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Lobo N, Brooks NA, Zlotta AR, Cirillo JD, Boorjian S, Black PC, Meeks JJ, Bivalacqua TJ, Gontero P, Steinberg GD, McConkey D, Babjuk M, Alfred Witjes J, Kamat AM. 100 years of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy: from cattle to COVID-19. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:611-622. [PMID: 34131332 PMCID: PMC8204595 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most widely used vaccine worldwide and has been used to prevent tuberculosis for a century. BCG also stimulates an anti-tumour immune response, which urologists have harnessed for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A growing body of evidence indicates that BCG offers protection against various non-mycobacterial and viral infections. The non-specific effects of BCG occur via the induction of trained immunity and form the basis for the hypothesis that BCG vaccination could be used to protect against the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This Perspective article highlights key milestones in the 100-year history of BCG and projects its potential role in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Lobo
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan A Brooks
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandre R Zlotta
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua J Meeks
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Gontero
- Division of Urology, Molinette Hospital, University of Torino School of Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | | | - David McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marko Babjuk
- Department of Urology, Hospital Motol, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Stasiłojć G, Okrój M, Bigda J. A tale of the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies, in tribute to prof. Wacław Szybalski (1921-2020). Acta Biochim Pol 2021; 68:353-358. [PMID: 34463467 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_5762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Technical advances that lead to the era of targeted therapeutics demanded several milestones that were reached in the second half of the previous century. Professor Wacław Szybalski was the first one to perform a stable gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. To do so, he used his own designed system consisting of HPRT-deficient cells and HAT selective medium. Moreover, the first-ever hybridoma cells were also constructed by Wacław Szybalski's team. These spectacular achievements made him not only a forerunner of gene therapy, but also became a foundation for immunotherapy, as hybridoma and their selection by the HPRT-HAT system turned into a crucial technical step during production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Herein, we present a story of anti-CD20 mAbs, one of the most successful lines of anticancer drugs. When looking back into history, the prototypic mAb rituximab was considered the biggest step forward in the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Nowadays, the second and third generations of anti-CD20 mAbs are approved in clinical use and numerous breakthrough studies on immune effector mechanisms were conducted with the aforementioned immunotherapeutics as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of UG nad MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of UG nad MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Bigda
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of UG nad MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract
AbstractReal innovations in medicine and science are historic and singular; the stories behind each occurrence are precious. At Molecular Medicine we have established the Anthony Cerami Award in Translational Medicine to document and preserve these histories. The monographs recount the seminal events as told in the voice of the original investigators who provided the crucial early insight. These essays capture the essence of discovery, chronicling the birth of ideas that created new fields of research and launched trajectories that persisted and ultimately influenced how disease is prevented, diagnosed, and treated. In this volume, the Cerami Award Monograph is by Steven A. Rosenberg, Chief of Surgery at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. A pioneer in the development of immunotherapies and gene therapies for advanced cancers, this is the story of Dr. Rosenberg’s scientific journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Rosenberg
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Steensma DP, Kyle RA. James Allison and Cancer Immunotherapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:e75-e76. [PMID: 32622461 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Kyle
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. https://twitter.com/RobertK68033234
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Carlson RD, Flickinger JC, Snook AE. Talkin' Toxins: From Coley's to Modern Cancer Immunotherapy. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E241. [PMID: 32283684 PMCID: PMC7232517 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to precisely target and eliminate aberrant or infected cells has long been studied in the field of infectious diseases. Attempts to define and exploit these potent immunological processes in the fight against cancer has been a longstanding effort dating back over 100 years to when Dr. William Coley purposefully infected cancer patients with a cocktail of heat-killed bacteria to stimulate anti-cancer immune processes. Although the field of cancer immunotherapy has been dotted with skepticism at times, the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors and recent FDA approvals of autologous cell therapies have pivoted immunotherapy to center stage as one of the most promising strategies to treat cancer. This review aims to summarize historic milestones throughout the field of cancer immunotherapy as well as highlight current and promising immunotherapies in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (R.D.C.); (J.C.F.J.)
