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Zhang Y, Shan L, Tang W, Ge Y, Li C, Zhang J. Recent Discovery and Development of Inhibitors that Target CDK9 and Their Therapeutic Indications. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5185-5215. [PMID: 38564299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
CDK9 is a cyclin-dependent kinase that plays pivotal roles in multiple cellular functions including gene transcription, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, and cellular differentiation. Targeting CDK9 is considered an attractive strategy for antitumor therapy, especially for leukemia and lymphoma. Several potent small molecule inhibitors, exemplified by TG02 (4), have progressed to clinical trials. However, many of them face challenges such as low clinical efficacy and multiple adverse reactions and may necessitate the exploration of novel strategies to lead to success in the clinic. In this perspective, we present a comprehensive overview of the structural characteristics, biological functions, and preclinical status of CDK9 inhibitors. Our focus extends to various types of inhibitors, including pan-inhibitors, selective inhibitors, dual-target inhibitors, degraders, PPI inhibitors, and natural products. The discussion encompasses chemical structures, structure-activity relationships (SARs), biological activities, selectivity, and therapeutic potential, providing detailed insight into the diverse landscape of CDK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- West China College of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Lianhai Shan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Tang
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Yating Ge
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - ChengXian Li
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
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2
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Hamel Z, Sanchez S, Standing D, Anant S. Role of STAT3 in pancreatic cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:20-34. [PMID: 38464736 PMCID: PMC10918236 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a serious and deadly disease, impacting people globally. There remain prominent gaps in the current understanding of the disease, specifically regarding the role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of proteins in pancreatic tumors. STAT proteins, particularly STAT3, play important roles in pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is the most prevalent histotype. The role of STAT3 across a continuum of molecular processes, such as PDAC tumorigenesis and progression, immune escape, drug resistance and stemness, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are only a tip of the iceberg. In some ways, the role of STAT3 in PDAC may hold greater importance than that of oncogenic Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS). This makes STAT3 a highly attractive target for developing targeted therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In this review, the current knowledge of STAT3 in pancreatic cancer has been summarized, particularly relating to STAT3 activation in cancer cells, cells of the TME, and the state of targeting STAT3 in pre-clinical and clinical trials of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hamel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sierra Sanchez
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David Standing
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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3
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Jonas BA, Hou JZ, Roboz GJ, Alvares CL, Jeyakumar D, Edwards JR, Erba HP, Kelly RJ, Röllig C, Fiedler W, Brackman D, Siddani SR, Chyla B, Hilger-Rolfe J, Watts JM. A phase 1b study of venetoclax and alvocidib in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41:743-752. [PMID: 37086447 PMCID: PMC10757832 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Relapsed/refractory (R/R) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous disease with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic combinations to overcome drug resistance in AML. This open-label, multicenter, international, phase 1b study evaluated the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of venetoclax in combination with alvocidib in patients with R/R AML. Patients were treated with escalating doses of venetoclax (400, 600, and 800 mg QD, orally, days 1-28) and alvocidib (45 and 60 mg/m2 , intravenously, days 1-3) in 28-day cycles. The combination was found to be safe and tolerable, with no maximum tolerated dose reached. Drug-related Grade ≥3 adverse events were reported in 23 (65.7%) for venetoclax and 24 (68.6%) for alvocidib. No drug-related AEs were fatal. Gastrointestinal toxicities, including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting were notable and frequent; otherwise, the toxicities reported were consistent with the safety profile of both agents. The response rate was modest (complete remission [CR] + incomplete CR [CRi], 11.4%; CR + CRi + partial response rate + morphologic leukemia-free state, 20%). There was no change in alvocidib pharmacokinetics with increasing doses of venetoclax. However, when venetoclax was administered with alvocidib, AUC24 and Cmax decreased by 18% and 19%, respectively. A recommended phase 2 dose was not established due to lack of meaningful increase in efficacy across all cohorts compared to what was previously observed with each agent alone. Future studies could consider the role of the sequence, dosing, and the use of a more selective MCL1 inhibitor for the R/R AML population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Malignant Hematology, Cell Therapy and Transplantation, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jing-Zhou Hou
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gail J Roboz
- Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Deepa Jeyakumar
- Chao Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - John R Edwards
- Indiana Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Harry P Erba
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard J Kelly
- Department of Haematology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Walter Fiedler
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Justin M Watts
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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4
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Alsfouk AA, Alshibl HM, Altwaijry NA, Alanazi A, AlKamaly O, Sultan A, Alsfouk BA. New Imadazopyrazines with CDK9 Inhibitory Activity as Anticancer and Antiviral: Synthesis, In Silico, and In Vitro Evaluation Approaches. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1018. [PMID: 37513929 PMCID: PMC10383573 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis and biological activity of new imadazopyrazines as first-in-class CDK9 inhibitors. The inhibition of CDK9 is a well-established therapeutic target in cancer therapy. The new compounds were assessed using an in vitro kinase assay against CDK9. In this assay, compound 1d exhibited the highest CDK9 inhibition with an IC50 of 0.18 µM. The cytotoxicity effect of the novel compounds was evaluated in three cancer cell lines: HCT116, K652, and MCF7. The results of this assay showed a correlation between the antiproliferative effect of the inhibitors and their CDK9 inhibitory effect in the biochemical assay. This suggests CDK9 inhibition as a mechanistic pathway for their anticancer effect. Several compounds demonstrated potent cytotoxic effects with single-digit micromolar IC50 values yielded through an MTT assay. The compounds with the most promising data were further assessed for their antiviral activity against human Coronavirus 229E. The results showed that compound 4a showed the highest antiviral potency with an IC50 of 63.28 µM and a selectivity index of 4.8. In silico target prediction data showed that 4a displayed a good affinity to proteases. The result of the docking studies of 4a with COVID-19 main protease revealed a high binding affinity, which confirmed the results obtained from in vitro study. The physiochemical and in silico pharmacokinetic parameters indicated reasonable drug-likeness properties of the new compounds, including solubility, lipophilicity, absorption, oral bioavailability, and metabolic stability. Further lead optimization of this novel scaffold could lead to a revolution of a new class of preclinical CDK9 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Alshibl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla A Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omkulthom AlKamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bshra A Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Wang Q, Bode AM, Zhang T. Targeting CDK1 in cancer: mechanisms and implications. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:58. [PMID: 37311884 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases that are proposed as promising candidate targets for cancer treatment. These proteins complexed with cyclins play a critical role in cell cycle progression. Most CDKs demonstrate substantially higher expression in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and, according to the TCGA database, correlate with survival rate in multiple cancer types. Deregulation of CDK1 has been shown to be closely associated with tumorigenesis. CDK1 activation plays a critical role in a wide range of cancer types; and CDK1 phosphorylation of its many substrates greatly influences their function in tumorigenesis. Enrichment of CDK1 interacting proteins with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was conducted to demonstrate that the associated proteins participate in multiple oncogenic pathways. This abundance of evidence clearly supports CDK1 as a promising target for cancer therapy. A number of small molecules targeting CDK1 or multiple CDKs have been developed and evaluated in preclinical studies. Notably, some of these small molecules have also been subjected to human clinical trials. This review evaluates the mechanisms and implications of targeting CDK1 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
| | - Tianshun Zhang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
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6
