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Hassani S, Maghsoudi H, Fattahi F, Malekinejad F, Hajmalek N, Sheikhnia F, Kheradmand F, Fahimirad S, Ghorbanpour M. Flavonoids nanostructures promising therapeutic efficiencies in colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124508. [PMID: 37085076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is among the frequently diagnosed cancers with high mortality rates around the world. Polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites which exhibit anti-cancer activities along with anti-inflammatory effects. However, due to their hydrophobicity, sensitivity to degradation and low bioavailability, therapeutic effects have shown poor therapeutic effect. Nano delivery systems such as nanoliposomes, nanomicelles, silica nanoparticles have been investigated to overcome these difficulties. This review provides a summary of the efficiency of certain flavonoids and polyphenols (apigenin, genistein, resveratrol, quercetin, silymarin, catechins, luteolin, fisetin, gallic acid, rutin, and curcumin) on colorectal cancer models. It comprehensively discusses the influence of nano-formulation of flavonoids on their biological functions, including cellular uptake rate, bioavailability, solubility, and cytotoxicity, as well as their potential for reducing colorectal cancer tumor size under in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hassani
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Maghsoudi
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Fattahi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Faezeh Malekinejad
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nooshin Hajmalek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farhad Sheikhnia
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shohreh Fahimirad
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
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Hurtado-Barroso S, Trius-Soler M, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Zamora-Ros R. Vegetable and Fruit Consumption and Prognosis Among Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1569-1582. [PMID: 32717747 PMCID: PMC7666913 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of cancer survivors is growing rapidly worldwide, especially long-term survivors. Although a healthy diet with a high vegetable and fruit consumption is a key factor in primary cancer prevention, there is a lack of specific dietary recommendations for cancer survivors, except in the case of breast cancer [World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) report]. We have therefore carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies reporting on the associations between vegetable and fruit intake with cancer recurrence and mortality and all-cause mortality in cancer patients. After a comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus databases, the results of 28 selected articles were analyzed. A high vegetable intake before diagnosis was inversely associated with overall mortality in survivors of head and neck (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.87) and ovarian cancer (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.91). In ovarian cancer patients, prediagnosis fruit intake was also inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.96). The evidence was insufficient for survivors of other cancers, although these associations generally tended to be protective. Therefore, more studies are needed to clarify the association between vegetable and fruit consumption and the prognosis of these different types of cancer. To date, the general recommendation to consume ≥5 servings of vegetables and fruit per day (∼400 g/d) could underestimate the needs of cancer survivors, particularly those with ovarian tumors, in which the recommendation could increase to ∼600 g/d (i.e., 300 g/d of vegetables and 300 g/d of fruit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hurtado-Barroso
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute at the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Trius-Soler
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute at the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute at the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Zamora-Ros
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute at the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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Vleugels JLA, Hazewinkel Y, Fockens P, Dekker E. Natural history of diminutive and small colorectal polyps: a systematic literature review. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85:1169-1176.e1. [PMID: 28024986 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diminutive (1-5 mm) and small (6-9 mm) polyps comprise 90% of detected lesions during colonoscopy and rarely contain advanced histology or colorectal cancer (CRC). Routine removal of these lesions results in a significant burden to colonoscopy programs. At the same time, the risk for progression of these polyps to CRC is unclear. We performed a systematic review to explore the natural history of diminutive and small colorectal polyps. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies investigating the natural history of colorectal polyps. Studies were considered eligible when they assessed patients with 1- to 9-mm polyps that were not treated with polypectomy and that underwent follow-up. We excluded studies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, polyposis syndromes, and previously diagnosed CRC. We independently extracted study characteristics and evaluated CRC and advanced adenoma (size ≥ 10 mm, containing high-grade dysplasia or villous features) as outcome parameters. RESULTS Of 8775 retrieved studies, 9 studies with 721 patients were included that prospectively evaluated the evolution of 1- to 9-mm polyps. In 7 studies the average duration of observation was 2 to 3 years. There was only 1 study in which 1 small polyp might have progressed to cancer. Of 1034 adenomas sized 1 to 9 mm in those studies, 6% progressed to advanced adenomas over time. CONCLUSIONS Based on this systematic review, it appears that some 1- to 9-mm adenomas progress to advanced adenomas within 2 to 3 years. No information on long-term CRC transition rates was found. Defining the biologic significance of these polyps is needed to balance between benefits and harm of polypectomy. (PROSPERO database registration number: CRD42016036577.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L A Vleugels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yark Hazewinkel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sardo Molmenti CL, Steck SE, Thomson CA, Hibler EA, Yang J, Shivappa N, Greenlee H, Wirth MD, Neugut AI, Jacobs ET, Hébert JR. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: A Pooled Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:238-247. [PMID: 28094571 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1263752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
No studies have evaluated the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and colorectal adenoma recurrence. DII scores were calculated from a baseline food frequency questionnaire. Participants (n = 1727) were 40-80 years of age, enrolled in two Phase III clinical trials, who had ≥1 colorectal adenoma(s) removed within 6 months of study registration, and a follow-up colonoscopy during the trial. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). No statistically significant associations were found between DII and odds of colorectal adenoma recurrence [ORs (95% CIs) = 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) and 0.95 (0.73, 1.22)] for subjects in the second and third DII tertiles, respectively, compared to those in the lowest tertile (Ptrend = 0.72). No associations were found for recurrent colorectal adenoma characteristics, including advanced recurrent adenomas, large size, villous histology, or anatomic location. While our study did not support an association between a proinflammatory diet and colorectal adenoma recurrence, future studies are warranted to elucidate the role of a proinflammatory diet on the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Sardo Molmenti
