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Cid-Gallegos MS, Corzo-Ríos LJ, Jiménez-Martínez C, Sánchez-Chino XM. Protease Inhibitors from Plants as Therapeutic Agents- A Review. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:20-29. [PMID: 35000105 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based diets are a great source of protease inhibitors (PIs). Two of the most well-known families of PIs are Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) and Kunitz-type inhibitors (KTI). The first group acts mainly on trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase; the second is on serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases. PIs can retard or inhibit the catalytic action of enzymes; therefore, they are considered non-nutritional compounds; nevertheless, animal studies and cell line experiments showed promising results of PIs in treating human illnesses such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory processes, and different types of cancer (gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer). Anticarcinogenic activity's proposed mechanisms of action comprise several inhibitory effects at different molecular levels, i.e., transcription, post-transcription, translation, post-translation, and secretion of cancer cells. This work reviews the potential therapeutic applications of PIs as anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory agents in human diseases and the mechanisms by which they exert these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cid-Gallegos
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, México City, C.P. 07738, México
| | - L J Corzo-Ríos
- Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto S/N, Barrio La Laguna, Col. Ticomán, México City, C.P. 07340, México
| | - C Jiménez-Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, México City, C.P. 07738, México
| | - X M Sánchez-Chino
- CONACYT, Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur-Villahermosa, Tabasco, México.
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Gitlin-Domagalska A, Maciejewska A, Dębowski D. Bowman-Birk Inhibitors: Insights into Family of Multifunctional Proteins and Peptides with Potential Therapeutical Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120421. [PMID: 33255583 PMCID: PMC7760496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are found primarily in seeds of legumes and in cereal grains. These canonical inhibitors share a highly conserved nine-amino acids binding loop motif CTP1SXPPXC (where P1 is the inhibitory active site, while X stands for various amino acids). They are natural controllers of plants' endogenous proteases, but they are also inhibitors of exogenous proteases present in microbials and insects. They are considered as plants' protective agents, as their elevated levels are observed during injury, presence of pathogens, or abiotic stress, i.a. Similar properties are observed for peptides isolated from amphibians' skin containing 11-amino acids disulfide-bridged loop CWTP1SXPPXPC. They are classified as Bowman-Birk like trypsin inhibitors (BBLTIs). These inhibitors are resistant to proteolysis and not toxic, and they are reported to be beneficial in the treatment of various pathological states. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research results regarding BBIs' and BBLTIs' inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial and insecticidal strength, as well as chemopreventive properties.
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Fernández-Tomé S, Hernández-Ledesma B. Gastrointestinal Digestion of Food Proteins under the Effects of Released Bioactive Peptides on Digestive Health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000401. [PMID: 32974997 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract represents a specialized interface between the organism and the external environment. Because of its direct contact with lumen substances, the modulation of digestive functions by dietary substances is supported by a growing body of evidence. Food-derived bioactive peptides have demonstrated a plethora of activities in the organism with increasing interest toward their impact over the digestive system and related physiological effects. This review updates the biological effects of food proteins, specifically milk and soybean proteins, associated to gastrointestinal health and highlights the study of digestion products and released peptides, the identification of the active form/s, and the evaluation of the mechanisms of action underlying their relationship with the digestive cells and receptors. The approach toward the modifications that food proteins and peptides undergo during gastrointestinal digestion and their bioavailability is a crucial step for current investigations on the field. The recent literature on the regulation of digestive functions by peptides has been mostly considered in terms of their influence on gastrointestinal motility and signaling, oxidative damage and inflammation, and malignant cellular proliferation. A final section regarding the actual challenges and future perspectives in this scientific topic is critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Blanca Hernández-Ledesma. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Identification and Target-Modification of SL-BBI: A Novel Bowman-Birk Type Trypsin Inhibitor from Sylvirana latouchii. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091254. [PMID: 32872343 PMCID: PMC7565067 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptides from the ranacyclin family share similar active disulphide loop with plant-derived Bowman-Birk type inhibitors, some of which have the dual activities of trypsin inhibition and antimicrobial. Herein, a novel Bowman-Birk type trypsin inhibitor of the ranacyclin family was identified from the skin secretion of broad-folded frog (Sylvirana latouchii) by molecular cloning method and named as SL-BBI. After chemical synthesis, it was proved to be a potent inhibitor of trypsin with a Ki value of 230.5 nM and showed weak antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. Modified analogue K-SL maintains the original inhibitory activity with a Ki value of 77.27 nM while enhancing the antimicrobial activity. After the substitution of active P1 site to phenylalanine and P2' site to isoleucine, F-SL regenerated its inhibitory activity on chymotrypsin with a Ki value of 309.3 nM and exhibited antiproliferative effects on PC-3, MCF-7 and a series of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines without cell membrane damage. The affinity of F-SL for the β subunits in the yeast 20S proteasome showed by molecular docking simulations enriched the understanding of the possible action mode of Bowman-Birk type inhibitors. Further mechanistic studies have shown that F-SL can activate caspase 3/7 in H157 cells and induce apoptosis, which means it has the potential to become an anticancer agent.
