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Jarosova R, Ondrackova P, Leva L, Nedbalcova K, Vicenova M, Masek J, Volf J, Gebauer J, Do T, Guran R, Sladek Z, Dominguez J, Faldyna M. Cytokine expression by CD163+ monocytes in healthy and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:1-9. [PMID: 35901636 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Distinct monocyte subpopulations have been previously described in healthy pigs and pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). The CD163+ subpopulation of bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB) and lung monocytes was found to play an important role in the inflammatory process. The inflammation is accompanied by elevation of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of CD163+ monocytes and macrophages to cytokine production during APP-induced lung inflammation. Cytokine production was assessed by flow cytometry (FC) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in CD163+ monocytes and by qPCR, immunohistochemistry/fluorescence in lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN). Despite the systemic inflammatory response after APP infection, BM and PB CD163+ monocytes did not express elevated levels of a wide range of cytokines compared to control pigs. In contrast, significant amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were produced in lung lesions and IL-1β in the TBLN. At the protein level, TNF-α was expressed by both CD163+ monocytes and macrophages in lung lesions, whereas IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 expression was found only in CD163+ monocytes; no CD163+ macrophages were found to produce these cytokines. Furthermore, the quantification of CD163+ monocytes expressing the two cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 that were most elevated was performed. In lung lesions, 36.5% IL-1β positive CD163+ monocytes but only 18.3% IL-8 positive CD163+ monocytes were found. In conclusion, PB and BM CD163+ monocytes do not appear to contribute to the elevated cytokine levels in plasma. On the other hand, CD163+ monocytes contribute to inflammatory cytokine expression, especially IL-1β at the site of inflammation during the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Jarosova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Animal Genetics, The Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Lenka Leva
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | - Josef Masek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Do
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Guran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbysek Sladek
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Animal Genetics, The Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Javier Dominguez
- Departmento de Biotecnologia, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (CSIC-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
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Komprda T, Sládek Z, Vícenová M, Simonová J, Franke G, Lipový B, Matejovičová M, Kacvinská K, Sabliov C, Astete CE, Levá L, Popelková V, Bátik A, Vojtová L. Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Entrapped Fish Oil or Mupirocin on Skin Wound Healing Using a Porcine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147663. [PMID: 35887016 PMCID: PMC9318284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with entrapped fish oil (FO) loaded in collagen-based scaffolds for cutaneous wound healing using a porcine model is unique for the present study. Full-depth cutaneous excisions (5 × 5 cm) on the pig dorsa were treated with pure collagen scaffold (control, C), empty PLGA NPs (NP), FO, mupirocin (MUP), PLGA NPs with entrapped FO (NP/FO) and PLGA NPs with entrapped MUP (NP/MUP). The following markers were evaluated on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-excision: collagen, hydroxyproline (HP), angiogenesis and expressions of the COX2, EGF, COL1A1, COL1A3, TGFB1, VEGFA, CCL5 and CCR5 genes. The hypothesis that NP/FO treatment is superior to FO alone and that it is comparable to NP/MUP was tested. NP/FO treatment increased HP in comparison with both FO alone and NP/MUP (day 14) but decreased (p < 0.05) angiogenesis in comparison with FO alone (day 3). NP/FO increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the CCR5 gene (day 3) and tended (p > 0.05) to increase the expressions of the EGF (day 7, day 14), TGFB1 (day 21) and CCL5 (day 7, day 21) genes as compared with NP/MUP. NP/FO can be suggested as a suitable alternative to NP/MUP in cutaneous wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Komprda
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zbyšek Sládek
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Monika Vícenová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.L.)
| | - Jana Simonová
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Gabriela Franke
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Břetislav Lipový
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Milena Matejovičová
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Katarína Kacvinská
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Cristina Sabliov
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.S.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Carlos E. Astete
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.S.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Lenka Levá
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.L.)
| | - Vendula Popelková
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Andrej Bátik
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Lucy Vojtová
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.V.)
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Hermans L, De Pelsmaeker S, Denaeghel S, Cox E, Favoreel HW, Devriendt B. β-Glucan-Induced IL-10 Secretion by Monocytes Triggers Porcine NK Cell Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634402. [PMID: 33679785 PMCID: PMC7933222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides present in cell walls of fungi, yeast, bacteria, cereals, seaweed, and algae. These microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) possess immunomodulatory properties. In human, it has been suggested that NK cells can be activated by β-glucans. Here, we aimed to elucidate whether β-glucans modulate porcine NK cell responses in vitro and if so, how these effects are mediated. We investigated the effect of two β-glucans, Macrogard and Curdlan, which differ in solubility and structure. Direct addition of β-glucans to purified porcine NK cells did not affect cytotoxicity of these cells against K562 target cells. However, when using PBMC instead of purified NK cells, β-glucan addition significantly increased NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This effect depended on factors secreted by CD14+ monocytes upon β-glucan priming. Further analysis showed that monocytes secrete TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 upon β-glucan addition. Of these, IL-10 turned out to play a critical role in β-glucan-triggered NK cell cytotoxicity, since depletion of IL-10 completely abrogated the β-glucan-induced increase in cytotoxicity. Furthermore, addition of recombinant IL-10 to purified NK cells was sufficient to enhance cytotoxicity. In conclusion, we show that β-glucans trigger IL-10 secretion by porcine monocytes, which in turn leads to increased NK cell cytotoxicity, and thereby identify IL-10 as a potent stimulus of porcine NK cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Hermans
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Denaeghel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bracarense APFL, Pierron A, Pinton P, Gerez JR, Schatzmayr G, Moll WD, Zhou T, Oswald IP. Reduced toxicity of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol through deoxynivalenol bacterial biotransformation: In vivo analysis in piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111241. [PMID: 32194137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of cereals, leads to adverse effects for animal and human health. Bacterial biotransformation is a strategy to mitigate the toxicity of this mycotoxin. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity of two bacterial biotranformation products of DON: 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON) and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) through zootechnical, hematological, histological and immunological assays. Twenty-four 4-weeks-old piglets received a control diet or a diet contaminated with 3 mg kg-1 DON, DOM-1, or 3-epi-DON for 7 days. Sample tissues were collected for histomorphometrical analysis, expression of cytokines and cell protein junctions. The zootechnical and hematological parameters were not modulated by any treatment. Ingestion of DON induced histological alterations in the intestine, liver and lymphoid organs, as well as an overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, E-cadherin and occludin. These changes were not observed in piglets receiving the DOM-1 and 3-epi-DON contaminated diets. Pigs fed 3-epi-DON contaminated diet showed an increase in IgM levels in comparison with other diets, while no change was observed in IgA and IgG levels among the diets. Our results indicate that DOM-1 and 3-epi-DON are not toxic for piglets; thus bacterial biotransformation seems to be a sustainable alternative to reduce mycotoxin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula F L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Alix Pierron
- Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliana R Gerez
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Food Research Center Agriculture &Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C, Canada
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Luo Y, Xu J, Zhang C, Jiang C, Ma Y, He H, Wu Y, Devriendt B, Cox E, Zhang H. Toll-like receptor 5-mediated IL-17C expression in intestinal epithelial cells enhances epithelial host defense against F4 + ETEC infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:48. [PMID: 31221216 PMCID: PMC6584996 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important cause of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets. The IL-17 cytokine family is well known to play important roles in the host defense against bacterial infections at the mucosa. Previously, we reported the potential role of IL-17A in clearing an ETEC infection in piglets. IL-17C, another member of the IL-17 family, is highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium, however, its role during an ETEC infection is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that F4+ ETEC induce IL-17C mRNA and protein expression in intestinal tissues as well as in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). This IL-17C production is largely dependent on TLR5 signaling in IPEC-J2 cells. Both F4+ ETEC infection and exogenous IL-17C increased the expression of antimicrobial peptides and tight junction proteins, such as porcine beta-defensin (pBD)-2, claudin-1, claudin-2 and occludin in IPEC-J2 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TLR5-mediated IL-17C expression in intestinal epithelial cells enhances mucosal host defense responses in a unique autocrine/paracrine manner in the intestinal epithelium against ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China.
