1
|
Low Phytanic Acid-Concentrated DHA Prevents Cognitive Deficit and Regulates Alzheimer Disease Mediators in an ApoE -/- Mice Experimental Model. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010011. [PMID: 30577526 PMCID: PMC6356727 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia and cognitive impairment. It has been associated with a significant diminution of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in the brain. Clinical trials with DHA as a treatment in neurological diseases have shown inconsistent results. Previously, we reported that the presence of phytanic acid (PhA) in standard DHA compositions could be blunting DHA’s beneficial effects. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effects of a low PhA-concentrated DHA and a standard PhA-concentrated DHA in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. Behavioral tests and protein expression of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, antioxidant factors, and AD-related mediators were evaluated. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased Aβ, ß-amyloid precursor protein (APP), p-tau, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), caspase 3, and catalase, and increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. Low PhA-concentrated DHA decreased interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein expression in ApoE−/− mice when compared to standard PhA-concentrated DHA. No significant differences were found in p22phox, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), and tau protein expression. The positive actions of a low PhA-concentrated DHA were functionally reflected by improving the cognitive deficit in the AD experimental model. Therefore, reduction of PhA content in DHA compositions could highlight a novel pathway for the neurodegeneration processes related to AD.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wada Y, Yoshida-Yamamoto S, Wada Y, Nakayama M, Mitsuda N, Kitajima H. Trans fatty acid accumulation in the human placenta. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:139-143. [PMID: 28124800 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trans fatty acid may impair fetal growth and infant neurodevelopment, but the quantity in a placenta and human tissues remains unknown. To address the issue, a simple and reliable method of quantification is needed. We established a method of quantifying trans-octadecenoic acids (trans-6,8,9,11 18:1 fatty acids, TOAs), a major component of trans fatty acid, in human tissue samples, and then determined the TOAs level in the placenta. Oleic acid (OA) (C18:1(9c)) was measured by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the TOAs level was subsequently calculated based on the ratio of the peak areas for TOAs and OA (TOAs/OA) in the mass chromatogram. Lipids were extracted from 28 human placentas at different gestational ages from 28 to 41 weeks, and the TOAs and OA levels were measured. In method validation, the limit of detection for elaidic acid (trans-9,18:1 fatty acid), a major component of TOAs, was 0.57 ng, and linearity of calibration ranging from 7.7 to 68.0 μg/g placenta for TOAs. In human placenta analysis, the TOAs level was significantly higher in term (n = 15, 40.2 ± 9.7 μg/g placenta) than in preterm placentas (n = 13, 18.9 ± 7.4 μg/g placenta) (p < 0.001), while OA levels were similar in term (n = 15, 863 ± 132 μg/g placenta) and preterm (n = 13, 743 ± 283 μg/g placenta) placentas (p = 0.15). TOAs accumulate in the placenta as pregnancy progresses and have a fate different from that of OA in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TOA quantification in human tissue samples. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Wada
- Pediatrics, Rinku General Medical Center, 2-23, Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8577, Japan
| | - Shumi Yoshida-Yamamoto
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebirakicho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Wada
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakayama
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mitsuda
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitajima
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Janssen CI, Zerbi V, Mutsaers MP, de Jong BS, Wiesmann M, Arnoldussen IA, Geenen B, Heerschap A, Muskiet FA, Jouni ZE, van Tol EA, Gross G, Homberg JR, Berg BM, Kiliaan AJ. Impact of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cognition, motor skills and hippocampal neurogenesis in developing C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
4
|
Scientific Opinion on health benefits of seafood (fish and shellfish) consumption in relation to health risks associated with exposure to methylmercury. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
5
|
Steer CD, Lattka E, Koletzko B, Golding J, Hibbeln JR. Maternal fatty acids in pregnancy, FADS polymorphisms, and child intelligence quotient at 8 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1575-82. [PMID: 24067669 PMCID: PMC6404851 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tissue is selectively enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids (FAs). Altering the maternal FA status in pregnancy may improve fetal neural development with lasting consequences for child development. OBJECTIVE We explored whether maternal FAs in erythrocytes, either measured directly or indirectly by maternal FADS genetic variants, are associated with child intelligence quotient (IQ). DESIGN Linear regression analyses, adjusted for 18 confounders, were used to investigate the associations in 2839 mother-child pairs from the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. RESULTS Low levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) were associated with lower performance IQ (-2.0 points; 95% CI: -3.5, -0.6 points; P = 0.007, increased R² = 0.27%), high levels of osbond acid (22:5n-6) were associated with verbal IQ (-1.8 points; 95% CI: -3.2, -0.4 points; P = 0.014, R² = 0.20%), and high levels of adrenic acid (22:4n-6) were associated with verbal IQ (-1.7 points; 95% CI:-3.1, -0.3 points; P = 0.016, R² = 0.19%). There was some evidence to support a negative association of low docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) with full-scale IQ (R² = 0.15%). Novel weak associations were also observed for low levels of osbond acid (R² ≤ 0.29%) and FADS variants with opposite effects for intron variants and variants in the promoter region such as rs3834458 (R² ≤ 0.38%). CONCLUSIONS These results support the positive role of maternal arachidonic acid and DHA on fetal neural development, although the effects on child IQ by 8 y of age were small (0.1 SD), with other factors contributing more substantially. The endogenous synthesis of these FAs by FADS genes, especially FADS2, may also be important. The replication of these results is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Steer