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Mounika P, Gurupadayya B, Kumar HY, Namitha B. An Overview of CDK Enzyme Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023; 23:603-619. [PMID: 36959160 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230320144713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to address the cell cycle in cancer therapy brings up new medication development possibilities. Cyclin-dependent kinases are a group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle. The CDK/cyclin complexes are activated when specific CDK sites are phosphorylated. Because of their non-selectivity and severe toxicity, most first-generation CDK inhibitors (also known as pan-CDK inhibitors) have not been authorized for clinical usage. Despite this, significant progress has been made in allowing pan-CDK inhibitors to be employed in clinical settings. Pan-CDK inhibitors' toxicity and side effects have been lowered in recent years because of the introduction of combination therapy techniques. As a result of this, pan-CDK inhibitors have regained a lot of clinical potential as a combination therapy approach. The CDK family members have been introduced in this overview, and their important roles in cell cycle control have been discussed. Then, we have described the current state of CDK inhibitor research, with a focus on inhibitors other than CDK4/6. We have mentioned first-generation pan-CDKIs, flavopiridol and roscovitine, as well as second-generation CDKIs, dinaciclib, P276-00, AT7519, TG02, roniciclib, and RGB-286638, based on their research phases, clinical trials, and cancer targeting. CDKIs are CDK4/6, CDK7, CDK9, and CDK12 inhibitors. Finally, we have looked into the efficacy of CDK inhibitors and PD1/PDL1 antibodies when used together, which could lead to the development of a viable cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peddaguravagari Mounika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Bannimath Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Bannimath Namitha
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
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7
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Zhang H, Huang J, Chen R, Cai H, Chen Y, He S, Xu J, Zhang J, Wang L. Ligand- and structure-based identification of novel CDK9 inhibitors for the potential treatment of leukemia. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 72:116994. [PMID: 36087428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) plays a vital role in controlling cell transcription and has been an attractive target for cancer treatment. Herein, ten predictive models derived from 1330 unique molecules against CDK9 were constructed based on molecular fingerprints and graphs using two conventional machine learning and four deep learning methods. The evaluation results showed that FP-GNN deep learning architecture performed best for CDK9 inhibitors prediction with the highest BA and F1 values of 0.681 and 0.912 for testing set. We then performed virtual screening to identify new CDK9 inhibitors by incorporating the optimal established predictive model and molecular docking. Five compounds were identified to show broad anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines through bioassays. For example, C9 exhibited antiproliferative activities against HeLa, MOLM-13 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 2.53, 3.92 and 11.65 μM. Kinase inhibition assay results demonstrated that these compounds displayed submicromolar (214 ∼ 504 nM) inhibitory activities against CDK9. Further cellular mechanism evaluation revealed that C9 suppressed the activity of CDK9 and interfered with the expression of Mcl-1 and cleaved PARP in MOLM-13 cells, resulting in the induction of cellular apoptosis. In addition, C9 displayed a good stability in rat liver microsomes, artificial gastrointestinal fluid and plasm. An online platform (called DEEPCDK9Pred) was developed based on the FP-GNN models to predict or design new CDK9 inhibitors. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that FP-GNN algorithm can achieve accurate prediction of CDK9 inhibitors and the subsequent discovery of C9 as a new potential CDK9 inhibitor deserves further structural modification for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jindi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Hanxuan Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuyun He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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8
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Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 9 in cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1633-1645. [PMID: 34811514 PMCID: PMC9253122 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 9 associates mainly with cyclin T1 and forms the positive transcription elongation factor b (p-TEFb) complex responsible for transcriptional regulation. It has been shown that CDK9 modulates the expression and activity of oncogenes, such as MYC and murine double minute 4 (MDM4), and it also plays an important role in development and/or maintenance of the malignant cell phenotype. Malfunction of CDK9 is frequently observed in numerous cancers. Recent studies have highlighted the function of CDK9 through a variety of mechanisms in cancers, including the formation of new complexes and epigenetic alterations. Due to the importance of CDK9 activation in cancer cells, CDK9 inhibitors have emerged as promising candidates for cancer therapy. Natural product-derived and chemically synthesized CDK9 inhibitors are being examined in preclinical and clinical research. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of CDK9 in transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation, and different cellular factor interactions, focusing on new advances. We show the importance of CDK9 in mediating tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Then, we provide an overview of some CDK9 inhibitors supported by multiple oncologic preclinical and clinical investigations. Finally, we discuss the perspective and challenge of CDK9 modulation in cancer.
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9
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Slika H, Mansour H, Wehbe N, Nasser SA, Iratni R, Nasrallah G, Shaito A, Ghaddar T, Kobeissy F, Eid AH. Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in cancer: ROS-mediated mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112442. [PMID: 35062053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play contradicting roles in cancer incidence and progression. Antioxidants have attracted attention as emerging therapeutic agents. Among these are flavonoids, which are natural polyphenols with established anticancer and antioxidant capacities. Increasing evidence shows that flavonoids can inhibit carcinogenesis via suppressing ROS levels. Surprisingly, flavonoids can also trigger excessive oxidative stress, but this can also induce death of malignant cells. In this review, we explore the inherent characteristics that contribute to the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids, and we dissect the scenarios in which they play the contrasting role as pro-oxidants. Furthermore, we elaborate on the pathways that link flavonoid-mediated modulation of ROS to the prevention and treatment of cancer. Special attention is given to the ROS-mediated anticancer functions that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), hesperetin, naringenin, quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin evoke in various cancers. We also delve into the structure-function relations that make flavonoids potent antioxidants. This review provides a detailed perspective that can be utilized in future experiments or trials that aim at utilizing flavonoids or verifying their efficacy for developing new pharmacologic agents. We support the argument that flavonoids are attractive candidates for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hadi Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nadine Wehbe
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Suzanne A Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Gheyath Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Tarek Ghaddar
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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10
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Alsfouk A. Small molecule inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 for cancer therapy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:693-706. [PMID: 33632038 PMCID: PMC7919902 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1890726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) plays a vital role in transcription through regulation of short-lived anti-apoptotic genes required for cancer cell survival. Therefore, targeting CDK9 with small molecule inhibitors has emerged as a potential cancer therapy. This article reviews the most recent CDK9 patent literature (2012-2020) related to small molecule inhibitors in cancer along with their selectivity profile and biological results in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Zhang YJ, Mu ZL, Deng P, Liang YD, Wu LC, Yang LL, Zhou Z, Yu ZP. 8-Formylophiopogonanone B induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-1 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1052-1063. [PMID: 34733490 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. It is very important to find drugs with high efficiency, low toxicity, and low side effects for the treatment of cancer. Flavonoids and their derivatives with broad biological functions have been recognized as anti-tumor chemicals. 8-Formylophiopogonanone B (8-FOB), a naturally existed homoisoflavonoids with rarely known biological functions, needs pharmacological evaluation. In order to explore the possible anti-tumor action of 8-FOB, we used six types of tumor cells to evaluate in vitro effects of this agent on cell viability and tested the effects on clone formation ability, scratching wound-healing, and apoptosis. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of pharmacological action, we examined 8-FOB-induced intracellular oxidative stress and -disrupted mitochondrial function. Results suggested that 8-FOB could suppress tumor cell viability, inhibit cell migration and invasion, induce apoptosis, and elicit intracellular ROS production. Among these six types of tumor cells, the nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-1 cells were the most sensitive cancer cells to 8-FOB treatment. Intracellular ROS production played a pivotal role in the anti-tumor action of 8-FOB. Our present study is the first to document that 8-FOB has anti-tumor activity in vitro and increases intracellular ROS production, which might be responsible for its anti-tumor action. The anti-tumor pharmacological effect of 8-FOB is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Zhang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, 100 University East Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Lin Mu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, 100 University East Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Dan Liang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, 100 University East Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Li-Chuan Wu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, 100 University East Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Zhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Ping Yu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, 100 University East Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R. China
