunotherapy Era: Promise and Potential. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1783. [PMID: 38140187 PMCID: PMC10747700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines are a promising alternative for active immunotherapy for different types of cancers. Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to prevent immune system responses that are not targeted at the tumors only, but also boost the anti-tumor immunity and promote regression or eradication of the malignancy without, or with minimal, adverse events. Clinical trial data have pushed the development of cancer vaccines forward, and the US Food and Drug Administration authorized the first therapeutic cancer vaccine. In the present review, we discuss the various types of cancer vaccines and different approaches for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines, along with the current state of knowledge and future prospects. We also discuss how tumor-induced immune suppression limits the effectiveness of therapeutic vaccinations, and strategies to overcome this barrier to design efficacious, long-lasting anti-tumor immune responses in the generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitenya Verma
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Shivani Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Anuradha Tyagi
- Department of cBRN, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science, Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Surendra Kumar Shukla
- Department of Oncology Science, OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
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7
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Rui R, Zhou L, He S. Cancer immunotherapies: advances and bottlenecks. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212476. [PMID: 37691932 PMCID: PMC10484345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has ushered in a new era in cancer treatment, and cancer immunotherapy continues to be rejuvenated. The clinical goal of cancer immunotherapy is to prime host immune system to provide passive or active immunity against malignant tumors. Tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) play an immunomodulatory role in tumor microenvironment (TME) which is closely related to immune escape of tumor cells, thus influence tumor progress. Several cancer immunotherapies, include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccine, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), have shown great efficacy and promise. In this review, we will summarize the recent research advances in tumor immunotherapy, including the molecular mechanisms and clinical effects as well as limitations of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rui
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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8
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Hecht JR, Mitchell J, Morelli MP, Anandappa G, Yang JC. Next-Generation Approaches to Immuno-Oncology in GI Cancers. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2023; 43:e389072. [PMID: 37290032 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_389072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has only had a modest impact on the treatment of advanced GI malignancies. Microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the most common GI tumors, have not benefited from treatment with standard immune checkpoint inhibitors. With this huge unmet need, multiple approaches are being tried to overcome barriers to better anticancer outcomes. This article reviews a number of novel approaches to immunotherapy for these tumors. These include the use of novel checkpoint inhibitors such as a modified anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibody and antibodies to lymphocyte-activation gene 3, T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains, T-cell immunoglobulin-3, CD47, and combinations with signal transduction inhibitors. We will discuss other trials that aim to elicit an antitumor T-cell response using cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses. Finally, we review attempts to replicate in GI cancers the frequent and durable responses seen in hematologic malignancies with immune cell therapies.
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9
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Bastin DJ, Montroy J, Kennedy MA, Martel AB, Shorr R, Ghiasi M, Boucher DM, Wong B, Gresham L, Diallo JS, Fergusson DA, Lalu MM, Kekre N, Auer RC. Safety and efficacy of autologous cell vaccines in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3347. [PMID: 36849805 PMCID: PMC9971202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials to formally assess the safety and efficacy of autologous whole cell vaccines as immunotherapies for solid tumors. Our primary safety outcome was number, and grade of adverse events. Our primary efficacy outcome was clinical responses. Secondary outcomes included survival metrics and correlative immune assays. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published between 1946 and August 2020 using any autologous whole cell product in the treatment of any solid tumor. The Cochrane Randomized Controlled Trial risk of bias tool was used to assess risk of bias. Eighteen manuscripts were identified with a total of 714 patients enrolled in control and 808 in vaccine arms. In 698 patients receiving at least one dose of vaccine, treatment was well tolerated with a total of 5 grade III or higher adverse events. Clinical response was reported in a minority (n = 2, 14%) of studies. Autologous cell vaccines were associated with improved overall (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.01-1.63) and disease-free survival (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.67) over thirteen and ten trials respectively. Where reported, immune assays correlated well with clinical outcomes. Our results suggest that autologous whole cell vaccination is safe and efficacious in increasing survival in patients undergoing treatment for solid tumors.Registration: PROSPERO CRD42019140187.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Bastin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Montroy
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Andre B Martel
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Risa Shorr
- Learning Services, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghiasi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dominique M Boucher
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Boaz Wong
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Louise Gresham
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Manoj M Lalu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Kekre
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE, Trifonova OP, Maslov DL, Archakov AI. Cell Proteomic Footprinting: Advances in the Quality of Cellular and Cell-Derived Cancer Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020661. [PMID: 36839983 PMCID: PMC9963030 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In omics sciences, many compounds are measured simultaneously in a sample in a single run. Such analytical performance opens up prospects for improving cellular cancer vaccines and other cell-based immunotherapeutics. This article provides an overview of proteomics technology, known as cell proteomic footprinting. The molecular phenotype of cells is highly variable, and their antigenic profile is affected by many factors, including cell isolation from the tissue, cell cultivation conditions, and storage procedures. This makes the therapeutic properties of cells, including those used in vaccines, unpredictable. Cell proteomic footprinting makes it possible to obtain controlled cell products. Namely, this technology facilitates the cell authentication and quality control of cells regarding their molecular phenotype, which is directly connected with the antigenic properties of cell products. Protocols for cell proteomic footprinting with their crucial moments, footprint processing, and recommendations for the implementation of this technology are described in this paper. The provided footprints in this paper and program source code for their processing contribute to the fast implementation of this technology in the development and manufacturing of cell-based immunotherapeutics.