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Abstract
This short article is dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of the School of Life Sciences at Zhejiang University, China. Immunotherapy of cancer is currently a hot topic in the biomedical field, and a re-search focus of my laboratory is on developing new and effective combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies for liver cancer. Of note, my interest in immunotherapy of cancer stems from the training as an undergraduate student at Hangzhou University, China, almost 40 years ago.
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Printz C. First person: Arlene Sharpe, MD, PhD: Scientist's work on PD-1 pathway paves the road to key cancer immunotherapies. Cancer 2018; 124:3795-3796. [PMID: 30412303 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davis DM. How studying the immune system leads us to new medicines. Lancet 2018; 391:2205-2206. [PMID: 29804630 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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Journal Honors Burles Johnson III, MD, PhD, As Recipient of the 2017 Journal of Clinical Oncology Young Investigator Award. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:2457-8. [PMID: 28594598 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.74.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos C Dalakas
- Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Neuroimmunology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
This year's Lasker∼DeBakey Clinical Research Award goes to James Allison for discovering that antibody blockade of the T cell molecule CTLA-4 unleashes the body's immune response against malignant tumors. This has led to development of multiple "immune checkpoint therapies" that are prolonging and saving the lives of thousands of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Miller LJ. James P. Allison Receives the 2015 Lasker-Debakey Award in Clinical Medical Research. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1193-4. [PMID: 26541879 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hurst JH. Cancer immunotherapy innovator James Allison receives the 2015 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3732-6. [PMID: 26345422 DOI: 10.1172/jci84236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Topalian SL, Wolchok JD, Chan TA, Mellman I, Palucka K, Banchereau J, Rosenberg SA, Dane Wittrup K. Immunotherapy: The path to win the war on cancer? Cell 2015; 161:185-6. [PMID: 26042237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Říhová B, Šťastný M. [History of Immuno-therapy - from Coley Toxins to Check-points of the Immune Reaction]. Klin Onkol 2015; 28 Suppl 4:4S8-4S14. [PMID: 26647883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy dates back to 1868 when German physicist Busch intentionally infected patients suffering from soft tissue sarcoma with erysipelas. Rapid tumor shrinkage was observed but response was only partial and tumor recurrence subsequently occurred. It was William B. Coley who in 1891 injected a patient with a soft tissue sarcoma with streptococcal cultures. Following a severe attack of erysipelas, the tumor underwent extensive necrosis and the patient remained diseasefree for eight years. The mixture of Streptococcus and other bacteria including Seratia marcescens, Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli was referred to as Coleys toxin and was used for the next 45 years. This first immunotherapy was replaced at the beginning of the 20th century by more exact radiotherapy and later on by first chemotherapy with yperit. However, immunotherapy is a treatment that uses patients own immune system to help fight cancer and as such has several advantages over other treatments. Thus, the next major milestones in immunotherapy came in the middle of the 80s as a) adoptive cell therapy relaying on patients tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, b) injection of recombinant cytokines such as rIL2, c) identification of the first tumorassociated antigens and d) development of tumor specific monoclonal antibodies. It was followed by dendritic cells vaccines. Tremendous progress has been made in the past two decades with regard to understanding the complex interactions between tumors and the immune system and developing innovative ways to manipulate the antitumor immune response. It is recently represented as blockage of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Abstract
This article intends to place new treatments in the context of allergic rhinitis (AR) treatment history. The medical literature was searched for significant advances and changes in AR treatment. Historical data on AR treatment options and management were selected. Reviews of AR management published throughout the 20th century were included to provide context for treatment advances. Modern AR treatment began in the early 20th century with immunotherapy and was soon followed by the emergence of antihistamine therapy in the 1930s. Numerous treatments for AR have been used over the ensuing decades, including decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Topical corticosteroid options were developed the 1950s, and, added to baseline antihistamine therapy, became the foundation of AR treatment. Treatment options were significantly impacted after the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which phased out the use of chlorofluorocarbon propellant aerosols because of environmental concerns. From the mid-1990s until recently, this left only aqueous solution options for intranasal corticosteroids (INSs). The approval of the first hydrofluoroalkane propellant aerosol INSs for AR in 2012 restored a "dry" aerosol treatment option. The first combination intranasal antihistamine/INSs was also approved in 2012, providing a novel treatment option for AR. Treatment of AR has progressed with new therapeutic options now available. This should continue to move forward with agents to alter the allergic mechanism itself and impact the disease burden that has a significant impact on patient outcomes.
