1
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Jacobsen E, Plant A, Redd R, Armand P, McDonough M, Ihuoma U, Fisher DC, LaCasce A, Ritz J, Dranoff G, Freedman A. A phase I trial of vaccination with lethally irradiated lymphoma cells admixed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor secreting K562 cells for the treatment of follicular lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39034493 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2381651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Several vaccine strategies have been tested for the treatment of follicular lymphoma; however, none have proven successful. In a phase I dose-escalation protocol, we developed a vaccine consisting of lethally irradiated whole lymphoma cells admixed with K562 cells that constitutively secreted granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-K562)(ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00487305). Patients with grade 1, 2, or 3 A follicular lymphoma were divided into 2 study tiers based on prior treatment and received a maximum of 6 vaccines. Vaccines contained dose levels of 5 × 106 or 1 × 107 GM-K562 cells admixed with autologous tumor cells at doses ranging from 1 × 105 to 5 × 107.Correlative studies did not demonstrate a significant immune response as assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, B and T cell subsets, and natural killer cell subsets. Future vaccine studies should focus on identifying lymphoma-specific immunogenic proteins and modifying the vaccine immune adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jacobsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashley Plant
- Ann& Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert Redd
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philippe Armand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikaela McDonough
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Udochukwu Ihuoma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Fisher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann LaCasce
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arnold Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Kuhlmann-Hogan A, Cordes T, Xu Z, Kuna RS, Traina KA, Robles-Oteíza C, Ayeni D, Kwong EM, Levy S, Globig AM, Nobari MM, Cheng GZ, Leibel SL, Homer RJ, Shaw RJ, Metallo CM, Politi K, Kaech SM. EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinomas coopt alveolar macrophage metabolism and function to support EGFR signaling and growth. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:733526. [PMID: 38241033 PMCID: PMC11258210 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The limited efficacy of currently approved immunotherapies in EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) underscores the need to better understand alternative mechanisms governing local immunosuppression to fuel novel therapies. Elevated surfactant and GM-CSF secretion from the transformed epithelium induces tumor-associated alveolar macrophage (TA-AM) proliferation which supports tumor growth by rewiring inflammatory functions and lipid metabolism. TA-AM properties are driven by increased GM-CSF-PPARγ signaling and inhibition of airway GM-CSF or PPARγ in TA-AMs suppresses cholesterol efflux to tumor cells, which impairs EGFR phosphorylation and restrains LUAD progression. In the absence of TA-AM metabolic support, LUAD cells compensate by increasing cholesterol synthesis, and blocking PPARγ in TA-AMs simultaneous with statin therapy further suppresses tumor progression and increases proinflammatory immune responses. These results reveal new therapeutic combinations for immunotherapy resistant EGFR-mutant LUADs and demonstrate how cancer cells can metabolically co-opt TA-AMs through GM-CSF-PPARγ signaling to provide nutrients that promote oncogenic signaling and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kuhlmann-Hogan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunshweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technishe Universität Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Cellular Metabolism in Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ziyan Xu
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ramya S. Kuna
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kacie A. Traina
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Deborah Ayeni
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Elizabeth M. Kwong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stellar Levy
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matthew M. Nobari
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego Department of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - George Z. Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego Department of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sandra L. Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert J. Homer
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine (Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Reuben J. Shaw
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Christian M. Metallo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katerina Politi
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan M. Kaech
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
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3
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Kuhlmann-Hogan A, Cordes T, Xu Z, Traina KA, Robles-Oteíza C, Ayeni D, Kwong EM, Levy SR, Nobari M, Cheng GZ, Shaw R, Leibel SL, Metallo CM, Politi K, Kaech SM. EGFR + lung adenocarcinomas coopt alveolar macrophage metabolism and function to support EGFR signaling and growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.15.536974. [PMID: 37131637 PMCID: PMC10153136 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.15.536974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The limited efficacy of currently approved immunotherapies in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) underscores the need to better understand mechanisms governing local immunosuppression. Elevated surfactant and GM-CSF secretion from the transformed epithelium induces tumor-associated alveolar macrophages (TA-AM) to proliferate and support tumor growth by rewiring inflammatory functions and lipid metabolism. TA-AM properties are driven by increased GM-CSF-PPARγ signaling and inhibition of airway GM-CSF or PPARγ in TA-AMs suppresses cholesterol efflux to tumor cells, which impairs EGFR phosphorylation and restrains LUAD progression. In the absence of TA-AM metabolic support, LUAD cells compensate by increasing cholesterol synthesis, and blocking PPARγ in TA-AMs simultaneous with statin therapy further suppresses tumor progression and increases T cell effector functions. These results reveal new therapeutic combinations for immunotherapy resistant EGFR-mutant LUADs and demonstrate how such cancer cells can metabolically co-opt TA-AMs through GM-CSF-PPARγ signaling to provide nutrients that promote oncogenic signaling and growth.
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4
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Wu Q, Xia Y, Xiong X, Duan X, Pang X, Zhang F, Tang S, Su J, Wen S, Mei L, Cannon RD, Ji P, Ou Z. Focused ultrasound-mediated small-molecule delivery to potentiate immune checkpoint blockade in solid tumors. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1169608. [PMID: 37180717 PMCID: PMC10173311 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1169608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the standard of treatment for solid tumors. Despite success in several immunogenic tumor types evidenced by improved survival, ICB remains largely unresponsive, especially in "cold tumors" with poor lymphocyte infiltration. In addition, side effects such as immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are also obstacles for the clinical translation of ICB. Recent studies have shown that focused ultrasound (FUS), a non-invasive technology proven to be effective and safe for tumor treatment in clinical settings, could boost the therapeutic effect of ICB while alleviating the potential side effects. Most importantly, the application of FUS to ultrasound-sensitive small particles, such as microbubbles (MBs) or nanoparticles (NPs), allows for precise delivery and release of genetic materials, catalysts and chemotherapeutic agents to tumor sites, thus enhancing the anti-tumor effects of ICB while minimizing toxicity. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the progress made in recent years concerning ICB therapy assisted by FUS-controlled small-molecule delivery systems. We highlight the value of different FUS-augmented small-molecules delivery systems to ICB and describe the synergetic effects and underlying mechanisms of these combination strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of the current strategies and the possible ways that FUS-mediated small-molecule delivery systems could boost novel personalized ICB treatments for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Wu
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanhang Xia
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiong
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinxing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fugui Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlei Su
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuqiong Wen
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Mei
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D. Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ping Ji
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Ji, Zhanpeng Ou,
| | - Zhanpeng Ou
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Ji, Zhanpeng Ou,
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5
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Chen J, Jin Z, Zhang S, Zhang X, Li P, Yang H, Ma Y. Arsenic trioxide elicits prophylactic and therapeutic immune responses against solid tumors by inducing necroptosis and ferroptosis. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:51-64. [PMID: 36447031 PMCID: PMC9794749 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Boosting tumor immunosurveillance with vaccines has been proven to be a feasible and cost-effective strategy to fight cancer. Although major breakthroughs have been achieved in preventative tumor vaccines targeting oncogenic viruses, limited advances have been made in curative vaccines for virus-irrelevant malignancies. Accumulating evidence suggests that preconditioning tumor cells with certain cytotoxic drugs can generate whole-cell tumor vaccines with strong prophylactic activities. However, the immunogenicity of these vaccines is not sufficient to restrain the outgrowth of existing tumors. In this study, we identified arsenic trioxide (ATO) as a wide-spectrum cytotoxic and highly immunogenic drug through multiparameter screening. ATO preconditioning could generate whole-cell tumor vaccines with potent antineoplastic effects in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. The tumor-preventive or tumor-suppressive benefits of these vaccines relied on CD8+ T cells and type I and II interferon signaling and could be linked to the release of immunostimulatory danger molecules. Unexpectedly, following ATO-induced oxidative stress, multiple cell death pathways were activated, including autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. CRISPR‒Cas9-mediated knockout of cell death executors revealed that the absence of Rip3, Mlkl, or Acsl4 largely abolished the efficacy of ATO-based prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines. This therapeutic failure could be rescued by coadministration of danger molecule analogs. In addition, PD-1 blockade synergistically improved the therapeutic efficacy of ATO-based cancer vaccines by augmenting local IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Chen
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ziqi Jin
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10005, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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6
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Plackoska V, Shaban D, Nijnik A. Hematologic dysfunction in cancer: Mechanisms, effects on antitumor immunity, and roles in disease progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041010. [PMID: 36561751 PMCID: PMC9763314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the major advances in cancer immunology and immunotherapy, it is critical to consider that most immune cells are short-lived and need to be continuously replenished from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Hematologic abnormalities are prevalent in cancer patients, and many ground-breaking studies over the past decade provide insights into their underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Such studies demonstrate that the dysfunction of hematopoiesis is more than a side-effect of cancer pathology, but an important systemic feature of cancer disease. Here we review these many advances, covering the cancer-associated phenotypes of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, the dysfunction of myelopoiesis and erythropoiesis, the importance of extramedullary hematopoiesis in cancer disease, and the developmental origins of tumor associated macrophages. We address the roles of many secreted mediators, signaling pathways, and transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms that mediate such hematopoietic dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss the important contribution of the hematopoietic dysfunction to cancer immunosuppression, the possible avenues for therapeutic intervention, and highlight the unanswered questions and directions for future work. Overall, hematopoietic dysfunction is established as an active component of the cancer disease mechanisms and an important target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Plackoska