| | - Jia Xu
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Chaoying Zhang
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Yanfeng Ma
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Haijian He
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Animal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
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Concurrent infection of monocyte-derived macrophages with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Haemophilus parasuis: A role of IFNα in pathogenesis of co-infections. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ahlberg V, Hjertner B, Wallgren P, Hellman S, Lövgren Bengtsson K, Fossum C. Innate immune responses induced by the saponin adjuvant Matrix-M in specific pathogen free pigs. Vet Res 2017; 48:30. [PMID: 28532492 PMCID: PMC5441066 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponin-based adjuvants have been widely used to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses in many species, but their mode of action is not fully understood. A characterization of the porcine transcriptional response to Matrix-M was performed in vitro using lymphocytes, monocytes or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and in vivo. The effect of Matrix-M was also evaluated in specific pathogen free (SPF) pigs exposed to conventionally reared pigs. The pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL1B and CXCL8 were up-regulated in monocytes and lymphocytes after Matrix-M exposure. Matrix-M also induced IL12B, IL17A and IFNG in lymphocytes and IFN-α gene expression in MoDCs. Several genes were indicated as up-regulated by Matrix-M in blood 18 h after injection, of which the genes for IFN-α and TLR2 could be statistically confirmed. Respiratory disease developed in all SPF pigs mixed with conventional pigs within 1–3 days. Two out of four SPF pigs injected with saline prior to contact exposure displayed systemic symptoms that was not recorded for the four pigs administered Matrix-M. Granulocyte counts, serum amyloid A levels and transcription of IL18 and TLR2 coincided with disease progression in the pigs. These results support further evaluation of Matrix-M as a possible enhancer of innate immune responses during critical moments in pig management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Ahlberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernt Hjertner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Wallgren
- National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Hellman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Many fibre sources can help the adaptation of piglets at weaning, improving the growth. In this study, the effects of a dietary crude fibre concentrate (CFC) on piglet's growth was investigated. From 31 to 51 days of age, 108 weaned piglets (D×(Lw×L)), had access to two isofibrous, isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets, supplemented with 1% of CFC (CFC group) or not (control (CON) group). From days 52 to 64 all piglets received the same starter diet. During the dietary treatment period the CFC group showed higher average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed efficiency (P<0.001) than CON group. At 64 days of age, BW was higher in CFC group compared with CON group (P<0.001). Blood samples were collected at days 31, 38, 45 and 52 of age. From days 31 to 52 significant differences in the somatotropic axis between groups were observed. In particular, growth hormone levels were higher only at the end of the 1st week of dietary treatment (P<0.05) in CFC group animals compared with CON group animals. The IGF-I trend was similar between groups even if the IGF-I levels were higher in the CFC group than CON group 1 week after starting treatment (P<0.01). The IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels were higher in the first 2 weeks of dietary treatment and lower in the 3rd week in CON group compared with CFC group (P<0.01). Specifically, the IGFBP-3 profile was consistent with that of IGF-I in CFC group but not in CON group. At the same time, an increase of leptin in CFC compared with CON group was observed (P<0.05). Piglets fed the CFC diet showed a lower diarrhoea incidence (P<0.05) and a lower number of antibiotic interventions (P<0.05) than CON diet from 31 to 51 days of age. Pig-major acute-phase protein plasma level (P<0.01) and interleukin-6 gene expression (P<0.05) were higher in CON group than CFC group at the end of 1st week of dietary treatment. In conclusion, this study showed that CFC diet influences the hormones related to energy balance enhancing the welfare and growth of piglets. Furthermore, the increase in feed intake during 3 weeks of dietary treatment improved the feed efficiency over the entire post-weaning period.