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (CDS and JG); the Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (EL); the Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany (BK); and the NIH, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda MD (JRH)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sabel KG, Strandvik B, Petzold M, Lundqvist-Persson C. Motor, mental and behavioral developments in infancy are associated with fatty acid pattern in breast milk and plasma of premature infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:183-8. [PMID: 22440244 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate any association between infants' early development and PUFA concentrations in early breast milk and infants' plasma phospholipids at 44 weeks gestational age. Fifty-one premature infants were included. The quality of general movement was assessed at 3 months, and motor, mental and behavioral development at 3, 6, 10 and 18 months corrected age using Bayley's Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). Linoleic acid, the major n-6/n-3 FA ratios, Mead acid and the EFA deficiency index in early breast milk were negatively associated with development up to 18 months of age. DHA and AA, respectively, in infants' plasma phospholipids was positively, but the AA/DHA ratio negatively, associated with development from 6 to 18 months of age. Our data suggest that the commonly found high n-6 concentration in breast milk is associated with less favorable motor, mental and behavioral development up to 18 months of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-G Sabel
- Borås Children's Hospital, Borås KGS, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Campoy C, Escolano-Margarit MV, Ramos R, Parrilla-Roure M, Csábi G, Beyer J, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Molloy AM, Decsi T, Koletzko BV. Effects of prenatal fish-oil and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate supplementation on cognitive development of children at 6.5 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1880S-1888S. [PMID: 21849596 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of prenatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and folate on neurologic development remains controversial. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the long-term effects of n-3 (omega-3) LC-PUFA supplementation, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) supplementation, or both in pregnant women on cognitive development of offspring at 6.5 y of age. DESIGN This was a follow-up study of the NUHEAL (Nutraceuticals for a Healthier Life) cohort. Healthy pregnant women in 3 European centers were randomly assigned to 4 intervention groups. From the 20th week of pregnancy until delivery, they received a daily supplement of 500 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + 150 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [fish oil (FO)], 400 μg 5-MTHF, or both or a placebo. Infants received formula containing 0.5% DHA and 0.4% arachidonic acid (AA) if they were born to mothers receiving FO supplements or were virtually free of DHA and AA until the age of 6 mo if they belonged to the groups that were not supplemented with FO. Fatty acids and folate concentrations were determined in maternal blood at weeks 20 and 30 of pregnancy, at delivery, and in cord blood. Cognitive function was assessed at 6.5 y of age with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). RESULTS We observed no significant differences in K-ABC scores between intervention groups. Higher DHA in maternal erythrocytes at delivery was associated with a Mental Processing Composite Score higher than the 50th percentile in the offspring. CONCLUSION We observed no significant effect of supplementation on the cognitive function of children, but maternal DHA status may be related to later cognitive function in children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01180933.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Campoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Medical Investigations, Clinical University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hadders-Algra M. Prenatal and early postnatal supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: neurodevelopmental considerations. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1874S-1879S. [PMID: 21525202 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It takes >20 y before the human brain obtains its complex adult configuration. Most dramatic neurodevelopmental changes occur prenatally and early postnatally, including a major transformation in cortical organization 3-4 mo after term. The long-lasting changes have practical implications for studies evaluating the effect of prenatal and early postnatal supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). Whether studies of the effect of supplementation will reveal an effect not only depends on the dosage and duration of supplementation but also on 1) the timing of supplementation, 2) the age at which the outcome is assessed, 3) the application of age-specific sensitive neurodevelopmental tools, and 4) the functional domain evaluated. Studies of the effects of prenatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or