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12
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Heerema NA, Muthusamy N, Zhao Q, Ruppert AS, Breidenbach H, Andritsos LA, Grever MR, Maddocks KJ, Woyach J, Awan F, Long M, Gordon A, Coombes C, Byrd JC. Prognostic significance of translocations in the presence of mutated IGHV and of cytogenetic complexity at diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2021; 106:1608-1615. [PMID: 32414849 PMCID: PMC8168513 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.212571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the IGH variable region in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are associated with a favorable prognosis. Cytogenetic complexity (>3 unrelated aberrations) and translocations have been associated with an unfavorable prognosis. While mutational status of IGHV is stable, cytogenetic aberrations frequently evolve. However, the relationships of these features as prognosticators at diagnosis are unknown. We examined the CpG-stimulated metaphase cytogenetic features detected within one year of diagnosis of CLL and correlated these features with outcome and other clinical features including IGHV. Of 329 untreated patients, 53 (16.1%) had a complex karyotype (16.1%), and 85 (25.8%) had a translocation. Median time to first treatment (TFT) was 47 months. In univariable analyses, significant risk factors for shorter TFT (p3.5, log-transformed WBC, unmutated IGHV, complex karyotype, translocation, and FISH for trisomy 8, del(11q) and del(17p). In multivariable analysis, there was significant effect modification of IGHV status on the relationship between translocation and TFT (p=0.002). In IGHV mutated patients, those with a translocation had over 3.5 times higher risk of starting treatment than those without a translocation (p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy S. Ruppert
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Leslie A. Andritsos
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael R. Grever
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kami J. Maddocks
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Woyach
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Farrukh Awan
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Meixiao Long
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amber Gordon
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Caitlin Coombes
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John C. Byrd
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Yang Y, Dai Y, Yang X, Wu S, Wang Y. DNMT3A Mutation-Induced CDK1 Overexpression Promotes Leukemogenesis by Modulating the Interaction between EZH2 and DNMT3A. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060781. [PMID: 34067359 PMCID: PMC8224654 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNMT3A mutations are frequently identified in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and indicate poor prognosis. Previously, we found that the hotspot mutation DNMT3A R882H could upregulate CDK1 and induce AML in conditional knock-in mice. However, the mechanism by which CDK1 is involved in leukemogenesis of DNMT3A mutation-related AML, and whether CDK1 could be a therapeutic target, remains unclear. In this study, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and immunoprecipitation analysis, we discovered that increased CDK1 could compete with EZH2 to bind to the PHD-like motif of DNMT3A, which may disturb the protein interaction between EZH2 and DNMT3A. Knockdown of CDK1 in OCI-AML3 cells with DNMT3A mutation markedly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis. CDK1 selective inhibitor CGP74514A (CGP) and the pan-CDK inhibitor flavopiridol (FLA) arrested OCI-AML3 cells in the G2/M phase, and induced cell apoptosis. CGP significantly increased CD163-positive cells. Moreover, the combined application of CDK1 inhibitor and traditional chemotherapy drugs synergistically inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of OCI-AML3 cells. In conclusion, this study highlights CDK1 overexpression as a pathogenic factor and a potential therapeutic target for DNMT3A mutation-related AML.
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Hei R, Li X, Cai H, Wu X, Zheng Q, Cai C. CDK inhibitors in cancer therapy, an overview of recent development. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1913-1935. [PMID: 34094661 PMCID: PMC8167670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated cell division, which leads to aberrant cell proliferation, is one of the key hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, therapeutic targets that block cell division would be effective for cancer treatment. Cell division is mainly controlled by a complex composed of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). To date, the CDK inhibitors (CDKIs), specifically the ones that block the enzyme activity of CDK4 and CDK6 (CDK4/6), have been approved by FDA for the treatment of metastatic hormone receptor positive breast cancer. However, due to the non-selectivity and significant toxicity, most of the first generation CDK inhibitors (so called pan-CDK inhibitors that target several CDKs), have not been approved for clinical application. Despite this, great efforts and progress have been made to enable pan-CDK inhibitors application in the clinical setting. Notably, the development of combination therapy strategies in recent years has made it possible to reduce the toxicity and side effects of pan-CDK inhibitors. Thus, as a combination therapy approach, pan-CDK inhibitors regain great potential in clinical application. In this review, we introduced the CDK family members and discussed their major functions in cell cycle controlling. Then, we summarized the research progress regarding CDK inhibitors, especially those other than CDK4/6 inhibitors. We reviewed first-generation pan-CDKIs Flavopiridol and Roscovitine, and second-generation CDKIs Dinaciclib, P276-00, AT7519, TG02, Roniciclib, RGB-286638 by focusing on their developing stages, clinical trials and targeting cancers. The specific CDKIs, which targets to increase specificity and decrease the side effects, were also discussed. These CDKIs include CDK4/6, CDK7, CDK9, and CDK12/13 inhibitors. Finally, the efficacy and discrepancy of combination therapy with CDK inhibitors and PD1/PDL1 antibodies were analyzed, which might give insights into the development of promising strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
| | - Lingxian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
| | - Ruoxuan Hei
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
| | | | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
- Shenzhen Academy of Peptide Targeting Technology at Pingshan, and Shenzhen Tyercan Bio-pharm Co., Ltd.Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Cheguo Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
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15
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Ahmed MN, Ghias M, Shah SWA, Shoaib M, Tahir MN, Ashfaq M, Ibrahim MAA, Andleeb H, Gil DM, Frontera A. X-ray characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT calculations, in vitro and in silico lipoxygenase inhibition (LOX) studies of dichlorophenyl substituted 3-hydroxy-chromenones. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis, X-ray characterization and theoretical study of dichlorophenyl substituted 3-hydroxy-chromenones focusing on the low prevalence of halogen bonds and in vitro and in silico lipoxygenase inhibition (LOX) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Ghias
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Syed Wadood Ali Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Shoaib
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department of Physics University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hina Andleeb
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Diego M. Gil
- INBIOFAL (CONICET – UNT), Instituto de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain
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16
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Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Malyszko J. Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Lysis Syndrome in the Era of Onco-Nephrology Progress. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:645-660. [DOI: 10.1159/000509934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency due to a rapid break down of malignant cells usually induced by cytotoxic therapy, with hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and serious clinical consequences such as acute renal injury, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension, and death. Rapidly expanding knowledge of cancer immune evasion mechanisms and host-tumor interactions has significantly changed our therapeutic strategies in hemato-oncology what resulted in the expanding spectrum of neoplasms with a risk of TLS. Summary: Since clinical TLS is a life-threatening condition, identifying patients with risk factors for TLS development and implementation of adequate preventive measures remains the most critical component of its medical management. In general, these consist of vigilant laboratory and clinical monitoring, vigorous IV hydration, urate-lowering therapy, avoidance of exogenous potassium, use of phosphate binders, and – in high-risk cases – considering cytoreduction before the start of the aggressive agent or a gradual escalation of its dose. Key Messages: In patients with a high risk of TLS, cytotoxic chemotherapy should be given in the facility with ready access to dialysis and a treatment plan discussed with the nephrology team. In the case of hyperkalemia, severe hyperphosphatemia or acidosis, and fluid overload unresponsive to diuretic therapy, the early renal replacement therapy (RRT) should be considered. One must remember that in TLS, the threshold for RRT initiation may be lower than in other clinical situations since the process of cell breakdown is ongoing, and rapid increases in serum electrolytes cannot be predicted.