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11
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Formslag CR, Zhao L, Heslin AJ, Lewis CC, Miller CW, Bai Q, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. The past, present, and future of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:95. [PMID: 36786890 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is prevalent worldwide, with various factors influencing the survival rate of late-stage metastatic cases. Current standard treatments include surgical removal, adjuvant chemotherapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Novel immunotherapy research shows promising results for various cancer types, including colorectal cancer. Current immunotherapy options are limited to specific molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer, while the remaining are limited to standard protocol. This review article summarizes approved, developing, and potential sources for novel colorectal cancer immunotherapy treatment through active-specific, checkpoint inhibitor, cytokine, cytotoxic, and adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. Such a study would be beneficial to patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole R Formslag
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, AH, 230011, China
| | - Aidan J Heslin
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Cade C Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Caleb W Miller
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
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12
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Koukourakis IM, Tiniakos D, Kouloulias V, Zygogianni A. The molecular basis of immuno-radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:715-736. [PMID: 36383201 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2144960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapy are powerful anti-tumor treatment modalities. Experimental research has demonstrated an important interplay between the cytotoxic effects of RT and the immune system. This systematic review provides an overview of the basics of anti-tumor immunity and focuses on the mechanisms underlying the interplay between RT and immune anti-tumor response that set the molecular basis of immuno-RT. CONCLUSIONS An 'immunity acquired equilibrium' mimicking tumor dormancy can be achieved post-irradiation treatment, with the balance shifted toward tumor eradication or regrowth when immune cells' cytotoxic effects or cancer proliferation rate prevail, respectively. RT has both immunosuppressive and immune-enhancing properties. The latter effect is also known as radio-vaccination. Its mechanisms involve up- or down-regulation of membrane molecules, such as PD-L1, HLA-class-I, CD80/86, CD47, and Fas/CD95, that play a vital role in immune checkpoint pathways and increased cytokine expression (e.g. INFα,β,γ, IL1,2, and TNFα) by cancer or immune cells. Moreover, the interactions of radiation with the tumor microenvironment (fibroblasts, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells are also an important component of radio-vaccination. Thus, RT may have anti-tumor vaccine properties, whose sequels can be exploited by immunotherapy agents to treat different cancer subtypes effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M. Koukourakis
- Radiation Oncology Unit, First Department of Radiology, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUOA), Athens, Greece
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Department of Pathology, Aretaieion University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vassilis Kouloulias
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Second Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Rimini 1, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Zygogianni
- Radiation Oncology Unit, First Department of Radiology, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUOA), Athens, Greece
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13
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Jia W, Zhang T, Huang H, Feng H, Wang S, Guo Z, Luo Z, Ji X, Cheng X, Zhao R. Colorectal cancer vaccines: The current scenario and future prospects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942235. [PMID: 35990683 PMCID: PMC9384853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Current therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy encounter obstacles in preventing metastasis of CRC even when applied in combination. Immune checkpoint inhibitors depict limited effects due to the limited cases of CRC patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Cancer vaccines are designed to trigger the elevation of tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes, resulting in the intense response of the immune system to tumor antigens. This review briefly summarizes different categories of CRC vaccines, demonstrates the current outcomes of relevant clinical trials, and provides particular focus on recent advances on nanovaccines and neoantigen vaccines, representing the trend and emphasis of CRC vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaodong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zichao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaopin Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopin Ji, ; Xi Cheng, ; Ren Zhao,
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopin Ji, ; Xi Cheng, ; Ren Zhao,
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopin Ji, ; Xi Cheng, ; Ren Zhao,
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14
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Tumor draining lymph nodes, immune response, and radiotherapy: Towards a revisal of therapeutic principles. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Lokhov PG, Lichtenberg S, Balashova EE. Changing Landscape of Cancer Vaccines-Novel Proteomics Platform for New Antigen Compositions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084401. [PMID: 35457221 PMCID: PMC9029553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of cancer vaccines is a constant priority for research and biotechnology. Therefore, the emergence of any new technology in this field is a significant event, especially because previous technologies have not yielded results. Recently, the development of a cancer vaccine has been complemented by a new proteomics technology platform that allows the creation of antigen compositions known as antigenic essences. Antigenic essence comprises a target fraction of cellular antigens, the composition of which is precisely controlled by peptide mass spectrometry and compared to the proteomic footprint of the target cells to ensure similarity. This proteomics platform offers potential for a massive upgrade of conventional cellular cancer vaccines. Antigenic essences have the same mechanism of action, but without the disadvantages, and with notable advantages such as precise targeting of the immune response, safety, controlled composition, improved immunogenicity, addressed MHC restriction, and extended range of vaccination doses. The present paper calls attention to this novel platform, stimulates discussion of the role of antigenic essence in vaccine development, and consolidates academic science with biotech capabilities. A brief description of the platform, list of cellular cancer vaccines suitable for the upgrade, main recommendations, limitations, and legal and ethical aspects of vaccine upgrade are reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G. Lokhov
- Biobohemia, Inc., 1 Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (S.L.); (E.E.B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Steven Lichtenberg
- Biobohemia, Inc., 1 Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (S.L.); (E.E.B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena E. Balashova
- Biobohemia, Inc., 1 Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (S.L.); (E.E.B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms and Predictive Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041028. [PMID: 35205776 PMCID: PMC8869923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Late-stage colorectal cancer treatment often involves chemotherapy and radiation that can cause dose-limiting toxicity, and therefore there is great interest in developing targeted therapies for this disease. Immunotherapy is a targeted therapy that uses peptides, cells, antibodies, viruses, or small molecules to engage or train the immune system to kill cancer. Here, we discuss the preclinical and clinical development of immunotherapy for treatment of colorectal cancer and provide an overview of predictive biomarkers for such treatments. We also consider open questions including optimal combination treatments and sensitization of colorectal cancer patients with proficient mismatch repair enzymes. Abstract Though early-stage colorectal cancer has a high 5 year survival rate of 65–92% depending on the specific stage, this probability drops to 13% after the cancer metastasizes. Frontline treatments for colorectal cancer such as chemotherapy and radiation often produce dose-limiting toxicities in patients and acquired resistance in cancer cells. Additional targeted treatments are needed to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Immunotherapy involves treatment with peptides, cells, antibodies, viruses, or small molecules to engage or train the immune system to kill cancer cells. Preclinical and clinical investigations of immunotherapy for treatment of colorectal cancer including immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy, monoclonal antibodies, oncolytic viruses, anti-cancer vaccines, and immune system modulators have been promising, but demonstrate limitations for patients with proficient mismatch repair enzymes. In this review, we discuss preclinical and clinical studies investigating immunotherapy for treatment of colorectal cancer and predictive biomarkers for response to these treatments. We also consider open questions including optimal combination treatments to maximize efficacy, minimize toxicity, and prevent acquired resistance and approaches to sensitize mismatch repair-proficient patients to immunotherapy.