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Bateman ST, Borasino S, Asaro LA, Cheifetz IM, Diane S, Wypij D, Curley MAQ. Early High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Failure. A Propensity Score Analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:495-503. [PMID: 26492410 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201507-1381oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) for acute respiratory failure in children is prevalent despite the lack of efficacy data. OBJECTIVES To compare the outcomes of patients with acute respiratory failure managed with HFOV within 24-48 hours of endotracheal intubation with those receiving conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and/or late HFOV. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from the RESTORE (Randomized Evaluation of Sedation Titration for Respiratory Failure) study, a prospective cluster randomized clinical trial conducted between 2009 and 2013 in 31 U.S. pediatric intensive care units. Propensity score analysis, including degree of hypoxia in the model, compared the duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality of patients treated with early HFOV matched with those treated with CMV/late HFOV. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among 2,449 subjects enrolled in RESTORE, 353 patients (14%) were ever supported on HFOV, of which 210 (59%) had HFOV initiated within 24-48 hours of intubation. The propensity score model predicting the probability of receiving early HFOV included 1,064 patients (181 early HFOV vs. 883 CMV/late HFOV) with significant hypoxia (oxygenation index ≥ 8). The degree of hypoxia was the most significant contributor to the propensity score model. After adjusting for risk category, early HFOV use was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.89; P = 0.001) but not with mortality (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.79; P = 0.15) compared with CMV/late HFOV. CONCLUSIONS In adjusted models including important oxygenation variables, early HFOV was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation. These analyses make supporting the current approach to HFOV less convincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot T Bateman
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Santiago Borasino
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Ira M Cheifetz
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shelley Diane
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David Wypij
- 3 Department of Cardiology and.,6 Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,7 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Martha A Q Curley
- 10 Department of Cardiovascular and Critical Care Services, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing and.,9 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Luo Y, Van Nguyen U, de la Fe Rodriguez PY, Devriendt B, Cox E. F4+ ETEC infection and oral immunization with F4 fimbriae elicits an IL-17-dominated immune response. Vet Res 2015; 46:121. [PMID: 26490738 PMCID: PMC4618862 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important cause of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets. Porcine-specific ETEC strains possess different fimbrial subtypes of which F4 fimbriae are the most frequently associated with ETEC-induced diarrhea in piglets. These F4 fimbriae are potent oral immunogens that induce protective F4-specific IgA antibody secreting cells at intestinal tissues. Recently, T-helper 17 (Th17) cells have been implicated in the protection of the host against extracellular pathogens. However, it remains unknown if Th17 effector responses are needed to clear ETEC infections. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate if ETEC elicits a Th17 response in piglets and if F4 fimbriae trigger a similar response. F4+ ETEC infection upregulated IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-23p19, but not IL-12 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the systemic and mucosal immune system. Similarly, oral immunization with F4 fimbriae triggered a Th17 signature evidenced by an upregulated mRNA expression of IL-17F, RORγt, IL-23p19 and IL-21 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Intriguingly, IL-17A mRNA levels were unaltered. To further evaluate this difference between systemic and mucosal immune responses, we assayed the cytokine mRNA profile of F4 fimbriae stimulated PBMCs. F4 fimbriae induced IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22 and IL-23p19, but downregulated IL-17B mRNA expression. Altogether, these data indicate a Th17 dominated response upon oral immunization with F4 fimbriae and F4+ ETEC infection. Our work also highlights that IL-17B and IL-17F participate in the immune response to protect the host against F4+ ETEC infection and could aid in the design of future ETEC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ut Van Nguyen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pedro Y de la Fe Rodriguez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuani km 5½, 54830, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba.
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kavanová L, Prodělalová J, Nedbalcová K, Matiašovic J, Volf J, Faldyna M, Salát J. Immune response of porcine alveolar macrophages to a concurrent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Haemophilus parasuis in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Hupp SR, Turner DA, Rehder KJ. Is there still a role for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in neonates, children and adults? Expert Rev Respir Med 2015; 9:603-18. [PMID: 26290121 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2015.1077119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill patients with respiratory pathology often require mechanical ventilation and while low tidal volume ventilation has become the mainstay of treatment, achieving adequate gas exchange may not be attainable with conventional ventilator modalities. In attempt to achieve gas exchange goals and also mitigate lung injury, high frequency ventilation is often implemented which couples low tidal volumes with sustained mean airway pressure. This manuscript presents the physiology of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, reviews the currently available data on its use and provides strategies and approaches for this mode of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Turner
- a Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle J Rehder
- a Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Effect of high frequency oscillatory ventilation on EVLW and lung capillary permeability of piglets with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary insults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:93-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Gourbeyre P, Berri M, Lippi Y, Meurens F, Vincent-Naulleau S, Laffitte J, Rogel-Gaillard C, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Pattern recognition receptors in the gut: analysis of their expression along the intestinal tract and the crypt/villus axis. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12225. [PMID: 25677543 PMCID: PMC4393184 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a critical role in the detection of microorganisms and the induction of inflammatory and immune responses. Using PCR and Western-blot analysis, this study investigated the differential expression in the intestine of 14 PRRs and nine associated cytokines. Thirty-two pigs were used to determine the expression of these markers (1) along the proximal/distal axis of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and (2) between the intestinal segments and their respective lymphoid organs (Peyer's patches [PP] and mesenteric lymph nodes [MLN]). Six additional animals were used to quantify the expression of these genes along the crypt/villus axis of jejunum, using microdissected samples. Most genes showed increased expression (1) in the distal than in the proximal parts of the small intestine (TLR3, 5, RIG-I, IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ); (2) in lymphoid organs (TLR1, 2, 6, 9, 10, IL-10, TNF-α), especially the MLN (TLR4, 7, 8, NOD1, NOD2, NALP3, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-12, and TGF-β), than in intestinal segments. The analysis along the crypt/villus identified: (1) genes with higher expression in lamina propria (TLR1, 2, 4, 9, NOD1, NOD2, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α) and (2) genes with higher expression in the villus (TLR3, 5, 6, RIG-I, IL-6). These results highlight the differential expression of PRRs and cytokines along the proximal/distal and the crypt/villus axis of the intestine, contributing to a fine analysis of the complex functional architecture of the small intestine and should be related to the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gourbeyre
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- INRA, UR1282, ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - François Meurens
- INRA, UR1282, ISP, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Silvia Vincent-Naulleau
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intègrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France CEA, DSV, IRCM, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du Génome, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joëlle Laffitte
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Rogel-Gaillard
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intègrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toxicologie Alimentaire, Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
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15
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Gabner S, Worliczek HL, Witter K, Meyer FRL, Gerner W, Joachim A. Immune response toCystoisospora suisin piglets: local and systemic changes in T-cell subsets and selected mRNA transcripts in the small intestine. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:277-91. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gabner
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - H. L. Worliczek
- Institute of Parasitology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - K. Witter
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - F. R. L. Meyer
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - W. Gerner
- Institute of Immunology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - A. Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
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Ultrastructural study of alveolar epithelial type II cells by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:240659. [PMID: 24386636 PMCID: PMC3872375 DOI: 10.1155/2013/240659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECIIs) containing lamellar bodies (LBs) are alveolar epithelial stem cells that have important functions in the repair of lung structure and function after lung injury. The ultrastructural changes in AECIIs after high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) with a high lung volume strategy or conventional ventilation were evaluated in a newborn piglet model with acute lung injury (ALI). After ALI with saline lavage, newborn piglets were randomly assigned into five study groups (three piglets in each group), namely, control (no mechanical ventilation), conventional ventilation for 24 h, conventional ventilation for 48 h, HFOV for 24 h, and HFOV for 48 h. The lower tissues of the right lung were obtained to observe the AECII ultrastructure. AECIIs with reduced numbers of microvilli, decreased LBs electron density, and vacuole-like LBs deformity were commonly observed in all five groups. Compared with conventional ventilation groups, the decrease in numbers of microvilli and LBs electron density, as well as LBs with vacuole-like appearance and polymorphic deformity, was less severe in HFOV with high lung volume strategy groups. AECIIs were injured during mechanical ventilation. HFOV with a high lung volume strategy resulted in less AECII damage than conventional ventilation.
