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Mushosho EY, Muziringa MC, Radebe M, Nkosi PB. A model to enhance breast cancer screening among rural women aged 40-75 years in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A scoping review. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2024; 55:109-124. [PMID: 38161135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND It is claimed that very little research has been done in Africa on breast cancer screening to identify the best method that can be adopted to have early detection of the malignancy. Breast cancer is a growing burden globally and in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is a rise in breast cancer mortality in SSA. This is caused by limited breast cancer screening or early detection practices due to limited resources which makes mammography unaffordable by the majority of women. This problem is more prevalent in elderly women living in rural areas where limited or no breast cancer screening is taking place. Downstaging which is context-specific is recommended for African countries but more studies are required to confirm its effectiveness. OBJECTIVES This review aims to identify the gaps in the literature focusing on strategies to enhance breast cancer screening among elderly women aged 40-75 years who reside in rural areas. INCLUSION CRITERIA The articles to be reviewed should focus on screening for the elderly women population that reside in rural areas and should fall within the age range of 40-75 years. Other phrases that can be included instead of breast cancer screening could be early detection measures, early diagnosis, or downstaging. METHODOLOGY The methodology was guided by the published manual for Joana Briggs Institute for scoping reviews. A search of the relevant studies was conducted on 4 October 2022 across PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, and EBSCO Host databases. The systematic literature search strategy was developed and carried out using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) database. The eligibility criteria were developed using the Participants, Concept, and Context framework. Only articles written in English and published between 2010 and 2022 were considered. Removal of duplications was done first, followed by screening using the article title and abstract and then using full-text articles. The results of the search were profiled on the PRISMAScR flow chart diagram. Themes were identified from the conclusions of the reviewed studies. RESULTS After searching 78 citations were identified. These were screened and only 8 were left after the different stages of screening. The reviewed articles were published between 2010 and 2020. The majority (75%) of the studies were surveys except for two which were qualitative and all done in Kenya. No mixed methodology study was done. No study focused on developing a model to enhance breast cancer screening among rural women aged 40-75 years although there are very few countries in Africa with established nationwide breast cancer screening guidelines. CONCLUSION There are limited studies done on breast cancer screening of elderly rural women in SSA. No study was done to identify a model to enhance breast cancer screening among the rural elderly women population. None of the reviewed studies utilized the mixed methodology design to have an in-depth context-specific understanding to pave the way for the implementation of downstaging which is recommended for countries with limited resources. CONTRIBUTION The scoping review indicated the gap in research in terms of breast cancer screening among women aged 40-75 years who reside in rural areas and highlighted the future need for such studies to make downstaging effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eucaria Yemukayi Mushosho
- Durban University of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Radiography, Durban, South Africa; Harare Institute of Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | | | - Mbuyiselwa Radebe
- Durban University of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pauline Busisiwe Nkosi
- Durban University of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Radiography, Durban, South Africa
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2
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Magwesela FM, Msemakweli DO, Fearon D. Barriers and enablers of breast cancer screening among women in East Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1915. [PMID: 37794414 PMCID: PMC10548570 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is among the most common cancers globally with a projected increase in incidence and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The majority of the patients in East Africa present with advanced disease contributing to poor disease outcomes. Breast cancer screening enables earlier detection of the disease and therefore reduces the poor outcomes associated with the disease. This study aims to identify and synthesize the reported barriers and enablers of breast cancer screening among East African women. METHODS Medline, Embase, SCOPUS, and Cochrane library were searched for articles published on the subject from start to March 2022 using PRISMA guidelines. Also, forward citation, manual search of references and searching of relevant journals were done. A thematic synthesis was carried out on the "results/findings" sections of the identified qualitative papers followed by a multi-source synthesis with quantitative findings. RESULTS Of 4560 records identified, 51 were included in the review (5 qualitative and 46 quantitative), representing 33,523 women. Thematic synthesis identified two major themes - "Should I participate in breast cancer screening?" and "Is breast cancer screening worth it?". Knowledge of breast cancer and breast cancer screening among women was identified as the most influencing factor. CONCLUSION This review provides a rich description of factors influencing uptake of breast cancer screening among East African women. Findings from this review suggest that improving knowledge and awareness among both the public and providers may be the most effective strategy to improve breast cancer screening in Eastern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Fearon