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17
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Phillips DC, Jin S, Gregory GP, Zhang Q, Xue J, Zhao X, Chen J, Tong Y, Zhang H, Smith M, Tahir SK, Clark RF, Penning TD, Devlin JR, Shortt J, Hsi ED, Albert DH, Konopleva M, Johnstone RW, Leverson JD, Souers AJ. A novel CDK9 inhibitor increases the efficacy of venetoclax (ABT-199) in multiple models of hematologic malignancies. Leukemia 2020; 34:1646-1657. [PMID: 31827241 PMCID: PMC7266741 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MCL-1 is one of the most frequently amplified genes in cancer, facilitating tumor initiation and maintenance and enabling resistance to anti-tumorigenic agents including the BCL-2 selective inhibitor venetoclax. The expression of MCL-1 is maintained via P-TEFb-mediated transcription, where the kinase CDK9 is a critical component. Consequently, we developed a series of potent small-molecule inhibitors of CDK9, exemplified by the orally active A-1592668, with CDK selectivity profiles that are distinct from related molecules that have been extensively studied clinically. Short-term treatment with A-1592668 rapidly downregulates RNA pol-II (Ser 2) phosphorylation resulting in the loss of MCL-1 protein and apoptosis in MCL-1-dependent hematologic tumor cell lines. This cell death could be attenuated by either inhibiting caspases or overexpressing BCL-2 protein. Synergistic cell killing was also observed between A-1592668 or the related analog A-1467729, and venetoclax in a number of hematologic cell lines and primary NHL patient samples. Importantly, the CDK9 inhibitor plus venetoclax combination was well tolerated in vivo and demonstrated efficacy superior to either agent alone in mouse models of lymphoma and AML. These data indicate that CDK9 inhibitors could be highly efficacious in tumors that depend on MCL-1 for survival or when used in combination with venetoclax in malignancies dependent on MCL-1 and BCL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C Phillips
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Sha Jin
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Gareth P Gregory
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Hematology Program, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Xue
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Xiaoxian Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- TEST, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Yunsong Tong
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Haichao Zhang
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Morey Smith
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Stephen K Tahir
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Rick F Clark
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Thomas D Penning
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Jennifer R Devlin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Hematology Program, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jake Shortt
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Eric D Hsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Daniel H Albert
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Hematology Program, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Joel D Leverson
- Oncology-Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Andrew J Souers
- Oncology-Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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18
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Therapeutic Targeting of the General RNA Polymerase II Transcription Machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093354. [PMID: 32397434 PMCID: PMC7246882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting the general RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription machinery are candidate therapeutics in cancer and other complex diseases. Here, we review the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of these compounds, framing them within the steps of RNAPII transcription. We discuss the effects of transcription inhibitors in vitro and in cellular models (with an emphasis on cancer), as well as their efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. We also discuss the rationale for inhibiting broadly acting transcriptional regulators or RNAPII itself in complex diseases.
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19
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Ibrahim N, Bonnet P, Brion JD, Peyrat JF, Bignon J, Levaique H, Josselin B, Robert T, Colas P, Bach S, Messaoudi S, Alami M, Hamze A. Identification of a new series of flavopiridol-like structures as kinase inhibitors with high cytotoxic potency. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112355. [PMID: 32402934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, unique flavopiridol analogs bearing thiosugars, amino acids and heterocyclic moieties tethered to the flavopiridol via thioether and amine bonds mainly on its C ring have been prepared. The analogs bearing thioether-benzimidazoles as substituents have demonstrated high cytotoxic activity in vitro against up to seven cancer cell lines. Their cytotoxic effects are comparable to those of flavopiridol. The most active compound 13c resulting from a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study and in silico docking showed the best antiproliferative activity and was more efficient than the reference compound. In addition, compound 13c showed significant nanomolar inhibition against CDK9, CDK10, and GSK3β protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Ibrahim
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR7311 Université d'Orléans-CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Brion
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Jean-François Peyrat
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Jerome Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, F-91198, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Helene Levaique
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, F-91198, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Josselin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Pierre Colas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Mouad Alami
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France.
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France.
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20
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Ding L, Cao J, Lin W, Chen H, Xiong X, Ao H, Yu M, Lin J, Cui Q. The Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Cell-Cycle Progression and Therapeutic Strategies in Human Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061960. [PMID: 32183020 PMCID: PMC7139603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases whose catalytic activities are regulated by interactions with cyclins and CDK inhibitors (CKIs). CDKs are key regulatory enzymes involved in cell proliferation through regulating cell-cycle checkpoints and transcriptional events in response to extracellular and intracellular signals. Not surprisingly, the dysregulation of CDKs is a hallmark of cancers, and inhibition of specific members is considered an attractive target in cancer therapy. In breast cancer (BC), dual CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, combined with other agents, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently for the treatment of hormone receptor positive (HR+) advanced or metastatic breast cancer (A/MBC), as well as other sub-types of breast cancer. Furthermore, ongoing studies identified more selective CDK inhibitors as promising clinical targets. In this review, we focus on the roles of CDKs in driving cell-cycle progression, cell-cycle checkpoints, and transcriptional regulation, a highlight of dysregulated CDK activation in BC. We also discuss the most relevant CDK inhibitors currently in clinical BC trials, with special emphasis on CDK4/6 inhibitors used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor 2-negative (HER2−) M/ABC patients, as well as more emerging precise therapeutic strategies, such as combination therapies and microRNA (miRNA) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jiaqi Cao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xianhui Xiong
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongshun Ao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Min Yu
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
- Correspondence:
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21
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Bisol Â, de Campos PS, Lamers ML. Flavonoids as anticancer therapies: A systematic review of clinical trials. Phytother Res 2019; 34:568-582. [PMID: 31752046 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids have been proposed as potential chemotherapeutic agents because they are toxic against cancer cells but not harmful to healthy cells. This systematic review analyzed flavonoid effectiveness in human cancer chemotherapy. Overall, 22 phase II and 1 phase III clinical trials (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) that used flavonoids as a single agent or combined with other therapeutics against hematopoietic/lymphoid or solid cancer published by January 2019 were selected for analysis. Flavopiridol was the most commonly used flavonoid (at a dose of 50-mg/m2 IV) for all tumor types. Aside from the relatively low rate of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) with any administration protocol, flavonoids showed higher positive outcomes for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (140 patients with CR and 88 with PR among 615 patients in 11 trials) than for solid tumors (4 patients with CR and 21 with PR among 525 patients in 12 trials). However, because of the high variety in administration schedule, more studies are needed to further understand how flavonoids can promote positive outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Bisol
- Basic Research Center in Dentistry, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paloma Santos de Campos
- Basic Research Center in Dentistry, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lazzaron Lamers
- Basic Research Center in Dentistry, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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22
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Znati M, Bordes C, Forquet V, Lantéri P, Ben Jannet H, Bouajila J. Synthesis, molecular properties, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of novel 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103009. [PMID: 31158579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 3-hydroxyflavones (1-46) were synthesized according to the Claisen-Schmidt followed by Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reactions (AFO) in one step. The synthesized flavonoids were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DCI-HRMS. All the synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their 15-lipoxygenase inhibitory and cytotoxic activity against the human cell lines HCT-116 (Human colon carcinoma), IGROV-1 and OVCAR-3 (human ovarian carcinoma). It has been found that the derivatives 25, 37 and 45 were the most actives against HCT-116 (IC50 = 8.0, 9.0 and 9.0 μM, respectively) and against IGROV-1 (IC50 = 2.4, 5.0 and 6.0 μM, respectively). The derivatives 14 and 21 exhibited the higher anti-inflammatory activity at 100 μM with PI values of 76.50 and 72.70%, respectively. Molecule description was performed with DFT calculations, the drug likeness and bioactivity scores. The results exhibted that some compounds are in linear correlation with Lipinski's rule of five showing good drug likeness and bioactivity score for drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Znati