fish oil have provided inconsistent results. However, maternal and neonatal concentrations of DHA and arachidonic acid are associated with improved outcomes in early infancy, and concentrations of DHA are associated with favorable neurodevelopmental outcome beyond early infancy. Studies of LC-PUFA supplementation in preterm infants have not shown evidence of a positive effect on neurodevelopmental outcome. Similar studies in full-term infants have indicated that supplementation with 0.30% DHA (by wt) promotes neurodevelopmental outcome in early infancy, but positive effects on later outcome have not been shown. However, information on the effects on outcomes at school age or later is virtually absent. This article stresses the need for long-term longitudinal studies that apply age-specific, sensitive neurodevelopmental tools, which also take into account lifestyle habits, maternal prepregnancy nutritional status, and genetic variation in metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijna Hadders-Algra
- Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Neurology, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
van Goor SA, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Erwich JJHM, Schaafsma A, Hadders-Algra M. The influence of supplemental docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids during pregnancy and lactation on neurodevelopment at eighteen months. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 84:139-46. [PMID: 21316208 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are important for neurodevelopment. The effects of DHA (220 mg/day, n=41), DHA+AA (220 mg/day, n=39) or placebo (n=34) during pregnancy and lactation on neurodevelopment at 18 months, and the relations between umbilical cord DHA, AA and Mead acid and neurodevelopment were studied. An age-specific, standardized neurological assessment for the evaluation of minor neurological dysfunction (MND), and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were used. The intervention did not influence any of the outcomes. Umbilical venous (UV) Mead acid was negatively and n-6 fatty acids were weakly positively associated to the BSID mental developmental index. Children with simple MND had lower UV DHA compared to normally classified children. We conclude that relatively short-term maternal DHA or DHA+AA supplementation does not influence neurodevelopment at toddler age, although some parameters of brain development are related to perinatal DHA and AA status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A van Goor
- Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao J, Del Bigio MR, Weiler HA. Maternal arachidonic acid supplementation improves neurodevelopment in young adult offspring from rat dams with and without diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 84:63-70. [PMID: 20888744 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes may compromise infant arachidonic acid (AA) status and development. This study tested if maternal AA supplementation improves neurodevelopment in adult offspring. Rat dams were randomized into 6 groups: Saline-Placebo, streptozotocin-induced diabetes with glucose controlled at <13mmol/L, or poorly controlled at 13-20mmol/L using insulin; and fed either a Control or AA (0.5% fat) diet throughout reproduction. Weaned-offspring were fed regular chow to 12 weeks of age. Testing included exploratory behavior, rota rod and water maze (WM). Poorly controlled offspring showed longer (p≤0.018) escape-latency on testing-day 1 WM but not thereafter (p>0.05). Maternal glucose concentration positively correlated with (p=0.006) male offspring testing-day 1 WM latency. The AA-diet offspring performed better in WM and rota rod (p≤0.032) and showed higher exploratory behavior (p=0.008) than Control-diet offspring. These data suggest maternal hyperglycemia has longstanding consequences to initial stages of learning in the offspring. Maternal AA supplementation and training positively influence learning outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chaparro CM, Dewey KG. Use of lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) to improve the nutrient adequacy of general food distribution rations for vulnerable sub-groups in emergency settings. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2010; 6 Suppl 1:1-69. [PMID: 20055936 PMCID: PMC6860843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The term 'lipid-based nutrient supplements' (LNS) refers generically to a range of fortified, lipid-based products, including products like Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) (a large daily ration with relatively low micronutrient concentration) as well as highly concentrated supplements (1-4 teaspoons/day, providing <100 kcal/day) to be used for 'point-of-use' fortification. RUTF have been successfully used for the management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among children in emergency settings. Recent research on smaller doses of LNS for prevention of malnutrition has created interest in their potential use in emergency settings to ensure a more nutritionally adequate ration for the most vulnerable groups [e.g. infants and children between 6 and 24 months of age, and pregnant and lactating women (PLW)]. Currently, the main food and nutrition interventions in emergency settings include general food distribution (GFD) rations, which are provided to the affected population as a whole, and selective (or supplementary) feeding programs (SFP), which are to be provided to nutritionally vulnerable or malnourished individuals. In addition to logistical and operational challenges that may limit the intended effect of these programs, the nutritional quality of the food commodities provided may be insufficient to meet the needs of infants and young children and PLW. Because these subgroups have particularly high nutrient needs for growth and development, meeting these needs is challenging in settings where the ration is limited to a few food commodities, with little access to a diverse diet and bioavailable