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
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3
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Agodirin O, Olatoke S, Rahman G, Kolawole O, Oguntola S, Olasehinde O, Ayandipo O, Olaogun J, Katung A, Etonyeaku A, Habeeb O, Adeyeye A, Agboola J, Akande H, Akanbi O, Fatudimu O, Ajiboye A. Determinants of late detection and advanced-stage diagnosis of breast cancer in Nigeria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256847. [PMID: 34731161 PMCID: PMC8565753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late detection of Breast cancer(BC) and progressing with advanced-stage diagnosis after early detection contribute differently to the challenges of managing BC in Africa. Understanding the difference may improve cancer education programs and their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayide Agodirin
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Samuel Olatoke
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Rahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Surgery, Cape Coast University and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Oladapo Kolawole
- Department of Surgery, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Saliu Oguntola
- Department of Surgery, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan Olasehinde
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Julius Olaogun
- Department of Surgery, Ekiti State University and Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Aba Katung
- Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Center, Owo, Nigeria
| | - Amarachukwu Etonyeaku
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife and Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex, Ilesha, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Habeeb
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adeyeye
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - John Agboola
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Halimat Akande
- Department of Radiology, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Akanbi
- Department of Surgery, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Fatudimu
- Department of Surgery, Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti and Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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4
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Scheel JR, Giglou MJ, Segel S, Orem J, Tsu V, Galukande M, Okello J, Nakigudde G, Mugisha N, Muyinda Z, Anderson BO, Duggan C. Breast cancer early detection and diagnostic capacity in Uganda. Cancer 2021; 126 Suppl 10:2469-2480. [PMID: 32348563 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater than 80% of women presenting for breast cancer treatment in Uganda have late-stage disease, which is attributable to a dysfunctional referral system and a lack of recognition of the early signs and symptoms among primary health care providers, and compounded by the poor infrastructure and inadequate human capacity. Improving the breast health care system requires a systemic approach beginning with situational analysis to identify systematic gaps that prevent sustainable improvements in outcome. METHODS The authors performed a situational analysis of the breast health care system using methods developed by the Breast Health Global Initiative. Based on their findings, they developed a series of recommendations for strengthening the health system for the early diagnosis of breast cancer based on clinical detection, referral, tissue sampling, and diagnosis. RESULTS Deficits in the recognition of breast cancer signs and symptoms, the underuse of clinical breast examination as a diagnostic and/or screening tool, the centralization of diagnostic tests (radiology and pathology), reliance on excisional biopsies rather than needle biopsies, and a lack of trained professionals and knowledge of the referral system all contribute to significant health system delays. CONCLUSIONS To strengthen referral networks and improve the early diagnosis of breast cancer in Uganda, national referral hospitals should provide educational programs to primary health care providers in community health centers (CHCs), at which the majority of women first present with symptoms. At secondary district-level facilities in which imaging and tissue sampling can be performed, the capacity for diagnostic testing could be increased through task shifting of basic interpretation (abnormal vs normal) from specialists to nonspecialists using networking technology to facilitate remote oversight from specialists at the national referral hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Scheel
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mahbod J Giglou