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Patriota LLDS, Ramos DDBM, Dos Santos ACLA, Silva YA, Gama E Silva M, Torres DJL, Procópio TF, de Oliveira AM, Coelho LCBB, Pontual EV, da Silva DCN, Paiva PMG, de Lorena VMB, Mendes RL, Napoleão TH. Antitumor activity of Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) flower trypsin inhibitor (MoFTI) in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111691. [PMID: 32810586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The plant Moringa oleifera is used as food and medicine. M. oleifera flowers are source of protein, fiber, and antioxidants, and are used to treat inflammation and tumors. This work evaluated the antitumor activity of the M. oleifera flower trypsin inhibitor (MoFTI) in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Swiss female mice were inoculated with sarcoma 180 cells. Seven days later, the animals were treated intraperitoneally for 1 week with daily doses of PBS (control) or MoFTI (15 or 30 mg/kg). For toxicity assessment, water and food consumption, body and organ weights, histological alterations, and blood hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. Treatment with MoFTI caused pronounced reduction (90.1%-97.9%) in tumor weight. The tumors of treated animals had a reduced number of secondary vessels and lower gauge of the primary vessels compared to the control. No significant changes were observed in water and food consumption or in body and organ weights. Histopathological analysis did not indicate damage to the liver, kidneys, and spleen. In conclusion, MoFTI showed antitumor potential, with no clear evidence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasmym Araújo Silva
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gama E Silva
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego José Lira Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thamara Figueiredo Procópio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanuel Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Rosemairy Luciane Mendes
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Finkina EI, Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Ovchinnikova TV. Peptides of the Innate Immune System of Plants. Part II. Biosynthesis, Biological Functions, and Possible Practical Applications. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Identification and pharmaceutical evaluation of novel frog skin-derived serine proteinase inhibitor peptide-PE-BBI (Pelophylax esculentus Bowman-Birk inhibitor) for the potential treatment of cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14502. [PMID: 30267012 PMCID: PMC6162207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian venom-derived peptides have high potential in the field of anticancer drug discovery. We have isolated a novel Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor (BBI)-type peptide from the skin secretion of Pelophylax esculentus (PE) named PE-BBI, and evaluated its bio-functions and anti-cancer activity in vitro. PE-BBI is a heptadecapeptide with C-terminal amidation. The mRNA sequence and primary structure of PE-BBI were identified using RT-PCR and LC/MS, respectively. A trypsin inhibitory assay was used to characterize the serine proteinase inhibitory activity of synthetic PE-BBI. PE-BBI’s myotropic activity was analyzed using isolated rat bladder and rat-tail artery smooth muscle tissues, and the anti-cancer ability of PE-BBI using human colorectal cancer cells. PE-BBI’s mechanism of action was investigated using Discovery studio software. PE-BBI showed trypsin inhibitory activity (Ki = 310 ± 72 nM), strong myotropic activity, and cytotoxicity that were specific to cancer cells, and no side effect to normal epithelial cells. The docking stimulation showed that PE-BBI had high affinity to several members of human kallikrein related peptidase (KLK) family. This finding helps to enrich our understanding of BBI peptides’ mode of action. Moreover, the data presented here validates frog secretions as sources of potential novel proteinase inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Interface Interactions of the Bowman-Birk Inhibitor BTCI in a Ternary Complex with Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Evaluated by Semiempirical Quantum Mechanical Calculations. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Juritsch AF, Moreau R. Role of soybean-derived bioactive compounds in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:618-638. [PMID: 29800381 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with IBD present with debilitating symptoms that alter the quality of life and can develop into severe complications requiring surgery. Epidemiological evidence indicates Westernized societies have an elevated IBD burden when compared with Asian societies. Considering the stark contrast between the typical Western and Eastern dietary patterns, it is postulated that differences in food and lifestyle contribute to lower IBD incidence in Asian countries. Soybeans (Glycine max), which are consumed in high quantities and as various preparations in Eastern societies, contain a wealth of natural, biologically active compounds that include isoflavones, bioactive peptides, protease inhibitors, and phytosterols, among many others. These compounds have been shown to improve human health, and preclinical evidence suggests they have potential to improve the prognosis of IBD. This review summarizes the current state of evidence regarding the effects and the mechanisms of action of these soybean-derived bioactive compounds in experimental models of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F Juritsch
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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10
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Srikanth S, Chen Z. Plant Protease Inhibitors in Therapeutics-Focus on Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:470. [PMID: 28008315 PMCID: PMC5143346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are known to have many secondary metabolites and phytochemical compounds which are highly explored at biochemical and molecular genetics level and exploited enormously in the human health care sector. However, there are other less explored small molecular weight proteins, which inhibit proteases/proteinases. Plants are good sources of protease inhibitors (PIs) which protect them against diseases, insects, pests, and herbivores. In the past, proteinaceous PIs were considered primarily as protein-degrading enzymes. Nevertheless, this view has significantly changed and PIs are now treated as very important signaling molecules in many biological activities such as inflammation, apoptosis, blood clotting and hormone processing. In recent years, PIs have been examined extensively as therapeutic agents, primarily to deal with various human cancers. Interestingly, many plant-based PIs are also found to be effective against cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, inflammatory diseases and neurological disorders. Several plant PIs are under further evaluation in in vitro clinical trials. Among all types of PIs, Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) have been studied extensively in the treatment of many diseases, especially in the field of cancer prevention. So far, crops such as beans, potatoes, barley, squash, millet, wheat, buckwheat, groundnut, chickpea, pigeonpea, corn, and pineapple have been identified as good sources of PIs. The PI content of such foods has a significant influence on human health disorders, particularly in the regions where people mostly depend on these kind of foods. These natural PIs vary in concentration, protease specificity, heat stability, and sometimes several PIs may be present in the same species or tissue. However, it is important to carry out individual studies to identify the potential effects of each PI on human health. PIs in plants make them incredible sources to determine novel PIs with specific pharmacological and therapeutic effects due to their peculiarity and superabundance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhong Chen