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dania Shaban
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Anastasia Nijnik,
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7
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Varghese B, Lynch L, Vriend LE, Draganov D, Clark JM, Kissick HT, Varghese S, Sanda MG, Dranoff G, Arredouani MS, Balk SP, Exley MA. Invariant NKT cell-augmented GM-CSF-secreting tumor vaccine is effective in advanced prostate cancer model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2943-2955. [PMID: 35523889 PMCID: PMC10992623 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) express a semi-invariant T cell receptor that recognizes certain glycolipids (including α-galactosylceramide, αGC) bound to CD1d, and can induce potent antitumor responses. Here, we assessed whether αGC could enhance the efficacy of a GM-CSF-producing tumor cell vaccine in the transgenic SV40 T antigen-driven TRAMP prostate cancer model. In healthy mice, we initially found that optimal T cell responses were obtained with αGC-pulsed TRAMP-C2 cells secreting GM-CSF and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor protein-8 (MFG-E8) with an RGD to RGE mutation (GM-CSF/RGE TRAMP-C2), combined with systemic low dose IL-12. In a therapeutic model, transgenic TRAMP mice were then castrated at ~ 20 weeks, followed by treatment with the combination vaccine. Untreated mice succumbed to tumor by ~ 40 weeks, but survival was markedly prolonged by vaccine treatment, with most mice surviving past 80 weeks. Prostates in the treated mice were heavily infiltrated with T cells and iNKT cells, which both secreted IFNγ in response to tumor cells. The vaccine was not effective if the αGC, IL-12, or GM-CSF secretion was eliminated. Finally, immunized mice were fully resistant to challenge with TRAMP-C2 cells. Together these findings support further development of therapeutic vaccines that exploit iNKT cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Varghese
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Sana Biotechnology Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., NRB 6, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lianne E Vriend
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Dobrin Draganov
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sanofi Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Justice M Clark
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Haydn T Kissick
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharlin Varghese
- Medical Center School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Martin G Sanda
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Novartis Biomedical Institutes of Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Simo Arredouani
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Intellia Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Mark A Exley
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., NRB 6, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Imvax Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- MiNK Therapeutics Inc., New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Zhang X, Cui H, Zhang W, Li Z, Gao J. Engineered tumor cell-derived vaccines against cancer: The art of combating poison with poison. Bioact Mater 2022; 22:491-517. [PMID: 36330160 PMCID: PMC9619151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor vaccination is a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy because it presents high specificity and few side effects. However, tumor vaccines that contain only a single tumor antigen can allow immune system evasion by tumor variants. Tumor antigens are complex and heterogeneous, and identifying a single antigen that is uniformly expressed by tumor cells is challenging. Whole tumor cells can produce comprehensive antigens that trigger extensive tumor-specific immune responses. Therefore, tumor cells are an ideal source of antigens for tumor vaccines. A better understanding of tumor cell-derived vaccines and their characteristics, along with the development of new technologies for antigen delivery, can help improve vaccine design. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in tumor cell-derived vaccines in cancer immunotherapy and highlight the different types of engineered approaches, mechanisms, administration methods, and future perspectives. We discuss tumor cell-derived vaccines, including whole tumor cell components, extracellular vesicles, and cell membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles. Tumor cell-derived vaccines contain multiple tumor antigens and can induce extensive and potent tumor immune responses. However, they should be engineered to overcome limitations such as insufficient immunogenicity and weak targeting. The genetic and chemical engineering of tumor cell-derived vaccines can greatly enhance their targeting, intelligence, and functionality, thereby realizing stronger tumor immunotherapy effects. Further advances in materials science, biomedicine, and oncology can facilitate the clinical translation of tumor cell-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hengqing Cui
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,Corresponding author. Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China,Corresponding author. Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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9
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Davodabadi F, Sarhadi M, Arabpour J, Sargazi S, Rahdar A, Díez-Pascual AM. Breast cancer vaccines: New insights into immunomodulatory and nano-therapeutic approaches. J Control Release 2022; 349:844-875. [PMID: 35908621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is known to be a highly heterogeneous disease that is clinically subdivided into four primary molecular subtypes, each having distinct morphology and clinical implications. These subtypes are principally defined by hormone receptors and other proteins involved (or not involved) in BC development. BC therapeutic vaccines [including peptide-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA/RNA vaccines), bacterial/viral-based vaccines, and different immune cell-based vaccines] have emerged as an appealing class of cancer immunotherapeutics when used alone or combined with other immunotherapies. Employing the immune system to eliminate BC cells is a novel therapeutic modality. The benefit of active immunotherapies is that they develop protection against neoplastic tissue and readjust the immune system to an anti-tumor monitoring state. Such immunovaccines have not yet shown effectiveness for BC treatment in clinical trials. In recent years, nanomedicines have opened new windows to increase the effectiveness of vaccinations to treat BC. In this context, some nanoplatforms have been designed to efficiently deliver molecular, cellular, or subcellular vaccines to BC cells, increasing the efficacy and persistence of anti-tumor immunity while minimizing undesirable side effects. Immunostimulatory nano-adjuvants, liposomal-based vaccines, polymeric vaccines, virus-like particles, lipid/calcium/phosphate nanoparticles, chitosan-derived nanostructures, porous silicon microparticles, and selenium nanoparticles are among the newly designed nanostructures that have been used to facilitate antigen internalization and presentation by antigen-presenting cells, increase antigen stability, enhance vaccine antigenicity and remedial effectivity, promote antigen escape from the endosome, improve cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, and produce humoral immune responses in BC cells. Here, we summarized the existing subtypes of BC and shed light on immunomodulatory and nano-therapeutic strategies for BC vaccination. Finally, we reviewed ongoing clinical trials on BC vaccination and highlighted near-term opportunities for moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Davodabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sarhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran
| | - Javad Arabpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Anderson KS, Erick TK, Chen M, Daley H, Campbell M, Colson Y, Mihm M, Zakka LR, Hopper M, Barry W, Winer EP, Dranoff G, Overmoyer B. The feasibility of using an autologous GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer vaccine to induce immunity in patients with stage II-III and metastatic breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:65-78. [PMID: 35482127 PMCID: PMC9046531 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antigenic targets of immunity and the role of vaccination in breast cancer are unknown. We performed a phase I study of an autologous GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer vaccine in patients with metastatic and stage II-III breast cancer. METHODS Tumor cells from patients with metastatic (n = 15) and stage II-III (n = 7) disease were transduced with a replication-defective adenoviral vector encoding GM-CSF, and then irradiated. Twelve and seven patients with metastatic and stage II-III disease, respectively, received weekly vaccination for three weeks, followed by every other week until disease progression or vaccine supply was exhausted (metastatic) or until six total vaccine doses were administered (stage II-III). RESULTS Among those patients with metastatic disease who received vaccinations, eight had progressive disease at two months, three had stable disease for 4-13 months, and one has had no evidence of disease for 13 years. Of the patients with stage II-III disease, five died of metastatic disease between 1.16 and 8.49 years after the start of vaccinations (median 6.24 years) and two are alive as of September 2021. Toxicities included injection site reactions, fatigue, fever, upper respiratory symptoms, joint pain, nausea, and edema. Four of five evaluable patients with metastatic disease developed a skin reaction with immune cell infiltration after the fifth injection of unmodified, irradiated tumor cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that tumor cells can be harvested from patients with metastatic or stage II-III breast cancer to prepare autologous GM-CSF-secreting vaccines that induce coordinated immune responses with limited toxicity. TRIAL REGISTRATION AND DATE OF REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00317603 (April 25, 2006) and NCT00880464 (April 13, 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Anderson
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 876401, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6401, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
| | - Timothy K Erick
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Meixuan Chen
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 876401, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6401, USA
| | - Heather Daley
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Campbell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Yolonda Colson
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Labib R Zakka
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marika Hopper
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 876401, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6401, USA
| | - William Barry
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Eric P Winer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth Overmoyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MB, Boston, USA
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11
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Development of Cancer Immunotherapies. Cancer Treat Res 2022; 183:1-48. [PMID: 35551655 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96376-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, or the utilization of components of the immune system to target and eliminate cancer, has become a highly active area of research in the past several decades and a common treatment strategy for several cancer types. The concept of harnessing the immune system for this purpose originated over 100 years ago when a physician by the name of William Coley successfully treated several of his cancer patients with a combination of live and attenuated bacteria, later known as "Coley's Toxins", after observing a subset of prior patients enter remission following their diagnosis with the common bacterial infection, erysipelas. However, it was not until late in the twentieth century that cancer immunotherapies were developed for widespread use, thereby transforming the treatment landscape of numerous cancer types. Pivotal studies elucidating molecular and cellular functions of immune cells, such as the discovery of IL-2 and production of monoclonal antibodies, fostered the development of novel techniques for studying the immune system and ultimately the development and approval of several cancer immunotherapies by the United States Food and Drug Association in the 1980s and 1990s, including the tuberculosis vaccine-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, IL-2, and the CD20-targeting monoclonal antibody. Approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T, for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and the groundbreaking success and approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in the last decade, have driven an explosion of interest in and pursuit of novel cancer immunotherapy strategies. A broad range of modalities ranging from antibodies to adoptive T cell therapies is under investigation for the generalized treatment of a broad spectrum of cancers as well as personalized medicine. This chapter will focus on the recent advances, current strategies, and future outlook of immunotherapy development for the treatment of cancer.