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Greenberg PD, Cheever MA, Fefer A. Pillars article: Eradication of disseminated murine leukemia by chemoimmunotherapy with cyclophosphamide and adoptively transferred immune syngeneic Lyt-1+2- lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1981. 154: 952-963. J Immunol 2013; 190:1899-1910. [PMID: 23417526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent T. DeVita
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale–New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, and Yale University School of Public Health — all in New Haven, CT (V.T.D.); the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine — all in Bethesda, MD (S.A.R.); and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (S.A.R.). Address reprint requests to Dr. DeVita at the Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale–New Haven, 333 Cedar St., PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, or at
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale–New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, and Yale University School of Public Health — all in New Haven, CT (V.T.D.); the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine — all in Bethesda, MD (S.A.R.); and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (S.A.R.). Address reprint requests to Dr. DeVita at the Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale–New Haven, 333 Cedar St., PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, or at
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Abstract
High-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon were the most commonly administered therapies before the recent introduction of targeted agents, including vascular endothelial growth factor and mammalian target of rapamycin pathway inhibitors. Although the new agents result in a progression-free survival benefit, high-dose IL-2 remains the only agent with proven efficacy in producing durable complete and partial responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Furthermore, although the use of single-agent interferon has decreased significantly since the introduction of targeted therapy, it remains in the frontline setting in combination with bevacizumab as a result of 2 large phase III trials. Lastly, improved understanding of immune regulation has led to the advancement of targeted immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors that have shown promising activity and are moving forward in clinical development. This article focuses on the current status of immunotherapy in the management of metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saby George
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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Abstract
The year 2009 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the first successful allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The field of HSCT has pioneered some of the most exciting areas of research today. HSCT was the original stem cell therapy, the first cancer immune therapy and the earliest example of individualized cancer therapy. In this Timeline article we review the history of the development of HSCT and major advances made in the past 50 years. We highlight accomplishments made by researchers who continue to strive to improve outcomes for patients and increase the availability of this potentially life-saving therapy for patients with otherwise incurable malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Jenq
- Department of Immunology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Reis e Sousa C. Caetano Reis e Sousa: harnessing DC power. Interview by Hema Bashyam. J Exp Med 2008; 205:1946-7. [PMID: 18762569 PMCID: PMC2526189 DOI: 10.1084/jem.2059pi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Freye HB. The role of pollens in allergy. Med Health R I 2008; 91:174-175. [PMID: 18610805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Morales A. Legends in urology. Can J Urol 2008; 15:3951-3953. [PMID: 18405441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Abstract
At the centenary of Robert Koch's Nobel Prize award, tuberculosis treatment with tuberculin, which was announced in Berlin in 1890, is still considered a failure. Nevertheless, there is now sufficient information supporting the idea that tuberculin therapy was widely used until the second half of the twentieth century; thus, the impact of this treatment should be studied and related to the decrease in tuberculosis-related mortality recorded in that period. Moreover, tuberculin therapy has inspired at least two new immunotherapies; these, however, were directed toward precisely the opposite effect: suppression of the Koch phenomenon. Thus, inoculation of Mycobacterium vaccae polarizes the immune response towards the Th1 type; and inoculation of RUTI avoids local immunodepression after short-term chemotherapy without inducing toxicity. For this reason, Robert Koch's work on antituberculosis therapy should be reread and proper recognition given to his contribution in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere J Cardona
- Unidad de Tuberculosis Experimental, Servicio de Microbiología, Fundació Institut per a la Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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Abstract
The broad field of gene therapy promises a number of innovative treatments that are likely to become important in preventing deaths from cancer. In this review, we discuss the history, highlights and future of three different gene therapy treatment approaches: immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy and gene transfer. Immunotherapy uses genetically modified cells and viral particles to stimulate the immune system to destroy cancer cells. Recent clinical trials of second and third generation vaccines have shown encouraging results with a wide range of cancers, including lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and malignant melanoma. Oncolytic virotherapy, which uses viral particles that replicate within the cancer cell to cause cell death, is an emerging treatment modality that shows great promise, particularly with metastatic cancers. Initial phase I trials for several vectors have generated excitement over the potential power of this technique. Gene transfer is a new treatment modality that introduces new genes into a cancerous cell or the surrounding tissue to cause cell death or slow the growth of the cancer. This treatment technique is very flexible, and a wide range of genes and vectors are being used in clinical trials with successful outcomes. As these therapies mature, they may be used alone or in combination with current treatments to help make cancer a manageable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Cross
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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Abstract
For more than a century, therapeutic antibodies held the promise of providing specific cures for a wide range of diseases. It was not till the monoclonal era that the difficulties with purity and reproducibility were surmounted. But many obstacles still remained, and it has been a complex process to identify the best specificities, optimise effector functions and avoid unwanted immunogenicity. The academic community made substantial contributions, but higher regulatory hurdles will make this less significant in the future. Optimal delivery to the site of action remains one of the most important issues to be addressed. Monoclonal antibodies are already a significant part of the pharmaceutical market but there is a considerable potential still to be tapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Hale
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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Schmidt C. Profile: Una Ryan. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:881. [PMID: 16900115 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0806-881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Foon KA. Biological therapies: Twenty-five years of progress in cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2006; 5:331-4. [PMID: 16479152 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.5.3.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Foon
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA.
