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Potential Role of ROS in Butyrate- and Dietary Fiber-Mediated Growth Inhibition and Modulation of Cell Cycle-, Apoptosis- and Antioxidant-Relevant Proteins in LT97 Colon Adenoma and HT29 Colon Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020440. [PMID: 36672389 PMCID: PMC9857069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to chemopreventive effects of fermentation supernatants (FS) of different dietary fibers (Synergy1®, oat-, barley-, yeast β-glucan, Curdlan) and butyrate as a fermentation metabolite. LT97 and HT29 cells were treated with butyrate and FS alone or with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and their impact on ROS formation, cell growth, and protein expression (Cyclin D2, p21, PARP, Bid, GPx2) was investigated. Butyrate and FS significantly decreased cell growth. ROS levels were significantly increased, particularly in LT97 cells, while co-treatment with NAC decreased ROS formation and growth inhibitory effects in both cell lines. After treatment with butyrate and FS, Cyclin D2 expression was reduced in LT97 cells and p21 expression was increased in both cell lines. Levels of full-length PARP and Bid were decreased, while levels of cleaved PARP were enhanced. GPx2 expression was significantly reduced by fiber FS in HT29 cells. A notable effect of NAC on butyrate- and FS-modulated protein expression was observed exclusively for PARP and Bid in HT29 cells. From the present results, a contribution of ROS to growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of butyrate and FS on LT97 and HT29 cells cannot be excluded.
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Minelli R, Occhipinti S, Gigliotti CL, Barrera G, Gasco P, Conti L, Chiocchetti A, Zara GP, Fantozzi R, Giovarelli M, Dianzani U, Dianzani C. Solid lipid nanoparticles of cholesteryl butyrate inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo models. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:233-44. [PMID: 23713413 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Solid lipid nanoparticles containing cholesteryl butyrate (cholbut SLN) can be a delivery system for the anti-cancer drug butyrate. These nanoparticles inhibit adhesion of polymorphonuclear and tumour cells to endothelial cells and migration of tumour cells, suggesting that they may act as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour agents. Here we have evaluated the effects of cholbut SLN on tumour cell growth using in vitro and in vivo models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cholbut SLNs were incubated with cultures of four tumour cell lines, and cell growth was analysed by assessing viability, clonogenic capacity and cell cycle. Effects on intracellular signalling was assessed by Western blot analysis of Akt expression. The in vivo anti-tumour activity was measured in two models of PC-3 cell xenografts in SCID/Beige mice. KEY RESULTS Cholbut SLN inhibited tumour cell line viability, clonogenic activity, Akt phosphorylation and cell cycle progression. In mice injected i.v. with PC3-Luc cells and treated with cholbut SLN, . in vivo optical imaging and histological analysis showed no metastases in the lungs of the treated mice. In another set of mice injected s.c. with PC-3 cells and treated with cholbut SLN when the tumour diameter reached 2 mm, analysis of the tumour dimensions showed that treatment with cholbut SLN substantially delayed tumour growth. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Cholbut SLN were effective in inhibiting tumour growth in vitro and in vivo. These effects may involve, in part, inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, which adds another mechanism to the activity of this multipotent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Minelli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Celasco G, Moro L, Aiello C, Mangano K, Milasi A, Quattrocchi C, DI Marco R. Calcium butyrate: Anti-inflammatory effect on experimental colitis in rats and antitumor properties. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:559-563. [PMID: 24944808 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyric acid is a physiological component of the colonic environment that possesses anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties, among others. However, little is known regarding its effects following direct application on the colonic surface. This study was conducted to investigate the topical anti-inflammatory effect of calcium butyrate in chemically-induced colitis in rats and to evaluate its antitumor properties in vivo and in vitro. The anti-inflammatory activity of calcium butyrate was evaluated in dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats, following intracolonic instillation for 6 consecutive days and its in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated in F344 rats with the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (AFC) test, following intracolonic instillation for 4 weeks. The in vitro antiproliferative activity was assessed by incubation for 48 h with the HT29, SW620 and HCT116 intestinal tumour cell lines to evaluate the rate of 3H-thymidine uptake. In dinitrobenzene-induced colitis, the intracolonic instillation of calcium butyrate completely prevented body weight reduction in the animals and counteracted the local noxious effects of the irritant by reducing colon edema (-22.7%, P=0.048) and the area of mucosal damage (-48%, P=0.045). In the AOM-induced AFC test, the intracolonic instillation of calcium butyrate significantly reduced the number of AFC in the entire colon (-22.7%, P<0.05). Calcium butyrate, following incubation with the HT29, SW620 and HCT116 tumour cell lines, induced a significant antiproliferative, dose-dependent effect (P=0.046 to P=0.002) in all three strains, as measured by the reduction in 3H-thymidine uptake. Calcium butyrate directly applied to the mucosa of the rat colon was able to ameliorate colonic inflammation, suggesting a possible beneficial role in the treatment of inflammatory colon diseases. Moreover, calcium butyrate exhibited notable antitumor effects in vivo and in vitro; however, their clinical relevance requires confirmation by additional clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katia Mangano