sources of micronutrients. In recent years, there has been increased attention to adding micronutrient interventions, on top of the other food-based interventions (such as GFDs and SFPs), to fill micronutrient gaps in diets in emergency settings. The focus of this document is the potential role of LNS in meeting the nutritional needs of these vulnerable subgroups, with the goal of preventing malnutrition in emergency-affected populations. The document addresses the desired nutritional formulation of LNS for these target groups, taking into account the expected bioavailability of relevant nutrients and toxicity concerns. It also discusses the recommended chemical forms of the fortificants in LNS; stability and shelf-life considerations; production, packaging and distribution of LNS in the context of emergencies; and cost implications of the addition of LNS to current GFD rations for vulnerable groups. To develop the desired nutritional formulation of LNS for these purposes, we calculated the current nutrient content of commonly provided GFD rations and determined the nutritional 'gaps' (of both micro- and macronutrients) of these rations for each of the target groups (i.e. children 6-35 months of age and PLW). For fat and protein, both quantity and quality were evaluated. Through an iterative process, we determined the formulation of a small dose of LNS that would best meet the recommended nutrient intakes for each group in combination with other foods in the GFD ration [composed of a grain, pulse, oil, sugar and salt, but excluding a fortified blended food (FBF)], as well as breast milk for children 6-24 months of age, while avoiding excess levels of any one nutrient to the extent possible. The composition of the LNS used for these calculations is based on an existing LNS product (Nutributter, Malaunay, France, Nutriset), but with less sugar and more oil. Two different approaches were used: (1) developing two different formulations of LNS, one to be used for infants and children 6-35 months of age and a separate one for PLW; and (2) developing a single formulation that could be used for all of these subgroups. We used commodity cost data to estimate the cost of adding an LNS product to the GFD ration. The results indicate that the typical GFD ration currently provided in emergency settings--based on cereals, pulse, an FBF such as corn-soy blend (CSB), oil, salt and sugar-does not meet the nutritional needs of infants and young children and PLW. The hypothetical intake from a ration composed of food aid commodities (based on the current USAID/USDA specifications for exported food aid commodities used in emergency settings), and including breast milk for children 6-24 months of age, provided less than 75% of the recommended intake for several micronutrients for certain age/physiologic groups, including calcium, iron, zinc, B vitamins such as riboflavin, B6 and B12, and fat-soluble vitamins such as D, E and K. It also generally contained lower than recommended levels of fat and essential fatty acids. The initial LNS formulation for each target group was designed to provide 100% of the recommended amount (RDA or RNI) for most micronutrients per daily dose (20 g, approximately 118 kcal) of LNS. This would ensure consumption of the recommended levels of each nutrient even if the 'base' diet changed. However, because such a formulation could provide excess amounts of certain nutrients when consumed in combination with the 'base' diet (especially when the 'base' diet contains fortified foods), we made adjustments in the LNS formulation when there was a risk of greatly exceeding the Upper Level for certain subgroups and there were relevant concerns about adverse effects from chronic consumption of such amounts. For most nutrients, consumption of toxic amounts is highly unlikely with the proposed LNS formulations. The 'one-size' LNS formulation was designed so that one 'dose' (20 g) would be provided to infants and young children and two 'doses' (i.e. 40 g/day) would be provided to PLW. This 'one-size' formulation was based on the LNS formulation developed for children 6-35 months of age. Although the resulting formulation is not a perfect match for the unique nutritional needs of each subgroup, there are several practical advantages to using such an approach. As anticipated, addition of LNS to the GFD ration, even after eliminating the FBF (e.g. CSB), increases the cost. The 'revised' ration without CSB but with LNS would cost 34-52% more (food only) than the 'typical' GFD diet for a hypothetical mother-infant pair, depending on how many LNS 'doses' were provided to the mother. However, depending on the contribution of food costs to overall program costs, the overall increase in costs may be significantly less. Although cost is an important consideration, options to improve the nutritional quality of foods provided in emergency settings should also be assessed with regard to effectiveness in maintaining and improving nutritional outcomes. Another consideration is whether a specialized product like LNS is more easily targeted to the individuals for whom it is intended, thus reducing inter- and intra-household sharing, a common concern with other fortified products such as CSB. This could have substantial cost implications because programs usually compensate for sharing by inflating the amount of FBF provided. This document is intended to be a starting point for considering the incorporation of LNS in the food packages provided in emergency settings. Our goal was to examine the potential nutritional benefits but also the challenges of adopting such a strategy. There are many different options for emergency nutrition programs, and there are also many considerations governing which option to choose. This document is intended to encourage further evaluation of all of these options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. Chaparro
- FANTA‐2 Project/AED, 1825 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington DC, USA 20009, and
| | - Kathryn G. Dewey
- University of California, Davis, Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, USA 95616‐8669