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McCarthy EF. The toxins of William B. Coley and the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Iowa Orthop J 2006; 26:154-8. [PMID: 16789469 PMCID: PMC1888599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In 1891, William B. Coley injected streptococcal organisms into a patient with inoperable cancer. He thought that the infection he produced would have the side effect of shrinking the malignant tumor. He was successful, and this was one of the first examples of immunotherapy. Over the next forty years, as head of the Bone Tumor Service at Memorial Hospital in New York, Coley injected more than 1000 cancer patients with bacteria or bacterial products. These products became known as Coley's Toxins. He and other doctors who used them reported excellent results, especially in bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Despite his reported good results, Coley's Toxins came under a great deal of criticism because many doctors did not believe his results. This criticism, along with the development of radiation therapy and chemotherapy, caused Coley's Toxins to gradually disappear from use. However, the modern science of immunology has shown that Coley's principles were correct and that some cancers are sensitive to an enhanced immune system. Because research is very active in this field, William B. Coley, a bone sarcoma surgeon, deserves the title "Father of Immunotherapy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F McCarthy
- Department of Pathology and Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Siberil S, Dutertre CA, Boix C, Teillaud JL. Anticorps monoclonaux à usage thérapeutique : un peu d'histoire, beaucoup d'ingénierie, et … quelques succès cliniques. Transfus Clin Biol 2005; 12:114-22. [PMID: 15907389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after their discovery by Milstein and Köhler, monoclonal antibodies have now come of age as therapeutics. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies are on the market and/or have got authorization to be used for the treatment of severe diseases. Many technical efforts have been devoted over the last two decades to the generation of second generation mAbs with better affinities, decreased immunogenicity and optimized effector functions. The development of molecular engineering techniques applied to antibody molecules has also made it possible to design bi-specific antibodies and fusion molecules exhibiting different modules with bi-functional activities. The use of proteomics and genomics combined with phage display allows now the rapid selection of antibodies directed against new targets at a high rate. Many efforts are currently focused on the selection of high-responder patients, the optimization of antibody delivery, schemes of infusion, antibody pharmaco-kinetics and bio-distribution, as well as on a better control of the severe side-effects generated by some antibody treatments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Cell Line, Transformed/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- History, 20th Century
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunotherapy/history
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Peptide Library
- Protein Engineering
- Rats
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- S Siberil
- Unité Inserm 255, université Paris-VI-Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, centre de recherches biomédicales des Cordeliers, France
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Dillman RO. International Society for Biological Therapy for Cancer. J Immunother 2005; 28:169-74. [PMID: 15838372 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000162778.11558.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sivakumar B, Paleolog E. Immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis: past, present and future. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2005; 8:169-76. [PMID: 15782541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of joints, and the destruction of cartilage and bone. Seminal studies demonstrating that pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), are expressed in RA, has resulted in the approval of anti-TNFalpha biological therapies for its treatment. Although groundbreaking in themselves, these studies have also paved the way for further research to determine whether the targeting of other cytokines and immune pathways might aid in development of the next generation of drugs for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branavan Sivakumar
- Imperial College, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research Campaign Building, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Zacharski
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA
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Abstract
The ability to label antigens and antibodies with simple chemicals and even with whole proteins fostered new approaches to basic studies of the immune system as well as new methods of immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy. This was especially true following the introduction of monoclonal antibodies, which enhanced the specificity of many of these applications. The uses to which these labeled immunoreagents were put were legion, and those who employed them might come from any field of biology or medicine. Many of these technical elaborations were critical to progress in immunology and in many other biomedical sciences. They illustrate also the often complex interplay between technology and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Silverstein
- Johns Hopkins Institute of the History of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Yamabe T. [History of cancer therapy]. Nihon Rinsho 2004; 62 Suppl 10:22-7. [PMID: 15535200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Abstract