- Cosmo R&D S.p.A., Catania Laboratory, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Milasi
- Cosmo R&D S.p.A., Catania Laboratory, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Roberto DI Marco
- Cosmo R&D S.p.A., Catania Laboratory, Catania, Italy ; Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Yang B, Cao L, Liu B, McCaig CD, Pu J. The transition from proliferation to differentiation in colorectal cancer is regulated by the calcium activated chloride channel A1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60861. [PMID: 23593331 PMCID: PMC3625186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breaking the balance between proliferation and differentiation in animal cells can lead to cancer, but the mechanisms maintaining this balance remain largely undefined. The calcium activated chloride channel A1 (CLCA1) is a member of the calcium sensitive chloride conductance family of proteins and is expressed mainly in the colon, small intestine and appendix. We show that CLCA1 plays a functional role in differentiation and proliferation of Caco-2 cells and of intestinal tissue. Caco-2 cells spontaneously differentiate either in confluent culture or when treated with butyrate, a molecule present naturally in the diet. Here, we compared CLCA1 expressional levels between patients with and without colorectal cancer (CRC) and determined the functional role of CLCA1 in differentiation and proliferation of Caco-2 cells. We showed that: 1) CLCA1 and CLCA4 expression were down-regulated significantly in CRC patients; 2) CLCA1 expression was up-regulated in Caco-2 cells induced to differentiate by confluent culture or by treatment with sodium butyrate (NaBT); 3) Knockdown of CLCA1 with siRNA significantly inhibited cell differentiation and promoted cell proliferation in Caco-2 confluent cultures, and 4) In Caco-2 3D culture, suppression of CLCA1 significantly increased cell proliferation and compromised NaBT-induced inhibition of proliferation. In conclusion, CLCA1 may contribute to promoting spontaneous differentiation and reducing proliferation of Caco-2 cells and may be a target of NaBT-induced inhibition of proliferation and therefore a potential diagnostic marker for CRC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JP); (BY)
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Colin D. McCaig
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Pu
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JP); (BY)
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Minelli R, Serpe L, Pettazzoni P, Minero V, Barrera G, Gigliotti C, Mesturini R, Rosa AC, Gasco P, Vivenza N, Muntoni E, Fantozzi R, Dianzani U, Zara GP, Dianzani C. Cholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles inhibit the adhesion and migration of colon cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:587-601. [PMID: 22049973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles (cholbut SLN) provide a delivery system for the anti-cancer drug butyrate. These SLN inhibit the adhesion of polymorphonuclear cells to the endothelium and may act as anti-inflammatory agents. As cancer cell adhesion to endothelium is crucial for metastasis dissemination, here we have evaluated the effect of cholbut SLN on adhesion and migration of cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cholbut SLN was incubated with a number of cancer cell lines or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and adhesion was quantified by a computerized micro-imaging system. Migration was detected by the scratch 'wound-healing' assay and the Boyden chamber invasion assay. Expression of ERK and p38 MAPK was analysed by Western blot. Expression of the mRNA for E-cadherin and claudin-1 was measured by RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS Cholbut SLN inhibited HUVEC adhesiveness to cancer cell lines derived from human colon-rectum, breast, prostate cancers and melanoma. The effect was concentration and time-dependent and exerted on both cancer cells and HUVEC. Moreover, these SLN inhibited migration of cancer cells and substantially down-modulated ERK and p38 phosphorylation. The anti-adhesive effect was additive to that induced by the triggering of B7h, which is another stimulus inhibiting both ERK and p38 phosphorylation, and cell adhesiveness. Furthermore, cholbut SLN induced E-cadherin and inhibited claudin-1 expression in HUVEC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that cholbut SLN could act as an anti-metastastic agent and they add a new mechanism to the anti-tumour activity of this multifaceted preparation of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Minelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Chou CW, Wu MS, Huang WC, Chen CC. HDAC inhibition decreases the expression of EGFR in colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18087. [PMID: 21464950 PMCID: PMC3064594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase which
