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Detecting Negative Response Bias Within the Trauma Symptom Inventory–2 (TSI-2): a Review of the Literature. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-021-09427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis systematic review was performed to summarize existing research on the symptom validity scales within the Trauma Symptom Inventory–Second Edition (TSI-2), a relatively new self-report measure designed to assess the psychological sequelae of trauma. The TSI-2 has built-in symptom validity scales to monitor response bias and alert the assessor of non-credible symptom profiles. The Atypical Response scale (ATR) was designed to identify symptom exaggeration or fabrication. Proposed cutoffs on the ATR vary from ≥ 7 to ≥ 15, depending on the assessment context. The limited evidence available suggests that ATR has the potential to serve as measure of symptom validity, although its classification accuracy is generally inferior compared to well-established scales. While the ATR seems sufficiently sensitive to symptom over-reporting, significant concerns about its specificity persist. Therefore, it is proposed that the TSI-2 should not be used in isolation to determine the validity of the symptom presentation. More research is needed for development of evidence-based guidelines about the interpretation of ATR scores.
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Areh I, Verkampt F, Allan A. Critical review of the use of the Rorschach in European courts. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 29:183-205. [PMID: 35755154 PMCID: PMC9225754 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1894260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In relation to the admissibility of evidence obtained using projective personality tests arose in F v. Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatam (2018). The Court of Justice of the European Union has held that an expert's report can only be accepted if it is based on the international scientific community's standards, but has refrained from stipulating what these standards are. It appears timely for European psychologists to decide what standards should be applied to determine whether or not a test is appropriate for psycholegal use. We propose standards and then apply them to the Rorschach because it was used in this case and is an exemplar of projective tests. We conclude that the Rorschach does not meet the proposed standards and that psychologists should abstain from using it in legal proceedings even in the absence of a clear judicial prohibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Areh
- Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Alfred Allan
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Priluck J, Fedio A. Factors associated with utilization of emotion and personality instruments among neuropsychologists. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:1112-1121. [PMID: 33950753 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1852238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Historically, assessment of emotion and personality functioning was not emphasized by clinical neuropsychologists, who instead focused almost exclusively on the evaluation of cognitive functioning. This study examined current practices regarding clinical neuropsychologists' usage of instruments for assessing emotion and personality, along with factors that may mediate their choice of measures and their beliefs about evaluating emotion and personality. Participants were 117 board-certified neuropsychologists as recognized by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP-CN), many of whom had been practicing for over 20 years (39%). Participants generally indicated that examining emotion and personality is essential to evaluations. There was variability among participants as to whether assessment of emotion and personality functioning is challenging, as well as whether or not clinical interview was better suited than instruments. Patients' lack of self-awareness, purposeful over- and under-exaggeration, and lack of sensitivity and specificity of the assessment instruments for neurologic disorders/conditions were identified as the greatest challenges in this area of assessment. Results of the survey suggest that further advancement in the construction and availability of emotion/personality instruments is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Priluck
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology - Washington DC Campus, Washington, USA
| | - Alison Fedio
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology - Washington DC Campus, Washington, USA
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The Necessity of Multiple Test Methods in Conducting Assessments: The Role of the Rorschach and Self-Report. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-012-9132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Shaffer TW, Erdberg P, Haroian J. Current Nonpatient Data for the Rorschach, WAIS-R, and MMPI-2. J Pers Assess 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa7302_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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6
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Bell M, Fiszdon J, Richardson R, Lysaker P, Bryson G. Are self-reports valid for schizophrenia patients with poor insight? Relationship of unawareness of illness to psychological self-report instruments. Psychiatry Res 2007; 151:37-46. [PMID: 17343920 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to determine whether impaired insight influences the validity of self-report test scores in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 274 outpatients enrolled in work rehabilitation completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI), and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Self-report scores were compared to clinician's ratings on comparable personality and symptom dimensions on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Work Behavior Inventory (WBI), and the Quality of Life Scale (QLS). The influence of insight was determined using the Scale for Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD). In the first analysis, clinician SUMD ratings of patient insight were associated with self-report accuracy. In a second analysis, patients were categorized into good and poor insight groups based on SUMD ratings and compared on self-report and clinician report variables. Results suggest that poor insight patients accurately report less Neuroticism and Agreeableness, and more Psychoticism than good insight patients, but individuals with poor insight wish to present themselves as more extraverted than they actually are, and they are likely to be more certain of their perceptions than they should be. It appears that self-report measures may be valid for most personality and symptom domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Bell
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT and the Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06516, United States.