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12
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GM-CSF secreting leukemia cell vaccination for MDS/AML after allogeneic HSCT: a randomized, double-blinded, phase 2 trial. Blood Adv 2022; 6:2183-2194. [PMID: 34807983 PMCID: PMC9006263 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination using irradiated, adenovirus transduced autologous myeloblasts to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GVAX) early after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can induce potent immune responses. We conducted a randomized phase 2 trial of GVAX after HSCT for myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts or relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Myeloblasts were harvested before HSCT to generate the vaccine. Randomization to GVAX vs placebo (1:1) was stratified according to disease, transplant center, and conditioning. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis included tacrolimus and methotrexate. GVAX or placebo vaccination was started between day 30 and 45 if there was engraftment and no GVHD. Vaccines were administered subcutaneously/intradermally weekly × 3, then every 2 weeks × 3. Tacrolimus taper began after vaccine completion. A total of 123 patients were enrolled, 92 proceeded to HSCT, and 57 (GVAX, n = 30; placebo, n = 27) received at least 1 vaccination. No Common Toxicity Criteria grade 3 or worse vaccine-related adverse events were reported, but injection site reactions were more common after GVAX (10 vs 1; P = .006). With a median follow-up of 39 months (range, 9-89 months), 18-month progression-free survival, overall survival, and relapse incidence were 53% vs 55% (P = .79), 63% vs 59% (P = .86), and 30% vs 37% (P = .51) for GVAX and placebo, respectively. Nonrelapse mortality at 18 months was 17% vs 7.7% (P = .18), grade II to IV acute GVHD at 12 months was 34% vs 12% (P = .13), and chronic GVHD at 3 years was 49% vs 57% for GVAX and placebo (P = .26). Reconstitution of T, B, and natural killer cells was not decreased or enhanced by GVAX. There were no differences in serum major histocompatibility chain-related protein A/B or other immune biomarkers between GVAX and placebo. GVAX does not improve survival after HSCT for myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01773395.
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13
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Hu H, Chen Y, Tan S, Wu S, Huang Y, Fu S, Luo F, He J. The Research Progress of Antiangiogenic Therapy, Immune Therapy and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:802846. [PMID: 35281003 PMCID: PMC8905241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.802846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis therapy, a promising strategy against cancer progression, is limited by drug-resistance, which could be attributed to changes within the tumor microenvironment. Studies have increasingly shown that combining anti-angiogenesis drugs with immunotherapy synergistically inhibits tumor growth and progression. Combination of anti-angiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy are well-established therapeutic options among solid tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer, hepatic cell carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. However, this combination has achieved an unsatisfactory effect among some tumors, such as breast cancer, glioblastoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, resistance to anti-angiogenesis agents, as well as a lack of biomarkers, remains a challenge. In this review, the current anti-angiogenesis therapies and corresponding drug-resistance, the relationship between tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy, and the latest progress on the combination of both therapeutic modalities are discussed. The aim of this review is to discuss whether the combination of anti-angiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy can exert synergistic antitumor effects, which can provide a basis to exploring new targets and developing more advanced strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Hu
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Medicine School of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Tan
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Silin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengya Fu
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Second Department of Oncology, Sichuan Friendship Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Oncology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, China
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14
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Assessing the Future of Solid Tumor Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030655. [PMID: 35327456 PMCID: PMC8945484 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, there has been a major improvement in patient’s quality of life and survival. The growth of cancer immunotherapy has dramatically changed our understanding of the basics of cancer biology and has altered the standards of care (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) for patients. Cancer immunotherapy has generated significant excitement with the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in particular. Clinical results using CAR-T for hematological malignancies have led to the approval of four CD19-targeted and one B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted cell therapy products by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Also, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as antibodies against Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1), Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1), and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have shown promising therapeutic outcomes and long-lasting clinical effect in several tumor types and patients who are refractory to other treatments. Despite these promising results, the success of cancer immunotherapy in solid tumors has been limited due to several barriers, which include immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), inefficient trafficking, and heterogeneity of tumor antigens. This is further compounded by the high intra-tumoral pressure of solid tumors, which presents an additional challenge to successfully delivering treatments to solid tumors. In this review, we will outline and propose specific approaches that may overcome these immunological and physical barriers to improve the outcomes in solid tumor patients receiving immunotherapies.