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
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11
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Forrest CM, McNair K, Vincenten MCJ, Darlington LG, Stone TW. Selective depletion of tumour suppressors Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and neogenin by environmental and endogenous serine proteases: linking diet and cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:772. [PMID: 27716118 PMCID: PMC5054602 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The related tumour suppressor proteins Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and neogenin are absent or weakly expressed in many cancers, whereas their insertion into cells suppresses oncogenic behaviour. Serine proteases influence the initiation and progression of cancers although the mechanisms are unknown. METHODS The effects of environmental (bacterial subtilisin) and endogenous mammalian (chymotrypsin) serine proteases were examined on protein expression in fresh, normal tissue and human neuroblastoma and mammary adenocarcinoma lines. Cell proliferation and migration assays (chemoattraction and wound closure) were used to examine cell function. Cells lacking DCC were transfected with an ectopic dcc plasmid. RESULTS Subtilisin and chymotrypsin selectively depleted DCC and neogenin from cells at nanomolar concentrations without affecting related proteins. Cells showed reduced adherence and increased migration, but after washing they re-attached within 24 h, with recovery of protein expression. These effects are induced by chymotryptic activity as they are prevented by chymostatin and the soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor typical of many plant protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus subtilis, which secretes subtilisin is widely present in soil, the environment and the intestinal contents, while subtilisin itself is used in meat processing, animal feed probiotics and many household cleaning agents. With chymotrypsin present in chyme, blood and tissues, these proteases may contribute to cancer development by depleting DCC and neogenin. Blocking their activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitors may explain the protective effects of a plant diet. Our findings identify a potential non-genetic contribution to cancer cell behaviour which may explain both the association of processed meats and other factors with cancer incidence and the protection afforded by plant-rich diets, with significant implications for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Forrest
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kara McNair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maria C J Vincenten
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Trevor W Stone
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Lima A, Mota J, Monteiro S, Ferreira R. Legume seeds and colorectal cancer revisited: Protease inhibitors reduce MMP-9 activity and colon cancer cell migration. Food Chem 2016; 197:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Arques MC, Pastoriza S, Delgado-Andrade C, Clemente A, Rufián-Henares JA. Relationship between Glycation and Polyphenol Content and the Bioactivity of Selected Commercial Soy Milks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1823-1830. [PMID: 26878080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soy milk is a health-promoting beverage of which consumption is steadily expanding. Different bioactivities have been associated with soy products such as antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory properties, or decrease of cancer development risk. These activities have been related to the presence of several compounds, including polyphenols and serine protease inhibitors, although factors influencing such activities have been scarcely studied. In this study, we have determined the antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP methods measured with the global antioxidant response, GAR protocol), total phenolic content, serine protease inhibitory activity, and presence of heat damage indicators in commercial soy milks. Polyphenols were primarily responsible for the antioxidant capacity of soy milks, increasing their concentration after digestion. Glycation under heat treatment might be responsible for decreasing protease inhibitory activities in soy milks. The results obtained support a role for furosine, a known marker of Maillard reaction and glycation, as a potential indicator to monitor both thermal treatment and effects on protease inhibitory activities in soy milk. The contribution of soy milk consumption to the daily intake of antioxidants and serine protease inhibitory activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Arques
- Departamento Fisiología y Bioquı́mica de la Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidin (EEZ-CSIC) , 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Silvia Pastoriza
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada , 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Delgado-Andrade
- Departamento Fisiología y Bioquı́mica de la Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidin (EEZ-CSIC) , 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Departamento Fisiología y Bioquı́mica de la Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidin (EEZ-CSIC) , 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José A Rufián-Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada , 18071 Granada, Spain
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Hernández-Ledesma B, Hsieh CC. Chemopreventive role of food-derived proteins and peptides: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2358-2376. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1057632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chia-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies (Nutritional Science and Education), National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Clemente A, Arques MDC. Bowman-Birk inhibitors from legumes as colorectal chemopreventive agents. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10305-10315. [PMID: 25132747 PMCID: PMC4130838 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant functioning of serine proteases in inflammatory and carcinogenic processes within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has prompted scientists to investigate the potential of serine protease inhibitors, both natural and synthetic, as modulators of their proteolytic activities. Protease inhibitors of the Bowman-Birk type, a major protease inhibitor family in legume seeds, which inhibit potently and specifically trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases, are currently being investigated as colorectal chemopreventive agents. Physiologically relevant amounts of Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) can reach the large intestine in active form due to their extraordinary resistance to extreme conditions within the GIT. Studies in animal models have proven that dietary BBI from several legume sources, including soybean, pea, lentil and chickpea, can prevent or suppress carcinogenic and inflammatory processes within the GIT. Although the therapeutic targets and the action mechanism of BBI have not yet been elucidated, the emerging evidence suggests that BBI exert their preventive properties via protease inhibition; in this sense, serine proteases should be considered as primary targets in early stages of carcinogenesis. The validation of candidate serine proteases as therapeutic targets together with the identification, within the wide array of natural BBI variants, of the most potent and specific protease inhibitors, are necessary to better understand the potential of this protein family as colorectal chemopreventive agents.