promotes cell proliferation and survival, is abnormally overexpressed in
numerous tumors of epithelial origin, including colorectal cancer (CRC). EGFR
monoclonal antibodies have been shown to increase the median survival and are
approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Histone deacetylases (HDACs),
frequently overexpressed in colorectal cancer and several malignancies, are
another attractive targets for cancer therapy. Several inhibitors of HDACs
(HDACi) are developed and exhibit powerful antitumor abilities. In this study,
human colorectal cancer cells treated with HDACi exhibited reduced EGFR
expression, thereby disturbed EGF-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation. HDACi
also decreased the expression of SGLT1, an active glucose transporter found to
be stabilized by EGFR, and suppressed the glucose uptake of cancer cells. HDACi
suppressed the transcription of EGFR and class I HDACs were proved to be
involved in this event. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that HDACi
caused the dissociation of SP1, HDAC3 and CBP from EGFR promoter. Our data
suggested that HDACi could serve as a single agent to block both EGFR and HDAC,
and may bring more benefits to the development of CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Blouin JM, Penot G, Collinet M, Nacfer M, Forest C, Laurent-Puig P, Coumoul X, Barouki R, Benelli C, Bortoli S. Butyrate elicits a metabolic switch in human colon cancer cells by targeting the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2591-601. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tsai CY, Chen YH, Chien YW, Huang WH, Lin SH. Effect of soy saponin on the growth of human colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3371-6. [PMID: 20632438 PMCID: PMC2904882 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i27.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of extracted soybean saponins on the growth of human colon cancer cells. METHODS WiDr human colon cancer cells were treated with 150, 300, 600 or 1200 ppm of soy saponin to determine the effect on cell growth, cell morphology, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and protein kinase C (PKC) activities, and P53 protein, c-Fos and c-Jun gene expression. RESULTS Soy saponin decreased the number of viable cells in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed 12-O-tetradecanol-phorbol-13-acetate-stimulated PKC activity (P < 0.05). Cells treated with saponins developed cytoplasmic vesicles and the cell membrane became rougher and more irregular in a dose-dependent manner, and eventually disassembled. At 600 and 1200 ppm, the activity of AP was increased (P < 0.05). However, the apoptosis markers such as c-Jun and c-Fos were not significantly affected by saponin. CONCLUSION Soy saponin may be effective in preventing colon cancer by affecting cell morphology, cell proliferation enzymes, and cell growth.
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Pajak B, Gajkowska B, Orzechowski A. Sodium butyrate sensitizes human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells to both intrinsic and TNF-alpha-dependent extrinsic apoptosis. Apoptosis 2009; 14:203-17. [PMID: 19130237 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of cFLIP protein seems to be critical in the antiapoptotic mechanism of immune escape of human COLO 205 colon adenocarcinoma cells. Actually, cFLIP appears to inhibit the death receptor ligand-mediated cell death. Application of the metabolic inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaBt), short-chain volatile fatty acid, sensitized COLO 205 cells to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis. Western-blot analysis revealed that the susceptibility of human COLO 205 cells to apoptogenic stimuli resulted from time-dependent reduction in cFLIP and simultaneous up-regulation of TNF-R1 protein levels. Additionally, the combined TNF-alpha and NaBt treatment caused cleavage of Bid and caspase-9 activation, as well as cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Thus, the evidence of this study indicates that NaBt facilitates the death receptor signal evoked by TNF-alpha. Moreover, NaBt alone initiated intrinsic apoptosis, that in turn was abolished by intracellular BCL-2 delivery. It confirms the involvement of mitochondria in the proapoptotic activity of NaBt. The activation of mitochondrial pathway was substantiated by up-regulated expression of BAK with concomitant reduction of antiapoptotic BCL-x(L), XIAP and survivin proteins. These findings suggest that NaBt could represent a good candidate for the new therapeutic strategy aimed to improve chemo- and immunotherapy of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pajak