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15
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Tang D, Zhang D, Heng Y, Zhu XK, Lin HQ, Zhou J, Tao L, Lu LM. Tumor-Infiltrating PD-L1+ Neutrophils Induced by GM-CSF Suppress T Cell Function in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Predict Unfavorable Prognosis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1079-1097. [PMID: 35210813 PMCID: PMC8859980 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic inflammation contributes to tumor initiation, progression, and immune escape. Neutrophils are the major component of inflammatory response and participate in the tumorigenesis process. However, compared to other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), neutrophils, especially the tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), have not yet been comprehensively explored. The mechanism for regulating the crosstalk between TANs and tumor cells still remains unclear. Materials and Methods The distribution profiles and phenotypic features of neutrophils and other inflammatory immune cell populations from a large LSCC patient cohort were systemically analyzed. Co-culturing of peripheral blood associated neutrophils (PANs) and TANs with PBMCs was performed, and the immunosuppression effect on T-cells was examined. Results LSCC microenvironment is highly inflammatory with remarkable TANs infiltration, which is often associated with unfavorable prognosis and advanced clinical stage. We find that TANs in LSCC display morphologically immature and lower apoptosis, exhibit distinctively immunosuppressive phenotype of high PD-L1, and suppress CD8+ T lymphocytes proliferation and activation. We subsequently discover that PD-L1+TANs induced by LSCC-derived GM-CSF potently impair CD8+ T-cells proliferation and cytokines production function, which are partially blocked by a PD-L1-neutralizing antibody. Clinical data further support GM-CSF as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker and reveal a potential association with inflammatory immune cell infiltration, in particular neutrophils. Conclusion Tumor-infiltrating PD-L1+ neutrophils induced by LSCC-derived GM-CSF suppress T cell proliferation and activation in the inflammatory microenvironment of LSCC and predict unfavorable prognosis. These TANs cripple antitumor T cell immunity and promote tumor progression. Our findings provide a basis for targeting PD-L1+TANs or GM-CSF as a new immunotherapeutic strategy for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Heng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ke Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han-Qing Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Lei Tao, ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13916944810, Email
| | - Li-Ming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Li-Ming Lu, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13916235624, Fax +86-021-63846383, Email
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16
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Roy S, Ghosh J, Ghosh R. Cancer Vaccine in Solid Tumors: Where We Stand. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCancer immunotherapy has achieved landmark progress in the field of medical oncology in the era of personalized medicine. In the recent past, our knowledge has expanded regarding how tumor cells escape from the immune system, introducing immunosuppressive microenvironments, and developing tolerance. Therapeutic cancer vaccine leads to activation of immune memory that is long-lasting, safe, and effective; hence, it is becoming an attractive method of immunotherapy. Various cancer vaccine trials in the past have taught us the types of target selection, magnitude of immune response, and implementation of appropriate technologies for the development of new successful cancer vaccines. Tumor-associated antigens, cancer germline antigens, oncogenic viral antigens, and tumor-specific antigens, also known as neoantigens, are potential targets for designing therapeutic cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccine could be cell based, viral vector based, peptide based, and nucleic acid based (DNA/RNA). Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and toxicities of various types of cancer vaccines. In this article, we review the types of various tumor antigens and types of cancer vaccines tested in clinical trials and discuss the application and importance of this approach toward precision medicine in the field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Roy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Joydeep Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranti Ghosh
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Calì B, Agnellini AHR, Cioccarelli C, Sanchez-Rodriguez R, Predonzani A, Toffolo GI, Viola A, Bronte V, Arrigoni G, Zonta F, Albertoni L, Mescoli C, Marigo I, Molon B. GM-CSF Nitration Is a New Driver of Myeloid Suppressor Cell Activity in Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718098. [PMID: 34675917 PMCID: PMC8523982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, including RNS, contribute to the control of multiple immune cell functions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) represent the archetype of tolerogenic cells that actively contribute to dismantle effective immunity against cancer. TIMs inhibit T cell functions and promote tumor progression by several mechanisms including the amplification of the oxidative/nitrosative stress within the TME. In tumors, TIM expansion and differentiation is regulated by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which is produced by cancer and immune cells. Nevertheless, the role of GM-CSF in tumors has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we show that GM-CSF activity is significantly affected by RNS-triggered post-translational modifications. The nitration of a single tryptophan residue in the sequence of GM-CSF nourishes the expansion of highly immunosuppressive myeloid subsets in tumor-bearing hosts. Importantly, tumors from colorectal cancer patients express higher levels of nitrated tryptophan compared to non-neoplastic tissues. Collectively, our data identify a novel and selective target that can be exploited to remodel the TME and foster protective immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Calì
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrielly H R Agnellini
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cioccarelli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Ricardo Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Verona University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Zonta
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laura Albertoni
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Mescoli
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marigo
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Molon
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
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18
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Cancer Vaccines: Promising Therapeutics or an Unattainable Dream. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060668. [PMID: 34207062 PMCID: PMC8233841 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of cancer treatment and offers cancer patients new hope. Although this therapy has proved highly successful for some patients, its efficacy is not all encompassing and several cancer types do not respond. Cancer vaccines offer an alternate approach to promote anti-tumor immunity that differ in their mode of action from antibody-based therapies. Cancer vaccines serve to balance the equilibrium of the crosstalk between the tumor cells and the host immune system. Recent advances in understanding the nature of tumor-mediated tolerogenicity and antigen presentation has aided in the identification of tumor antigens that have the potential to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Cancer vaccines can either be prophylactic (preventative) or therapeutic (curative). An exciting option for therapeutic vaccines is the emergence of personalized vaccines, which are tailor-made and specific for tumor type and individual patient. This review summarizes the current standing of the most promising vaccine strategies with respect to their development and clinical efficacy. We also discuss prospects for future development of stem cell-based prophylactic vaccines.
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19
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Boussios S, Sheriff M, Rassy E, Moschetta M, Samartzis EP, Hallit R, Sadauskaite A, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK, Pavlidis N. Immuno-oncology: a narrative review of gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:423. [PMID: 33842644 PMCID: PMC8033350 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines, cytokines, and adoptive cellular therapies (ACT) represent immuno-therapeutic modalities with great development potential, and they are currently approved for the treatment of a limited number of advanced malignancies. The most up-to-date knowledge on the regulation of the anti-cancer immune response has recently led to the development and approval of inhibitors of immune checkpoints, which have produced unprecedented clinical activity in several hard to treat solid malignancies. However, severe adverse events (AEs) represent a limitation to the use of these drugs. Currently approved checkpoint inhibitors block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), resulted in increased survival of patients with several solid and hematologic malignancies. The most common treatment AEs associated with these drugs are fatigue, rash, and auto-immune/inflammatory reactions. Many of the immune-related AEs are reversible and the strategies for their management include supportive care either with or without treatment withdrawal; nevertheless, in severe cases, hospitalization and treatment with immune suppressants, and/or immunomodulators may be required. Steroid therapy is a critical component of the treatment algorithm; nevertheless, the associated immunosuppression may compromise the antitumor response. This article provides a comprehensive and narrative review of luminal gastrointestinal and hepatic complications, including recommendations for their investigation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Boussios
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, ME7 5NY, Gillingham, Kent, UK.,AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki - Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matin Sheriff
- Department of Urology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham, Kent, ME7 5NY, UK
| | - Elie Rassy
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institut, Villejuif, France.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michele Moschetta
- CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 21 CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleftherios P Samartzis
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Hallit
- Gastroenterology Department, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Agne Sadauskaite
- Department of Pharmacy, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham, Kent, UK
| | - Konstantinos H Katsanos
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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20
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Igarashi Y, Sasada T. Cancer Vaccines: Toward the Next Breakthrough in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5825401. [PMID: 33282961 PMCID: PMC7685825 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5825401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, three types of well-recognized cancer treatments have been developed, i.e., surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; these either remove or directly attack the cancer cells. These treatments can cure cancer at earlier stages but are frequently ineffective for treating cancer in the advanced or recurrent stages. Basic and clinical research on the tumor microenvironment, which consists of cancerous, stromal, and immune cells, demonstrates the critical role of antitumor immunity in cancer development and progression. Cancer immunotherapies have been proposed as the fourth cancer treatment. In particular, clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, in various cancer types represents a major breakthrough in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, accumulating data regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate that these are not always effective but are instead only effective in limited cancer populations. Indeed, several issues remain to be solved to improve their clinical efficacy; these include low cancer cell antigenicity and poor infiltration and/or accumulation of immune cells in the cancer microenvironment. Therefore, to accelerate the further development of cancer immunotherapies, more studies are necessary. In this review, we will summarize the current status of cancer immunotherapies, especially cancer vaccines, and discuss the potential problems and solutions for the next breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Igarashi