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16
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Arques MC, Marín-Manzano MC, da Rocha LCB, Hernandez-Ledesma B, Recio I, Clemente A. Quantitative determination of active Bowman-Birk isoinhibitors, IBB1 and IBBD2, in commercial soymilks. Food Chem 2014; 155:24-30. [PMID: 24594149 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Naturally-occurring serine protease inhibitors of the Bowman-Birk family exert their potential chemopreventive and/or therapeutic properties via protease inhibition. In this study, we have quantified the amounts of active BBI isoinhibitors, IBB1 and IBBD2, in six commercial soymilks. By using cation exchange chromatography, the BBI isoinhibitors were isolated and their specific trypsin inhibitory activity was used to estimate their amounts in soymilk samples. IBB1 and IBBD2 concentrations ranged from 0.44 to 5.20 and 0.27 to 4.60 mg/100ml of soymilk, respectively; total BBI, considered as the sum of both isoinhibitors, ranged from 0.60 to 9.07 mg/100ml of soymilk. These data show that physiologically relevant amounts of active BBI are present in commercial soymilk and may exert potential health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Arques
- Department of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M Carmen Marín-Manzano
- Department of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca Hernandez-Ledesma
- Department of Food Analysis and Bioactivity, Institute of Food Science (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidra Recio
- Department of Food Analysis and Bioactivity, Institute of Food Science (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Wongjaikam S, Summart R, Chewonarin T. Apoptosis Induction in Colon Cancer Cell Lines and Alteration of Aberrant Crypt Foci in Rat Colon by Purple Rice (Oryza sativaL. var. glutinosa) Extracts. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:690-9. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.899371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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XIE LIQUN, ZHENG YANMIN, LI XUAN, ZHAO JUNYAN, CHEN XIAOYI, CHEN LI, ZHOU JING, HAI OU, LI FEI. Enhanced proliferation of human hepatoma cells by PAR-2 agonists via the ERK/AP-1 pathway. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1665-72. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Clemente A, Carmen Marín-Manzano M, Jiménez E, Carmen Arques M, Domoney C. The anti-proliferative effect of TI1B, a major Bowman-Birk isoinhibitor from pea (Pisum sativum L.), on HT29 colon cancer cells is mediated through protease inhibition. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 Suppl 1:S135-44. [PMID: 22916809 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) from legumes, such as soyabean, pea, lentil and chickpea, are naturally occurring plant protease inhibitors which have potential health-promoting properties within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. BBI can survive both acidic conditions and the action of proteolytic enzymes within the stomach and small intestine, permitting significant amounts to reach the large intestine in active form to exert their reported anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. In a previous study, we reported the ability of a recombinant form of TI1B (rTI1B), representing a major BBI isoinhibitor from pea, to influence negatively the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells in vitro. In the present study, we investigate if this effect is related directly to the intrinsic ability of BBI to inhibit serine proteases. rTI1B and a novel engineered mutant, having amino acid substitutions at the P1 positions in the two inhibitory domains, were expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The rTI1B proved to be active against trypsin and chymotrypsin, showing K i values at nanomolar concentrations, whereas the related mutant protein was inactive against both serine proteases. The proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells was significantly affected by rTI1B in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 31 (sd 7) μm), whereas the inactive mutant did not show any significant effect on colon cancer cell growth. In addition, neither recombinant protein affected the growth of non-malignant colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells. These findings suggest that serine proteases should be considered as important targets in investigating the potential chemopreventive role of BBI during the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Professor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Magee PJ, Owusu-Apenten R, McCann MJ, Gill CI, Rowland IR. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Other Plant-Derived Protease Inhibitor Concentrates Inhibit Breast and Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:741-8. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.688914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de Paula Carli A, de Abreu Vieira PM, Silva KTS, de Sá Cota RG, Carneiro CM, Castro-Borges W, de Andrade MHG. Bowman-Birk inhibitors, proteasome peptidase activities and colorectal pre neoplasias induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in Swiss mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1405-12. [PMID: 22326805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are protein molecules containing two inhibitory domains for enzymes similar to trypsin and chymotrypsin. Interest in these inhibitors arose from their properties against the cancer chemically induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). In this study the effect of two BBI preparations (from Glycine max and Macrotyloma axillare) were evaluated for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia induced by intraperitoneal injections of DMH, given at a dose of 30 mg/kg, during 12 weeks. Mice treated with DMH presented histopathological alterations consistent with tumor development, augmented CD44 expression and increased proteasome peptidase activities. Lysosomal fractions, obtained from the intestines, were chromatographed in a Sepharose-BBI column and increased activity for trypsin and chymotrypsin-like proteases recovered from DMH-treated animals. In parallel, mice treated for eight weeks with BBIs showed a decrease in the chymotrypsin and trypsin-like proteasome activities compared to animals fed on normal diet. For the groups receiving simultaneous treatment with DMH and BBIs, dysplasic lesions were not observed and proteasome peptidase activities were similar to the control group after the 24th week. These results suggest that the mechanism by which BBIs could prevent the appearance of pre neoplastic lesions is associated with inhibition of both the lysosomal and proteasome-dependent proteolytic pathways.