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17
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Das R, Langou S, Le TT, Prasad P, Lin F, Nguyen TD. Electrical Stimulation for Immune Modulation in Cancer Treatments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:795300. [PMID: 35087799 PMCID: PMC8788921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.795300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is becoming a very common treatment for cancer, using approaches like checkpoint inhibition, T cell transfer therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccination. However, these approaches involve high doses of immune therapeutics with problematic side effects. A promising approach to reducing the dose of immunotherapeutic agents given to a cancer patient is to combine it with electrical stimulation, which can act in two ways; it can either modulate the immune system to produce the immune cytokines and agents in the patient's body or it can increase the cellular uptake of these immune agents via electroporation. Electrical stimulation in form of direct current has been shown to reduce tumor sizes in immune-competent mice while having no effect on tumor sizes in immune-deficient mice. Several studies have used nano-pulsed electrical stimulations to activate the immune system and drive it against tumor cells. This approach has been utilized for different types of cancers, like fibrosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, human papillomavirus etc. Another common approach is to combine electrochemotherapy with immune modulation, either by inducing immunogenic cell death or injecting immunostimulants that increase the effectiveness of the treatments. Several therapies utilize electroporation to deliver immunostimulants (like genes encoded with cytokine producing sequences, cancer specific antigens or fragments of anti-tumor toxins) more effectively. Lastly, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can trigger production and activation of anti-tumor immune cells and immune reactions. Hence, the use of electrical stimulation to modulate the immune system in different ways can be a promising approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritopa Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Sofia Langou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Thinh T. Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Pooja Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
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18
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Chen Y, Zheng X, Wu C. The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Treatment Strategies in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:792691. [PMID: 34925375 PMCID: PMC8674693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the second highest mortality rate among all cancers worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecular targeting and other treatment methods have significantly prolonged the survival of patients with CRC. Recently, the emergence of tumor immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has brought new immunotherapy options for the treatment of advanced CRC. As the efficacy of ICIs is closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TME), it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the immune microenvironment of CRC and the efficacy of immunotherapy to ensure that the appropriate drugs are selected. We herein review the latest research progress in the immune microenvironment and strategies related to immunotherapy for CRC. We hope that this review helps in the selection of appropriate treatment strategies for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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19
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Hu LF, Lan HR, Huang D, Li XM, Jin KT. Personalized Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancers: Where Do We Stand? Front Oncol 2021; 11:769305. [PMID: 34888246 PMCID: PMC8649954 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.769305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the world. Immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines has raised great hopes for treating poor prognosis metastatic CRCs that are resistant to the conventional therapies. However, high inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity hinder the success of immunotherapy in CRC. Patients with a similar tumor phenotype respond differently to the same immunotherapy regimen. Mutation-based classification, molecular subtyping, and immunoscoring of CRCs facilitated the multi-aspect grouping of CRC patients and improved immunotherapy. Personalized immunotherapy using tumor-specific neoantigens provides the opportunity to consider each patient as an independent group deserving of individualized immunotherapy. In the recent decade, the development of sequencing and multi-omics techniques has helped us classify patients more precisely. The expansion of such advanced techniques along with the neoantigen-based immunotherapy could herald a new era in treating heterogeneous tumors such as CRC. In this review article, we provided the latest findings in immunotherapy of CRC. We elaborated on the heterogeneity of CRC patients as a bottleneck of CRC immunotherapy and reviewed the latest advances in personalized immunotherapy to overcome CRC heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Xue-Min Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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20
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Koukourakis IM, Koukourakis MI. Combining the past and present to advance immuno-radiotherapy of cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 42:26-42. [PMID: 34511006 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1974020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its first clinical application, 120 years ago, radiotherapy evolved into a major anti-cancer treatment modality, offering high cure rates in many human malignancies. During the past ten years, the establishment of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer therapeutics has vigorously reintroduced the immune system's role in the outcome of radiotherapy and, conversely, the role of radio-vaccination in the efficacy of immunotherapy. The knowledge and clinical experience that founded the current era of immuno-radiotherapy started alongside with the birth of radiotherapy, and evolved through exhaustive experimental work, clinical trials on active specific immunotherapy, frustrating attempts to validate the importance of cytokine administration with radiotherapy, and, finally, the encouraging ICI-based clinical trials that opened the door to a far more encouraging perspective; radio-vaccination, through its old and new methods, is rising as a research field that promises to cure, previously incurable, disease. In this critical review, we focus on the scientific knowledge gathered through more than a century of research on radiotherapy interactions with the immune system. Understanding the origins of this promising therapeutic approach will substantially contribute to developing new immuno-radiotherapy policies in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M Koukourakis
- 1st Department of Radiology, Radiotherapy Unit, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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21
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Ghidini M, Fusco N, Salati M, Khakoo S, Tomasello G, Petrelli F, Trapani D, Petrillo A. The Emergence of Immune-checkpoint Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1021-1033. [PMID: 33563194 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210204204415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape in a number of solid tumors. In colorectal cancer, evidence suggests that microsatellite high (MSI-H) tumors are the most responsive to immune checkpoint blockade due to increased neo-antigen load and a favorable tumor microenvironment. Indeed, Pembrolizumab now represents a first-line option in such patients. However, MSI-H tumors represent the minority and a proportion of patients' progress despite initially responding. Trials are investigating different immunotherapy combinatorial strategies to enhance immune response in less immunogenic colorectal tumors. Such strategies include dual immune checkpoint blockade, combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other treatment modalities such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other biological or targeted agents. Moreover, there is an increasing drive to identify biomarkers to better select patients most likely to respond to immunotherapy and understand intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. Apart from MSI-H tumors, there is a strong rationale to suggest that tumors with alterations in DNA polymerase epsilon and DNA polymerase delta are also likely to respond to immunotherapy and trials in this subpopulation are underway. Other strategies such as priming O6-methylguanineDNA methyltransferase silenced tumors with alkylating agents to make them receptive to immune checkpoint blockade are also being investigated. Here we discuss different colorectal subpopulations together with their likelihood of response to immune checkpoint blockade and strategies to overcome barriers to a successful clinical outcome. We summarize evidence from published clinical trials and provide an overview of trials in progress whilst discussing newer immunotherapy strategies such as adoptive cell therapies and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghidini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Salati
- PhD Program, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Shelize Khakoo
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Tomasello
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Petrelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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22
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Vaccines in Gastrointestinal Malignancies: From Prevention to Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060647. [PMID: 34199248 PMCID: PMC8231997 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are some of the most common and devastating malignancies and include colorectal, gastric, esophageal, hepatocellular, and pancreatic carcinomas, among others. Five-year survival rates for many of these malignancies remain low. The majority presents at an advanced stage with limited treatment options and poor overall survival. Treatment is advancing but not at the same speed as other malignancies. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments are still only partially effective in GI malignancies and cause significant side effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel strategies in the treatment of GI malignancies. Recently, immunotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors have entered as potential new therapeutic options for patients, and thus, cancer vaccines may play a major role in the future of treatment for these malignancies. Further advances in understanding the interaction between the tumor and immune system have led to the development of novel agents, such as cancer vaccines.