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7
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Hartmann E, Nørbech PB, Grønnerød C. Psychopathic and Nonpsychopathic Violent Offenders on the Rorschach: Discriminative Features and Comparisons With Schizophrenic Inpatient and University Student Samples. J Pers Assess 2006; 86:291-305. [PMID: 16740113 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8603_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined discriminant and convergent validity of theoretically relevant Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) variables (Exner, 2003) and Meloy and Gacono's (1992) aggression variables in distinguishing between imprisoned violent offenders (VO) who were psychopathic (P-VO) and nonpsychopathic (NP-VO) under psychiatric treatment, schizophrenic inpatients (ISs), and university students (USs). A total of 7 of 12 variables discriminated significantly between P-VO and NP-VO, which suggests more aggressive, cognitive, and interpersonal disturbances among P-VO. We also found significant differences between VOs, ISs, and USs. Logistic regression analyses revealed that AgPast accumulated incrementally in the classification of P-VO versus NP-VO, and AgC accumulated incrementally in the classification of VO versus IS when entered after CS variables. The findings support the view that psychopathy is a distinctive form of antisocial personality disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) organized at a more severe pathological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hartmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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8
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Abstract
Response style is an important issue that is often not addressed when assessing or treating patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper, various response styles are discussed along with their relevance to clinical work and research with PTSD patients. Two of the most prevalent measures of response style, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) scales are evaluated for use in assessing for PTSD. In addition, the Trauma Symptom Inventory's potential for use in evaluating response style is briefly discussed. Implications for future work and directions for future investigation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laurel Franklin
- VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line COS6, 1601 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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9
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Impact of Coaching on Malingered Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms on the M-FAST and the TSI. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2004. [DOI: 10.1300/j158v04n02_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
This article is a critical examination of the current state of the literature regarding the assessment of malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). First, published empirical studies that examine the assessment of malingering in PTSD claimants using the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria are summarized. Next, conceptual and methodological strengths, weakness, and limitations of existing research are outlined. Currently, there is no method or single instrument that is universally recognized as being the best tool to detect malingering in PTSD claimants. Lastly, recommendations for future investigations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Guriel
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6040, USA.
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Buckley TC, Galovski T, Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ. Is the emotional Stroop paradigm sensitive to malingering? A between-groups study with professional actors and actual trauma survivors. J Trauma Stress 2003; 16:59-66. [PMID: 12602653 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022063412056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Six professional actors, trained by psychologists and acting coaches to feign PTSD, were covertly enrolled into a treatment outcome study for PTSD with the aim of investigating malingering. During pretreatment assessment, individuals completed an emotional Stroop task. Vocal response latencies to different classes of stimuli were examined for sensitivity to malingering. Actor response latencies were compared to those of 6 nonlitigant PTSD patients and 6 nonanxiety controls. The actor/dissimulation group was able to feign an overall slowing of response latency across stimulus types, similar to the PTSD group. However, they were unable to modulate response latency as a function of stimulus content, a pattern that characterized the PTSD group. The use of information-processing paradigms to detect dissimulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Buckley
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02131-4817, USA.