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
van Goor SA, Schaafsma A, Erwich JJHM, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Mildly abnormal general movement quality in infants is associated with higher Mead acid and lower arachidonic acid and shows a U-shaped relation with the DHA/AA ratio. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:15-20. [PMID: 20022733 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We showed that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation was associated with more mildly abnormal (MA) general movements (GMs) in the infants. Since this finding was unexpected and inter-individual DHA intakes are highly variable, we explored the relationship between GM quality and erythrocyte DHA, arachidonic acid (AA), DHA/AA and Mead acid in 57 infants of this trial. MA GMs were inversely related to AA, associated with Mead acid, and associated with DHA/AA in a U-shaped manner. These relationships may indicate dependence of newborn AA status on synthesis from linoleic acid. This becomes restricted during the intrauterine period by abundant de novo synthesis of oleic and Mead acids from glucose, consistent with reduced insulin sensitivity during the third trimester. The descending part of the U-shaped relation between MA GMs and DHA/AA probably indicates DHA shortage next to AA shortage. The ascending part may reflect a different developmental trajectory that is not necessarily unfavorable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A van Goor
- Laboratory Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Excess omega-3 fatty acid consumption by mothers during pregnancy and lactation caused shorter life span and abnormal ABRs in old adult offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:171-81. [PMID: 19818397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) during pregnancy and lactation is beneficial to fetal and infant development and might reduce the incidence and severity of preterm births by prolonging pregnancy. Consequently, supplementing maternal diets with large amounts of omega-3 FA is gaining acceptance. However, both over- and under-supplementation with omega-3 FA can harm offspring development. Adverse fetal and neonatal conditions in general can enhance age-related neural degeneration, shorten life span and cause other adult-onset disorders. We hypothesized that maternal over- and under-nutrition with omega-3 FA would shorten the offspring's life span and enhance neural degeneration in old adulthood. To test these hypotheses, female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the three diet conditions starting from day 1 of pregnancy through the entire period of pregnancy and lactation. The three diets were Control omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0.14), Excess omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 14.5) and Deficient omega-3 FA (omega-3/omega-6 ratio approximately 0% ratio). When possible, one male and female offspring from each litter were assessed for life span and sensory/neural degeneration (n=15 litters/group). The Excess offspring had shorter life spans compared to their Control and Deficient cohorts (mean+/-SEM=506+/-24, 601+/-14 and 585+/-21 days, p<or=0.004) when the study terminated on postnatal day 640. The Excess offspring had a higher incidence of presbycusis than the Control and Deficient groups (33.3, 4.3 and 4.5%, p=0.011) and a persistence of other sensory/neurological abnormalities and lower body weights in old adulthood. In conclusion, omega-3 FA over-nutrition or imbalance during pregnancy and lactation had adverse effects on life span and sensory/neurological function in old adulthood. The adverse outcomes in the Excess offspring were likely due to a "nutritional toxicity" during fetal and/or neonatal development that programmed them for life-long health disorders. The health implication is that consuming or administering large amounts of omega-3 FA during pregnancy and lactation seems inadvisable because of adverse effects on the offspring.
Collapse
|
14
|
Muskiet F. Pathophysiology and Evolutionary Aspects of Dietary Fats and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids across the Life Cycle. Front Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420067767-c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
|
15
|
Supplementation of DHA but not DHA with arachidonic acid during pregnancy and lactation influences general movement quality in 12-week-old term infants. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:235-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509991528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) are important for neurodevelopment. A traditional neonatal neurological examination and the evaluation of general movement quality are sensitive techniques for assessing neurodevelopment in young infants. Mildly abnormal general movements at 3 months have been associated with a non-optimal current brain condition. We investigated whether supplementation of DHA during pregnancy and lactation influences the infant's brain development and whether additional AA modulates this effect. Healthy women were randomly assigned to DHA (220 mg/d, n 42), DHA+AA (220 mg each/d, n 41) or control (n 36), from about week 17 (range 14–20 weeks) of pregnancy until 12 weeks postpartum. The control and the DHA+AA groups had approximately comparable dietary DHA/AA ratios. The standardised neonatal neurological examination was carried out at 2 weeks. General movement quality was assessed at 2 and 12 weeks. Neither DHA alone nor DHA+AA influenced outcomes in the traditional examination. General movement quality of infants in the DHA group was lower than that of infants in the other two groups, especially at 12 weeks: 61 % of the infants in the DHA group showed mildly abnormal general movements compared with 31 % in the control group (P = 0·008) and 34 % in the DHA+AA group (P = 0·015). We conclude that general movement quality at 12 weeks is sensitive to the maternal dietary DHA/AA balance.