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23
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Wang C, Fakih M. Targeting MSS colorectal cancer with immunotherapy: are we turning the corner? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1347-1357. [PMID: 34030532 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1933940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition has shown potent antitumor activity in patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) metastatic cancer. Microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer has long been considered resistant to immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide an overview of current progress on strategies to overcome the resistance to immunotherapy in MSS colorectal cancer. EXPERT OPINION Emerging evidence suggest that combination of immune modulators such as regorafenib may improve the responsiveness of MSS colorectal cancer to checkpoint blockade. In addition, signs of clinical activity have also been observed in other combination strategies, such as the combination of checkpoint blockade with Stat3 inhibitor, or bispecific T-cell engagers. Nevertheless, predictive biomarkers that can identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy are key for its implementation in clinical setting. Metastatic disease sites may predict for the response or resistance to checkpoint blockade, with liver metastases emerging as a strong predictive biomarker of lack of benefit from PD-1 targeting, even with combination therapies. Additional efforts are required to study the mechanism of resistance and to develop novel therapeutic strategies to overcome immune resistance. ABBREVIATIONS CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CR: complete response; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DCR: disease control rate; MSI-H: microsatellite instability-high; MSS: Microsatellite stable (MSS); OS: overall survival; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand receptor 1; PR: partial response; PFS: progression-free survival; SD: stable disease; TMB: tumor mutation burden; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongkai Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Marwan Fakih
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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24
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Tay BQ, Wright Q, Ladwa R, Perry C, Leggatt G, Simpson F, Wells JW, Panizza BJ, Frazer IH, Cruz JLG. Evolution of Cancer Vaccines-Challenges, Achievements, and Future Directions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050535. [PMID: 34065557 PMCID: PMC8160852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Qi Tay
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Quentin Wright
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Rahul Ladwa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (C.P.); (B.J.P.)
| | - Christopher Perry
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (C.P.); (B.J.P.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Graham Leggatt
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - James W. Wells
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Benedict J. Panizza
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (C.P.); (B.J.P.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
| | - Jazmina L. G. Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (B.Q.T.); (Q.W.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (J.W.W.); (I.H.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-0478912737
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25
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Vandeborne L, Pantziarka P, Van Nuffel AMT, Bouche G. Repurposing Infectious Diseases Vaccines Against Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:688755. [PMID: 34055652 PMCID: PMC8155725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.688755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines used to prevent infections have long been known to stimulate immune responses to cancer as illustrated by the approval of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine to treat bladder cancer since the 1970s. The recent approval of immunotherapies has rejuvenated this research area with reports of anti-tumor responses with existing infectious diseases vaccines used as such, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we have reviewed and summarized research activities using approved vaccines to treat cancer. Data supporting a cancer therapeutic use was found for 16 vaccines. For 10 (BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, human papillomavirus, influenza, measles, pneumococcus, smallpox, typhoid and varicella-zoster), clinical trials have been conducted or are ongoing. Within the remaining 6, preclinical evidence supports further evaluation of the rotavirus, yellow fever and pertussis vaccine in carefully designed clinical trials. The mechanistic evidence for the cholera vaccine, combined with the observational data in colorectal cancer, is also supportive of clinical translation. There is limited data for the hepatitis B and mumps vaccine (without measles vaccine). Four findings are worth highlighting: the superiority of intravesical typhoid vaccine instillations over BCG in a preclinical bladder cancer model, which is now the subject of a phase I trial; the perioperative use of the influenza vaccine to limit and prevent the natural killer cell dysfunction induced by cancer surgery; objective responses following intratumoral injections of measles vaccine in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; objective responses induced by human papillomavirus vaccine in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. All vaccines are intended to induce or improve an anti-tumor (immune) response. In addition to the biological and immunological mechanisms that vary between vaccines, the mode of administration and sequence with other (immuno-)therapies warrant more attention in future research.
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE. Antigenic Essence: Upgrade of Cellular Cancer Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040774. [PMID: 33673325 PMCID: PMC7917603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Early cancer vaccines include whole-cell formulations, which operate on the principle that you should vaccinate with what you want to develop protection against. Such vaccines have been widely tested in various cancers and their advantages described but have not yet managed to pass clinical trials. Antigenic essence technology offers the possibility to revitalize the field of whole-cell-based vaccination, as the essence comprises the entire diversity of native cellular antigens. At the same time, the technology allows for precise control and purposeful change of essence composition as well as purification of essence from ballast cellular substances and also addresses issues of major histocompatibility complex restriction. Antigenic essence technology makes it possible to update many cellular vaccines that have already been developed, as well as to develop new ones, therefore introducing a new direction for anticancer vaccination research. Abstract The development of anticancer immunotherapy is characterized by several approaches, the most recognized of which include cellular vaccines, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), neoantigens, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). This paper presents antigenic essence technology as an effective means for the production of new antigen compositions for anticancer vaccination. This technology is developed via proteomics, cell culture technology, and immunological assays. In terms of vaccine development, it does not fit into any of the above-noted approaches and can be considered a new direction. Here we review the development of this technology, its main characteristics, comparison with existing approaches, and the features that distinguish it as a novel approach to anticancer vaccination. This review will also highlight the benefits of this technology over other approaches, such as the ability to control composition, optimize immunogenicity and similarity to target cells, and evade major histocompatibility complex restriction. The first antigenic essence products, presented under the SANTAVAC brand, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G. Lokhov
- BioBohemia Inc., 177 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st., 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena E. Balashova
- BioBohemia Inc., 177 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st., 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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Vacchelli E, Galluzzi L, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Trial watch: FDA-approved Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:894-907. [PMID: 23162757 PMCID: PMC3489745 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have first been characterized for their capacity to detect conserved microbial components like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA, resulting in the elicitation of potent (innate) immune responses against invading pathogens. More recently, TLRs have also been shown to promote the activation of the cognate immune system against cancer cells. Today, only three TLR agonists are approved by FDA for use in humans: the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and imiquimod. BCG (an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis) is mainly used as a vaccine against tuberculosis, but also for the immunotherapy of in situ bladder carcinoma. MPL (derived from the LPS of Salmonella minnesota) is included in the formulation of Cervarix®, a vaccine against human papillomavirus-16 and -18. Imiquimod (a synthetic imidazoquinoline) is routinely employed for actinic keratosis, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and external genital warts (condylomata acuminata). In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recently completed clinical trials and discuss the progress of ongoing studies that have evaluated/are evaluating FDA-approved TLR agonists as off-label medications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
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Gorgulho CM, Krishnamurthy A, Lanzi A, Galon J, Housseau F, Kaneno R, Lotze MT. Gutting it Out: Developing Effective Immunotherapies for Patients With Colorectal Cancer. J Immunother 2021; 44:49-62. [PMID: 33416261 PMCID: PMC8092416 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) include proinflammatory diets, sedentary habits, and obesity, in addition to genetic syndromes that predispose individuals to this disease. Current treatment relies on surgical excision and cytotoxic chemotherapies. There has been a renewed interest in immunotherapy as a treatment option for CRC given the success in melanoma and microsatellite instable (MSI) CRC. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors only plays a role in the 4%-6% of patients with MSIhigh tumors and even within this subpopulation, response rates can vary from 30% to 50%. Most patients with CRC do not respond to this modality of treatment, even though colorectal tumors are frequently infiltrated with T cells. Tumor cells limit apoptosis and survive following intensive chemotherapy leading to drug resistance and induction of autophagy. Pharmacological or molecular inhibition of autophagy improves the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy in murine models. The microbiome clearly plays an etiologic role, in some or most colon tumors, realized by elegant findings in murine models and now investigated in human clinical trials. Recent results have suggested that cancer vaccines may be beneficial, perhaps best as preventive strategies. The search for therapies that can be combined with current approaches to increase their efficacy, and new knowledge of the biology of CRC are pivotal to improve the care of patients suffering from this disease. Here, we review the basic immunobiology of CRC, current "state-of-the-art" immunotherapies and define those areas with greatest therapeutic promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mendonça Gorgulho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