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Abstract
A high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer. In this context, considerable attention is paid to Asian populations who consume high amounts of soy and soy-derived isoflavones, and have a lower risk for several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancers than populations in Western countries. Hence, interest focuses on soyfoods, soy products, and soy ingredients such as isoflavones with regard to their possible beneficial effects that were observed in numerous experiments and studies. The outcomes of the studies are not always conclusive, are often contradictory depending on the experimental conditions, and are, therefore, difficult to interpret. Isoflavone research revealed not only beneficial but also adverse effects, for instance, on the reproductive system. This is also the case with tumor-promoting effects on, for example, breast tissue. Isoflavone extracts and supplements are often used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and for the prevention of age-associated conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In relation to this, questions about the effectiveness and safety of isoflavones have to be clarified. Moreover, there are concerns about the maternal consumption of isoflavones due to the development of leukemia in infants. In contrast, men may benefit from the intake of isoflavones with regard to reducing the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, this review examines the risks but also the benefits of isoflavones with regard to various kinds of cancer, which can be derived from animal and human studies as well as from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Andres
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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The role of nutraceutical proteins and peptides in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:511-28. [PMID: 20714786 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The process of carcinogenesis is complex and not easy to eliminate. It includes the initial occurrence of genetic alterations which can lead to the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and further accumulation of genetic alterations during tumor progression. Looking for food and food components with biological properties, collectively called nutraceuticals, that can hinder such alterations and prevent the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes is a very promising area for cancer prevention. Proteins and peptides are one group of nutraceuticals that show potential results in preventing the different stages of cancer including initiation, promotion, and progression. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on the use of nutraceutical proteins and peptides in cancer prevention and treatment. We focused on the role of plant protease inhibitors, lactoferrin and lactoferricin, shark cartilage, plant lectins, and lunasin in the apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Also included are studies on bioavailability and clinical trials conducted on these promising proteins and peptides.
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Lunasin promotes apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by mitochondrial pathway activation and induction of nuclear clusterin expression. Cancer Lett 2010; 295:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clemente A, Moreno FJ, Marín-Manzano MDC, Jiménez E, Domoney C. The cytotoxic effect of Bowman-Birk isoinhibitors, IBB1 and IBBD2, from soybean (Glycine max) on HT29 human colorectal cancer cells is related to their intrinsic ability to inhibit serine proteases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:396-405. [PMID: 19885848 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) from soybean and related proteins are naturally occurring protease inhibitors with potential health-promoting properties within the gastrointestinal tract. In this work, we have investigated the effects of soybean BBI proteins on HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells, compared with non-malignant colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells. Two major soybean isoinhibitors, IBB1 and IBBD2, showing considerable amino acid sequence divergence within their inhibitory domains, were purified in order to examine their functional properties, including their individual effects on the proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells. IBB1 inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin whereas IBBD2 inhibited trypsin only. Despite showing significant differences in their enzyme inhibitory properties, the median inhibitory concentration values determined for IBB1 and IBBD2 on HT29 cell growth were not significantly different (39.9+/-2.3 and 48.3+/-3.5 microM, respectively). The cell cycle distribution pattern of HT29 colon cancer cells was affected by BBI treatment in a dose-dependent manner, with cells becoming blocked in the G0-G1 phase. Chemically inactive soybean BBI had a weak but non-significant effect on the proliferation of HT29 cells. The anti-proliferative properties of BBI isoinhibitors from soybean reveal that both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases involved in carcinogenesis should be considered as potential targets of BBI-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
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Caccialupi P, Ceci LR, Siciliano RA, Pignone D, Clemente A, Sonnante G. Bowman-Birk inhibitors in lentil: Heterologous expression, functional characterisation and anti-proliferative properties in human colon cancer cells. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kineman BD, Brummer EC, Paiva NL, Birt DF. Resveratrol From Transgenic Alfalfa for Prevention of Aberrant Crypt Foci in Mice. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:351-61. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580903407213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
It is known that numerous factors can influence radiation carcinogenesis in animals; these factors include the specific characteristics of the radiation (radiation type and dose, dose-rate, dose-fractionation, dose distribution, etc.) as well as many other contributing elements that are not specific to the radiation exposure, such as animal genetic characteristics and age, the environment of the animal, dietary factors and whether specific modifying agents for radiation carcinogenesis have been utilized in the studies. This overview focuses on the modifying factors for radiation carcinogenesis, in both in vivo and in vitro systems, and includes a discussion of agents that enhance (e.g., promoting agents) or suppress (e.g., cancer preventive agents) radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The agents that enhance or suppress radiation carcinogenesis in experimental model systems have been shown to lead to effects equally as large as other known modifying factors for radiation-induced carcinogenesis (e.g., dose-rate, dose-fractionation, linear energy transfer). It is known that dietary factors play an important role in determining the yields of radiation-induced cancers in animal model systems, and it is likely that they also influence radiation-induced cancer risks in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Kennedy
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 195 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6072, USA.