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Spina L, Cavallaro F, Fardowza N, Lagoussis P, Bona D, Ciscato C, Rigante A, Vecchi M. Butyric acid: pharmacological aspects and routes of administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1594-5804(08)60004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The concept of colonic health has become a major target for the development of functional foods such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. These bioactive agents have a profound effect on the composition of the microflora, as well as on the physiology of the colon, and display distinct health benefits. Dietary carbohydrates escaping digestion/absorption in the small bowel and prebiotics undergo fermentation in the colon and give rise to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). As the main anions of the colon and the major source of energy for colonocytes, SCFA are rapidly absorbed by nonionic diffusion mostly but also by active transport mediated by a sodium-coupled transporter, thereby fostering the absorption of sodium and water. SCFA in general and butyrate in particular enhance the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and play a central role on the physiology and metabolism of the colon. The effect of prebiotics on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, mucin production, immune function, mineral absorption, lipid metabolism, and gastrointestinal (GI) peptides has been well documented experimentally. These effects seem to be largely mediated by SCFA, but evidence from human studies remains inconsistent. The food industry is making a leap of faith in their efforts to commercialize prebiotics and exploit potential health benefits. The future lies with the design of studies to further explore basic mechanisms, and gene expression in particular, but emphasis should be placed on human intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude C Roy
- Ste Justine Hospital, 3175 Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Trichostatin a inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells. Chin J Cancer Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-006-0188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Belakavadi M, Prabhakar BT, Salimath BP. Butyrate-induced proapoptotic and antiangiogenic pathways in EAT cells require activation of CAD and downregulation of VEGF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:993-1001. [PMID: 16105646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced in the colon, induces cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis in transformed cell lines. In this report, we study the effects of butyrate (BuA) on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells in vivo. BuA, when injected intraperitoneally (i.p) into mice, inhibited proliferation of EAT cells. Further, induction of apoptosis in EAT cells was monitored by nuclear condensation, annexin-V staining, DNA fragmentation, and translocation of caspase-activated DNase into nucleus upon BuA-treatment. Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, completely inhibited BuA-induced apoptosis, indicating that activation of caspase-3 mediates the apoptotic pathway in EAT cells. The proapoptotic effect of BuA also reflects on the antiangiogenic pathway in EAT cells. The antiangiogenic effect of BuA in vivo was demonstrated by the downregulation of the secretion of VEGF in EAT cells. CD31 immunohistochemical staining of peritoneum sections clearly indicated a potential angioinhibitory effect of BuA in EAT cells. These results suggest that BuA, besides regulating other fundamental cellular processes, is able to modulate the expression/secretion of the key angiogenic growth factor VEGF in EAT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madesh Belakavadi
- Department of Applied Botany and Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India.
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Pool-Zobel BL. Inulin-type fructans and reduction in colon cancer risk: review of experimental and human data. Br J Nutr 2005; 93 Suppl 1:S73-90. [PMID: 15877900 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inulin-type fructans (beta(2,1)fructans) extracted from chicory roots (Cichorium intybus) are prebiotic food ingredients, which in the gut lumen are fermented to lactic acid and SCFA. Research in experimental animal models revealed that inulin-type fructans have anticarcinogenic properties. A number of studies report the effects of inulin-type fructans on chemically induced pre-neoplastic lesions (ACF) or tumours in the colon of rats and mice. In twelve studies, there were twenty-nine individual treatment groups of which twenty-four measured aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and five measured tumours. There was a significant reduction of ACF in twenty-one of the twenty-four treatment groups and of tumour incidence in five of the five treatment groups. Higher beneficial effects were achieved by synbiotics (mixtures of probiotics and prebiotics), long-chain inulin-type fructans compared to short-chain derivatives, and feeding high-fat Western style diets. Inulin-type fructans reduced tumour incidence in APC(Min) mice in two of four studies and reduced growth and metastasising properties of implanted tumour cells in mice (four studies). The effects have been reported to be associated with gut flora-mediated fermentation and production of butyrate. In human cells, inulin-derived fermentation products inhibited cell growth, modulated differentiation and reduced metastasis activities. In conclusion, evidence has been accumulated that shows that inulin-type fructans and corresponding fermentation products reduced the risks for colon cancer. The involved mechanisms included the reduction of exposure to risk factors and suppression of tumour cell survival. Thus, this specific type of dietary fibre exerted both blocking agent and suppressing agent types of chemopreventive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice L Pool-Zobel