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Grossman LS, Wasyliw OE, Benn AF, Gyoerkoe KL. Can sex offenders who minimize on the MMPI conceal psychopathology on the Rorschach? J Pers Assess 2002; 78:484-501. [PMID: 12146816 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa7803_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Rorschach sensitivity to minimization is important in forensic evaluations of sex offenders because these individuals frequently deny psychological problems. To study Rorschach minimization, we divided alleged sex offenders according to whether they minimized on the MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) or MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and compared their Rorschachs on indexes of distress, faulty judgment, interpersonal dysfunction, and cognitive distortions. We predicted there would be no differences between MMPI minimizers and nonminimizers on these indexes and that sex offenders of both groups would show greater psychopathology than normative adult samples. Results indicate that mini- mizers produce normal MMPI clinical profiles but still show evidence of psychopathology on the Rorschach. As predicted, sex offenders showed more Rorschach psychopathology than normative samples. Sex offenders' protocols that contained sexual content also showed perceptual distortions. These findings indicate that the Rorschach is resilient to attempts at faking good and may therefore provide valuable information in forensic settings where intentional distortion is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Grossman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612-7327, USA
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13
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Garb HN, Wood JM, Lilienfeld SO, Nezworski MT. Effective use of projective techniques in clinical practice: Let the data help with selection and interpretation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.33.5.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Sloan P, Arsenault L, Hilsenroth M. Use of the Rorschach in the Assessment of War-Related Stress in Military Personnel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604.25.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sloan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, USA
| | - Linda Arsenault
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, USA
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15
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Wood JM, Nezworski MT, Garb HN, Lilienfeld SO. The misperception of psychopathology: Problems with the norms of the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.8.3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Elhai JD, Gold PB, Frueh BC, Gold SN. Cross-validation of the MMPI-2 in detecting malingered posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pers Assess 2000; 75:449-63. [PMID: 11117156 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa7503_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to cross-validate findings from a previous study (Elhai, Gold, Sellers, & Dorfman, in press) using a clinical sample of combat-related war veterans to distinguish genuine from malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). The MMPI-2 scores of 124 male combat war veterans at the PTSD outpatient treatment program of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center were compared with those of 84 adult college students instructed and trained to malinger PTSD. MMPI-2 overreporting variables examined were F, F-Fb, F-K, F(p), Ds2, O-S, OT, and FBS. A stepwise discriminant analysis identified F. F-Fb, F-K, Ds2, O-S, and OT as the best malingering predictors. A predictive discriminant analysis yielded good hit rates for the model with impressive cross-validation results. We assessed cutting scores for the predictors of the model. We discuss clinical implications for using the MMPI-2 to distinguish malingered PTSD from combat-related PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Elhai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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19
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Calhoun PS, Earnst KS, Tucker DD, Kirby AC, Beckham JC. Feigning combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder on the personality assessment inventory. J Pers Assess 2000; 75:338-50. [PMID: 11020148 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa7502_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether individuals who were instructed on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could feign PTSD on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991). The study also investigated whether PAI indexes of symptom exaggeration, the Negative Impression Management (NIM) scale and the Malingering index, could identify individuals feigning PTSD. The diagnostic rule for PTSD (Morey, 1991, 1996) was applied to the profiles of a group of 23 veterans with combat-related PTSD and 23 male undergraduates instructed to malinger PTSD. Seventy percent of the student malingerers produced profiles that received diagnostic consideration for PTSD. The NIM cutting score (> or = 8) was highly effective in detecting simulation of PTSD but resulted in the misclassification of a large number of true PTSD cases. There were no significant differences in the overall efficiency of the test with various validity criteria. We discuss the implications of these findings for the use of the PAI in the diagnosis of combat-related PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Calhoun
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, USA.
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20
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Frueh BC, Hamner MB, Cahill SP, Gold PB, Hamlin KL. Apparent symptom overreporting in combat veterans evaluated for PTSD. Clin Psychol Rev 2000; 20:853-85. [PMID: 11057375 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychometric studies have consistently shown that combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appear to overreport psychopathology as exhibited by (a) extreme and diffuse levels of psychopathology across instruments measuring different domains of mental illness, and (b) extreme elevations on the validity scale of the MMPI-MMPI-2, in a "fake-bad" direction. The phenomenon of this ubiquitous presentational style is not well understood at present. In this review we describe and delineate the assessment problem posed by this apparent symptom overreporting, and we review the literature regarding several potential explanatory factors. Finally, we address conceptual and practical issues relevant to reaching a better understanding of the phenomenon, and ultimately the clinical syndrome of combat-related PTSD, in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Frueh
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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21
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Wood JM, Lilienfeld SO, Garb HN, Nezworski MT. The Rorschach test in clinical diagnosis: a critical review, with a backward look at Garfield (1947). J Clin Psychol 2000; 56:395-430; discussion 431-4. [PMID: 10726675 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200003)56:3<395::aid-jclp15>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present article comments on a classic study by Garfield (1947) then reviews research on the Rorschach and psychiatric diagnoses. Despite a few positive findings, the Rorschach has demonstrated little validity as a diagnostic tool. Deviant verbalizations and bad form on the Rorschach, and indices based on these variables, are related to Schizophrenia and perhaps to Bipolar Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder also seem to give an above-average number of deviant verbalizations. Otherwise the Rorschach has not shown a well-demonstrated relationship to these disorders or to Major Depressive Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders other than PTSD, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dependent, Narcissistic, or Antisocial Personality Disorders, Conduct Disorder, or psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, 79968, USA.