| | | | - Anastasia Lanzi
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Franck Housseau
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, CRB-I Room 4M59, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
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Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A. Lymphopenia and intratumoral lymphocytic balance in the era of cancer immuno-radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 159:103226. [PMID: 33482348 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune response has been recognized as a major tumor-eradication component of radiotherapy. OBJECTIVE This review studies, under a clinical perspective, two contrasting effects of radiotherapy, namely immunosuppression and radiovaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS We critically reviewed the available clinical and experimental experience on radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia. RESULTS Radiation-induced tumor damage promotes radio-vaccination, enhances cytotoxic immune responses, and potentiates immunotherapy. Nevertheless, radiotherapy induces systemic and intratumoral lymphopenia. The above effects are directly related to radiotherapy fractionation and field size/location, and tumor characteristics. DISCUSSION Hypofractionated stereotactic and accelerated irradiation better promotes radio-vaccination and produces less severe lymphopenia. Adopting cytoprotective policies and combining lympho-stimulatory agents or agents blocking regulatory lymphocyte activity are awaited to unmask the radio-vaccination effect, enhancing the efficacy immuno-radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Radiation-induced lymphopenia and immunosuppression are important issues that should be considered in the design of immuno-radiotherapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Cancer Vaccines: Toward the Next Breakthrough in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5825401. [PMID: 33282961 PMCID: PMC7685825 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5825401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, three types of well-recognized cancer treatments have been developed, i.e., surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; these either remove or directly attack the cancer cells. These treatments can cure cancer at earlier stages but are frequently ineffective for treating cancer in the advanced or recurrent stages. Basic and clinical research on the tumor microenvironment, which consists of cancerous, stromal, and immune cells, demonstrates the critical role of antitumor immunity in cancer development and progression. Cancer immunotherapies have been proposed as the fourth cancer treatment. In particular, clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, in various cancer types represents a major breakthrough in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, accumulating data regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate that these are not always effective but are instead only effective in limited cancer populations. Indeed, several issues remain to be solved to improve their clinical efficacy; these include low cancer cell antigenicity and poor infiltration and/or accumulation of immune cells in the cancer microenvironment. Therefore, to accelerate the further development of cancer immunotherapies, more studies are necessary. In this review, we will summarize the current status of cancer immunotherapies, especially cancer vaccines, and discuss the potential problems and solutions for the next breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy.
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Shahnazari M, Samadi P, Pourjafar M, Jalali A. Therapeutic vaccines for colorectal cancer: The progress and future prospect. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106944. [PMID: 33182032 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are usually derived from the patient's tumor cells or the antigens found on their surface, which may help the immune system to identify and kill these malignant cells. Current focus of many researches is designing vaccines with the hope of triggering the immune system to attack cancer cells in a more effective, reliable and safe manner. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as the third leading cause of death by cancer, but significant advances in therapy strategies have been made in recent years, including cancer vaccine. In this review, we present various vaccine platforms that have been used in the border battle against CRC, some of which have been approved for clinical use and some are in late-stage clinical trials. Until September 2020 there is approximately 1940 clinical trials of cancer vaccines on patients with different cancer types, and also many more trials are in the planning stages, which makes it the most important period of therapeutic cancer vaccines studies in the history of the immunotherapy. In cancer vaccines clinical trials, there are several considerations that must be taken into account including engineering of antigen-presenting cells, potential toxicity of antigenic areas, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vaccines, and monitoring of the patients' immune response. Therefore, the need to overcome immunosuppression mechanisms/immune tolerance is a critical step for the success of introducing therapeutic vaccines into the widely used drugs on market. In this way, better understanding of neoantigens, tumor immune surveillance escape mechanisms and host-tumor interactions are required to develop more effective and safe cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahnazari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Jalali
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Tabachnick-Cherny S, Pulliam T, Church C, Koelle DM, Nghiem P. Polyomavirus-driven Merkel cell carcinoma: Prospects for therapeutic vaccine development. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:807-821. [PMID: 32219902 PMCID: PMC8238237 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in cancer immunotherapy including the breakthrough successes of anti-PD-(L)1 checkpoint inhibitors. In Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare and aggressive skin cancer, PD-(L)1 blockade is highly effective. Yet, ~50% of patients either do not respond to therapy or develop PD-(L)1 refractory disease and, thus, do not experience long-term benefit. For these patients, additional or combination therapies are needed to augment immune responses that target and eliminate cancer cells. Therapeutic vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens, mutated self-antigens, or immunogenic viral oncoproteins are currently being developed to augment T-cell responses. Approximately 80% of MCC cases in the United States are driven by the ongoing expression of viral T-antigen (T-Ag) oncoproteins from genomically integrated Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Since T-Ag elicits specific B- and T-cell immune responses in most persons with virus-positive MCC (VP-MCC), and ongoing T-Ag expression is required to drive VP-MCC cell proliferation, therapeutic vaccination with T-Ag is a rational potential component of immunotherapy. Failure of the endogenous T-cell response to clear VP-MCC (allowing clinically evident tumors to arise) implies that therapeutic vaccination will need to be potent anśd synergize with other mechanisms to enhance T-cell activity against tumor cells. Here, we review the relevant underlying biology of VP-MCC, potentially applicable therapeutic vaccine platforms, and antigen delivery formats. We also describe early successes in the field of therapeutic cancer vaccines and address several clinical scenarios in which VP-MCC patients could potentially benefit from a therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Tabachnick-Cherny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Candice Church
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Khan ST, Montroy J, Forbes N, Bastin D, Kennedy MA, Diallo JS, Kekre N, Fergusson DA, Lalu M, Auer RC. Safety and efficacy of autologous tumour cell vaccines as a cancer therapeutic to treat solid tumours and haematological malignancies: a meta-analysis protocol for two systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034714. [PMID: 32518209 PMCID: PMC7282323 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autologous cancer cell vaccines are promising personalised immunotherapeutic options for solid and haematological malignancies that uses the patient's own cells to arm an immune response. Evidence suggests that among patients receiving these vaccines, those who mount an immune response against their own tumour cells have better prognosis, and a myriad of preclinical studies have demonstrated the same. Recently, two autologous cell vaccines Vigil and OncoVAX have made it to phase III clinical trials. Here, we outline a protocol to be used for two separate systematic reviews using a parallel approach for inclusion criteria, data extraction and analysis for autologous cell vaccines in (1) solid and (2) haematological malignancies. We aim to review evidence from controlled and uncontrolled interventional studies of autologous cell vaccines administered to patients with cancer to determine their historical efficacy (with or without associated adjuvants or modifications) with clinical response rates and safety outcomes being of particular importance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search MEDLINE (OVID interface, including In-Process and Epub Ahead of Print), Embase (OVID interface) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley interface) for articles published from 1947 until 30 July 2018 (date search was performed). Studies will be screened first by title and abstract, then by full-text in duplicate. Interventional trials that report the use of an autologous cell vaccine to patients with cancer of any age will be included. The primary outcomes of interest in this review are clinical response (complete or overall/objective response) and safety outcomes (adverse events). Secondary outcomes include immune response, disease-free survival and overall survival. The risk of bias within studies will be assessed using the appropriate Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. If appropriate, a random effects meta-analysis will be performed to synthesise the data and report summary estimates of effect. Statistical heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required for this systematic review protocol as the review will solely use published literature. Results will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication and presented to relevant stakeholders and scientific meetings. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019140187.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat T Khan