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Dannevig I, Solevåg AL, Saugstad OD, Nakstad B. Lung Injury in Asphyxiated Newborn Pigs Resuscitated from Cardiac Arrest - The Impact of Supplementary Oxygen, Longer Ventilation Intervals and Chest Compressions at Different Compression-to-Ventilation Ratios. Open Respir Med J 2012; 6:89-96. [PMID: 23115599 PMCID: PMC3480705 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401206010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Non-specific lung inflammatory events caused by severe asphyxia may be intensified by the way we resuscitate the newly born. Assessing lung injury is potentially important because if alternative resuscitation approaches induces similar inflammatory responses or less lung injury. then we may choose the resuscitation approach that is most gentle, and easiest to perform and learn. We investigated the levels of lung inflammatory markers by comparing different ventilation, chest compression and inhaled oxygen fraction strategies in resuscitation of newly born pigs at cardiac arrest. Materials and Methodology: Progressive asphyxia in newborn pigs was induced until asystole occurred. With current resuscitation guidelines as a reference group, pigs were randomized to receive initial ventilation before chest compressions for 30s, 60s or 90s, or to compression-to-ventilation ratios 3:1or 9:3, or to resuscitation using pure oxygen or air. We analysed inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), IL8 and TNFα, and lung tissue qPCR for genes matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)2, MMP9, TNFα and ICAM-1. Results: BAL-levels of TNFα and IL8 tended to be higher in the 30s group compared to 60s group (p = 0.028 and p = 0.023, respectively) as was gene expression in lung tissue of ICAM-1 and MMP2 (p=0.012 and p=0.043, respectively). MMP2 expression was slightly higher in the 30s group compared to 90s group (p = 0.020). No differences were found between pigs resuscitated with C:V ratio 9:3 and 3:1 or pure oxygen versus air. Conclusion: Compared to current guidelines, with respect to lung injury, resuscitation with longer initial ventilation should be considered. Longer series of chest compressions did not change the lung inflammatory response, neither did the use of air instead of pure oxygen in severely asphyxiated pigs resuscitated from asystole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Dannevig
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478 Lørenskog, Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-1478 Lørenskog, Norway ; Dept. of Paediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway ; Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Kyrova K, Stepanova H, Rychlik I, Faldyna M, Volf J. SPI-1 encoded genes of Salmonella Typhimurium influence differential polarization of porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:115. [PMID: 22817641 PMCID: PMC3441223 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Within the last decade, macrophages have been shown to be capable of differentiating toward a classically activated phenotype (M1) with a high antimicrobial potential or an alternatively activated phenotype (M2). Some pathogens are capable of interfering with differentiation in order to down-regulate the anti-microbial activity and enhance their survival in the host. Results To test this ability in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we infected porcine alveolar macrophages with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and its isogenic mutants devoid of two major pathogenicity islands, SPI-1 and SPI-2. The induction of genes linked with M1 or M2 polarization was determined by quantification of gene expression by RT-qPCR. The ΔSPI-1 mutant induced a high, dose-dependent M1 response but a low M2 response in infected macrophages. On the other hand, wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium induced a low M1 response but a high, dose-dependent M2 response in infected macrophages. The response to ΔSPI-2 mutant infection was virtually the same as the wild-type strain. Conclusions We therefore propose that Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 studied here can polarize macrophages towards the less bactericidal M2 phenotype and that this polarization is dependent on the type III secretion system encoded by SPI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kyrova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Abstract
In the last 2 decades, our goals for mechanical ventilatory support in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung injury (ALI) have changed dramatically. Several randomized controlled trials have built on a substantial body of preclinical work to demonstrate that the way in which we employ mechanical ventilation has an impact on important patient outcomes. Avoiding ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is now a major focus when clinicians are considering which ventilatory strategy to employ in patients with ALI/ARDS. Physicians are searching for methods that may further limit VILI, while still achieving adequate gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Ali
- Internal Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Pavlova B, Volf J, Ondrackova P, Matiasovic J, Stepanova H, Crhanova M, Karasova D, Faldyna M, Rychlik I. SPI-1-encoded type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica is required for the suppression of porcine alveolar macrophage cytokine expression. Vet Res 2011; 42:16. [PMID: 21314975 PMCID: PMC3037896 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes localized at Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) are involved in Salmonella enterica invasion of host non-professional phagocytes. Interestingly, in macrophages, SPI-1-encoded proteins, in addition to invasion, induce cell death via activation of caspase-1 which also cleaves proIL-1β and proIL-18, precursors of 2 proinflammatory cytokines. In this study we were therefore interested in whether SPI-1-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) may influence proinflammatory response of macrophages. To test this hypothesis, we infected primary porcine alveolar macrophages with wild-type S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis and their isogenic SPI-1 deletion mutants. ΔSPI1 mutants of both serovars invaded approx. 5 times less efficiently than the wild-type strains and despite this, macrophages responded to the infection with ΔSPI1 mutants by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, TNFα, IL-23α and GM-CSF. Identical macrophage responses to that induced by the ΔSPI1 mutants were also observed to the infection with sipB but not the sipA mutant. The hilA mutant exhibited an intermediate phenotype between the ΔSPI1 mutant and the wild-type S. Enteritidis. Our results showed that the SPI-1-encoded T3SS is required not only for cell invasion but in macrophages also for the suppression of early proinflammatory cytokine expression.
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21
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Open the lung with high-frequency oscillation ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation? It may not matter! CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2010; 14:1010. [PMID: 21156085 PMCID: PMC3220010 DOI: 10.1186/cc9343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 'open lung' approach has been proposed as a reasonable ventilation strategy to mitigate ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and possibly reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-related mortality. However, several randomized clinical trials have failed to show any significant clinical benefit of a ventilation strategy applying higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and low tidal volume.Dispute regarding the optimal levels of PEEP in ARDS patients represents the substrate for a translational research effort from the bedside to the bench, driving animal studies aimed at elucidating which ventilation strategies reduce biotrauma, considered one of the most important driving forces of VILI and ARDS-related multi-organ failure and mortality. Inappropriate values for end-inspiratory or end-expiratory pressure have clear potential to damage a lung predisposed to VILI. In the heterogeneous environment of the ARDS 'baby lung', lung recruitment and the avoidance of tidal overstretch with high-frequency oscillation ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation, guided by respiratory mechanics, appears to reduce VILI.