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Marín-Manzano MC, Ruiz R, Jiménez E, Rubio LA, Clemente A. Anti-carcinogenic soyabean Bowman-Birk inhibitors survive faecal fermentation in their active form and do not affect the microbiota composition in vitro. Br J Nutr 2009; 101:967-71. [PMID: 19353764 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508057590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) from soyabeans is a naturally occurring protease inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In a previous paper, we reported that significant amounts of BBI-related proteins reach the terminal ileum functionally and biologically active. We have now investigated: (a) if soyabean BBI is biotransformed by faecal microbiota which would reduce its potential colorectal chemopreventive properties and (b) the potential influence of this protease inhibitor on the modulation of faecal microbiota. In vitro incubation studies of native soyabean BBI at a physiological level (93 microM) with mixed faecal samples of pigs for 24 h at 37 degrees C demonstrated that BBI remains active and its intrinsic trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities were not significantly influenced by the enzymic or metabolic activity of faecal microbiota. Soyabean BBI did not affect the growth of the different bacterial groups studied (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroides, coliforms, enterobacteria, clostridia and total anaerobes). It was concluded that protease inhibitory activities, intrinsically linked to the chemopreventive properties of soyabean BBI, were largely unaffected by faecal microbiota in vitro. BBI retains significance, therefore, as a bioactive compound in the human GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Marín-Manzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Bolling BW, Parkin KL. Phenolic derivatives from soy flour ethanol extract are potent in vitro quinone reductase (QR) inducing agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10473-80. [PMID: 18956872 DOI: 10.1021/jf801541t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The fractionation of soy flour directed by a cellular bioassay for induction of phase 2 detoxification enzymes was used to identify quinone reductase (QR) inducing agents. A phospholipid-depleted, 80% methanol-partitioned isolate from a crude ethanol extract of soy flour was resolved using normal phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). Early eluting fractions were found to be the most potent QR inducing agents among the separated fractions. Fraction 2 was the most potent, doubling QR at <2 mug/mL. Further fractionation of this isolate led to the identification of several constituents. Fatty acids and sn-1 and sn-2 monoacylglycerols were identified, but were not highly potent QR inducers. Benzofuran-3-carbaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldeyde, 4-ethoxybenzoic acid, 4-ethoxycinnamic acid, benzofuran-2-carboxylic ethyl ester, and ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) were also identified as QR inducing constituents of this fraction. FAEE was the most potent of the identified constituents, doubling QR specific activity at 3.2 muM in the cellular bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1565, USA
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Hernández-Ledesma B, de Lumen BO. Lunasin: a novel cancer preventive seed Peptide. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 2:75-80. [PMID: 19787099 PMCID: PMC2746573 DOI: 10.4137/pmc.s372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths in the Western world. Approximately one-third of these deaths are preventable by lifestyle factors, including modification of nutritional habits. Studies have demonstrated that adequate nutrition with certain types of foods containing bioactive compounds might offer significant protection against carcinogenesis. Soybeans contain a variety of phytochemicals with demonstrated anticancer activity, including isoflavones, protease inhibitors, and more recently lunasin, a novel cancer preventive seed peptide. Initially isolated from soybean, lunasin has also been reported in barley and wheat. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on the possible benefits of lunasin for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720-3104, U.S.A
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Iwaki K, Shibata K, Ohta M, Endo Y, Uchida H, Tominaga M, Okunaga R, Kai S, Kitano S. A small interfering RNA targeting proteinase-activated receptor-2 is effective in suppression of tumor growth in a Panc1 xenograft model. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:658-63. [PMID: 17935125 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which is a G protein-coupled receptor, is activated in inflammatory processes and cell proliferation. We previously demonstrated that an anti-PAR-2 antibody suppresses proliferation of human pancreatic cells in vitro. However, there have been no studies of PAR-2 signaling pathways in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether blockade of PAR-2 by RNA interference influences pancreatic tumor growth. We originally constructed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting human PAR-2, and performed cell proliferation assays of Panc1 human pancreatic cancer cell line with these siRNAs. Intratumoral treatment with these PAR-2 siRNAs and atelocollagen was also performed in a xenograft model with nude mice and Panc1 cells. siRNAs against human PAR-2 inhibited proliferation of Panc1 cells, whereas control scramble siRNAs had no effect on proliferation. The PAR-2 siRNAs dramatically suppressed tumor growth in the xenograft model. PAR-2-specific siRNA inhibited growth of human pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Blockade of PAR-2 signaling by siRNA may be a novel strategy to treat pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwaki
- Department of Surgery I, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan. iwaki@ med.oita-u.ac.jp