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Toulouse, Paul-Sabatier University, Faculty of Pharmacy Toulouse, Laboratory of IMRCP UMR CNRS 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Bordes
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ISA (Institut des Sciences Analytiques), UMR CNRS n°5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Valérian Forquet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ISA (Institut des Sciences Analytiques), UMR CNRS n°5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Lantéri
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ISA (Institut des Sciences Analytiques), UMR CNRS n°5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Jalloul Bouajila
- University of Toulouse, Paul-Sabatier University, Faculty of Pharmacy Toulouse, Laboratory of IMRCP UMR CNRS 5623, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
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23
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Roskoski R. Cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:471-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Xu Y, Jiang S, Shao Y. Deciphering the binding behavior of flavonoids to the cyclin dependent kinase 6/cyclin D complex. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196651. [PMID: 29715320 PMCID: PMC5929560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a class of natural compounds with variable phenolic structures, have been found to possess anti-cancer activities by modulating different enzymes and receptors like CDK6. To understand the binding behavior of flavonoids that inhibit the active CDK6, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on six inhibitors, chrysin (M01), fisetin (M03), galangin (M04), genistein (M05), quercetin (M06) and kaempferol (M07), complexed with CDK6/cyclin D. For all six flavonoids, the 3'-OH and 4'-OH of B-ring were found to be favorable for hydrogen bond formation, but the 3-OH on the C-ring and 5-OH on the A-ring were unfavorable, which were confirmed by the MD simulation results of the test molecule, 3', 4', 7-trihydroxyflavone (M15). The binding efficiencies of flavonoids against the CDK6/cyclin D complex were mainly through the electrostatic (especially the H-bond force) and vdW interactions with residues ILE19, VAL27, ALA41, GLU61, PHE98, GLN103, ASP163 and LEU152. The order of binding affinities of these flavonoids toward the CDK6/cyclin D was M03 > M01 > M07 > M15 > M06 > M05 > M04. It is anticipated that the binding features of flavonoid inhibitors studied in the present work may provide valuable insights for the development of CDK6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Lilei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yangcheng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Yueyue Shao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China
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25
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Bharate SB, Kumar V, Jain SK, Mintoo MJ, Guru SK, Nuthakki VK, Sharma M, Bharate SS, Gandhi SG, Mondhe DM, Bhushan S, Vishwakarma RA. Discovery and Preclinical Development of IIIM-290, an Orally Active Potent Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1664-1687. [PMID: 29370702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rohitukine (1), a chromone alkaloid isolated from Indian medicinal plant Dysoxylum binectariferum, has inspired the discovery of flavopiridol and riviciclib, both of which are bioavailable only via intravenous route. With the objective to address the oral bioavailability issue of this scaffold, four series of rohitukine derivatives were prepared and screened for Cdk inhibition and cellular antiproliferative activity. The 2,6-dichloro-styryl derivative IIIM-290 (11d) showed strong inhibition of Cdk-9/T1 (IC50 1.9 nM) kinase and Molt-4/MIAPaCa-2 cell growth (GI50 < 1.0 μM) and was found to be highly selective for cancer cells over normal fibroblast cells. It inhibited the cell growth of MIAPaCa-2 cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. It achieved 71% oral bioavailability with in vivo efficacy in pancreatic, colon, and leukemia xenografts at 50 mg/kg, po. It did not have CYP/efflux-pump liability, was not mutagenic/genotoxic or cardiotoxic, and was metabolically stable. The preclinical data presented herein indicates the potential of 11d for advancement in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mubashir J Mintoo
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Santosh K Guru
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Vijay K Nuthakki
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Dilip M Mondhe
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Indian Pharmacopeia Commission , Sec-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
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26
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Premkumar DR, Jane EP, Thambireddy S, Sutera PA, Cavaleri JM, Pollack IF. Mitochondrial dysfunction RAD51, and Ku80 proteolysis promote apoptotic effects of Dinaciclib in Bcl-xL silenced cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:469-482. [PMID: 29240261 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of CDK inhibitors (ribociclib, palbociclib, seliciclib, AZD5438, and dinaciclib) on malignant human glioma cells for cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function using various assays. None of the CDK inhibitors induced cell death at a clinically relevant concentration. However, low nanomolar concentrations of dinaciclib showed higher cytotoxic activity against Bcl-xL silenced cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This effect was not seen with other CDK inhibitors. The apoptosis-inducing capability of dinaciclib in Bcl-xL silenced cells was evidenced by cell shrinkage, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and increased phosphatidylserine externalization. Dinaciclib was found to disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in the release of cytochrome c, AIF, and smac/DIABLO into the cytoplasm. This was accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin-D1, D3, and total Rb. Dinaciclib caused cell cycle arrest in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and with accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase. Our results also revealed that dinaciclib, but not ribociclib or palbociclib or seliciclib or AZD5438 induced intrinsic apoptosis via upregulation of the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bak), resulting in the activation of caspases and cleavage of PARP. We also found an additional mechanism for the dinaciclib-induced augmentation of apoptosis due to abrogation RAD51-cyclin D1 interaction, specifically proteolysis of the DNA repair proteins RAD51 and Ku80. Our results suggest that successfully interfering with Bcl-xL function may restore sensitivity to dinaciclib and could hold the promise for an effective combination therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Premkumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Esther P Jane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Swetha Thambireddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip A Sutera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathon M Cavaleri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Vijayaraghavan S, Moulder S, Keyomarsi K, Layman RM. Inhibiting CDK in Cancer Therapy: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Target Oncol 2017; 13:21-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Cheson BD, Heitner Enschede S, Cerri E, Desai M, Potluri J, Lamanna N, Tam C. Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Novel Targeted Agents. Oncologist 2017; 22:1283-1291. [PMID: 28851760 PMCID: PMC5679833 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication associated with the treatment of some cancers. If left untreated, TLS may result in acute renal failure, cardiac dysrhythmia, neurologic complications, seizures, or death. Tumor lysis syndrome is most commonly observed in patients with hematologic malignancies with a high proliferation rate undergoing treatment with very effective therapies. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), historically, TLS has been observed less often, owing to a low proliferation rate and slow response to chemotherapy. New targeted therapies have recently been approved in the treatment of CLL, including the oral kinase inhibitors, idelalisib and ibrutinib, and the B-cell lymphoma-2 protein inhibitor, venetoclax. Several others are also under development, and combination strategies of these agents are being explored. This review examines the diagnosis, prevention, and management of TLS and summarizes the TLS experience in CLL clinical trials with newer targeted agents. Overall, the risk of TLS is small, but the consequences may be fatal; therefore, patients should be monitored carefully. Therapies capable of eliciting rapid response and combination regimens are increasingly being evaluated for treatment of CLL, which may pose a higher risk of TLS. For optimal management, patients at risk for TLS require prophylaxis and close monitoring with appropriate tests and appropriate management to correct laboratory abnormalities, which allows for safe and effective disease control. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a potentially fatal condition observed with hematologic malignancies, caused by release of cellular components in the bloodstream from rapidly dying tumor cells. The frequency and severity of TLS is partly dependent upon the biology of the disease and type of therapy administered. Novel targeted agents highly effective at inducing rapid cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may pose a risk for TLS in patients with tumors characterized by rapid growth, high tumor burden, and/or high sensitivity to treatment. In this review, prevention strategies and management of patients with CLL who develop TLS are described.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use
- Disease Management
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Purines/therapeutic use
- Quinazolinones/therapeutic use
- Risk Factors
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome/complications
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome/diagnosis
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome/drug therapy
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Cheson
- Georgetown University Hospital, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Lamanna
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Constantine Tam
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Small Molecule Inhibitors in Chronic Lymphocytic Lymphoma and B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2017; 12:207-216. [PMID: 28439761 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-017-0383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature for the use of small molecule inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. RECENT FINDINGS Ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax are small molecule inhibitors that have revolutionized therapeutic options for patients with CLL, particularly for those with high-risk disease including 17p deletion. These drugs are increasingly finding application in a variety of subtypes of B cell NHL. Intolerance and resistance are concerns for select patients, highlighting the need for continual development of alternate therapies. The treatment armamentarium for CLL and NHL is vastly different than it was just a few years ago. Patients have a much wider range of non-chemotherapy treatment options, some of which produce durable responses and have long-term tolerability. Future research directions will likely focus on identifying the optimal sequences and combination strategies for these new targeted therapies.