Collapse
|
16
|
Moodley Y, Atienza D, Manuelpillai U, Samuel CS, Tchongue J, Ilancheran S, Boyd R, Trounson A. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce fibrosis of bleomycin-induced lung injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:303-13. [PMID: 19497992 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by loss of lung tissue as a result of inflammation and fibrosis. Augmenting tissue repair by the use of mesenchymal stem cells may be an important advance in treating this condition. We evaluated the role of term human umbilical cord cells derived from Wharton's jelly with a phenotype consistent with mesenchymal stem cells (uMSCs) in the treatment of a bleomycin-induced mouse model of lung injury. uMSCs were administered systemically, and lungs were harvested at 7, 14, and 28 days post-bleomycin. Injected uMSCs were located in the lung 2 weeks later only in areas of inflammation and fibrosis but not in healthy lung tissue. The administration of uMSCs reduced inflammation and inhibited the expression of transforming growth factor-beta, interferon-gamma, and the proinflammatory cytokines macrophage migratory inhibitory factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Collagen concentration in the lung was significantly reduced by uMSC treatment, which may have been a consequence of the simultaneous reduction in Smad2 phosphorylation (transforming growth factor-beta activity). uMSCs also increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels and reduced their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, favoring a pro-degradative milieu following collagen deposition. Notably, injected human lung fibroblasts did not influence either collagen or matrix metalloproteinase levels in the lung. The results of this study suggest that uMSCs have antifibrotic properties and may augment lung repair if used to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuben Moodley
- Department of Medicine, Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bouwstra H, Dijk-Stigter GR, Grooten HMJ, Janssen-Plas FEM, Koopmans AJ, Mulder CD, van Belle A, Hadders-Algra M. Prevalence of abnormal general movements in three-month-old infants. Early Hum Dev 2009; 85:399-403. [PMID: 19211203 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of general movements (GMs) is a sensitive tool to measure neurodevelopmental condition in early infancy. No information is available on prevalence rates of abnormal GMs in the general population. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of abnormal GMs in the general population of three-month-old infants and to evaluate the association of abnormal GM quality with medical and social risk factors. METHOD We recruited 535 infants in six well baby clinics in The Netherlands. GMs were video-taped at the corrected age of 2 to 4 months. GM-quality was assessed by two persons unaware of the infant's history. GM-quality was classified as normal optimal (NO), normal suboptimal (SO), mildly abnormal (MA) and definitely abnormal (DA). Only the last category implies clinically relevant dysfunction. Social, perinatal and postnatal characteristics were collected and their association with DA and abnormal (DA+MA) GMs were evaluated by means of univariate and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS GM-quality could be assessed reliably in 455 infants (85%). Seventeen infants (3.7%) showed DA GMs and 113 (25%) MA GMs. DA GMs were associated with preterm birth and smoking during pregnancy; abnormal (DA+MA) GMs with preterm birth, a relatively low level of paternal profession and urban living conditions. These factors explained between 3% and 7% of variance. CONCLUSION The study indicates that the prevalence of definitely abnormal GMs in the general population is 3.7% and that of mildly abnormal GMs 25%. The clinically relevant definitely abnormal GMs were associated with preterm birth and smoking during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hylco Bouwstra
- Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Doornbos B, van Goor SA, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Schaafsma A, Korf J, Muskiet FAJ. Supplementation of a low dose of DHA or DHA+AA does not prevent peripartum depressive symptoms in a small population based sample. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:49-52. [PMID: 18955102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decrease of maternal docosahexaenoic (DHA) status during pregnancy has been associated with postpartum depression, especially in women with a low intake of DHA. Since the DHA intake in the Netherlands is low, we investigated whether supplementation of low doses of DHA or DHA plus arachidonic acid (AA) during pregnancy and lactation could prevent depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances in this period. METHODS Women were supplemented daily with placebo, DHA (220 mg) or DHA+AA (220 mg each) from week 16 of pregnancy till three months postpartum. Fatty acid analyses were performed in the available plasma samples at 16 and 36 weeks of pregnancy. Depressive symptoms were measured in weeks 16 and 36 of pregnancy and six weeks postpartum using EPDS and within one week postpartum using a blues questionnaire. RESULTS 119 women completed the study. The average frequency of fish intake was low, 0.94 times per week, and did not differ between the groups. The supplementation groups did not differ in mean EPDS scores or changes in EPDS scores, nor in incidence or severity of postpartum blues. Red blood cell DHA, AA and DHA/AA ratio did not correlate with EPDS or blues scores. Indices of sleep quality did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION Supplementation of 220 mg/day DHA or DHA+AA (220 mg/day each) does not prevent peri-partum depressive symptoms, in a population based sample with low background DHA intake. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Register nr. ISRCTN58176213.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Doornbos