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Short-chain fatty acids are important end products of bacterial carbohydrate fermentation in the colon. In particular, n-butyrate is thought to play a regulatory role in the maintenance of a physiological environment. Disturbances in the interplay between the microflora and the lining epithelium may lead to mucosal inflammation and promote carcinogenesis. The purpose of this article is to review the literature between March 2003 and February 2004 and to determine if recent studies have improved the understanding of butyrate effects in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies (cell culture experiments, animal studies) using modern molecular biological tools (including cDNA arrays) have provided new insights into the action of butyrate on colonic epithelial, vascular endothelial and extracolonic cell types. The new information adds pieces of evidence to the assumption that butyrate may ameliorate colonic inflammation and may be chemopreventive in carcinogenesis. In contrast, new data from clinical studies have been limited in the review period. SUMMARY In the era of molecular biology our understanding of subcellular processes that ultimately lead to inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer has widened considerably. The new powerful technology of genomics and proteomics, however, raises new questions without easy answers. With this new information in mind, we will have to go back to human intervention trials to test the hypotheses generated in vitro. The preclinical data from the review period justify the need for carefully designed clinical trials to test the benefits derived from butyrate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Scheppach
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Danbara N, Yuri T, Tsujita-Kyutoku M, Sato M, Senzaki H, Takada H, Hada T, Miyazawa T, Okazaki K, Tsubura A. Conjugated Docosahexaenoic Acid Is a Potent Inducer of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis and Inhibits Growth of Colo 201 Human Colon Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2004; 50:71-9. [PMID: 15572300 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5001_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of conjugated docosahexaenoic acid (CDHA) on the inhibition of colon cancer cell growth was examined in the colo 201 human colon cancer cell line, and the effect was compared with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). CDHA was a more potent tumor cell growth inhibitor than DHA and EPA by colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay (IC50 for 72 h: 31.6 microM, 46.8 microM, and 56.6 microM, respectively). CDHA inhibited cell cycle progression, due to accumulation of cells in G1 phase, which involved increased p21Cip1/Waf1 and decreased cyclin D1, cyclin E, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression; the p53 and cyclin A levels were unchanged. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by the appearance of sub-G1 populations, and apoptosis cascade involved upregulation of the apoptosis-enhancing proteins (Bak and Bcl-xS) and downregulation of the apoptosis-suppressing proteins (Bcl-xL and Bcl-2). CDHA modulated cell cycle regulatory proteins and apoptosis-related proteins, similar to the effects of DHA. CDHA at a dietary dose of 1.0% significantly inhibited growth of colo 201 cells transplanted in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Danbara
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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Kobayashi H, Tan EM, Fleming SE. Acetylation of histones associated with the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene by butyrate is not sufficient for p21WAF1/CIP1 gene transcription in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:207-13. [PMID: 14750171 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Butyric acid is well recognized as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, and changes in histone acetylation are thought to alter gene expression. The mechanism by which sodium butyrate (NaB) induces p21WAF1/CIP1, a critical gene involved in the antiproliferative effect of NaB, was studied at the chromatin level. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, acetylation of histone H3 was observed at the proximal region of the promoter within 30 min of NaB exposure and this extended to the distal region within 2 hr. By contrast, histone H4 was acetylated both at the proximal and the distal regions of the promoter within 30 min. NaB did not influence other histone modifications. NaB stimulated recruitment of the transcription factors ZBP89 and Sp1 as well as GCN5, but did not influence recruitment of Sp3, HDAC1, p300, or CBP. As recruitment of HDAC1 to the promoter appeared not to account for NaB-induced changes in histone acetylation, we aimed to influence HDAC activity by altering its phosphorylation status. The kinase inhibitor, H7, suppressed p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA in both the absence and the presence of NaB without influencing the butyrate-induced hyperacetylation of H3 and H4 associated with the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter. These results suggest that acetylation of histones at the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter is not sufficient for NaB to exert antiproliferative effects via transcription of the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene. Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 transcription by the phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, in the absence of changes in association of acetylated histones with the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter provides further evidence of the importance of phosphorylation to p21WAF1/CIP1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Kobayashi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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