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30
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Erol A, Acikgoz E, Guven U, Duzagac F, Turkkani A, Colcimen N, Oktem G. Ribosome biogenesis mediates antitumor activity of flavopiridol in CD44 +/CD24 - breast cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6433-6440. [PMID: 29422957 PMCID: PMC5770605 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavopiridol is a synthetically produced flavonoid that potently inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cell lines. Flavopiridol exerts strong antitumor activity via several mechanisms, including the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and the modulation of transcriptional regulation. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of flavopiridol on a subpopulation of cluster of differentiation (CD)44+/CD24− human breast cancer MCF7 stem cells. The CD44+/CD24− cells were isolated from the MCF7 cell line by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and treated with 100, 300, 500, 750 and 1,000 nM flavopiridol for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability and proliferation assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effect of flavopiridol. Gene expression profiling was analyzed using Illumina Human HT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip microarray. According to the results, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of flavopiridol was 500 nM in monolayer cells. Flavopiridol induced growth inhibition and cytotoxicity in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) at the IC50 dose. The present study revealed several differentially regulated genes between flavopiridol-treated and untreated cells. The result of the pathway analysis revealed that flavopiridol serves an important role in translation, the ribosome biogenesis pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain pathway, carbon metabolism and cell cycle. A notable result from the present study is that ribosome-associated gene expression is significantly affected by flavopiridol treatment. The data of the present study indicate that flavopiridol exhibits antitumor activity against CD44+/CD24− MCF7 BCSCs through different mechanisms, mainly by inhibiting translation and the ribosome biogenesis pathway, and could be an effective chemotherapeutic molecule to target and kill BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Erol
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65000 Van, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ummu Guven
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Duzagac
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayten Turkkani
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nese Colcimen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65000 Van, Turkey
| | - Gulperi Oktem
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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31
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Uncovering BRD4 hyperphosphorylation associated with cellular transformation in NUT midline carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic reader BRD4 plays a vital role in transcriptional regulation, cellular growth control, and cell-cycle progression. Dysregulation of BRD4 function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of cancers. However, how BRD4 is regulated to maintain its normal function in healthy cells and how alteration of this process leads to cancer remain poorly understood. In this study, we discovered that BRD4 is hyperphosphorylated in NUT midline carcinoma and identified CDK9 as a potential kinase mediating BRD4 hyperphosphorylation. Disruption of BRD4 hyperphosphorylation using both chemical and molecular inhibitors led to the repression of BRD4 downstream oncogenes and abrogation of cellular transformation. BRD4 hyperphosphorylation is also observed in other cancers displaying enhanced BRD4 oncogenic activity. Our study revealed a mechanism that may regulate BRD4 biological function through phosphorylation, which, when dysregulated, could lead to oncogenesis. Our finding points to strategies to target the aberrant BRD4 signaling specifically for cancer intervention.
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32
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Zahr AA, Bose P, Keating MJ. Pharmacotherapy of relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:857-873. [PMID: 28446054 PMCID: PMC6488229 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1324420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of relapsed/refractory (RR) CLL has been revolutionized by the advent of the new oral inhibitors of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and the pro-survival protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2). Additionally, new and more potent monoclonal antibodies against CD20 have replaced/may replace rituximab in many settings. Areas covered: Herein, we review the entire therapeutic landscape of RR CLL, with particular attention to the new small-molecule kinase inhibitors and BH3-mimetics. We discuss preclinical data with these agents in CLL, cover available efficacy and safety information, and examine potential resistance mechanisms and possible rational combinations to circumvent them. Expert opinion: The availability of potent and selective inhibitors of BCR signaling and of the anti-apoptotic functions of BCL2 has enormously enhanced our therapeutic armamentarium, with unprecedented efficacy now observed in patients who historically had poor outcomes with chemoimmunotherapy (CIT), e.g., those with deletion 17p/11q and/or IGHV-unmutated disease. The next challenge is to optimally sequence these agents and develop rational combinations that will hopefully lead to deeper and more durable remissions than ever seen before. Indeed, long term relapse free survival, already achievable with CIT in patients with genetically favorable-risk disease, now appears to be a realistic possibility for most patients with CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- CD28 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Drug Interactions
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recurrence
- Rituximab/administration & dosage
- Rituximab/adverse effects
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Abou Zahr
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prithviraj Bose
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J. Keating
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Okada Y, Kato S, Sakamoto Y, Oishi T, Ishioka C. Synthetic lethal interaction of CDK inhibition and autophagy inhibition in human solid cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:31-42. [PMID: 28560460 PMCID: PMC5492844 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle control is a promising target in cancer treatments, and some small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors have exhibited clinical effectiveness. However, no biomarkers predictive of efficacy have been developed. Recent studies have revealed that CDK inhibitor (CKI) proteins, such as p27 and p16, also induced cytoprotective autophagy in cancer cells. However, it is unclear whether small-molecule CKIs also induce autophagy in solid tumors, as induced autophagy promotes cancer cell survival. In this study, we revealed that a CDK4 inhibitor and a CKI with a broad range of targets (flavopiridol) induced autophagy in some, but not all, solid cancer cell lines. Autophagy induction by CDK4 inhibitor was observed in BT474, MDA-MB435S, SKBr3 (derived from breast cancer), A431 (derived from epidermoid cancer), and SW480 (derived from colorectal cancer) cell lines. No such autophagy was observed in MCF7, MDA-MB231 (derived from breast cancer), NCI-N87 (derived from gastric cancer), and KMST-6 (derived from a fibroblast). In the cell lines showing autophagy, which was induced by CDK4 inhibitor, the combination of CDK4 inhibitor and autophagy inhibition by either chloroquine (CQ) or knockdown of ATG5 or BECN1 induced apoptosis. However, it did not induce apoptosis in the cell lines in which autophagy was not induced by CDK4 inhibitor. These findings indicate that the autophagy induced by CDK4 inhibitor mimics stress-induced autophagy in some solid cancer cell lines. The combination of a small-molecule CKI involved in G1/S arrest and an autophagy inhibitor leads to a synthetic lethal interaction and could become a new antitumor strategy for solid tumors showing cytoprotective autophagy induced by small-molecule CKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Okada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kato
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takayuki Oishi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled tumour cell proliferation resulting from aberrant activity of various cell cycle proteins. Therefore, cell cycle regulators are considered attractive targets in cancer therapy. Intriguingly, animal models demonstrate that some of these proteins are not essential for proliferation of non-transformed cells and development of most tissues. By contrast, many cancers are uniquely dependent on these proteins and hence are selectively sensitive to their inhibition. After decades of research on the physiological functions of cell cycle proteins and their relevance for cancer, this knowledge recently translated into the first approved cancer therapeutic targeting of a direct regulator of the cell cycle. In this Review, we focus on proteins that directly regulate cell cycle progression (such as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)), as well as checkpoint kinases, Aurora kinases and Polo-like kinases (PLKs). We discuss the role of cell cycle proteins in cancer, the rationale for targeting them in cancer treatment and results of clinical trials, as well as the future therapeutic potential of various cell cycle inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Otto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Efficacy and safety of dinaciclib vs ofatumumab in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:1876-1878. [PMID: 28126927 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-748210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Maly J, Blachly JS. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Exploiting Vulnerabilities with Targeted Agents. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2016; 11:52-60. [PMID: 26893063 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-016-0299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The field of oncology has been transformed over the course of the last 20 years in large part due to the enhanced understanding of cellular biology and cellular signaling. The indolent natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has permitted extensive study of cancer biology and can in some ways be thought of a model for understanding and translating concepts to other diseases. By systematically probing the biology of CLL cells and working out in stepwise fashion the transduction of signals from the surface immunoglobulin to nuclear transcription factors, investigators have paved the way for rational targeting of therapies at natural vulnerabilities that mimic oncogene addiction. These key targets include Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Src, Bcl2, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In this review, we will consider these proteins and describe the current and future molecules designed to target them in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Maly