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sophie Segel
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Vivien Tsu
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Moses Galukande
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Okello
- Department of Radiology, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Noleb Mugisha
- Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.,Community Prevention and Screening, Ugandan Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Benjamin O Anderson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Duggan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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5
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Dykstra M, Malone B, Lekuntwane O, Efstathiou J, Letsatsi V, Elmore S, Castro C, Tapela N, Dryden-Peterson S. Impact of Community-Based Clinical Breast Examinations in Botswana. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 7:17-26. [PMID: 33405960 PMCID: PMC8081526 DOI: 10.1200/go.20.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated a clinical breast examination (CBE) screening program to determine the prevalence of breast abnormalities, number examined per cancer diagnosis, and clinical resources required for these diagnoses in a middle-income African setting. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of a CBE screening program (2015-2018) by Journey of Hope Botswana, a Botswana-based nongovernmental organization (NGO). Symptomatic and asymptomatic women were invited to attend. Screening events were held in communities throughout rural and periurban Botswana, with CBEs performed by volunteer nurses. Individuals who screened positive were referred to a private tertiary facility and were followed by the NGO. Data were obtained from NGO records. RESULTS Of 6,120 screened women (50 men excluded), 452 (7.4%) presented with a symptom and 357 (5.83%) were referred for further evaluation; 257 ultrasounds, 100 fine-needle aspirations (FNAs), 58 mammograms, and 31 biopsies were performed. In total, 6,031 were exonerated from cancer, 78 were lost to follow-up (67 for ≤ 50 years and 11 for > 50 years), and 11 were diagnosed with cancer (five for 41-50 years and six for > 50 years, 10 presented with symptoms). Overall breast cancer prevalence was calculated to be 18/10,000 (95% CI, 8 to 29/10,000). The number of women examined per breast cancer diagnosis was 237 (95% CI, 126 to 1910) for women of age 41-50 years and 196 (95% CI, 109 to 977) for women of age > 50 years. Median time to diagnosis for all women was 17.5 [1 to 32.5] days. CBE-detected tumors were not different than tumors presenting through standard care. CONCLUSION In a previously unscreened population, yield from community-based CBE screening was high, particularly among symptomatic women, and required modest diagnostic resources. This strategy has potential to reduce breast cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dykstra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Brighid Malone
- Bokamoso Private Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.,Journey of Hope Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | | | - Shekinah Elmore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Neo Tapela
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott Dryden-Peterson
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Pollack EB, Mollura DR, Chong A, Harvey SC, Scheel JR. A Global Perspective on Screening. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2020; 2:296-303. [PMID: 38424966 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is emerging as a major global public health problem. Incidence and mortality continues to rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A significant and growing disparity exists between high-income countries and LMICs in the availability of screening services and associated preventable mortality. However, population imaging-based screening programs are not appropriate for all settings. Planners should perform a thorough assessment of the target setting prior to implementing any breast cancer detection program, as appropriate guidelines vary according to the resources available. Financial, social, and cultural barriers to breast cancer care need to be addressed to sustainably improve the morbidity and mortality of the populations and make efficient use of available services. Creative approaches, such as mobile and portable imaging and bundling of services, can facilitate the installation of early breast cancer detection programs in LMICs. While image-based screening programs are not initially resource-appropriate in many LMICs, planners can work towards this goal as part of their comprehensive breast cancer detection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica B Pollack
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Department of Radiology, Denver, CO
- RAD-AID International, Chevy Chase, MD
| | | | - Alice Chong
- RAD-AID International, Chevy Chase, MD
- University of California San Diego, Department of Radiology, San Diego, CA
| | - Susan C Harvey
- RAD-AID International, Chevy Chase, MD
- Hologic Inc., Department of Breast and Skeletal Health, Danbury, CT
| | - John R Scheel
- RAD-AID International, Chevy Chase, MD
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA
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Gakunga R, Kinyanjui A, Ali Z, Ochieng' E, Gikaara N, Maluni F, Wata D, Kyeng' M, Korir A, Subramanian S. Identifying Barriers and Facilitators to Breast Cancer Early Detection and Subsequent Treatment Engagement in Kenya: A Qualitative Approach. Oncologist 2019; 24:1549-1556. [PMID: 31601730 PMCID: PMC6975962 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection and prompt access to quality treatment and palliative care are critical for good breast cancer outcomes. Interventions require understanding of identified barriers and facilitators to care. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach, whose purpose is to describe feelings and lived experiences of participants, can expand the existing scope of understanding of barriers and facilitators in accessing breast cancer care in Kenya. METHODS This is qualitative research applying focus groups and a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to identify barriers and facilitators to breast cancer care from the knowledge, perceptions, and lived experiences of women with and without a diagnosis of breast cancer in Kenya. We conducted four focus group discussions with 6-11 women aged 30-60 years in each. Groups were classified according to breast cancer diagnosis and socioeconomic status. The transcribed discussions were coded independently by two investigators. Together they reviewed the codes and identified themes. RESULTS The key barriers were costs, inadequate knowledge, distance to health facilities, communication with health providers, medicines stockouts, long waiting periods, limited or no counseling at diagnosis, patient vulnerability, and limited access to rehabilitation items. Facilitators were dependable social support, periodical access to subsidized awareness, and early detection services and friendly caregivers. We found no marked differences in perceptions between groups by socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION There is need for targeted awareness and education for health providers and the public, early detection services with onsite counseling and cost mitigation. Support from the society and religious organizations and persons may be leveraged as adjuncts to conventional management. Further interpretations are encouraged. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Continuing cancer education for health providers in technical skills for early detection, treatment, and survivorship care, as well as nontechnical skills like communication, and an understanding of their patients' preferences and socioeconomic status may guide individualized management plans and positively affect patient experiences. Patients and the general public also need education on cancer to avoid misconceptions and inaccuracies that perpetuate fear, confusion, delayed presentation for treatment, and stigma. Critical analysis of the cancer care value chain and processes, development, and implementation of interventions to reduce costs while streamlining processes may improve client experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asaph Kinyanjui
- Kenya Hospices and Palliative Care Association (KEHPCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zipporah Ali
- Kenya Hospices and Palliative Care Association (KEHPCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Nancy Gikaara
- Kenya Hospices and Palliative Care Association (KEHPCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - David Wata
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mercy Kyeng'
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anne Korir
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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8
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Sharp JW, Hippe DS, Nakigudde G, Anderson BO, Muyinda Z, Molina Y, Scheel JR. Modifiable patient-related barriers and their association with breast cancer detection practices among Ugandan women without a diagnosis of breast cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217938. [PMID: 31220096 PMCID: PMC6586444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are diagnosed with late-staged disease. The current study assesses patient-related barriers among women from a general SSA population to better understand how patient-related barriers contribute to diagnostic delays. Using convenience-based sampling, 401 Ugandan women without breast cancer were surveyed to determine how prior participation in cancer detection practices correlate with patient-related barriers to prompt diagnosis. In a predominantly poor (76%) and rural population (75%), the median age of the participants was 38. Of the women surveyed, 155 (46%) had prior exposure to breast cancer education, 92 (27%) performed breast self-examination (BSE) and 68 (20%) had undergone a recent clinical breast examination (CBE), breast ultrasound or breast biopsy. The most commonly identified barriers to prompt diagnosis were knowledge deficits regarding early diagnosis (79%), economic barriers to accessing care (68%), fear (37%) and poor social support (24%). However, only women who reported knowledge deficits-a modifiable barrier-were less likely to participate in cancer detection practices (p<0.05). Women in urban and rural areas were similarly likely to report economic barriers, knowledge deficits and/or poor social support, but rural women were less likely than urban women to have received breast cancer education and/or perform BSE (p<0.001). Women who have had prior breast cancer education (p<0.001) and/or who perform BSE (p = 0.02) were more likely to know where she can go to receive a diagnostic breast evaluation. These findings suggest that SSA countries developing early breast cancer detection programs should specifically address modifiable knowledge deficits among women less likely to achieve a diagnostic work-up to reduce diagnostic delays and improve breast cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W. Sharp