- Cancer Therapeutic Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Montroy
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Forbes
- Cancer Therapeutic Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald Bastin
- Cancer Therapeutic Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Cancer Therapeutic Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Cancer Therapeutic Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Kekre
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manoj Lalu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Cancer Therapeutic Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: The current scenario and future perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102030. [PMID: 32505807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers include colorectal, gastric, oesophageal, pancreatic and liver cancers. They continue to be a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Current treatment strategies include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. Immunotherapy has recently been incorporated in treatment regimens for some gastrointestinal malignancies and research into different immune modifying treatments is being carried out in this context. Approaches to immune modulation such as vaccination, adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibition have shown varying clinical benefit, with most of the benefit seen in checkpoint inhibition. This review summarises recent advances and future direction of immunotherapy in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Badiyan S, Kaiser A, Eastman B, Forsthoefel M, Zeng J, Unger K, Chuong M. Immunotherapy and radiation therapy for gastrointestinal malignancies: hope or hype? Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:21. [PMID: 32258525 PMCID: PMC7063525 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.10.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents the newest pillar in cancer care. Although there are increasing data showing the efficacy of immunotherapy there is a spectrum of response across unselected populations of cancer patients. In fact, response rates can be poor even among patients with immunogenic tumors for reasons that remain poorly understood. A promising clinical strategy to improve outcomes, which is supported by an abundance of preclinical data, is combining immunotherapy with radiation therapy. Here we review the existing evidence and future directions for combining immunotherapy and radiation therapy for patients with gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahed Badiyan
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adeel Kaiser
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bory Eastman
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Forsthoefel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jing Zeng
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith Unger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030618. [PMID: 32143413 PMCID: PMC7140520 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type, and third highest in mortality rates among cancer-related deaths in the United States. Originating from intestinal epithelial cells in the colon and rectum, that are impacted by numerous factors including genetics, environment and chronic, lingering inflammation, CRC can be a problematic malignancy to treat when detected at advanced stages. Chemotherapeutic agents serve as the historical first line of defense in the treatment of metastatic CRC. In recent years, however, combinational treatment with targeted therapies, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, has proven to be quite effective in patients with specific CRC subtypes. While scientific and clinical advances have uncovered promising new treatment options, the five-year survival rate for metastatic CRC is still low at about 14%. Current research into the efficacy of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) in mismatch repair deficient and microsatellite instability high (dMMR-MSI-H) CRC tumors have shown promising results, but its use in other CRC subtypes has been either unsuccessful, or not extensively explored. This Review will focus on the current status of immunotherapies, including ICI, vaccination and adoptive T cell therapy (ATC) in the treatment of CRC and its potential use, not only in dMMR-MSI-H CRC, but also in mismatch repair proficient and microsatellite instability low (pMMR-MSI-L).
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Perri F, Ionna F, Longo F, Della Vittoria Scarpati G, De Angelis C, Ottaiano A, Botti G, Caponigro F. Immune Response Against Head and Neck Cancer: Biological Mechanisms and Implication on Therapy. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:262-274. [PMID: 31869751 PMCID: PMC6931206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck carcinoma (HNC) are diseases arising from several tracts of the aerodigestive ways. Most HNC are squamous cell carcinoma (SCCHN). Immunotherapy is a treatment strategy aimed to reinforce the immune system. Several types of immunotherapy are available in the clinical scenario. Checkpoint inhibitors were developed later in SCCHN; nivolumab and pembrolizumab have reached the clinical approval, having both drugs demonstrated to significantly improve the overall survival, if compared with the standard of treatment (according to the results of the CheckMate 141 and KEYNOTE-040 trials). Nevertheless, immunotherapy may fail because of the genetics of SCCHN. In fact, two genetically different types of SCCHN have been discovered, one virus-related (HPV) and the other mutagens-related. They seem to show in clinical trials very different responses to immunotherapy. Given the existence of a number of factors predictive of response to immunotherapy in SCCHN, a future clinical approach may be to characterize the genetic and immunologic feature of SCCHN and to perform a well-tailored immunotherapy. This review will summarize the main immunotherapy strategies available in SCCHN, discussing their real efficacy, highlighting also the ways to improve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | - Franco Ionna
- Otolaryngology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Longo
- Otolaryngology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carmine De Angelis
- University of Naples, Federico II, Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- Division of Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Metastases, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Caponigro
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Kreidieh M, Mukherji D, Temraz S, Shamseddine A. Expanding the Scope of Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: Current Clinical Approaches and Future Directions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9037217. [PMID: 32090113 PMCID: PMC7008242 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9037217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in an increasing range of heavily mutated tumor types such as melanoma has culminated in their exploration in different subsets of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). As a result of their dramatic and durable response rates in patients with chemorefractory, mismatch repair-deficient-microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H) mCRC, ICIs have become potential alternatives to classical systemic therapies. The anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) agents, Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab, have been granted FDA approval for this subset of patients. Unfortunately, however, not all CRC cases with the dMMR-MSI-H phenotype respond well to ICIs, and ongoing studies are currently exploring biomarkers that can predict good response to them. Another challenge lies in developing novel treatment strategies for the subset of patients with the mismatch repair-proficient-microsatellite instability-low (pMMR-MSI-L) phenotype that comprises 95% of all mCRC cases in whom treatment with currently approved ICIs has been largely unsuccessful. Approaches aiming at overcoming the resistance of tumors in this subset of patients are being developed including combining different checkpoint inhibitors with either chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), or bispecific T-cell (BTC) antibodies. This review describes the rationale behind using immunotherapeutics in CRC. It sheds light on the progress made in the use of immunotherapy in the treatment of patients with dMMR-MSI-H CRC. It also discusses emerging approaches and proposes potential strategies for targeting the immune microenvironment in patients with pMMR-MSI-L CRC tumors in an attempt to complement immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Kreidieh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sally Temraz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Rawla P, Barsouk A, Hadjinicolaou AV, Barsouk A. Immunotherapies and Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E83. [PMID: 31366129 PMCID: PMC6723550 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths, and while mortality has largely improved in the developed world, five-year survival for metastatic disease remains dismally low at only 15%. Fortunately, nearly a dozen targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been FDA approved in the past decade for certain patient profiles with metastatic CRC (mCRC), and many others are under development. Checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab have proven effective at extending survival for mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient and high microsatellite instability (MSI) mCRC patients. In combination with chemotherapy in first- and second-line treatment, antiangiogenic (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VGEF)) agent bevacizumab has been shown to increase mCRC survival. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) agents panitumumab and cetuximab, in combination with chemotherapy, have also prolonged survival among KRAS and all RAS wild-type mCRC patients. Among these patients, anti-EGFR therapy has been found to be more efficacious than bevacizumab. Improved selectivity has allowed small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors to target VEGF and EGFR with greater efficacy and tolerability. Combinations of immunotherapies, RTKs, monoclonal antibodies, and cytotoxic drugs are being investigated to provide broad-spectrum protection against relapse by simultaneously targeting many cancer hallmarks. Lastly, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapy has shown promise for HER2-positive mCRC patients, though larger clinical trials are required to secure FDA approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA.