The origins of immunology and allergy are founded upon the early 19th century microbiological studies of Jenner and Pasteur. It was discovered that the immune system could cause harm. The subspecialty of allergy began with the coining of the term by Von Pirquet in 1906 to describe disorders resulting from hyper-reaction to normally innocuous environmental agents. Understanding the scientific basis of the immune system and allergy allowed Noon and Freeman, and later Cooke, to develop allergen immunotherapy. Initially the technique was crude, but with the subsequent key discovery of IgE, more accurate methods of diagnosis (such as the radioallergosorbent test (RAST)) and treatment ensued. The efficacy of specific immunotherapy has been demonstrated by many double-blind trials culminating in the WHO position paper. DNA recombinant technology has provided detailed molecular understanding of allergic disorders, which has resulted in several novel methods of immunotherapy that are potentially safer and more effective. Use of recombinant allergens, T-cell peptides, DNA vaccination with CpG motifs or plasmid vectors and anti-IgE strategies with monoclonal antibodies are showing promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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Abstract
The historic development of vaccines to be used as immunotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, in various patient populations, is reviewed. Commentary is offered concerning the relevance of each approach in light of our current understanding of the pathological process of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Alan Holder
- Department of Microbiology, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinati, Ohio 4529, USA.
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Hoption Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C. Dr William Coley and tumour regression: a place in history or in the future. Postgrad Med J 2003; 79:672-80. [PMID: 14707241 PMCID: PMC1742910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous tumour regression has followed bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal infections. This phenomenon inspired the development of numerous rudimentary cancer immunotherapies, with a history spanning thousands of years. Coley took advantage of this natural phenomenon, developing a killed bacterial vaccine for cancer in the late 1800s. He observed that inducing a fever was crucial for tumour regression. Unfortunately, at the present time little credence is given to the febrile response in fighting infections-no less cancer. Rapidly growing tumours contain large numbers of leucocytes. These cells play a part in both defence and repair; however, reparative functions can also support tumour growth. Intratumoural infections may reactivate defensive functions, causing tumour regression. Can it be a coincidence that this method of immunotherapy has been "rediscovered" repeatedly throughout the centuries? Clearly, Coley's approach to cancer treatment has a place in the past, present, and future. It offers a rare opportunity for the development of a broadly applicable, relatively inexpensive, yet effective treatment for cancer. Even in cases beyond the reach of conventional therapy, there is hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hoption Cann
- Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
Historically, treatment of complex autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus has aimed to relieve symptoms, and in severe cases, use broad-spectrum immunosuppressive treatments in attempts to induce permanent remission. Recent research into the causes of chronic autoimmune inflammatory activation have not only explored the mechanism of action of known therapies, but also provided a number of new targets for therapy, by identifying the cells, cytokines and signalling pathways activated during autoimmune antibody mediated processes. This review briefly outlines progress in the understanding of the autoimmune nature of rheumatoid diseases and the expansion of treatment options, from broad to specific immunotherapies for these closely related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Mottram
- Austin Research Institute, Kronheimer Building, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
My work on basic and clinical immunology has focused on the regulation of the human immune response and how its dysregulation can lead to immunodeficiency, autoimmune, and malignant disorders. The early focus in our laboratory was on pathogenic mechanisms underlying hypogammaglobulinemia. Our demonstration of active suppression by human suppressor T cells changed thinking about the pathogenesis of certain immunodeficiency disorders. Recently we have focused on the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15, which have competitive functions in adaptive immune responses. IL-2 is necessary to destroy self-reactive lymphocytes and thus favors peripheral tolerance to self-antigens, whereas IL-15 favors the persistence of lymphocytes involved in the memory and effector responses to invading pathogens but risks the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Our murine anti-Tac monoclonal antibody exploits these differences, as does a humanized form (daclizumab) now approved for the prevention of renal allograft rejection. New forms of therapy directed at IL-2 and IL-15 receptors may be effective against certain neoplastic diseases and autoimmune disorders and in the prevention of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1374, Building 10, Room 4N115, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1374, USA.