- Graduate School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aldámiz-Echevarría L, Bilbao A, Andrade F, Elorz J, Prieto JA, Rodríguez-Soriano J. Fatty acid deficiency profile in children with food allergy managed with elimination diets. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:1572-6. [PMID: 18671692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate plasma fatty acid (FA) composition of children with food allergy undergoing elimination diets that avoided the offending antigens. METHODS Twenty-five children (14 male, 11 female) aged 3.8 +/- 1.6 years (range 2-7 years) affected of multiple food allergy and managed with elimination diets participated in a cross-sectional study. Results of plasma fatty acids were compared with data obtained in 61 healthy children. RESULTS The patients had significantly lower values for plasma content in total polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and long-chain omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.001) and particularly, in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5omega3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6omega3) (p < 0.001). Moreover, all established indices (essential fatty acid [EFA] index ((omega3 +omega6)/(omega7 +omega9)) (p < 0.001) and sufficiency of docosahexaenoic acid index (C22:6omega3/C22:5omega6) (p < 0.001)) confirmed the presence of EFA deficiency. CONCLUSION Children with food allergy managed with restricted intake of foods such as milk, egg, fish and vegetables are at risk of developing a deficiency in EFA and particularly in omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are especially necessary for adequate growth, neurological development and cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Aldámiz-Echevarría
- Divisions of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Cruces, Basque University School of Medicine, Bilbao, País Vasco, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
van Schie PEM, Rep A, Ganzevoort W, de Groot L, Wolf H, van Wassenaer AG, de Vries JIP. General movements in infants born from mothers with early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in relation to one year's neurodevelopmental outcome. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:605-11. [PMID: 18448276 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of general movements (GMs) at three months is considered useful for prediction of adverse neurological outcome in high risk infants. AIMS To study the prevalence of abnormal GMs in infants born from women with early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the association of GMs with neurodevelopmental outcome at one year. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study, part of a randomised controlled trial of pre-birth management strategies. SUBJECTS Infants born from women with early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. OUTCOME MEASURES GMs observation and neurological examination at term and three months corrected age; at one year neurological examination and Bayley Scales of Infant Development. RESULTS From 216 women included, 175 of 178 surviving infants (mean gestational age 31.6 weeks [SD 2.3], mean birth weight 1346 grams [SD 458]), were examined at three months. At term age normal, mildly abnormal and definitely abnormal GMs were observed in 54%, 36% and 10% respectively; and at three months in 47%, 40% and 13%. Mildly or definitely abnormal GMs at three months were not associated with abnormal neurological examination at one year, however, they were associated with delayed psychomotor development at one year (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study, including small for gestational age, preterm infants about half of them did not have normal GMs at term and three months. There was no association of GMs at term nor three months with neurological outcome at one year, but there was a significant association of GMs at three months with one year psychomotor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E M van Schie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physiotherapy, VU University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hadders-Algra M. Prenatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status: the importance of a balanced intake of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. J Perinat Med 2008; 36:101-9. [PMID: 18211254 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2008.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the effect of prenatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status on neurodevelopmental outcome. It focuses on the major LPCUFA doxosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6omega3) and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4omega6). Due to enzymatic competition high DHA intake results in lower tissue levels of AA. LCPUFA accumulation in the brain starts early and increases during the third trimester. Initially brain AA-accretion exceeds DHA-accretion; after term age DHA-accretion surpasses AA-accretion. Animal studies indicated that early omega3-depletion results in poorer developmental outcome. They also showed that early omega3-supplementation had no effect on cognitive outcome, promotes visual development and impairs auditory and motor development. Only limited human data are available. Correlational studies suggest that neonatal AA status shows a positive relation with early neurodevelopmental outcome and that neonatal DHA status also might be correlated with improved outcome beyond infancy. Results of human intervention studies are equivocal: most studies were unable to demonstrate a positive effect of prenatal omega3-supplementation. It is concluded that only limited evidence exists to support the notion that prenatal omega3-supplementation favours developmental outcome. Caution is warranted for an unbalanced high DHA intake during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, i.e., DHA without additional AA supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijna Hadders-Algra
- Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koletzko B, Lien E, Agostoni C, Böhles H, Campoy C, Cetin I, Decsi T, Dudenhausen JW, Dupont C, Forsyth S, Hoesli I, Holzgreve W, Lapillonne A, Putet G, Secher NJ, Symonds M, Szajewska H, Willatts P, Uauy R. The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J Perinat Med 2008; 36:5-14. [PMID: 18184094 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2008.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews current knowledge on the role of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), in maternal and term infant nutrition as well as infant development. Consensus recommendations and practice guidelines for health-care providers supported by the World Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Early Nutrition Academy, and the Child Health Foundation are provided. The fetus and neonate should receive LC-PUFA in amounts sufficient to support optimal visual and cognitive development. Moreover, the consumption of oils rich in n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk for early premature birth. Pregnant and lactating women should aim to achieve an average daily intake of at least 200 mg DHA. For healthy term infants, we recommend and fully endorse breastfeeding, which supplies preformed LC-PUFA, as the preferred method of feeding. When breastfeeding is not possible, we recommend use of an infant formula providing DHA at levels between 0.2 and 0.5 weight percent of total fat, and with the minimum amount of AA equivalent to the contents of DHA. Dietary LC-PUFA supply should continue after the first six months of life, but currently there is not sufficient information for quantitative recommendations.