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James S Blachly
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Synergistic cytotoxic effects of bortezomib and CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: turning off the prosurvival ER chaperone BIP/Grp78 and turning on the pro-apoptotic NF-κB. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1323-40. [PMID: 26593250 PMCID: PMC4811463 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a new targeted treatment option for refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. However, a limited efficacy of bortezomib alone has been reported. A terminal pro-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) is one of the several mechanisms of bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Recently, it has been documented that UPR disruption could be considered a selective anti-leukemia therapy. CX-4945, a potent casein kinase (CK) 2 inhibitor, has been found to induce apoptotic cell death in T-ALL preclinical models, via perturbation of ER/UPR pathway. In this study, we analyzed in T- and B-ALL preclinical settings, the molecular mechanisms of synergistic apoptotic effects observed after bortezomib/CX-4945 combined treatment. We demonstrated that, adding CX-4945 after bortezomib treatment, prevented leukemic cells from engaging a functional UPR in order to buffer the bortezomib-mediated proteotoxic stress in ER lumen. We documented that the combined treatment decreased pro-survival ER chaperon BIP/Grp78 expression, via reduction of chaperoning activity of Hsp90. Bortezomib/CX-4945 treatment inhibited NF-κB signaling in T-ALL cell lines and primary cells from T-ALL patients, but, intriguingly, in B-ALL cells the drug combination activated NF-κB p65 pro-apoptotic functions. In fact in B-cells, the combined treatment induced p65-HDAC1 association with consequent repression of the anti-apoptotic target genes, Bcl-xL and XIAP. Exposure to NEMO (IKKγ)-binding domain inhibitor peptide reduced the cytotoxic effects of bortezomib/CX-4945 treatment. Overall, our findings demonstrated that CK2 inhibition could be useful in combination with bortezomib as a novel therapeutic strategy in both T- and B-ALL.
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Itchaki G, Brown JR. The potential of venetoclax (ABT-199) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2016; 7:270-287. [PMID: 27695617 PMCID: PMC5026291 DOI: 10.1177/2040620716655350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax (VEN, ABT-199/GDC-0199) is an orally bioavailable BH3-mimetic that specifically inhibits the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 (BCL2) protein. Although BCL2 overexpression is not genetically driven in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), it is nearly universal and represents a highly important and prevalent mechanism of apoptosis evasion, making it an attractive therapeutic target. This review summarizes the role of BCL2 in CLL pathogenesis, the development path targeting its inhibition prior to VEN, and the preclinical and clinical data regarding the effectiveness and safety of VEN. We further strive to contextualize VEN in the current CLL treatment landscape and discuss potential mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Itchaki
- Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Li XL, Zhang CX. New emerging therapies in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3051-3054. [PMID: 27899962 PMCID: PMC5103901 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is considered incurable despite advances in management strategies. New drugs targeting cell pathways are currently being developed for the efficient management of CLL. Various strategies involving different targets have been developed, or are currently in the developing stage. A search was conducted in the electronic database PubMed, for pre-clinical as well as clinically controlled trials reporting various strategies against CLL currently under investigation. Novel strategies included use of antibodies, small cell inhibitors, such as spleen tyrosine kinase, LYN, cyclin-dependent kinase, and histone deacetylase inhibitors. The present review examined these new and emerging strategies for the efficient management of CLL. The review involves a discussion of novel strategies being examined worldwide against CLL, including anti-CD20, anti-CD37, anti-CD23, anti-CD40, SYK/LYN inhibitors, BTK inhibitors, p13k inhibitors and recent developments such as the use of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors/histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Ci-Xian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Beale G, Haagensen EJ, Thomas HD, Wang LZ, Revill CH, Payne SL, Golding BT, Hardcastle IR, Newell DR, Griffin RJ, Cano C. Combined PI3K and CDK2 inhibition induces cell death and enhances in vivo antitumour activity in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:682-90. [PMID: 27529512 PMCID: PMC5023777 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) pathway is commonly deregulated in human cancer, hence many PI3K and mTOR inhibitors have been developed and have now reached clinical trials. Similarly, CDKs have been investigated as cancer drug targets. METHODS We have synthesised and characterised a series of 6-aminopyrimidines identified from a kinase screen that inhibit PI3K and/or mTOR and/or CDK2. Kinase inhibition, tumour cell growth, cell cycle distribution, cytotoxicity and signalling experiments were undertaken in HCT116 and HT29 colorectal cancer cell lines, and in vivo HT29 efficacy studies. RESULTS 2,6-Diaminopyrimidines with an O(4)-cyclohexylmethyl substituent and a C-5-nitroso or cyano group (1,2,5) induced cell cycle phase alterations and were growth inhibitory (GI50<20 μM). Compound 1, but not 2 or 5, potently inhibits CDK2 (IC50=0.1 nM) as well as PI3K, and was cytotoxic at growth inhibitory concentrations. Consistent with kinase inhibition data, compound 1 reduced phospho-Rb and phospho-rS6 at GI50 concentrations. Combination of NU6102 (CDK2 inhibitor) and pictilisib (GDC-0941; pan-PI3K inhibitor) resulted in synergistic growth inhibition, and enhanced cytotoxicity in HT29 cells in vitro and HT29 tumour growth inhibition in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These studies identified a novel series of mixed CDK2/PI3K inhibitors and demonstrate that dual targeting of CDK2 and PI3K can result in enhanced antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Beale
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emma J Haagensen
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Huw D Thomas
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lan-Zhen Wang
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Charlotte H Revill
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Sara L Payne
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Bernard T Golding
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ian R Hardcastle
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David R Newell
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roger J Griffin
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Celine Cano
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
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Shao X, Gao D, Wang Y, Jin F, Wu Q, Liu H. Application of metabolomics to investigate the antitumor mechanism of flavopiridol in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Martel-Frachet V, Keramidas M, Nurisso A, DeBonis S, Rome C, Coll JL, Boumendjel A, Skoufias DA, Ronot X. IPP51, a chalcone acting as a microtubule inhibitor with in vivo antitumor activity against bladder carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14669-86. [PMID: 26036640 PMCID: PMC4546496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified 1-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(1-methylindolyl) propenone (IPP51), a new chalcone derivative that is capable of inducing prometaphase arrest and subsequent apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that IPP51 selectively inhibits proliferation of tumor-derived cells versus normal non-tumor cells. IPP51 interfered with spindle formation and mitotic chromosome alignment. Accumulation of cyclin B1 and mitotic checkpoint proteins Bub1 and BubR1 on chromosomes in IPP51 treated cells indicated the activation of spindle-assembly checkpoint, which is consistent with the mitotic arrest. The antimitotic actions of other chalcones are often associated with microtubule disruption. Indeed, IPP51 inhibited tubulin polymerization in an in vitro assay with purified tubulin. In cells, IPP51 induced an increase in soluble tubulin. Furthermore, IPP51 inhibited in vitro capillary-like tube formation by endothelial cells, indicating that it has anti-angiogenic activity. Molecular docking showed that the indol group of IPP51 can be accommodated in the colchicine binding site of tubulin. This characteristic was confirmed by an in vitro competition assay demonstrating that IPP51 can compete for colchicine binding to soluble tubulin. Finally, in a human bladder xenograft mouse model, IPP51 inhibited tumor growth without signs of toxicity. Altogether, these findings suggest that IPP51 is an attractive new microtubule-targeting agent with potential chemotherapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Martel-Frachet
- Université Joseph Fourier, AGIM CNRS FRE, EPHE, GRENOBLE Cedex 9. Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Michelle Keramidas
- Unité INSERM/UJF U823, Centre de recherche Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Alessandra Nurisso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Claire Rome