| | - Adam Barsouk
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Andreas V Hadjinicolaou
- Academic Clinical Post-doctoral Fellow and Gastroenterology Resident, MRC Cancer Unit and Department of Gastroenterology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Alexander Barsouk
- Hematologist-Oncologist, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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Ganesh K, Stadler ZK, Cercek A, Mendelsohn RB, Shia J, Segal NH, Diaz LA. Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: rationale, challenges and potential. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:361-375. [PMID: 30886395 PMCID: PMC7295073 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 952] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Following initial successes in melanoma treatment, immunotherapy has rapidly become established as a major treatment modality for multiple types of solid cancers, including a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs). Two programmed cell death 1 (PD1)-blocking antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, have shown efficacy in patients with metastatic CRC that is mismatch-repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H), and have been granted accelerated FDA approval. In contrast to most other treatments for metastatic cancer, immunotherapy achieves long-term durable remission in a subset of patients, highlighting the tremendous promise of immunotherapy in treating dMMR-MSI-H metastatic CRC. Here, we review the clinical development of immune checkpoint inhibition in CRC leading to regulatory approvals for the treatment of dMMR-MSI-H CRC. We focus on new advances in expanding the efficacy of immunotherapy to early-stage CRC and CRC that is mismatch-repair-proficient and has low microsatellite instability (pMMR-MSI-L) and discuss emerging approaches for targeting the immune microenvironment, which might complement immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Ganesh
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, York Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Zsofia K Stadler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Cercek
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin B Mendelsohn
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neil H Segal
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Ouyang S, Zhou X, Chen Z, Wang M, Zheng X, Xie M. LncRNA BCAR4, targeting to miR-665/STAT3 signaling, maintains cancer stem cells stemness and promotes tumorigenicity in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:72. [PMID: 30962766 PMCID: PMC6438025 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 (BCAR4) is closely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and propagation. However, the mechanisms underlying BCAR4 function in colon cancer remains largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that BCAR4 could regulate colon cancer stem/initiating cells (CSC) function and further facilitates the colon cancer progression. Methods qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression of BCAR4 and various CSC markers. FACS, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and western blot assays were applicable to test the expression of CSC markers. CCK8, tumorsphere formation and transwell assays were adopted to examine the capacity of CRC cells proliferation, self-renewal and migration. Pull down assay was used to test the interaction between BCAR4 and miR-665. Luciferase reporter assay was used to examine the interaction of miR-665 and activators of transcription (STAT3). In vivo tumor xenograft study was used to verify the malignancy of CRC cells with inhibition of BCAR4. Results Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 was highly expressed in both CRC cells and stem/initiating cells. In addition, overexpression of BCAR4 facilitated the maintenance of ALDH positive cells (a type of cancer stem/initiating cells) stemness and promoted ALDH+ cells proliferation and migration. Inhibition of BCAR4 restricted ALDH+ cells proliferation and migration. We further proved that miR-665 was the target of BCAR4 and subsequently activated signal transducers and STAT3 signaling which is an important pathway in cancer stem cells self-renewal. Conclusions Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 4 promotes the CRC cells stemness through targeting to miR-665/STAT3 signaling and identification of the BCAR4 in CRC stem cells provides a new insight into CRC diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and next-step translational investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Zhengquan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Maijian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Xinbin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Huichuan Area, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou Province China
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Lemdani K, Mignet N, Boudy V, Seguin J, Oujagir E, Bawa O, Peschaud F, Emile JF, Capron C, Malafosse R. Local immunomodulation combined to radiofrequency ablation results in a complete cure of local and distant colorectal carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1550342. [PMID: 30723580 PMCID: PMC6350685 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1550342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Lemdani
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne, France
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Boudy
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris, France
- Innovation in Pharmaceutical Formulation Department, Agence Générale des Equipements et des Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris, France
- Optical imaging platform LIOPA, Life imaging, PIV, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivia Bawa
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Unité de pathologie expérimentale de l’IRCIV, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédérique Peschaud
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne, France
| | - Jean-François Emile
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Pathology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne, France
| | - Claude Capron
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Immunology and hematology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne, France
| | - Robert Malafosse
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne, France
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43
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Sarvizadeh M, Ghasemi F, Tavakoli F, Sadat Khatami S, Razi E, Sharifi H, Biouki NM, Taghizadeh M. Vaccines for colorectal cancer: an update. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8815-8828. [PMID: 30536960 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common and fourth leading cancer associated death worldwide. The occurrence of metastasis has remained as a critical challenge in CRC, so that distant metastasis (mostly to the liver) has been manifested in about 20%-25% of patients. Several screening approaches have introduced for detecting CRC in different stages particularly in early stages. The standard treatments for CRC are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in alone or combination. Immunotherapy is a set of novel approaches with the aim of remodeling the immune system battle with metastatic cancer cells, such as immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors), adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and cancer vaccine. Cancer vaccines are designed to trigger the intense response of immune system to tumor-specific antigens. In two last decades, introduction of new cancer vaccines and designing several clinical trials with vaccine therapy, have been taken into consideration in colon cancer patients. This review will describe the treatment approaches with the special attention to vaccines applied to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sarvizadeh
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tavakoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Khatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Razi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Sharifi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nousin Moussavi Biouki
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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44
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Zhou X, Mo X, Qiu J, Zhao J, Wang S, Zhou C, Su Y, Lin Z, Ma H. Chemotherapy combined with dendritic cell vaccine and cytokine-induced killer cells in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5363-5372. [PMID: 30464632 PMCID: PMC6225919 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the efficacy and safety of dendritic cell (DC) vaccine combined with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Patients and methods PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched systematically for clinical trials of DC vaccine and CIK cell therapy combined with chemotherapy for CRC. The primary and secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), respectively. Pooled risk ratios were used to assess the treatment efficacy. Both random and fixed effects models were used for statistical analysis. The study population consisted of 871 CRC patients enrolled in four trials. Results OS and DFS were significantly improved in patients who received chemotherapy combined with DC vaccine and CIK cells, and no severe adverse events were shown. Conclusions The study demonstrated that the addition of DC vaccine and CIK cell therapy to chemotherapy is feasible and effective in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China, ;
| | - Xiangqiong Mo