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Hippe
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Benjamin O. Anderson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Yamile Molina
- Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John R. Scheel
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Scheel JR, Parker S, Hippe DS, Patrick DL, Nakigudde G, Anderson BO, Gralow JR, Thompson B, Molina Y. Role of Family Obligation Stress on Ugandan Women's Participation in Preventive Breast Health. Oncologist 2019; 24:624-631. [PMID: 30072390 PMCID: PMC6516124 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to determine the role of family obligation stress on Ugandan women's participation in preventive breast health through the receipt of breast cancer education and health check-ups. MATERIALS AND METHODS A validated survey was conducted on a community sample of Ugandan women, providing a multi-item scale to assess preventive breast-health-seeking behaviors and measure family obligation stress (FO; range 6-18). Univariate and multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between sociodemographic factors and FO. Univariate and multivariate linear regression (used in conjunction with the robust sandwich estimator for standard errors) and probability differences (PDs) were used to evaluate associations between preventive breast-health-seeking behaviors, sociodemographic factors, and FO. RESULTS A total of 401 Ugandan women ages 25-74 participated in the survey. Most had three or more children in the home (60%) and were employed full time (69%). Higher FO was associated with increasing number of children and/or adults in the household (p < .05), full-time employment (p < .001), and being single (p = .003). Women with higher FO were less likely to participate in breast cancer education (PD = -0.02 per 1-point increase, p = .008) and preventive health check-ups (PD = -0.02, p = .018), associations that persisted on multivariate analysis controlling for sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSION Ugandan women with high FO are less likely to participate in preventive breast cancer detection efforts including breast cancer education and preventive health check-ups. Special efforts should be made to reach women with elevated FO, because it may be a risk factor for late-stage presentation among women who develop breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE High family obligation stress (FO) significantly reduces women's participation in preventive health check-ups and breast cancer education. These findings support research in U.S. Latinas showing high FO negatively affects women's health, suggesting that FO is an important factor in women's health-seeking behavior in other cultures. Addressing family obligation stress by including family members involved in decision-making is essential for improving breast cancer outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, such as Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Scheel
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Parker
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel S Hippe
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Donald L Patrick
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Benjamin O Anderson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie R Gralow
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yamile Molina
- Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Ssemmanda S, Katagirya E, Bukirwa P, Alele D, Lukande R, Kalungi S. Breast diseases histologically diagnosed at a tertiary facility in Uganda (2005-2014). BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1285. [PMID: 30577784 PMCID: PMC6303921 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and distribution of histologically diagnosed breast disease are not well documented in low income countries, Uganda inclusive. Although the greater majority of breast lesions globally are benign, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer all over the world. We aimed at documenting the prevalence of different breast diseases histologically diagnosed at the histopathology laboratory of the Department of Pathology of the Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS Lab) over a decade (2005-2014). We also describe the demographic characteristics of the patients in Uganda diagnosed with breast disease at the MakCHS Lab during the same period. METHODS This was a 10 year retrospective study of histologically diagnosed breast disease between 2005 and 2014 inclusive at the MakCHS Lab. We extracted information from hard copies of all 2510 histopathology reports retrieved from archives of the Department of Pathology at the MakCHS Lab. 640 records that were either damaged beyond recognition of key details, were duplicated, were implausible or had no conclusive diagnosis made were excluded. Information to be analyzed was then entered into Epidata (version 3.1) on a password protected laptop. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (v16 for Windows × 64). RESULTS From the 1870 patients' records eventually analyzed, breast disease was most diagnosed in female patients (97.1%). The overall mean age for breast disease diagnosis was 33 years (S.D ± 16.46) and median age 26 years (IQR: 20-43). Fibroadenoma (40.1%) was the most diagnosed breast disease overall. We noticed steadily increasing frequency of diagnosis of cancerous breast diseases over the last half of the study period. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most diagnosed breast cancer (326 cases, 55.6%). A high female to male breast cancer ratio of 48:1 was observed. The highest regional breast cancer proportion was from the Western region of the Country. CONCLUSIONS There is need for more research into the picture of breast disease in the country, covering various demographic characteristics of the country's population for all regions and informing about its incidence rates and prevalence and also the breast cancer risk estimate for benign breast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ssemmanda
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eric Katagirya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Phiona Bukirwa
- Department of Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Alele
- Department of Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Lukande
- Department of Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Kalungi
- Department of Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Factors Contributing to Late-Stage Breast Cancer Presentation in sub-Saharan Africa. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-018-0278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Eber-Schulz P, Tariku W, Reibold C, Addissie A, Wickenhauser C, Fathke C, Hauptmann S, Jemal A, Thomssen C, Kantelhardt EJ. Survival of breast cancer patients in rural Ethiopia. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 170:111-118. [PMID: 29479644 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the histopathological characteristics and survival of female breast cancer (BC) patients in a rural setting with limited access to adjuvant treatment. METHODS A prospective study of 107 histologically confirmed BC patients treated with surgery from 2010 to 2016 from rural parts of western Ethiopia. Referral pathology was performed, and active follow-up was conducted. Adjusted cox regression analysis (hazard ratio [HR]) was performed. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 45 (16-83) years; 57% of the patients presented with cT3/4 tumors, 71% with clinically positive lymph nodes, 21% with HER2-overexpression (Dako3+) and 68% with grade 3 tumors. Estrogen and/or progesterone receptor expressions were present in 66% and triple-negative disease in 25%. The estimated 1- and 2-year overall survival probability rates were 78 and 53%, respectively. The 2-year survival for patients with clinically positive lymph nodes was 44% compared to 73% for patients with lymph node-negative disease (HR 2.44; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.19-5.02). The corresponding 2-year survival for patients with cT4 tumors was 25% versus 68% for patients with cT1-2 tumors (cT1-3 vs. cT4 HR 3.86; 95% CI 1.82-13.63). The 2-year survival for patients with hormone receptor-negative disease was 40% compared to 59% for patients with hormone receptor-positive disease (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.06-3.47). CONCLUSION The majority of breast cancer patients treated with surgery in rural parts of western Ethiopia are diagnosed at advanced stage and have hormone receptor-positive disease. Nearly half of the patients die within 2 years. These findings underscore the need for provision of adjuvant hormonal therapy and for the establishment of pathology service including hormone receptor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Eber-Schulz
- Department of Gynecology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Wakuma Tariku
- Ethiopian Evangelical Church of Mekane Yesus EECMY Aira Hospital, Aira, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adamu Addissie
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Christine Fathke
- Department of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eva Johanna Kantelhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University, Saale, Halle, Germany.
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13
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Gyedu A, Gaskill CE, Boakye G, Abdulai AR, Anderson BO, Stewart B. Differences in Perception of Breast Cancer Among Muslim and Christian Women in Ghana. J Glob Oncol 2017; 4:1-9. [PMID: 30241158 PMCID: PMC6180842 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.2017.009910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The burden of breast cancer continues to increase in low- and middle-income
countries (LMICs), where women present with more advanced disease and have
worse outcomes compared with women from high-income countries. In the
absence of breast cancer screening in LMICs, patients must rely on
self-detection for early breast cancer detection, followed by a prompt
clinical diagnostic work-up. Little is known about the influence of
religious beliefs on women’s perceptions and practices of breast
health. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered to female members of Islamic and
Christian organizations in Ghana. Participants were asked about their
personal experience with breast concerns, knowledge of breast cancer,
performance of breast self-examination, and experience with clinical breast
exam. Results The survey was administered to 432 Muslim and 339 Christian women. Fewer
Muslim women knew someone with breast cancer (31% v 66%;
P < .001) or had previously identified a