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Fecci PE, Mitchell DA, Archer GE, Morse MA, Lyerly HK, Bigner DD, Sampson JH. The history, evolution, and clinical use of dendritic cell-based immunization strategies in the therapy of brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2003; 64:161-76. [PMID: 12952297 DOI: 10.1007/bf02700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in therapeutic regimens, the prognosis remains poor for patients with malignant gliomas. Specificity has been an elusive goal for current modalities, but immunotherapy has emerged as a potential means of designing more tumor-specific treatments. Dendritic cells (DC) are the specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system and have served now as a platform for therapeutic immunizations against such cancers as lymphoma, multiple myeloma, melanoma, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, colon cancer, and even malignant gliomas. DC-based immunizations offer a number of advantages over traditional immunotherapeutic approaches to brain tumors, approaches that have proved promising despite concerns over central nervous system immune privilege and glioma-mediated immunosuppression. The future success of clinical trials will depend on the optimization and standardizing of procedures for DC generation, loading, and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Fecci
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
One of the most controversial issues in immunology for over a century has been whether an effective immune response can be elicited against malignant tumours. Whether the immunology community has believed cancer immunotherapy is feasible or impossible has been largely determined by the prevailing immunological paradigms at that time. In fact, during the last 110 years it is possible to trace at least five dramatic fluctuations in attitude towards cancer immunotherapy. It now appears, however, that overwhelming evidence is available to support the view that both the innate and adaptive immune responses can recognize and eliminate tumours. On the other hand, it remains to be seen if these immune responses can be harnessed to control cancer as, at the time of diagnosis, many tumours have already been immunoselected to be highly resistant to immune elimination. Based on these observations it is argued that immunotherapy approaches, other than the generation of tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, must be explored. Alternative strategies include recruiting tumouricidal myeloid cells into tumours, generating antiangiogenic immune responses and directing innate immunity to hypoxia-induced ligands on tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Parish
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Over most of the 20th century, immunotherapy for cancer was based on empiricism. Interesting phenomena were observed in the areas of cancer, infectious diseases, or transplantation. Inferences were made and extrapolated into new approaches for the treatment of cancer. If tumors regressed, the treatment approaches could be refined further. However, until the appropriate tools and reagents were available, investigators were unable to understand the biology underlying these observations. In the early 1990s, the first human tumor T cell antigens were defined and dendritic cells were discovered to play a pivotal role in antigen presentation. The current era of cancer immunotherapy is one of translational research based on known biology and rationally designed interventions and has led to a rapid expansion of the field. The beginning of the 21st century brings the possibility of a new era of effective cancer immunotherapy, combining rational, immunological treatments with conventional therapies to improve the outcome for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Davis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Abstract
Processes for the large-scale fractionation of human plasma using cold ethanol were initially developed by Edwin Cohn and his colleagues at Harvard to provide albumin as a treatment for shock in World War II. Procedures for further purification of gamma globulins and other proteins precipitating at lower concentrations of ethanol were then developed by Oncley et al. Gamma globulin rapidly replaced convalescent and animal sera for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases such as measles, hepatitis, and polio, then came into widespread use as replacement therapy in the primary immune deficiencies, which emerged in the antibiotic era of the early 1950s. Although it took 40 years to develop preparations of gamma globulin that could be safely given intravenously, the eventual accomplishment of that goal has led to better treatment of antibody deficiency syndromes and also the wide use of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Those uses continue to expand even as monoclonal antibodies are being introduced for specific infectious diseases in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Berger
- University Hospitals of Cleveland/Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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