- Kanagawa Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Kanagawa Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Japan
- Kanagawa Cancer Center, Cancer Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Japan
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Inhibition of melanoma by survivin-specific lymphocytes combined with CCL17 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in a mouse syngeneic model. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 32:138-147. [PMID: 32932278 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a new generation of treatment, tumor immunotherapy targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAA) has attracted widespread attention. The survivin antigen belongs to TAA. It is a key inhibitor of apoptosis and a key regulator of cell cycle progression; furthermore, it may be a candidate target for tumor therapy. In addition, studies have confirmed that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CCL17 significantly affect local anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment. The mouse survivin gene was screened by BIMAS and SYFPEITHI to obtain the highest scored mouse survivin epitope peptide, which was synthesized into a peptide vaccine to immunize normal mice. Subsequently, spleen lymphocytes were isolated to induce survivin-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Next, genetic engineering was used to construct the B16F10 cell line that stably expressed CCL17 and GM-CSF genes. A mouse melanoma model was used to observe the effects of the combination of the three on tumor volume and tumor weight. In-vitro survivin-specific CTL combined with CCL17 gene had a stronger inhibitory effect on B16F10 cells, while combined GM-CSF gene did not enhance the inhibitory effect of CTL on B16F10 cells. In-vivo experiments demonstrated that survivin-specific CTL combined with GM-CSF and CCL17 genes can inhibit the growth of mouse melanoma. HE staining and immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor had more necrotic cells and more infiltrating lymphocytes. The results showed that survivin-specific CTL combined with CCL17 and GM-CSF genes could inhibit tumor growth better.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z. The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:807-821. [PMID: 32612154 PMCID: PMC7395159 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1185] [Impact Index Per Article: 296.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology. Several types of immunotherapy, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have obtained durable clinical responses, but their efficacies vary, and only subsets of cancer patients can benefit from them. Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been shown to play a key role in tumor development and will affect the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Comprehensive profiling of tumor-infiltrating immune cells would shed light on the mechanisms of cancer-immune evasion, thus providing opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. However, the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the TME impedes the precise dissection of intratumoral immune cells. With recent advances in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry, systematic interrogation of the TME is feasible and will provide insights into the functional diversities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we outline the recent progress in cancer immunotherapy, particularly by focusing on landmark studies and the recent single-cell characterization of tumor-associated immune cells, and we summarize the phenotypic diversities of intratumoral immune cells and their connections with cancer immunotherapy. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in cancer immunotherapy, facilitate the elucidation of immune cell modulation in tumor progression, and thus guide the development of novel immunotherapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- BIOPIC and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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Flesner BK, Wood GW, Gayheart-Walsten P, Sonderegger FL, Henry CJ, Tate DJ, Bechtel SM, Donnelly LL, Johnson GC, Kim DY, Wahaus TA, Bryan JN, Reyes N. Autologous cancer cell vaccination, adoptive T-cell transfer, and interleukin-2 administration results in long-term survival for companion dogs with osteosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2056-2067. [PMID: 32649801 PMCID: PMC7517513 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OSA) in dogs is an aggressive bone tumor with frequent chemotherapy failure and translational relevance for human health. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that dogs with OSA could be treated safely by ex vivo activated T‐cells that were generated by autologous cancer vaccination and supported by interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) treatment with survival more than twice that reported for amputation alone. Animals Osteosarcoma‐bearing dogs (n = 14) were enrolled in a single‐arm prospective trial after complete staging before amputation. Four healthy dogs also were treated in a safety study. Methods Autologous cancer cell vaccinations were administered intradermally and dogs underwent leukapheresis. Mononuclear cell products were stimulated ex vivo with a T‐cell‐activating agent. Activated product was transfused and 5 SC IL‐2 injections were administered q48h. Dogs were monitored for metastasis by thoracic radiography every 3 months. Results Autologous cancer cell vaccine and activated cellular therapy (ACT) products were successfully generated. Toxicity was minimal after premedicants were instituted before ACT. With premedication, all toxicities were grade I/II. Median disease‐free interval for all dogs was 213 days. One dog developed cutaneous metastasis but then experienced spontaneous complete remission. Median survival time for all dogs was 415 days. Five dogs survived >730 days. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This immunotherapy protocol without cytotoxic chemotherapy is safe and tolerable. Compared to historical amputation reports, survival was notably prolonged in this group of patients. Additional prospective studies are warranted to elucidate active immunologic mechanisms and further improve disease response and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Flesner
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn J Henry
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah J Tate
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandra M Bechtel
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lindsay L Donnelly
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Gayle C Johnson
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Dae Young Kim
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Noe Reyes
- Elias Animal Health, Olathe, Kansas, USA
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Roy S, Sethi TK, Taylor D, Kim YJ, Johnson DB. Breakthrough concepts in immune-oncology: Cancer vaccines at the bedside. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1455-1489. [PMID: 32557857 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5bt0420-585rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical approval of the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agents for multiple cancer types has reinvigorated the long-standing work on cancer vaccines. In the pre-ICB era, clinical efforts focused on the Ag, the adjuvants, the formulation, and the mode of delivery. These translational efforts on therapeutic vaccines range from cell-based (e.g., dendritic cells vaccine Sipuleucel-T) to DNA/RNA-based platforms with various formulations (liposome), vectors (Listeria monocytogenes), or modes of delivery (intratumoral, gene gun, etc.). Despite promising preclinical results, cancer vaccine trials without ICB have historically shown little clinical activity. With the anticipation and expansion of combinatorial immunotherapeutic trials with ICB, the cancer vaccine field has entered the personalized medicine arena with recent advances in immunogenic neoantigen-based vaccines. In this article, we review the literature to organize the different cancer vaccines in the clinical space, and we will discuss their advantages, limits, and recent progress to overcome their challenges. Furthermore, we will also discuss recent preclinical advances and clinical strategies to combine vaccines with checkpoint blockade to improve therapeutic outcome and present a translational perspective on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tarsheen K Sethi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Young J Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Santos-Sierra S. Developments in anticancer vaccination: budding new adjuvants. Biol Chem 2020; 401:435-446. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe immune system has a limited capacity to recognize and fight cells that become cancerous and in cancer patients, the immune system has to seek the right balance between cancer rejection and host-immunosupression. The tumor milieu builds a protective shell and tumor cells rapidly accumulate mutations that promote antigen variability and immune-escape. Therapeutic vaccination of cancer is a promising strategy the success of which depends on a powerful activation of the cells of the adaptive immune system specific for tumor-cell detection and killing (e.g. CD4+and CD8+T-cells). In the last decades, the search for novel adjuvants that enhance dendritic cell (DC) function and their ability to prime T-cells has flourished and some Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have long been known to be valid immune adjuvants. The implementation of TLR-synthetic agonists in clinical studies of cancer vaccination is replacing the initial use of microbial-derived products with some encouraging results. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest discoveries of TLR-synthetic agonists with adjuvant potential in anti-cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Santos-Sierra
- Section of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Zhan Y, Lew AM, Chopin M. The Pleiotropic Effects of the GM-CSF Rheostat on Myeloid Cell Differentiation and Function: More Than a Numbers Game. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2679. [PMID: 31803190 PMCID: PMC6873328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is a myelopoietic growth factor that has pleiotropic effects not only in promoting the differentiation of immature precursors into polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes/macrophages (MØs) and dendritic cells (DCs), but also in controlling the function of fully mature myeloid cells. This broad spectrum of GM-CSF action may elicit paradoxical outcomes-both immunostimulation and immunosuppression-in infection, inflammation, and cancer. The complexity of GM-CSF action remains to be fully unraveled. Several aspects of GM-CSF action could contribute to its diverse biological consequences. Firstly, GM-CSF as a single cytokine affects development of most myeloid cells from progenitors to mature immune cells. Secondly, GM-CSF activates JAK2/STAT5 and also activate multiple signaling modules and transcriptional factors that direct different biological processes. Thirdly, GM-CSF can be produced by different cell types including tumor cells in response to different environmental cues; thus, GM-CSF quantity can vary greatly under different pathophysiological settings. Finally, GM-CSF signaling is also fine-tuned by other less defined feedback mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the role of GM-CSF in orchestrating the differentiation, survival, and proliferation during the generation of multiple lineages of myeloid cells (PMNs, MØs, and DCs). We will also discuss the role of GM-CSF in regulating the function of DCs and the functional polarization of MØs. We highlight how the dose of GM-CSF and corresponding signal strength acts as a rheostat to fine-tune cell fate, and thus the way GM-CSF may best be targeted for immuno-intervention in infection, inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Chopin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Holt GE, Daftarian P. Non-small-cell lung cancer homing peptide-labeled dendrimers selectively transfect lung cancer cells. Immunotherapy 2019; 10:1349-1360. [PMID: 30474481 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Lung cancer gene therapies require reagents to selectively transfect lung tumors after systemic administration. MATERIALS & METHODS We created a reagent called NSCLC-NP by attaching a peptide with binding affinity for lung cancer to polyamidoamine dendrimers. The positively charged dendrimers electrostatically bind negatively charged nucleic acids, inhibit endogenous nucleases and transfect cells targeted by the attached peptide. RESULTS In vitro, NSCLC-NP complexed to DNA plasmids bound and transfected three human lung cancer cell lines producing protein expression of the plasmid's gene. In vivo, systemically administered NSCLC-NP selectively transfected lung cancer cells growing in RAG1KO mice. CONCLUSION The capability of NSCLC-NP to selectively transfect lung cancer allows its future use as a vehicle to implement human lung cancer gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Holt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pirouz Daftarian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, FL, USA.,JSR Micro Life Sciences, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