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Wikström FH, Fossum C, Fuxler L, Kruse R, Lövgren T. Cytokine induction by immunostimulatory DNA in porcine PBMC is impaired by a hairpin forming sequence motif from the genome of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:156-66. [PMID: 20980058 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in young pigs with severe immunosuppression as a major characteristic of the disease complex. Despite the dramatic involvement of the immune system, the interaction between PCV2 and the host is until date not well understood. The DNA genome of PCV2 contains sequences that in synthetic form (oligodeoxyribonucleotides; ODNs) can act immunomodulatory on porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (poPBMCs) in vitro. One such sequence (ODN PCV2/1) acts inhibitory on interferon (IFN)-α production induced by immunostimulatory DNA but not that induced by RNA, and the inhibitory activity is dependent on secondary structure formation. In the present study, the characteristic of ODN PCV2/1 was examined further by altering the nucleotide sequence to disrupt hairpin structure formation but still enable multimer structures through G-tetrads. This modification resulted in loss of IFN-α-inhibitory activity of the ODN and thus indicated the importance of hairpin structures. In addition, ODN PCV2/1 was compared to another inhibitory ODN (IRS 869) previously used in human and murine cells. In contrast to ODN PCV2/1, ODN IRS 869 did not inhibit IFN-α production induced by class A ODN 2216 but was a more efficient inhibitor of IFN-α production induced by plasmid DNA than ODN PCV2/1. In cultures induced by the RNA stimulator Poly I:C, however, a strong synergistic IFN-α stimulatory effect was seen in combination with ODN IRS 869. These results indicate that ODN PCV2/1 and ODN IRS 869 function through separate mechanisms to affect cytokine production by immune cells. The effect of ODN PCV2/1 was studied further by monitoring the expression of mRNA for IFN-α, IL-12p40, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TGF-β, and TNF-α in cultures of poPBMC stimulated with ODN 2216 or Poly I:C. Results from qPCR analyses showed that ODN PCV2/1 clearly inhibited the expression of IFN-α, IL-12p40, IL-10 and IL-6 when induced by ODN 2216, but did not seem to affect any of the cytokines examined when induced by Poly I:C. Initial studies using confocal microscopy and fluorochrome labelled ODNs indicate that ODN 2216 and ODN PCV2/1 co-localize in subpopulations of poPBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hasslung Wikström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BMC, P.O. Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Volf J, Havlickova H, Hradecka H, Ondrackova P, Matiasovic J, Faldyna M, Rychlik I. Epidemiology and interaction of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby, Infantis and Typhimurium with porcine alveolar macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:105-10. [PMID: 20554127 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we were interested in the serovars which are frequently isolated from pigs, i.e. S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and S. Infantis. First we collected different isolates of S. Infantis and S. Derby and compared them by macrorestriction analysis. In the second part of the study we infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with representative strains of these serovars and S. Typhimurium and determined intracellular survival, cytotoxicity and cytokine response. In S. Derby, 17 different profiles in 51 isolates have been identified and in S. Infantis, 12 different profiles in 37 isolates have been identified. Four hours post-addition of bacteria to PAMs, higher numbers of intracellular S. Typhimurium than S. Derby or S. Infantis were observed. However, within next 24h, counts of S. Typhimurium did not change while S. Derby and S. Infantis increased their counts 10 and 5 times, respectively. The apparent inability of S. Typhimurium to multiply inside PAMs was caused by its higher cytotoxicity because PAMs infected with S. Typhimurium released LDH 24h post-infection to a significantly higher level than when infected with the other two serovars. The IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-23p19 and TNFα response to S. Derby and S. Infantis was always higher than to S. Typhimurium and the differences among the serovars were more significant at 4 than 24h post-infection. The lower cytokine signaling but higher cytotoxicity of S. Typhimurium for macrophages correlates with the higher virulence for pigs of this serotype when compared with S. Derby or S. Infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Comparative effect of orally administered sodium butyrate before or after weaning on growth and several indices of gastrointestinal biology of piglets. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:1285-96. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (SB) provided orally favours body growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in milk-fed pigs. In weaned pigs, conflicting results have been obtained. Therefore, we hypothesised that the effects of SB (3 g/kg DM intake) depend on the period (before v. after weaning) of its oral administration. From the age of 5 d, thirty-two pigs, blocked in quadruplicates within litters, were assigned to one of four treatments: no SB (control), SB before (for 24 d), or after (for 11–12 d) weaning and SB before and after weaning (for 35–36 d). Growth performance, feed intake and various end-point indices of GIT anatomy and physiology were investigated at slaughter. The pigs supplemented with SB before weaning grew faster after weaning than the controls (P < 0·05). The feed intake was higher in pigs supplemented with SB before or after weaning (P < 0·05). SB provided before weaning improved post-weaning faecal digestibility (P < 0·05) while SB after weaning decreased ileal and faecal digestibilities (P < 0·05). Gastric digesta retention was higher when SB was provided before weaning (P < 0·05). Post-weaning administration of SB decreased the activity of three pancreatic enzymes and five intestinal enzymes (P < 0·05). IL-18 gene expression tended to be lower in the mid-jejunum in SB-supplemented pigs. The small-intestinal mucosa was thinner and jejunal villous height lower in all SB groups (P < 0·05). In conclusion, the pre-weaning SB supplementation was the most efficient to stimulate body growth and feed intake after weaning, by reducing gastric emptying and intestinal mucosa weight and by increasing feed digestibility.