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Abstract
Research in clinical personality assessment continues to be produced at a high rate. The MMPI/MMPI-2 remains the most popular instrument for both clinical application and psychopathology research. Two other clinical personality instruments, the Rorschach and TAT, continue to find a place in research and clinical assessment. Some new instruments have surfaced recently to deal with areas, such as personality disorders, that have been considered inadequately addressed. There is a growing recognition that the Five-Factor Model is too superficial for clinical assessment that requires more refined and broadened patient information. Clinical personality assessment has successfully survived a number of past challenges. The newest challenge stems from the health-care revolution, in which managed-care providers are reluctant to pay for assessment because of shrinking funds. Psychologists need to develop models for incorporating assessment information into the treatment process. The future is likely to see more extensive research and theoretical development in this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Butcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Sloan P, Arsenault L, Hilsenroth M, Handler L, Harvill L. Rorschach measures of posttraumatic stress in Persian Gulf War veterans: a three-year follow-up study. J Pers Assess 1996; 66:54-64. [PMID: 8576835 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The long-term psychological effects of war-related stress were assessed with the Rorschach 3 years after the Persian Gulf War. Rorschach data are presented for 30 U.S. Marine reservists at a 3-year follow-up who reported experiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS) initially after Operation Desert Storm (ODS), and for 25 Marine reservist controls who did not participate in ODS. Results showed significant differences over time between the initial evaluation data and follow-up, and between initial evaluation and the control group on selected Rorschach variables associated with coping ability and PTS. Scores associated with acute distress, capacity for coping and control, and feeling overwhelmed all were found to significantly decrease over time. These findings are discussed in relation to the assessment and understanding of PTS symptomatology over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sloan
- Psychology Service, VA Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN 37684, USA
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Frueh BC, Smith DW, Libet JM. Racial differences on psychological measures in combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD. J Pers Assess 1996; 66:41-53. [PMID: 8576834 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we examined racial differences in psychometric data on 4 commonly used self-report inventories administered to a group of 206 combat veterans evaluated at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center outpatient posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment program. Patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Black veterans showed greater elevations than White veterans on the DES, and the F-K index and Scales 6 and 8 of the MMPI-2. In addition, normative data are presented for the entire sample on each measure. Results suggest that, consistent with studies using the original MMPI, these patients endorse severe levels of psychopathology across a broad range of symptoms, including depression and disturbed thinking. Implications for clinical practice and future research are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Frueh
- Psychology Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401-5799, USA
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Sloan P, Arsenault L, Hilsenroth M, Harvill L, Handler L. Rorschach measures of posttraumatic stress in Persian Gulf War veterans. J Pers Assess 1995; 64:397-414. [PMID: 7760252 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6403_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of the Rorschach in detecting acute posttraumatic stress (PTS) in Persian Gulf War veterans was investigated. Subjects were 30 U.S. Marine Reservists who reported experiencing symptoms of PTS after 3 months of active duty in Operation Desert Storm. Subjects were administered the Rorschach and MMPI-2 soon after their return from the Persian Gulf War. Results showed acute distress, a vulnerable capacity for coping and control, and a tendency to be overwhelmed by internal and external stimulation. Selected Rorschach variables were significantly related in a conceptually valid manner to MMPI-2 scales associated with defensiveness, coping ability, and PTS. These findings are discussed in relation to the assessment, understanding, and treatment of PTS symptomatology and posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sloan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN, USA
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Frueh BC, Leverett JP, Kinder BN. Interrelationship between MMPI-2 and Rorschach variables in a sample of Vietnam veterans with PTSD. J Pers Assess 1995; 64:312-8. [PMID: 7722856 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6402_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined interrelationships between theoretically related MMPI-2 and Rorschach variables in a sample of Veterans Affairs outpatients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Subjects were 20 White Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed with PTSD who completed the Rorschach and MMPI-2 as part of a comprehensive evaluation. Correlations were calculated for variables in three groups: validity, depression and anxiety, and thought disturbance. Results showed strong relationships between m, MOR, and the Dramatic special score of the Rorschach and MMPI-2 indices of distress. Positive relationships were also found for some indicators of thought disturbance, whereas correlations for other depressive indicators were not significant. Findings are discussed with regard to implications for the clinical assessment of combat-related PTSD and future directions for assessment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Frueh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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Frueh B, Turner SM, Beidel DC. Exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD: A critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(95)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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