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Junlan Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shuncong Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China, ;
| | - Cuiling Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China, ;
| | - Yonghui Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China, ;
| | - Haiqing Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China, ;
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45
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. In vivo cancer vaccination: Which dendritic cells to target and how? Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:88-101. [PMID: 30390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized with the use of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Significant clinical benefits are observed in different cancer types with these treatments. While considerable efforts are made in augmenting tumor-specific T cell responses with these therapies, other immunotherapies that actively stimulate endogenous anti-tumor T cells and generating long-term memory have received less attention. Given the high cost of cancer immunotherapies especially with chimeric antigen receptor T cells, not many patients will have access to such treatments. The next-generation of cancer immunotherapy could entail in vivo cancer vaccination to activate both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses. This could potentially be achieved via in vivo targeting of dendritic cells which are an indispensable link between the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells highly expressed toll-like receptors for recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Synthetic toll-like receptors agonists could be synthesized at a low cost and have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. As different subsets of human dendritic cells exist in the immune system, activation with different toll-like receptor agonists could exert profound effects on the quality and magnitude of anti-tumor T cell responses. Here, we reviewed the different subsets of human dendritic cells. Using published preclinical and clinical cancers studies available on PubMed, we discussed the use of clinically approved and emerging toll-like receptor agonists to activate dendritic cells in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we searched www.clinicaltrials.gov and summarized the active cancer trials evaluating toll-like receptor agonists as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Smilow Translational Research Center 8th Floor, 186B, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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46
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Shetab Boushehri MA, Lamprecht A. TLR4-Based Immunotherapeutics in Cancer: A Review of the Achievements and Shortcomings. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4777-4800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgonge Franch-Comte, 25030 Besançon, France
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47
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Wei MM, Wang YS, Ye XS. Carbohydrate-based vaccines for oncotherapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1003-1026. [PMID: 29512174 DOI: 10.1002/med.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most serious threats to human worldwide. Aberrant patterns of glycosylation on the surface of cancer cells, which are correlated with various cancer development stages, can differentiate the abnormal tissues from the healthy ones. Therefore, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent the desired targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, these carbohydrate antigens may not able to evoke powerful immune response to combat with cancer for their poor immunogenicity and immunotolerance. Different approaches have been developed to address these problems. In this review, we want to summarize the latest advances in TACAs based anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Man Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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48
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Abstract
Over the past few years, the role of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) has expanded, specifically in subsets of CRC with microsatellite instability (MSI) for which newer agents, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, are efficacious. While other immunotherapeutic agents are more immature in development, they have the potential to enhance the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors and play a role in the treatment algorithm for all subsets of CRC patients. In this review, we will discuss immunotherapeutic agents in development in patients with CRC. We will review the later phase studies that elucidate the role of immunotherapy in CRC and provide hope for changing the treatment paradigm for CRC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukeshi Patel Arora
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Rd, MC8026, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Devalingam Mahalingam
- University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Rd, MC8026, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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49
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Correale P, Botta C, Ciliberto D, Pastina P, Ingargiola R, Zappavigna S, Tassone P, Pirtoli L, Caraglia M, Tagliaferri P. Immunotherapy of colorectal cancer: new perspectives after a long path. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:1281-1292. [PMID: 27993089 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant therapeutic improvement has been achieved in the last 10 years, the survival of metastatic colorectal cancer patients remains in a range of 28 to 30 months. Presently, systemic treatment includes combination chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and/or irinotecan together with a backbone of 5-fluorouracil/levofolinate, alone or in combination with monoclonal antibodies to VEGFA (bevacizumab) or EGF receptor (cetuximab and panitumumab). The recent rise of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the therapeutic scenario has renewed scientific interest in the investigation of immunotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. According to our experience and view, here, we review the immunological strategies investigated for the treatment of this disease, including the use of tumor target-specific cancer vaccines, chemo-immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Correale
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cirino Botta
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciliberto
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pastina
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rossana Ingargiola
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & General Pathology, Second Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Pirtoli
- Unit of Radiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena University School of Medicine, Viale Bracci 11, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & General Pathology, Second Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Medical Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Unit, AUO 'Materdomini', Magna Grecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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50
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Procaccio L, Schirripa M, Fassan M, Vecchione L, Bergamo F, Prete AA, Intini R, Manai C, Dadduzio V, Boscolo A, Zagonel V, Lonardi S. Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4346576. [PMID: 28758114 PMCID: PMC5512095 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4346576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers represent a major public health problem worldwide. Immunotherapeutic strategies are currently under investigation in this setting and preliminary results of ongoing trials adopting checkpoint inhibitors are striking. Indeed, although a poor immunogenicity for GI has been reported, a strong biological rationale supports the development of immunotherapy in this field. The clinical and translational research on immunotherapy for the treatment of GI cancers started firstly with the identification of immune-related mechanisms possibly relevant to GI tumours and secondly with the development of immunotherapy-based agents in clinical trials. In the present review a general overview is firstly provided followed by a focus on major findings on gastric, colorectal, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Finally, pathological and molecular perspectives are provided since many efforts are ongoing in order to identify possible predictive biomarkers and to improve patients' selection. Many issues are still unsolved in this field; however, we strongly believe that immunotherapy might positively affect the natural history of a subgroup of GI cancer patients improving outcome and the overall quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Procaccio
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Schirripa
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Loredana Vecchione
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Bergamo
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Anna Prete
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Intini
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Manai
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dadduzio
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Boscolo
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vittorina Zagonel
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
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