Collapse
|
23
|
Haubner L, Sullivan J, Ashmeade T, Saste M, Wiener D, Carver J. The effects of maternal dietary docosahexaenoic acid intake on rat pup myelin and the auditory startle response. Dev Neurosci 2007; 29:460-7. [PMID: 17684314 DOI: 10.1159/000107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated the effects of maternal docosahexanoic acid (DHA) supplementation on pups' auditory startle responses and the composition of brain myelin. METHODS Timed-pregnant rats were fed throughout pregnancy and lactation diets that contained 0, 0.3, 0.7 or 3% of total fatty acids as DHA. Milk was collected from culled pups' stomachs on postnatal day (PND) 3, latency of the auditory startle reflex was measured on PND 15, and pups were killed and brains collected on PND 24. RESULTS Higher levels of DHA in maternal diet were reflected in milk and in pups' myelin. The latency of the auditory startle response was significantly longer in offspring of dams fed higher levels of DHA. There was a positive correlation between the myelin content of DHA and the latency of the startle response (p = 0.044), and a negative correlation between the myelin content of DHA and the myelin content of cholesterol (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION High levels of maternal DHA intake alter the lipid composition of rat pup myelin, and are associated with longer latencies of the auditory startle response--a myelin-dependent electrophysiologic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Haubner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hadders-Algra M, Bouwstra H, van Goor SA, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Prenatal and early postnatal fatty acid status and neurodevelopmental outcome. J Perinat Med 2007; 35 Suppl 1:S28-34. [PMID: 17302538 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2007.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present review addresses the effect of pre- and postnatal supplementation of nutrition with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on neurodevelopmental outcome. The few studies which addressed the effect of prenatal LCPUFA status or prenatal LCPUFA supplementation suggest that a better prenatal arachidonic acid (AA) and doxosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status might be related to a better neurodevelopmental outcome until at least 18 months of age. A review of the few randomized controlled trials on formula supplementation with LCPUFA in preterm infants did not provide evidence for a significant beneficial effect of LCPUFA on developmental outcome. A review of the trials on formula supplementation with LCPUFA in term infants revealed that supplementation with LCPUFA, in particularly supplementation with >or=0.30% DHA, has a beneficial effect on neurodevelopmental outcome until 4 months. The studies could not demonstrate a consistent positive effect beyond that age. It was concluded that the relatively subtle effects of LCPUFA supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcome do not only depend on dosage but also on the gestational period during which the nutritional components are supplied: supplementation prior to term seems to have more effect than that after term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijna Hadders-Algra
- Department of Neurology - Developmental Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aldámiz-Echevarría L, Vallo A, Aguirre M, Sanjurjo P, Gonzalez-Lamuño D, Elorz J, Prieto JA, Andrade F, Rodríguez-Soriano J. Essential fatty acid deficiency profile in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:533-40. [PMID: 17123116 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma free fatty acids are bound to albumin, filtered through the glomeruli, and reabsorbed at the proximal nephron. The aim of the present investigation was to determine if urinary loss of fatty acids results in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria. We studied 12 patients aged 9 months to 23 years (eight male, four female) four suffering from congenital nephrotic syndrome (NS) and eight from different renal diseases. Six patients were studied postrenal transplantation. Proteinuria ranged between 41 and 829 mg/m2/h. Results were compared with data obtained in 83 healthy children. The patients had significantly lower values for plasma arachidonic acid content and EFA index (omega3 + omega6/omega7 + omega9). Deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was especially manifest in infants with congenital NS. Plasma content of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids related negatively with the degree of proteinuria. In the lineal regression model, the degree of proteinuria explained 60% of the variability of plasma values of those fatty acids. We conclude that plasma fatty acid status should be regularly monitored in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria, especially in young infants with congenital NS, who represent a population at special risk with regard to neurological development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Aldámiz-Echevarría
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Cruces and Basque University School of Medicine, Bilbao, País Vasco, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|