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Hollingsworth RE, Jansen K. Turning the corner on therapeutic cancer vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:7. [PMID: 30774998 PMCID: PMC6368616 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in several areas are rekindling interest and enabling progress in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. These advances have been made in target selection, vaccine technology, and methods for reversing the immunosuppressive mechanisms exploited by cancers. Studies testing different tumor antigens have revealed target properties that yield high tumor versus normal cell specificity and adequate immunogenicity to affect clinical efficacy. A few tumor-associated antigens, normal host proteins that are abnormally expressed in cancer cells, have been demonstrated to serve as good targets for immunotherapies, although many do not possess the needed specificity or immunogenicity. Neoantigens, which arise from mutated proteins in cancer cells, are truly cancer-specific and can be highly immunogenic, though the vast majority are unique to each patient's cancer and thus require development of personalized therapies. Lessons from previous cancer vaccine expeditions are teaching us the type and magnitude of immune responses needed, as well as vaccine technologies that can achieve these responses. For example, we are learning which vaccine approaches elicit the potent, balanced, and durable CD4 plus CD8 T cell expansion necessary for clinical efficacy. Exploration of interactions between the immune system and cancer has elucidated the adaptations that enable cancer cells to suppress and evade immune attack. This has led to breakthroughs in the development of new drugs, and, subsequently, to opportunities to combine these with cancer vaccines and dramatically increase patient responses. Here we review this recent progress, highlighting key steps that are bringing the promise of therapeutic cancer vaccines within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Jansen
- Vaccines Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
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Ravindranathan S, Nguyen KG, Kurtz SL, Frazier HN, Smith SG, Koppolu BP, Rajaram N, Zaharoff DA. Tumor-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor diminishes efficacy of breast tumor cell vaccines. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:126. [PMID: 30348199 PMCID: PMC6198508 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although metastasis is ultimately responsible for about 90% of breast cancer mortality, the vast majority of breast-cancer-related deaths are due to progressive recurrences from non-metastatic disease. Current adjuvant therapies are unable to prevent progressive recurrences for a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer. Autologous tumor cell vaccines (ATCVs) are a safe and potentially useful strategy to prevent breast cancer recurrence, in a personalized and patient-specific manner, following standard-of-care tumor resection. Given the high intra-patient and inter-patient heterogeneity in breast cancer, it is important to understand which factors influence the immunogenicity of breast tumor cells in order to maximize ATCV effectiveness. METHODS The relative immunogenicity of two murine breast carcinomas, 4T1 and EMT6, were compared in a prophylactic vaccination-tumor challenge model. Differences in cell surface expression of antigen-presentation-related and costimulatory molecules were compared along with immunosuppressive cytokine production. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to modulate tumor-derived cytokine secretion. The impacts of cytokine deletion on splenomegaly, myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation and ATCV immunogenicity were assessed. RESULTS Mice vaccinated with an EMT6 vaccine exhibited significantly greater protective immunity than mice vaccinated with a 4T1 vaccine. Hybrid vaccination studies revealed that the 4T1 vaccination induced both local and systemic immune impairments. Although there were significant differences between EMT6 and 4T1 in the expression of costimulatory molecules, major disparities in the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines likely accounts for differences in immunogenicity between the cell lines. Ablation of one cytokine in particular, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), reversed MDSC accumulation and splenomegaly in the 4T1 model. Furthermore, G-CSF inhibition enhanced the immunogenicity of a 4T1-based vaccine to the extent that all vaccinated mice developed complete protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer cells that express high levels of G-CSF have the potential to diminish or abrogate the efficacy of breast cancer ATCVs. Fortunately, this study demonstrates that genetic ablation of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as G-CSF, can enhance the immunogenicity of breast cancer cell-based vaccines. Strategies that combine inhibition of immunosuppressive factors with immune stimulatory co-formulations already under development may help ATCVs reach their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khue G Nguyen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samantha L Kurtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Haven N Frazier
- Honors College, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sean G Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Bhanu Prasanth Koppolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Honors College, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. .,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Bhavsar C, Momin M, Khan T, Omri A. Targeting tumor microenvironment to curb chemoresistance via novel drug delivery strategies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:641-663. [PMID: 29301448 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1424825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor is a heterogeneous mass of malignant cells co-existing with non-malignant cells. This co-existence evolves from the initial developmental stages of the tumor and is one of the hallmarks of cancer providing a protumorigenic niche known as tumor microenvironment (TME). Proliferation, invasiveness, metastatic potential and maintenance of stemness through cross-talk between tumors and its stroma forms the basis of TME. AREAS COVERED The article highlights the developmental phases of a tumor from dysplasia to the formation of clinically detectable tumors. The authors discuss the mechanistic stages involved in the formation of TME and its contribution in tumor outgrowth and chemoresistance. The authors have reviewed various approaches for targeting TME and its hallmarks along with their advantages and pitfalls. The authors also highlight cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are resistant to chemotherapeutics and thus a primary reason for tumor recurrence thereby, posing a challenge for the oncologists. EXPERT OPINION Recent understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in acquired chemoresistance has enabled scientists to target the tumor niche and TME and modulate and/or disrupt this communication leading to the transformation from a tumor-supportive niche environment to a tumor-non-supporting environment and give synergistic results towards an effective management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Bhavsar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKMs Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy , University of Mumbai , Mumbai , India
| | - Munira Momin
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKMs Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy , University of Mumbai , Mumbai , India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- b Department of Quality Assurance and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKMs Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy , University of Mumbai , Mumbai , India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- c The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Laurentian University , Sudbury , ON , Canada
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31
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Marron TU, Hammerich L, Brody J. Local Immunotherapies of Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Li X, Bu X. Progress in Vaccine Therapies for Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:315-330. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jeannin P, Paolini L, Adam C, Delneste Y. The roles of CSFs on the functional polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. FEBS J 2017; 285:680-699. [PMID: 29171156 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have a central role in numerous physiological processes, such as immune defense, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and inflammation. Moreover, in numerous severe disorders, such as cancer or chronic inflammation, their functions can be profoundly affected. Macrophages continuously sense their environment and adapt their phenotypes and functions to the local requirements; this process is called plasticity. In addition to stress signals, metabolites, and direct cell-contact interactions with surrounding cells, numerous cytokines play a central role in controlling macrophage polarization. In this review, we will focus on three human macrophage differentiation factors: macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), IL-34, and granulocyte M-CSF. These CSFs allow human monocyte survival, promote their differentiation into macrophages, and control macrophage polarization as they give rise to cells with different phenotype and functions. Based on recent observations, the role of granulocyte CSF on macrophage polarization is also addressed. Finally, our current knowledge on the expression of these growth factors in tumor microenvironment and their impact on the generation and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Jeannin
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Angers, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France
| | - Léa Paolini
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France
| | - Clement Adam
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Angers, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France
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Vaccination with autologous myeloblasts admixed with GM-K562 cells in patients with advanced MDS or AML after allogeneic HSCT. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2269-2279. [PMID: 29296875 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a clinical trial testing vaccination of autologous myeloblasts admixed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor secreting K562 cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with ≥5% marrow blasts underwent myeloblast collection before HSCT. At approximately day +30, 6 vaccines composed of irradiated autologous myeloblasts mixed with GM-K562 were administered. Tacrolimus-based graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was not tapered until vaccine completion (∼day 100). Thirty-three patients with AML (25) and MDS (8) enrolled, 16 (48%) had ≥5% marrow blasts at transplantation. The most common vaccine toxicity was injection site reactions. One patient developed severe eosinophilia and died of eosinophilic myocarditis. With a median follow-up of 67 months, cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 acute and chronic GVHD were 24% and 33%, respectively. Relapse and nonrelapse mortality were 48% and 9%, respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) at 5 years were 39% and 39%. Vaccinated patients who were transplanted with active disease (≥5% marrow blasts) had similar OS and PFS at 5 years compared with vaccinated patients transplanted with <5% marrow blasts (OS, 44% vs 35%, respectively, P = .81; PFS, 44% vs 35%, respectively, P = .34). Postvaccination antibody responses to angiopoietin-2 was associated with superior OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.43; P = .031) and PFS (HR, 0.5; P = .036). Patients transplanted with active disease had more frequent angiopoeitin-2 antibody responses (62.5% vs 20%, P = .029) than those transplanted in remission. GM-K562/leukemia cell vaccination induces biologic activity, even in patients transplanted with active MDS/AML. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT 00809250.