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Arisawa T, Tahara T, Shibata T, Nagasaka M, Nakamura M, Kamiya Y, Fujita H, Hasegawa S, Nakamura M, Takagi T, Hirata I, Nakano H. A F240S Polymorphism of Protease-activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) is not Detected in Japanese Population with Gastro-esophageal Symptoms. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2006. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.39.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Clemente A, Gee JM, Johnson IT, Mackenzie DA, Domoney C. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) protease inhibitors from the Bowman-Birk class influence the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:8979-86. [PMID: 16277391 DOI: 10.1021/jf051528w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Bowman-Birk trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBI) from soybean has been described as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent. We have compared the effects of BBI with those of two variant recombinant pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed protease inhibitors, rTI1B and rTI2B, homologous to BBI but differing in inhibitory activity, on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells in vitro. A significant and dose-dependent decrease in the growth of HT29 cells was observed using all protease inhibitors, with rTI1B showing the largest decrease (IC50 = 46 microM). Inclusion of the pan-caspase inhibitor, Boc-D-FMK, did not negate the effects of rTI1B or rTI2B in the cell assays. The relative effectiveness of rTI1B and rTI2B may correlate with a variant amino acid sequence within their respective chymotrypsin inhibitory domain, in agreement with a chymotrypsin-like protease as a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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Wang W, de Mejia EG. A New Frontier in Soy Bioactive Peptides that May Prevent Age-related Chronic Diseases. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2005; 4:63-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2005.tb00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mao Y, Lai C, Vogtentanz G, Schmidt B, Day T, Miller J, Brandon DL, Chen D. Monoclonal Antibodies Against Soybean Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Recognize the Protease-Reactive Loops. Protein J 2005; 24:275-82. [PMID: 16284725 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-005-6748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against soybean Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) have been generated and used to detect and quantify BBI in foods, soybean germplasm, and animal tissues and fluids. The purpose of this study was to determine the recognition sites of two monoclonal antibodies to BBI (mAb 238 and mAb 217) in relation to the protease-inhibitory sites of BBI. The results showed that (1) the binding of mAb 238 can be blocked by trypsin and that of mAb 217 by chymotrypsin; (2) the trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitory activities of BBI are blocked by mAb 238 or mAb 217, respectively; and (3) mAb 238 failed to recognize a tryptic loop mutant BBI variant and mAb 217 was unable to bind a chymotryptic loop mutant BBI variant. These findings demonstrate that the epitopes recognized by mAb 238 and mAb 217 reside, at least in part, in the tryptic and chymotryptic loops of BBI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Mao
- Genencor International, Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Bawadi HA, Antunes TM, Shih F, Losso JN. In vitro inhibition of the activation of Pro-matrix Metalloproteinase 1 (Pro-MMP-1) and Pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Pro-MMP-9) by rice and soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:4730-6. [PMID: 15264907 DOI: 10.1021/jf034576u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro inhibitory activity of the rice Bowman-Birk inhibitor (rBBI) or soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor (sBBI) against trypsin-catalyzed activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 1 or 9 (pro-MMP-1 or pro-MMP-9), respectively, was investigated using electrophoresis with silver staining, heparin-enhanced zymography, biotinylated gelatin, Biotrak assay, and fluorescence quenched substrate hydrolysis. rBBI at concentrations of 0.08-0.352 mg/mL dose-dependently inhibited the in vitro activation of 45 microg/mL pro-MMP-1 by trypsin. Heparin-enhanced zymography analysis of pro-MMP-1, trypsin-activated MMP-1, and a mixture of pro-MMP-1-trypsin-rBBI showed clear zones associated with trypsin-activated MMP-1 and the absence of clear zones in lanes containing pro-MMP-1 or a mixture of pro-MMP-1, trypsin, and rBBI. The results of the Biotrak assay also indicated that rBBI dose-dependently suppressed the activation of pro-MMP-1 by trypsin. sBBI dose-dependently inhibited the activation of 100 microg/mL of pro-MMP-9 by trypsin. Biotinylated gelatin assays demonstrated that pro-MMP-9 or pro-MMP-9 in the presence of trypsin and BBI did not hydrolyze gelatin, whereas p-aminophenylmercury acetate (APMA)-activated MMP-9 and trypsin-activated MMP-9 caused significant hydrolysis of gelatin. Quenched fluorescence substrate hydrolysis for total MMP activity showed that pro-MMP-1 or pro-MMP-9 did not hydrolyze the substrate Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2; active MMP-1 or MMP-9 hydrolyzed the substrate, but lower substrate hydrolysis was obtained when pro-MMP-1 or pro-MMP-9 was incubated with trypsin in the presence of increasing concentrations of rBBI. The results are discussed in light of the role of MMP-1 and MMP-9 in the process of angiogenesis and the potential of rBBI or sBBI as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba A Bawadi
- School of Human Ecology and Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Darmoul D, Gratio V, Devaud H, Laburthe M. Protease-activated Receptor 2 in Colon Cancer. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20927-34. [PMID: 15010475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401430200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that tumor-derived trypsin contributes to the growth and invasion of cancer cells. We have recently shown that trypsin is a potent growth factor for colon cancer cells through activation of the G protein-coupled receptor protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Here, we analyzed the signaling pathways downstream of PAR2 activation that lead to colon cancer cell proliferation in HT-29 cells. Our data are consistent with the following cascade of events upon activation of PAR2 by the serine protease trypsin or the specific PAR2-activating peptide (AP2): (i) a matrix metalloproteinase-dependent release of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, as demonstrated with TGF-alpha-blocking antibodies and measurement of TGF-alpha in culture medium; (ii) TGF-alpha-mediated activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and subsequent EGF-R phosphorylation; and (iii) activation of ERK1/2 and subsequent cell proliferation. The links between these events are demonstrated by the fact that stimulation of cell proliferation and ERK1/2 upon activation of PAR2 is reversed by the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat, TGF-alpha-neutralizing antibodies, EGF-R ligand binding domain-blocking antibodies, and the EGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitors AG1478 and PD168393. Therefore, transactivation of EGF-R appears to be a major mechanism whereby activation of PAR2 results in colon cancer cell growth. By using the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2, we further showed that Src plays a permissive role for PAR2-mediated ERK1/2 activation and cell proliferation, probably acting downstream of the EGF-R. These data explain how trypsin exerts robust trophic action on colon cancer cells and underline the critical role of EGF-R transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Darmoul
- Neuroendocrinologie et Biologie Cellulaire Digestives, INSERM U410, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France.