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Devriendt B, Gallois M, Verdonck F, Wache Y, Bimczok D, Oswald IP, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. The food contaminant fumonisin B(1) reduces the maturation of porcine CD11R1(+) intestinal antigen presenting cells and antigen-specific immune responses, leading to a prolonged intestinal ETEC infection. Vet Res 2009; 40:40. [PMID: 19389343 PMCID: PMC2701185 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of food or feed contaminated with fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, can lead to disease in humans and animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of FB1 intake on the intestinal immune system. Piglets were used as a target and as a model species for humans since their gastro-intestinal tract is very similar. The animals were orally exposed to a low dose of FB1 (1 mg/kg body weight FB1) for 10 days which did not result in clinical signs. However, when compared to non-exposed animals, FB1-exposed animals showed a longer shedding of F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) following infection and a lower induction of the antigen-specific immune response following oral immunization. Further analyses to elucidate the mechanisms behind these observations revealed a reduced intestinal expression of IL-12p40, an impaired function of intestinal antigen presenting cells (APC), with decreased upregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II molecule (MHC-II) and reduced T cell stimulatory capacity upon stimulation. Taken together, these results indicate an FB1-mediated reduction of in vivo APC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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26
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High Frequency Oscillation for Acute Respiratory Failure in Adults. Intensive Care Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77383-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Zhu Y, Magnusson U, Fossum C, Berg M. Escherichia coli inoculation of porcine mammary glands affects local mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors and regulatory cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Lobjois V, Liaubet L, SanCristobal M, Glénisson J, Fève K, Rallières J, Le Roy P, Milan D, Cherel P, Hatey F. A muscle transcriptome analysis identifies positional candidate genes for a complex trait in pig. Anim Genet 2008; 39:147-62. [PMID: 18366476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Muscle tenderness is an important complex trait for meat quality and thus for genetic improvement through animal breeding. However, the physiological or genetic control of tenderness development in muscle is still poorly understood. In this work, using transcriptome analysis, we found a relationship between gene expression variability and tenderness. Muscle (longissimus dorsi) samples from 30 F(2) pigs were characterized by Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) on cooked meat as a measurement of muscle tenderness. Gene expression levels were measured using microarrays for 17 muscle samples selected to represent a range of WBSF values. Using a linear regression model, we determined that samples with WBSF values above 30 N could be effectively analysed for genes exhibiting a significant association of their expression level on shear force (false discovery rate <0.05). These genes were shown to be involved in three functional networks: cell cycle, energy metabolism and muscle development. Twenty-two genes were mapped on the pig genome and 12 were found to be located in regions previously reported to contain quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting pig meat tenderness (chromosomes 2, 6 and 13). Some genes appear therefore as positional candidate genes for QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lobjois
- INRA UMR444 Génétique Cellulaire, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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29
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Rebuttal from Drs. Ferguson and Slutsky. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01226.2007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Ferguson ND, Slutsky AS. Point: High-frequency ventilation is the optimal physiological approach to ventilate ARDS patients. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 104:1230-1. [PMID: 18048584 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01226.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niall D Ferguson
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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31
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Rationale for High-Frequency Oscillation as a Primary Lung-Protective Mode in Patients with ALI/ARDS. Intensive Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-49518-7_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Muellenbach RM, Wunder C, Nuechter DC, Smul T, Trautner H, Kredel M, Roewer N, Brederlau J. Early treatment with arteriovenous extracorporeal lung assist and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in a case of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51:766-9. [PMID: 17425618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung protective ventilation can reduce mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, many patients with severe ARDS remain hypoxemic and more aggressive ventilation is necessary to maintain sufficient gas exchange. Pumpless arteriovenous extracorporeal lung assist (av-ECLA) has been shown to remove up to 95% of the systemic CO(2) production, thereby allowing ventilator settings and modes prioritizing oxygenation and lung protection. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is an alternative form of ventilation that may improve oxygenation while limiting the risk of further lung injury by using extremely small tidal volumes (VT). METHODS We discuss the management of a patient suffering from severe ARDS as a result of severe bilateral lung contusions and pulmonary aspiration. RESULTS Severe ARDS developed within 4 h after intensive care unit admission. Conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) with high-airway pressures and low VT failed to improve gas exchange. Av-ECLA was initiated to achieve a less aggressive ventilation strategy. VT was reduced to 2-3 ml/kg, but oxygenation did not improve and airway pressures remained high. HFOV (8-10 Hz) was started using a recruitment strategy and oxygenation improved within 2 h. After 5 days, the patient was switched back to CV uneventfully and av-ECLA was removed after 8 days. CONCLUSION The combination of two innovative treatment modalities resulted in rapid stabilization and improvement of gas exchange during severe ARDS refractory to conventional lung protective ventilation. During av-ECLA, extremely high oscillatory frequencies were used minimizing the risk of baro- and volutrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Muellenbach
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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33
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Ferguson ND, Villar J, Slutsky AS. Understanding high-frequency oscillation: lessons from the animal kingdom. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:1316-8. [PMID: 17563881 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Muellenbach RM, Kredel M, Said HM, Klosterhalfen B, Zollhoefer B, Wunder C, Redel A, Schmidt M, Roewer N, Brederlau J. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation reduces lung inflammation: a large-animal 24-h model of respiratory distress. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:1423-33. [PMID: 17563879 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury in experimental neonatal respiratory distress. However, these data permit no conclusions for large animals or adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), because in neonates higher frequencies and lower amplitudes can be used, resulting in lower tidal volumes (VT) and airway pressures. The aim of this study was to compare gas exchange, lung histopathology and inflammatory cytokine expression during lung-protective pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) and HFOV in a long-term large-animal model of ARDS. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study. SETTING University animal laboratory. SUBJECTS Sixteen female pigs (55.3 +/- 3.9 kg). INTERVENTIONS After induction of ARDS by repeated lavage, the animals were randomly assigned to PCV (VT = 6 ml/kg) and HFOV (6 Hz). After lung injury, a standardised lung recruitment was performed in both groups, and ventilation was continued for 24 h. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS After lung recruitment sustained improvements in the oxygenation index were observed in both groups. The mean airway pressure (mPaw) was significantly lower in the HFOV group during the experiment (p < 0.01). Histologically, lung inflammation was significantly ameliorated in the HFOV group (p < 0.05). The messenger RNA expression of IL-1-beta in lung tissue was significantly lower in the HFOV-treated animals (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that HFOV compared with conventional lung-protective ventilation can reduce lung inflammation in a large-animal 24-h model of ARDS. Furthermore, it was shown that lung recruitment leads to sustained improvements in gas exchange with a significantly lower mPaw when HFOV is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M Muellenbach
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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35
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Oba K, Yamashita H, Waragai A, Kawano T. NF-kappaB in the lungs of premature rabbits during mechanical ventilation--comparison between conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and high-frequency oscillation (HFO). Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42:446-51. [PMID: 17394254 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare pulmonary nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity of conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) with that of high-frequency oscillation (HFO) in premature rabbit lungs. For surfactant-depleted model, we used premature rabbits in order to exclude the effect of lung lavage on the activation of NF-kappaB. The premature rabbits were delivered at a gestational age of 27 days by hysterotomy. Both modes of the ventilator were set at the same MAP and FiO(2). We used animals that had PCO(2) levels of approximately 50-mmHg. Animals were sacrificed after 1-hr ventilation with CMV or HFO. Then activity of pulmonary NF-kappaB was assessed. We observed that NF-kappaB activity was higher in the lungs of CMV compared with those of HFO, as measured by Western blot analysis. The activity level of NF-kappaB in the lungs measured by ELISA was significantly higher in CMV group than in HFO group. We conclude that a higher level of NF-kappaB activation was associated with CMV when compared to HFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka-City, Tokyo, Japan.