- Unité Inserm, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Site Santé, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Unité INSERM/UJF U823, Centre de recherche Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Université de Grenoble/CNRS, UMR, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | | | - Xavier Ronot
- Université Joseph Fourier, AGIM CNRS FRE, EPHE, GRENOBLE Cedex 9. Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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Roskoski R. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitors including palbociclib as anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:249-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Awan FT, Jones JA, Maddocks K, Poi M, Grever MR, Johnson A, Byrd JC, Andritsos LA. A phase 1 clinical trial of flavopiridol consolidation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients following chemoimmunotherapy. Ann Hematol 2016; 95:1137-43. [PMID: 27118540 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-016-2683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who receive chemoimmunotherapy and do not achieve complete remission experience significantly shortened progression-free interval (PFS). Additionally, the majority of patients treated for relapsed disease demonstrate evidence of measurable disease. Eradication of minimal residual disease (MRD) results in improved PFS and overall survival. Maintenance therapy might result in eradication of MRD and improve response duration but might be associated with an increase in incidence of infectious complications. Flavopiridol is a broad cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with established safety and efficacy in patients with relapsed CLL, particularly patients with high-risk cytogenetic features. A pharmacologically derived schedule was utilized as consolidation therapy in this phase I study to assess the safety and feasibility of outpatient therapy with flavopiridol in patients with low tumor burden. Flavopiridol was administered as a 30-min loading dose of 30 mg/m(2) followed by a 4-h infusion of 30 mg/m(2) once weekly for 3 weeks every 5 weeks (1 cycle) for planned 2 cycles in ten patients. Therapy was extremely well tolerated and no patient developed acute tumor lysis syndrome. The most common toxicities were gastrointestinal. Of the patients, 22 % improved their response from a PR to CR. Eighty-eight percent experienced a reduction in tumor burden as measured by extent of bone marrow involvement including patients with del17p and complex karyotype. The study establishes the safety and efficacy of flavopiridol as consolidation therapy after chemoimmunotherapy for patients with CLL. Further evaluation is required in larger trials for the utility of CDK inhibitors as consolidation or maintenance strategies.Registration number at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00377104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh T Awan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Kami Maddocks
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Ming Poi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Michael R Grever
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Amy Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Leslie A Andritsos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
- Starling Loving Hall, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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Wiernik PH. Alvocidib (flavopiridol) for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:729-34. [PMID: 26998706 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1169273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alvocidib, which has orphan drug designation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from the FDA and the EMA, is a plant-derived semisynthetic flavone that acts as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. It induces apoptosis in CLL cells in vitro and was introduced into clinical trials in CLL as an intravenous infusion in 1997, which proved disappointing. Since the drug avidly binds to plasma proteins, higher serum concentrations were required for clinical antileukemia activity than those suggested by in vitro studies. Subsequent studies utilizing bolus plus infusional doses revealed significant activity against CLL, even in patients with unfavorable characteristics. However, significant toxicity including high rates of major tumor lysis syndrome, cytokine release syndrome and secretory diarrhea were also observed. AREAS COVERED The chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of alvocidib are briefly discussed and phase I-II studies in CLL are discussed in detail. To date, no phase III studies in CLL have been reported. EXPERT OPINION A number of much less toxic drugs with similar efficacy against CLL both with and without unfavorable cytogenetics have come to market. Furthermore, enthusiasm for the development of alvocidib as a single agent for the treatment of CLL has waned, primarily due to its toxicity.
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Blachly JS, Byrd JC, Grever M. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Oncol 2016; 43:265-73. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Prakash G, Kaur A, Malhotra P, Khadwal A, Sharma P, Suri V, Varma N, Varma S. Current Role of Genetics in Hematologic Malignancies. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:18-31. [PMID: 26855503 PMCID: PMC4733682 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly changing field of genetic technology and its application in the management of hematological malignancies has brought significant improvement in treatment and outcome of these disorders. Today, genetics plays pivotal role in diagnosis and prognostication of most hematologic neoplasms. The utilization of genetic tests in deciding specific treatment of various hematologic malignancies as well as for evaluation of depth of treatment response is rapidly advancing. Therefore, it is imperative for practitioners working in the field of hemato-oncology to have sufficient understanding of the basic concepts of genetics in order to comprehend upcoming molecular research in this area and to translate the same for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Prakash
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupriya Kaur
- />Medical Geneticist, Sarai Building, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, 160030 India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Khadwal
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Vikas Suri
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Varma
- />Department of Hematology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subhash Varma
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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El Halabi L, Ghez D, Ribrag V. Novel targeted therapeutics for mantle cell lymphoma – What’s on the horizon? Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:271-81. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2016.1134309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Targeted therapies for CLL: Practical issues with the changing treatment paradigm. Blood Rev 2015; 30:233-44. [PMID: 26776345 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) such as FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab) has been the standard first-line therapy for younger patients with CLL. In the last few years, several novel targeted therapies have been developed for patients with CLL. These include B-cell receptor (BCR) inhibitors such as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, PI3 kinase inhibitors, and Syk inhibitors, novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as ofatumumab and obinutuzumab, and Bcl-2 antagonists such as venetoclax (ABT-199). Strategies targeting the immune system such as lenalidomide, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and more recently, checkpoint inhibitors, are in clinical development. Ibrutinib and idelalisib are already approved for patients with relapsed and refractory CLL. Ibrutinib is also approved for first-line treatment of CLL patients with del(17p). Several ongoing phase III clinical trials with novel therapies will further define the role of targeted agents in CLL.
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Yeh YY, Chen R, Hessler J, Mahoney E, Lehman AM, Heerema NA, Grever MR, Plunkett W, Byrd JC, Johnson AJ. Up-regulation of CDK9 kinase activity and Mcl-1 stability contributes to the acquired resistance to cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in leukemia. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2667-79. [PMID: 25596730 PMCID: PMC4413609 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavopiridol is a small molecule inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) known to impair global transcription via inactivation of positive transcription elongation factor b. It has been demonstrated to have significant activity predominantly in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia in phase I/II clinical trials while other similar CDK inhibitors are vigorously being pursued in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Although flavopiridol is a potent therapeutic agent against blood diseases, some patients still have primary or acquired resistance throughout their clinical course. Considering the limited knowledge of resistance mechanisms of flavopiridol, we investigated the potential mechanisms of resistance to flavopiridol in a cell line system, which gradually acquired resistance to flavopiridol in vitro, and then confirmed the mechanism in patient samples. Herein, we present that this resistant cell line developed resistance through up-regulation of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain, activation of CDK9 kinase activity, and prolonged Mcl-1 stability to counter flavopiridol's drug actions. Further analyses suggest MAPK/ERK activation-mediated Mcl-1 stabilization contributes to the resistance and knockdown of Mcl-1 in part restores sensitivity to flavopiridol-induced cytotoxicity. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that CDK9 is the most relevant target of flavopiridol and provide avenues to improve the therapeutic strategies in blood malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Ying Yeh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua Hessler
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emilia Mahoney
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy M Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nyla A Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael R Grever
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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