concerning mass in their breast (16% v 65%;
P < .001). Both groups believed that new breast
masses should be evaluated at clinic (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.08; 95%
CI, 0.58 to 2.01), but Muslim women were less likely to know that breast
cancer can be effectively treated (AOR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.50). Muslim
women were less likely to have performed breast self-examination (AOR, 0.51;
95% CI, 0.29 to 0.88) or to have undergone clinical breast exam (AOR, 0.48;
95% CI, 0.27 to 0.84). Conclusion Muslim women were found to be less likely to participate in breast health
activities compared with Christian women, which highlights the need to
consider how religious customs within subpopulations might impact a
woman’s engagement in breast health activities. As breast awareness
initiatives are scaled up in Ghana and other LMICs, it is essential to
consider the unique perception and participation deficits of specific
groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gyedu
- Adam Gyedu, Godfred Boakye, Abdul Rashid Abdulai, and Barclay Stewart, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; and Cameron E. Gaskill, Benjamin O. Anderson, and Barclay Stewart, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Cameron E Gaskill
- Adam Gyedu, Godfred Boakye, Abdul Rashid Abdulai, and Barclay Stewart, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; and Cameron E. Gaskill, Benjamin O. Anderson, and Barclay Stewart, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Godfred Boakye
- Adam Gyedu, Godfred Boakye, Abdul Rashid Abdulai, and Barclay Stewart, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; and Cameron E. Gaskill, Benjamin O. Anderson, and Barclay Stewart, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Abdul Rashid Abdulai
- Adam Gyedu, Godfred Boakye, Abdul Rashid Abdulai, and Barclay Stewart, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; and Cameron E. Gaskill, Benjamin O. Anderson, and Barclay Stewart, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Benjamin O Anderson
- Adam Gyedu, Godfred Boakye, Abdul Rashid Abdulai, and Barclay Stewart, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; and Cameron E. Gaskill, Benjamin O. Anderson, and Barclay Stewart, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Barclay Stewart
- Adam Gyedu, Godfred Boakye, Abdul Rashid Abdulai, and Barclay Stewart, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; and Cameron E. Gaskill, Benjamin O. Anderson, and Barclay Stewart, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Scheel JR, Molina Y, Anderson BO, Patrick DL, Nakigudde G, Gralow JR, Lehman CD, Thompson B. Breast Cancer Beliefs as Potential Targets for Breast Cancer Awareness Efforts to Decrease Late-Stage Presentation in Uganda. J Glob Oncol 2017; 4:1-9. [PMID: 30241166 PMCID: PMC6180808 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.2016.008748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess breast cancer beliefs in Uganda and determine whether these beliefs
are associated with factors potentially related to nonparticipation in early
detection. Methods A survey with open- and close-ended items was conducted in a community sample
of Ugandan women to assess their beliefs about breast cancer. Linear
regression was used to ascertain associations between breast cancer beliefs
and demographic factors potentially associated with early detection,
including socioeconomic factors, health care access, prior breast cancer
knowledge, and personal detection practices. Results Of the 401 Ugandan women surveyed, most had less than a primary school
education and received medical care at community health centers. Most women
either believed in or were unsure about cultural explanatory models for
developing breast cancer (> 82%), and the majority listed these
beliefs as the most important causes of breast cancer (69%). By comparison,
≤ 45% of women believed in scientific explanatory risks for
developing breast cancer. Although most believed that regular screening and
early detection would find breast cancer when it is easy to treat (88% and
80%, respectively), they simultaneously held fatalistic attitudes toward
their own detection efforts, including belief or uncertainty that a cure is
impossible once they could self-detect a lump (54%). Individual beliefs were
largely independent of demographic factors. Conclusion Misconceptions about breast cancer risks and benefits of early detection are
widespread in Uganda and must be addressed in future breast cancer awareness
efforts. Until screening programs exist, most breast cancer will be
self-detected. Unless addressed by future awareness efforts, the high
frequency of fatalistic attitudes held by women toward their own detection
efforts will continue to be deleterious to breast cancer early detection in
sub-Saharan countries like Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Scheel
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yamile Molina
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin O Anderson
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Donald L Patrick
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gertrude Nakigudde
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Julie R Gralow
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Constance D Lehman
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Beti Thompson
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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