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36
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Downar J, Mehta S. Bench-to-bedside review: high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2007; 10:240. [PMID: 17184554 PMCID: PMC1794464 DOI: 10.1186/cc5096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation is the cornerstone of therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Paradoxically, mechanical ventilation can exacerbate lung damage – a phenomenon known as ventilator-induced lung injury. While new ventilation strategies have reduced the mortality rate in patients with ARDS, this mortality rate still remains high. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is an unconventional form of ventilation that may improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, while limiting further lung injury associated with high ventilatory pressures and volumes delivered during conventional ventilation. HFOV has been used for almost two decades in the neonatal population, but there is more limited experience with HFOV in the adult population. In adults, the majority of the published literature is in the form of small observational studies in which HFOV was used as 'rescue' therapy for patients with very severe ARDS who were failing conventional ventilation. Two prospective randomized controlled trials, however, while showing no mortality benefit, have suggested that HFOV, compared with conventional ventilation, is a safe and effective ventilation strategy for adults with ARDS. Several studies suggest that HFOV may improve outcomes if used early in the course of ARDS, or if used in certain populations. This review will summarize the evidence supporting the use of HFOV in adults with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Downar
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue #18-216, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue #18-216, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue #18-216, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang SG, Guo GH, Fu ZH, Zhou SF. Comparison of conventional mandatory ventilation and high frequency oscillatory ventilation for treatment of acute lung injury induced by steam inhalation injury. Burns 2006; 32:951-6. [PMID: 17045404 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study compared patho-physical indexes, respiratory mechanics, circulatory parameters and lung injury scores of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by steam inhalation injury in a New Zealand rabbit model with different ventilatory strategies: a control group which consisted of lower tidal volume (VT 6 ml/kg) and high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (9 cmH(2)O); treatment group which was high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Eighteen rabbits were anaesthetized, sedated, neuromuscular-blocked and ventilated with above two modes at our animal laboratory of burn center. After induction of acute lung injury by steam inhalation, animals were randomly assigned to receive either conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) or high frequency oscillatory ventilation and were grouped as CMV and HFOV group. As a result, HFOV attenuated the decrease in oxygenation and pulmonary compliance, alleviated lung tissue damage and inflammatory response. Therefore, HFOV may be a preferable option for treatment of acute lung injury induced by steam inhalation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Gen Wang
- Burns Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei City 230022, China.
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38
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Fink L, Kwapiszewska G, Wilhelm J, Bohle RM. Laser-microdissection for cell type- and compartment-specific analyses on genomic and proteomic level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 57 Suppl 2:25-9. [PMID: 16581237 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Morphological study and identification of cell differentiation within tissues are the basis for assessment of physiological and pathological processes. Applying molecular techniques, the analysis of tissue homogenates may lead to masking of genetic deviations or expression changes of an individual cell type by the bulk of surrounding cells. To overcome the tissue heterogeneity, cells have to be isolated selectively. Therefore, microdissection techniques were developed making retrieval of target cells simple, rapid and precise. Presenting an overview of our approaches, it is demonstrated that single cell isolation is often preconditional for the investigation of splicing isoform expression. To reveal gene regulation combining microdissection of few cells and real-time RT-PCR allows to determine relative mRNA expression in a cell type-specific manner, even after immunofluorescence staining of target cells. Combination with RNA preamplification techniques and micro arrays results in cell type- or compartment-specific expression profiles that especially differ from those of tissue homogenates when minor represented cell types are investigated. For proteomic biomarker screening, the application of mass spectrometry techniques (SELDI/MALDI TOF) turned out to be feasible in combination with microdissected minute amounts of tissues. However, further identification of marker peaks still needs a remarkable effort. Strategies to deal with this problem are presented. In consequence, the isolation of cells or cell types allows a more accurate investigation of complex tissues and gives deeper insight to regulation processes and crosstalk of the respective cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Fink
- Department of Pathology, University of Giessen Lung Center, Langhansstr 10, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Ankermann T, Reisner A, Wiemann T, Koehler H, Krams M, Krause MF. Intrapulmonary application of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor using surfactant as a carrier reduces lung edema in a piglet model of airway lavage. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:452-62. [PMID: 16547963 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene-generated effects on microvascular integrity and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) play a key role in the inflammatory process of the alveolar-capillary unit in neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. We asked if intrapulmonary application of MK886, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, and the use of a porcine surfactant preparation (Curosurftrade mark) as a carrier substance would improve lung function in a neonatal piglet model of airway lavage. Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated newborn piglets (n = 19) underwent repeated airway lavage to induce acute lung injury. Piglets then received either surfactant alone (S, n = 6), or MK886 admixed with surfactant (S + MK, n = 7), or an air-bolus injection as control (C, n = 6). Measurements of gas exchange, lung function, extravascular lung water (EVLW), cell counts, and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were performed during 6 hr of mechanical ventilation. Arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO(2)) (S, 13.8 +/- 4.2 kPa, vs. S + MK, 20 +/- 6.6; P < 0.05), functional residual capacity (S, 15.1 +/- 6.8 ml/kg, vs. S + MK, 18.8 +/- 3.7 ml/kg; P < 0.05), and EVLW (S, 29 +/- 14 ml/kg, vs. S + MK 24 +/- 4 ml/kg; P < 0.05) were significantly improved in the MK886 group. This clinical effect was linked with a decrease in LTB(4) concentration in BAL (S, 3.5 (1.9-5.4) pg/ml, vs. S + MK, 1.6 (0.7-4.7) pg/ml; P < 0.05) and an increase in IL-8 (S, 2,103 (852-4,243) pg/ml, vs. S + MK, 3,815 (940-26,187) pg/ml; P < 0.05). PMNL counts in BAL were reduced (S, 570 +/- 42 cells/ml, vs. 275 +/- 35 cells/ml; P < 0.05). In conclusion, intrapulmonary application of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK886 with surfactant as a carrier improves lung function by decreasing EVLW as the main response to LTB(4) reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ankermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Dani C, Bertini G, Pezzati M, Filippi L, Pratesi S, Caviglioli C, Rubaltelli FF. Effects of pressure support ventilation plus volume guarantee vs. high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on lung inflammation in preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:242-9. [PMID: 16397875 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate if high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) might reduce lung inflammation in preterm infants with infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in comparison with the early application of another potentially lung-protective ventilation strategy, such as pressure support ventilation plus volume guarantee (PSV + VG). Infants at less than 30 weeks of gestation with RDS were enrolled consecutively in the study if they required mechanical ventilation, and were randomly allocated to receive HFOV or PSV + VG. Bronchial aspirate samples for the measurement of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and IL-10 were obtained before surfactant treatment (T1), after 6-18 hr of ventilation (T2), after 24-48 hr of ventilation (T3), and before extubation (T4). Thirteen patients were enrolled in the HFOV group, and 12 in the PSV + VG group. The mean values of IL-1beta, IL-8, and IL-10 at T4 were lower in the HFOV group than in the PSV + VG group. The present study demonstrates that early treatment with HFOV is associated with a reduction of lung inflammation in comparison with PSV + VG in preterm infants with RDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dani