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Guo JY, Li X, Browning JD, Rottinghaus GE, Lubahn DB, Constantinou A, Bennink M, MacDonald RS. Dietary soy isoflavones and estrone protect ovariectomized ERalphaKO and wild-type mice from carcinogen-induced colon cancer. J Nutr 2004; 134:179-82. [PMID: 14704314 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.1.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of soy foods has been weakly associated with reduced colon cancer risk. Colon cancer risk is influenced by estrogen exposure, although the mechanism through which this occurs is not defined. Conversion of estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) may be protective in the colon. We hypothesized that dietary phytoestrogens, or E1, would reduce colon tumorigenesis via an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent mechanism. Ovariectomized ERalphaKO or wild-type (WT) female mice were fed diets containing casein (Casein), soy protein without isoflavones (Soy-IF), soy protein + genistein (Soy+Gen), soy protein + NovaSoy (Soy+NSoy) or soy protein + estrone (Soy+E1) from weaning. Colon tumors were induced with azoxymethane. Tumor incidence was affected by diet but not genotype. Colon tumor incidence was lower in ERalphaKO and WT mice fed the Soy+E1 diet compared with those fed the casein or Soy-IF diets. Mice fed Soy+NSoy had a lower tumor incidence than mice fed casein, but not Soy-IF. Genistein did not affect tumor incidence. Soy protein, independently of phytoestrogens or E1, significantly reduced relative colon weight, tumor burden and multiplicity. Relative colon weight was lower (P=0.008) in mice fed Soy+E1 than in the other soy-fed groups. Tumor incidence in this group was lower than in the casein and soy-IF-fed groups and tended to be lower than in the others (P=0.020). Hence, soy protein and NSoy protect mice from colon cancer, and E1 further reduces colon tumorigenesis in mice, independently of ERalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yuan Guo
- Department of Food Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211, USA
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Kobayashi H, Fukuda Y, Yoshida R, Kanada Y, Nishiyama S, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Terao T. Suppressing effects of dietary supplementation of soybean trypsin inhibitor on spontaneous, experimental and peritoneal disseminated metastasis in mouse model. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:519-24. [PMID: 15382080 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The modifying effects of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and a Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor (BBI), purified from soybean trypsin inhibitor, as dietary supplements on experimental and spontaneous pulmonary metastasis of murine Lewis lung carcinoma 3LL cells as well as peritoneal disseminated metastasis model in human ovarian cancer HRA cells were investigated in i.v., s.c. and i.p. injection models in mice. Seven groups of female C57BL/6 or nude mice were fed a basal diet (control group) or the basal diet supplemented with KTI or BBI (5, 15, or 50 g/kg). Here we show that, in an in vivo spontaneous metastasis assay, the diet supplementation with KTI (15 and 50 g/kg), but not with BBI, for 28 days immediately after s.c. tumor cell inoculation significantly inhibited the formation of lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of lung metastasis was not due to direct antitumor effects of KTI. In an in vivo experimental metastasis assay, the diet supplementation with KTI or BBI for 21 days after i.v. tumor cell inoculation did not reduce the number of lung tumor colonies. In addition, KTI (15 or 50 g/kg) treatment in a peritoneal disseminated metastasis model of HRA cells resulted in a 40% reduction in total tumor burden when compared with control animals. Immunoblot analysis revealed that KTI specifically reduced expression of uPA protein as well as phosphorylation of MAP kinase and PI3 kinase proteins in the cells stimulated with agonists (G-CSF for 3LL cells or TGF-beta1 for HRA cells). These results suggest that dietary supplementation of KTI more efficiently regulates the mechanism involved in the entry into vascular circulation of tumor cells (intravasation) than in extravasation during the metastatic process. KTI treatment may also be beneficial for ovarian cancer patients with or at risk for peritoneal disseminated metastasis; it greatly reduces tumor burden in part by inhibiting phosphorylation of MAP kinase and PI3 kinase, leading to suppression of uPA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.
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