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Manrique-Rincón AJ, Beraldo CM, Toscaro JM, Bajgelman MC. Exploring Synergy in Combinations of Tumor-Derived Vaccines That Harbor 4-1BBL, OX40L, and GM-CSF. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1150. [PMID: 28974950 PMCID: PMC5610681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that combination of modulatory immune strategies may potentiate tumor cell elimination. Most strategies rely on the use of monoclonal antibodies that can block cell surface receptors to overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression or acting as costimulatory ligands to boost activation of T cells. In this study, we evaluate the use of combinations of genetically modified tumor-derived cell lines that harbor the costimulatory T cell ligands 4-1BB ligand, OX40L, and the cytokine GM-CSF. The aim of these treatments is to boost the activation of T cells and the elimination of cancer cells. These tumor-derived cells are able to activate or reinforce T cell activation, thereby generating a potent and specific antitumor response. We developed a high-content in vitro imaging assay that allowed us to investigate synergies between different tumor-derived cells expressing modulatory immune molecules, as well as the influence on effector T cells to achieve tumor cell death. These results were then compared to the results of in vivo experiments in which we challenged immunocompetent animals using the B16F10 syngeneic model of melanoma in C57BL6 mice. Our results suggest that there is a substantial therapeutic benefit to using combinations of syngeneic tumor vaccines that express immune modulators. In addition, we observed that combinations of tumor-derived cells that expressed costimulatory ligands and GM-CSF induced a long-term protective effect by preventing cancer development in both cured and rechallenged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Manrique-Rincón
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila M Beraldo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M Toscaro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Galati D, Zanotta S. Hematologic neoplasms: Dendritic cells vaccines in motion. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:181-190. [PMID: 28870867 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone-marrow-derived immune cells accounted for a key role in cancer vaccination as potent antigen-presenting cells within the immune system. Cancer microenvironment can modulate DCs maturation resulting in their accumulation into functional states associated with a reduced antitumor immune response. In this regard, a successful cancer vaccine needs to mount a potent antitumor immune response able to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor milieu. As a consequence, DCs-based approaches are a safe and promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy in hematological malignancies, particularly in combinations with additional treatments. This review summarizes the most significant evidence about the immunotherapeutic strategies performed to target hematologic neoplasms including the tumoral associated antigens (TAA) pulsed on DCs, whole tumor cell vaccines or leukemia-derived DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem-Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione 'G. Pascale', IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem-Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione 'G. Pascale', IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Sondhi D, Stiles KM, De BP, Crystal RG. Genetic Modification of the Lung Directed Toward Treatment of Human Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:3-84. [PMID: 27927014 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases of the lung intractable to other treatments. Lung gene therapy has been the subject of numerous preclinical animal experiments and human clinical trials, for targets including genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and α1-antitrypsin deficiency, complex disorders such as asthma, allergy, and lung cancer, infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Pseudomonas, as well as pulmonary arterial hypertension, transplant rejection, and lung injury. A variety of viral and non-viral vectors have been employed to overcome the many physical barriers to gene transfer imposed by lung anatomy and natural defenses. Beyond the treatment of lung diseases, the lung has the potential to be used as a metabolic factory for generating proteins for delivery to the circulation for treatment of systemic diseases. Although much has been learned through a myriad of experiments about the development of genetic modification of the lung, more work is still needed to improve the delivery vehicles and to overcome challenges such as entry barriers, persistent expression, specific cell targeting, and circumventing host anti-vector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Katie M Stiles
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Bishnu P De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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Kumai T, Fan A, Harabuchi Y, Celis E. Cancer immunotherapy: moving forward with peptide T cell vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:57-63. [PMID: 28734176 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunology, such as the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors, have validated immune cells as potential key players for effective cancer treatment. The efficacy of these therapies seems to be codependent on a tumor-reactive T lymphocyte response. For many years, numerous attempts and strategies in developing vaccines to generate tumor-reactive T cells have yielded poor results in the clinic due to suboptimal immunogenicity and the inability to overcome an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize past and current advances in T cell vaccines and describe our experience in developing optimized methods for antigen/adjuvant selection and vaccine administration in order to induce powerful anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kumai
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan; Department of Innovative Head & Neck Cancer Research and Treatment (IHNCRT), Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Aaron Fan
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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Miguel A, Sendra L, Noé V, Ciudad CJ, Dasí F, Hervas D, Herrero MJ, Aliño SF. Silencing of Foxp3 enhances the antitumor efficacy of GM-CSF genetically modified tumor cell vaccine against B16 melanoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:503-514. [PMID: 28176947 PMCID: PMC5271385 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor response after therapeutic vaccination has a limited effect and seems to be related to the presence of T regulatory cells (Treg), which express the immunoregulatory molecules CTLA4 and Foxp3. The blockage of CTLA4 using antibodies has shown an effective antitumor response conducing to the approval of the human anti-CTLA4 antibody ipilimumab by the US Food and Drug Administration. On the other hand, Foxp3 is crucial for Treg development. For this reason, it is an attractive target for cancer treatment. This study aims to evaluate whether combining therapeutic vaccination with CTLA4 or Foxp3 gene silencing enhances the antitumor response. First, the "in vitro" cell entrance and gene silencing efficacy of two tools, 2'-O-methyl phosphorotioate-modified oligonucleotides (2'-OMe-PS-ASOs) and polypurine reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs), were evaluated in EL4 cells and cultured primary lymphocytes. Following B16 tumor transplant, C57BL6 mice were vaccinated with irradiated B16 tumor cells engineered to produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and were intraperitoneally treated with CTLA4 and Foxp3 2'-OMe-PS-ASO before and after vaccination. Tumor growth, mice survival, and CTLA4 and Foxp3 expression in blood cells were measured. The following results were obtained: 1) only 2'-OMe-PS-ASO reached gene silencing efficacy "in vitro"; 2) an improved survival effect was achieved combining both therapeutic vaccine and Foxp3 antisense or CTLA4 antisense oligonucleotides (50% and 20%, respectively); 3) The blood CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (Treg) and CD4+CTLA4+ cell counts were higher in mice that developed tumor on the day of sacrifice. Our data showed that tumor cell vaccine combined with Foxp3 or CTLA4 gene silencing can increase the efficacy of therapeutic antitumor vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia
| | - Luis Sendra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia
| | - Verónica Noé
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona
| | - Carles J Ciudad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona
| | - Francisco Dasí
- Research University Hospital of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia Foundation
| | | | - María José Herrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia; Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe)
| | - Salvador F Aliño
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ACM Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Lynch D, Murphy A. The emerging role of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:305. [PMID: 27668225 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.08.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the interaction between the immune system and the tumor microenvironment has long been a target of cancer research, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Approaches explored to date include vaccines (autologous, peptide, dendritic cell, viral and bacterial), cytokine therapy, toll-like receptors (TLRs), autologous cell therapy and checkpoint inhibition. Until recently these approaches have been shown to have only modest efficacy in reducing tumor burden. However, significant breakthroughs have been made, with the use of checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Immunotherapy now represents a possible avenue of curative treatment for those with chemo-otherwise refractory tumors. Success with this approach to immunotherapy has largely been confined to tumors with high mutational burdens such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and non-small cell lung cancer. This observation led to the exploration and successful use of checkpoint inhibitors in those with mismatch repair colorectal cancer which have a relatively high mutational burden. Ongoing trials are focused on further exploring the use of checkpoint inhibitors in addition to investigating the various combinations of immunotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lynch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrian Murphy
- Department Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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41
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Yu TW, Chueh HY, Tsai CC, Lin CT, Qiu JT. Novel GM-CSF-based vaccines: One small step in GM-CSF gene optimization, one giant leap for human vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3020-3028. [PMID: 27560197 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1221551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine that is known to facilitate vaccine efficacy by promoting the development and prolongation of both humoral and cellular immunity. In the past years we have generated a novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant. The codon-optimized GM-CSF gene significantly increased protein expression levels in all cells tested and helped in generating a strong immune responses against HIV-1 Gag and HPV-associated cancer. Here, we review the literature dealing with the adjuvant activity of GM-CSF both in animal models and clinical trials. We anticipate that the codon-optimized GM-CSF gene offers a practical molecular strategy for potentiating immune responses to tumor cell-based vaccinations as well as other immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Yu