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Surgical and Medical Critical Care, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although mechanical ventilation is lifesaving for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, it can cause ventilator-induced lung injury. To minimize ventilator-induced lung injury, different ventilatory strategies have been developed. One of the strategies is the use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS OF VENTILATOR-INDUCED LUNG INJURY AND HFOV: Because of the novel gas exchange mechanisms, HFOV can provide adequate gas exchange using extremely small tidal volumes and maintain high end-expiratory lung volume without inducing overdistension, which should result in minimization of ventilator-induced lung injury. STUDIES OF HFOV AND LUNG INJURY There are convincing clinical and animal data indicating that HFOV is an ideal lung-protective ventilatory strategy, particularly in the setting of neonatal respiratory failure, if lung volume recruitment is performed. CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF HFOV IN ADULT ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME A recent clinical trial demonstrated early (<16 hrs) improvement in oxygenation with HFOV and a 30-day mortality of 37% with HFOV vs. 52% with pressure-controlled ventilation (p = .102), suggesting that HFOV is as effective and safe as the conventional strategy in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome. Future studies examining optimal algorithms of HFOV using clinically relevant animal models, and patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, are imperative to determine whether the wide-spread application of HFOV is warranted in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Imai
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Duggan M, Engelberts D, Jankov RP, Worrall JMA, Qu R, Hare GMT, Tanswell AK, Mullen JB, Kavanagh BP. Hypocapnia attenuates mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:262-8. [PMID: 15753497 DOI: 10.1007/bf03016061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypocapnia, a recognized complication of high frequency oscillation ventilation, has multiple adverse effects on lung and brain physiology in vivo, including potentiation of free radical injury. We hypothesized that hypocapnia would potentiate the effects of mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion on bowel, liver and lung injury. METHODS Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were ventilated with high frequency oscillation and were randomized to one of four groups, exposed to either mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion or sham surgery, and to either hypocapnia or normocapnia. RESULTS All animals survived the protocol. Ischemia-reperfusion caused significant histologic bowel injury. Bowel 8-isoprostane generation was greater in ischemia-reperfusion vs sham, but was attenuated by hypocapnia. Laser-Doppler flow studies of bowel perfusion confirmed that hypocapnia attenuated reperfusion following ischemia. Plasma alanine transaminase, reflecting overall hepatocellular injury, was not increased by ischemia-reperfusion but was increased by hypocapnia; however, hepatic isoprostane generation was increased by ischemia-reperfusion, and not by hypocapnia. Oxygenation was comparable in all groups, and compliance was impaired by ischemia-reperfusion but not by hypocapnia. CONCLUSION Hypocapnia, although directly injurious to the liver, attenuates ischemia-reperfusion induced lipid peroxidation in the bowel, possibly through attenuation of blood flow during reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Duggan
- Lung Biology Program, The Research Institute and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Vento G, Matassa PG, Ameglio F, Capoluongo E, Zecca E, Tortorolo L, Martelli M, Romagnoli C. HFOV in premature neonates: effects on pulmonary mechanics and epithelial lining fluid cytokines. A randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:463-70. [PMID: 15717206 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ventilation strategies for preterm neonates may influence the severity of pulmonary dysfunction and later development of chronic lung disease. The objective of this report is to compare the effects of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (sIMV) from the points of views of biochemical and functional variables. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Third level NICU. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS Forty preterm neonates with a gestational age of 24-29 weeks were randomly assigned to one of the two above-mentioned ventilation strategies within 30 min from birth. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS At 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, the babies were monitored by means of ventilator indices, pulmonary function, and eight pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The neonates assigned to the HFOV procedure benefited from early and sustained improvement in pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange-significantly higher dynamic respiratory compliance values, significantly lower expiratory airway resistance and oxygenation index values-with earlier extubation as compared to the neonates assigned to sIMV treatment, and showed significantly lower transforming growth factor-beta1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CONCLUSIONS The results of this randomized clinical trial support the hypothesis that early and exclusive use of HFOV, combined with optimum volume strategy, has a beneficial effect during the acute phase of lung injury.
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MESH Headings
- Body Fluids/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- High-Frequency Ventilation
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/therapy
- Male
- Respiration, Artificial/methods
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/immunology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/physiopathology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy
- Respiratory Mechanics
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vento
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
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Ankermann T, Wiemann T, Reisner A, Orlowska-Volk M, Köhler H, Krause MF. Topical interleukin-8 antibody attracts leukocytes in a piglet lavage model. Intensive Care Med 2004; 31:272-80. [PMID: 15502932 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in young infants is linked with a pulmonary inflammatory response part of which are increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels and migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) into lung tissue. A topical application of an antibody against IL-8 might therefore decrease PMNL migration and improve lung function. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, prospective animal study. SETTING Research laboratory of a university children's hospital. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTIONS Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated newborn piglets (n=22) underwent repeated airway lavage to remove surfactant and to induce lung inflammation. Piglets then received either surfactant alone (S, n=8), or a topical antibody against IL-8 admixed to surfactant (S+IL-8, n=8), or an air bolus injection (control, n=6). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS After 6 h of mechanical ventilation following intervention, oxygenation [S 169+/-51 (SD) vs S+IL-8 139+/-61 mmHg] and lung function (compliance: S 1.3+/-0.4 vs S+IL-8 0.9+/-0.4 ml/cmH(2)O/kg; extra-vascular lung-water: S 27+/-9 vs S+IL-8 52+/-28 ml/kg) were worse in the S+IL-8 group because reactive IL-8 production [S 810 (median, range 447-2323] vs S+IL-8 3485 (628-16180) pg/ml; P<0.05) with facilitated migration of PMNL into lung tissue occurred. Moreover, antibody application caused augmented chemotactic potency of IL-8 [linear regression of migrated PMNL and IL-8 levels: S r(2)=0.30 (P=ns) vs S+IL-8 r(2)=0.89 (P=0.0002)]. CONCLUSION Topical anti-IL-8 treatment after lung injury increases IL-8 production, PMNL migration, and worsens lung function in our piglet lavage model. This effect is in contrast to current literature using pre-lung injury treatment protocols. Our data do not support anti-IL-8 treatment in young infants with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ankermann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Christian-Albrechts University, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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