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ho-Yen Chueh
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Cheng-Tao Lin
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Jiantai Timothy Qiu
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,d Department of Biomedical Sciences , School of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
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42
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Joerger M, Finn SP, Cuffe S, Byrne AT, Gray SG. The IL-17-Th1/Th17 pathway: an attractive target for lung cancer therapy? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1339-1356. [PMID: 27353429 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1206891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is strong pharmaceutical development of agents targeting the IL-17-TH17 pathway for the treatment of psoriasis (Ps) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Lung cancer accounts for 28% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide, and roughly 80% of patients with newly-diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with metastatic disease, with a poor prognosis of around 12 months. Therefore, there is a high unmet medical need for the development of new and potent systemic treatments in this deadly disease. The emergence of immunotherapies such as anti-PD-1 or anti-PDL1 as candidate therapies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) indicates that targeting critical immuno-modulatory cytokines including those within the IL-17-Th1/Th17 axis may have proven benefit in the treatment of lung cancer. Areas covered: In this review we describe the current evidence for aberrant IL-17-Th1/Th17 settings in cancer, particularly with regard to targeting this axis in NSCLC. We further discuss the current agents under pharmaceutical development which could potentially target this axis, and discuss the current limitations and areas of concern regarding the use of these in lung cancer. Expert opinion: Current evidence suggests that moving forward agents targeting the IL-17-Th1/Th17 pathway may have novel new oncoimmunology indications in the treatment paradigm for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Joerger
- a Department of Medical Oncology & Hematology , Cantonal Hospital , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Stephen P Finn
- b Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- c HOPE Directorate , St James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Annette T Byrne
- d Department of Physiology and Medical Physics & Centre for Systems Medicine , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Steven G Gray
- e Thoracic Oncology Research Group , IMM, St James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,f Department of Clinical Medicine , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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43
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Hong IS. Stimulatory versus suppressive effects of GM-CSF on tumor progression in multiple cancer types. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e242. [PMID: 27364892 PMCID: PMC4973317 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, also called CSF-2) is best known for its critical role in immune modulation and hematopoiesis. A large body of experimental evidence indicates that GM-CSF, which is frequently upregulated in multiple types of human cancers, effectively marks cancer cells with a ‘danger flag' for the immune system. In this context, most studies have focused on its function as an immunomodulator, namely its ability to stimulate dendritic cell (DC) maturation and monocyte/macrophage activity. However, recent studies have suggested that GM-CSF also promotes immune-independent tumor progression by supporting tumor microenvironments and stimulating tumor growth and metastasis. Although some studies have suggested that GM-CSF has inhibitory effects on tumor growth and metastasis, an even greater number of studies show that GM-CSF exerts stimulatory effects on tumor progression. In this review, we summarize a number of findings to provide the currently available information regarding the anticancer immune response of GM-CSG. We then discuss the potential roles of GM-CSF in the progression of multiple types of cancer to provide insights into some of the complexities of its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sun Hong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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44
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Shinohara ET, Lu B, Hallahan DE. The Use of Gene Therapy in Cancer Research and Treatment. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 3:479-90. [PMID: 15453813 DOI: 10.1177/153303460400300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy involves identifying a gene of interest and then manipulating the expression of this gene through a variety of techniques. Here we specifically address gene therapy's role in cancer research. This paper will encompass thoroughly investigated techniques such as cancer vaccines and suicide gene therapy and the latest advancements in and applications of these techniques. It will also cover newer techniques such as Antisense Oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs and how these technologies are being developed and used. The use of gene therapy continues to expand in cancer research and has an integral role in the advancement of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Shinohara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University, 1301 22nd Avenue South, B-902, The Vanderbilt Clinic, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5671, USA
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45
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46
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- National Academy of Young Scientists (NAYS) Pakistan , Lahore , Pakistan ; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Japan
| | - Shoji Komai
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) , Ikoma , Japan
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48
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Chakrabarti L, Morgan C, Sandler AD. Combination of Id2 Knockdown Whole Tumor Cells and Checkpoint Blockade: A Potent Vaccine Strategy in a Mouse Neuroblastoma Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129237. [PMID: 26079374 PMCID: PMC4469424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor vaccines have held much promise, but to date have demonstrated little clinical success. This lack of success is conceivably due to poor tumor antigen presentation combined with immuno-suppressive mechanisms exploited by the tumor itself. Knock down of Inhibitor of differentiation protein 2 (Id2-kd) in mouse neuroblastoma whole tumor cells rendered these cells immunogenic. Id2-kd neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells (Id2-kd N2a) failed to grow in most immune competent mice and these mice subsequently developed immunity against further wild-type Neuro2a tumor cell challenge. Id2-kd N2a cells grew aggressively in immune-compromised hosts, thereby establishing the immunogenicity of these cells. Therapeutic vaccination with Id2-kd N2a cells alone suppressed tumor growth even in established neuroblastoma tumors and when used in combination with immune checkpoint blockade eradicated large established tumors. Mechanistically, immune cell depletion studies demonstrated that while CD8+ T cells are critical for antitumor immunity, CD4+ T cells are also required to induce a sustained long-lasting helper effect. An increase in number of CD8+ T-cells and enhanced production of interferon gamma (IFNγ) was observed in tumor antigen stimulated splenocytes of vaccinated mice. More importantly, a massive influx of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells infiltrated the shrinking tumor following combined immunotherapy. These findings show that down regulation of Id2 induced tumor cell immunity and in combination with checkpoint blockade produced a novel, potent, T-cell mediated tumor vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chakrabarti
- The Joseph E. Robert Jr. Center for Surgical Care and The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Clifford Morgan
- The Joseph E. Robert Jr. Center for Surgical Care and The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Sandler
- The Joseph E. Robert Jr. Center for Surgical Care and The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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49
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Markman JL, Shiao SL. Impact of the immune system and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:208-23. [PMID: 25830040 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer is a multi-step process involving the gradual loss of regulation over the growth and functional capabilities of normal cells. Much research has been focused on the numerous cell intrinsic factors that govern this process; however, recent attention has turned to understanding the cell extrinsic factors in the tumor microenvironment that appear equally critical to the progression and treatment of cancer. One critical component of the tumor microenvironment is the immune system and it has become increasingly evident that the immune system plays an integral role in preventing and promoting the development of cancer. Understanding the immune cell types and pathways involved in this process has enabled the development of novel biomarkers for prognosis and accelerated the development of immune-based therapeutics, both of which have the potential to forever change the treatment paradigms for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this review, we discuss the impact of the immune system on the initiation, progression and treatment of cancer, specifically focusing on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Markman
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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50
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Ramlogan-Steel CA, Steel JC, Morris JC. Lung cancer vaccines: current status and future prospects. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 3:46-52. [PMID: 25806280 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Designing a cancer treatment that very specifically targets and kills tumor cells with little to no side effects is the "holy grail" of oncology. Cancer vaccines have this potential. Vaccines utilize the immune system to specifically target and eliminate tumor cells. Historically, vaccination approaches against lung cancer have been disappointing. However, over the past decade, a greater understanding of the immune system and of the antigens expressed by tumors, coupled with advances in immunoadjuvants and improved delivery systems, has led to advances in the use of immunotherapy including vaccines to target lung cancer. Proof of principle phase I/II clinical trials targeting the MAGE-A3 and MUC1 tumor antigens, as well as cell-based vaccines such as belagenpumatucel-L have suggested improved survival, leading to larger scale phase III clinical trials. This review will discuss cancer vaccines in relation to lung cancer and present clinical data supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason C Steel
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - John C Morris
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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