- a Department of Epidemiology , Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA.,b Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York , USA.,c Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, and Prevention , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine , Hempstead , New York , USA
| | - S E Steck
- d Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - C A Thomson
- f University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,g Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - E A Hibler
- h Department of Preventive Medicine , Feinburg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | - J Yang
- a Department of Epidemiology , Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA
| | - N Shivappa
- d Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,i Connecting Health Innovations , LLC , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - H Greenlee
- a Department of Epidemiology , Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA.,b Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
| | - M D Wirth
- d Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,i Connecting Health Innovations , LLC , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
| | - A I Neugut
- a Department of Epidemiology , Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York , New York , USA.,b Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York , USA
| | - E T Jacobs
- f University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , Arizona , USA.,g Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona , USA
| | - J R Hébert
- d Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina , USA.,i Connecting Health Innovations , LLC , Columbia , South Carolina , USA
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Kunzmann AT, Coleman HG, Huang WY, Cantwell MM, Kitahara CM, Berndt SI. Fruit and vegetable intakes and risk of colorectal cancer and incident and recurrent adenomas in the PLCO cancer screening trial. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:1851-61. [PMID: 26559156 PMCID: PMC6528653 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The roles of fruits and vegetables in colorectal cancer development are unclear. Few prospective studies have assessed the association with adenoma, a known precursor to colorectal cancer. Our aim was to evaluate the association between fruit and vegetable intake and colorectal cancer development by evaluating the risk of incident and recurrent colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer. Study participants were identified from the intervention arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Fruit and vegetable intake was measured using a self-reported dietary questionnaire. Total fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with reduced incident or recurrent adenoma risk overall, but a protective association was observed for multiple adenomas (Odds ratio 3rd tertile vs. 1st tertile = 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38, 1.00). Higher fruit and vegetable intakes were associated with a borderline reduced risk of colorectal cancer (Hazard ratio (HR) 3rd tertile vs. 1st tertile = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.01), which reached significance amongst individuals with high processed meat intakes (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.99). Our results suggest that increased fruit and vegetable intake may protect against multiple adenoma development and may reduce the detrimental effects of high processed meat intakes on colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Kunzmann
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marie M Cantwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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Budhathoki S, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Coffee intake and the risk of colorectal adenoma: The colorectal adenoma study in Tokyo. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:463-70. [PMID: 25500898 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is a commonly consumed beverage which contains several potential anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive compounds, and has been hypothesized to have protective effects in colorectal neoplasia. However, the limited available data on coffee consumption in relation to colorectal adenoma (CRA), a precursor lesion to most colorectal cancers, remain largely inconsistent. In this study, we evaluated the association of coffee intake with the risk of CRA in a middle-aged Japanese population. Study subjects were selected from examinees who underwent total colonoscopy as part of a cancer screening program and responded to self-administered dietary and lifestyle questionnaires. A total of 738 patients with adenoma and 697 controls were included in the study. Coffee intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire, and divided into quartiles based on the distribution among controls. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of CRA, with adjustment for potential confounding factors. High coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of CRA, with a multivariate-adjusted OR for the highest versus lowest quartile of coffee intake of 0.67 (95% CI = 0.48-0.93; ptrend = 0.02). The inverse association of coffee intake was limited to proximal (OR = 0.64; 95%CI = 0.44-0.95; ptrend = 0.04) and distal colon adenoma (OR = 0.62; 95%CI = 0.39-0.99; ptrend = 0.06), and appeared to be more evident with small (OR = 0.68; 95%CI = 0.49-0.96; ptrend = 0.04) and single adenomas (OR = 0.65; 95%CI = 0.44-0.95; ptrend = 0.02). Green tea intake was not found to be associated with CRA risk. This study provides support for the protective effect of coffee drinking on colon adenomas, a precursor of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Budhathoki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sasazuki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Ben Q, Sun Y, Chai R, Qian A, Xu B, Yuan Y. Dietary fiber intake reduces risk for colorectal adenoma: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:689-699.e6. [PMID: 24216326 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reports on the association between dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal adenoma (CRA), the precursor of colorectal cancer, have been inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies to analyze this association. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify relevant studies published through July 2013. A random-effects model was used to estimate summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between fiber intake and CRA risk. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the Cochran Q and I(2) statistics. RESULTS Our meta-analysis included 20 studies involving 10,948 subjects with CRA. The SRRs of CRA for total dietary fiber were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63-0.83) in a high- vs low-intake analysis and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87-0.95) per 10-g/day increase in fiber intake in a dose-response model. Subgroup analyses indicated a significant inverse association between total fiber intake and CRA risk in case-control studies (SRR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56-0.77), but not in cohort studies (SRR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.76-1.10). The SRRs of CRA were 0.84 for fruit fiber (95% CI, 0.76-0.94; n = 6 studies), 0.93 for vegetable fiber (95% CI, 0.84-1.04; n = 6 studies), and 0.76 for cereal fiber (95% CI, 0.62-0.92; n = 9 studies) in high- vs low-intake analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that high dietary fiber intake is associated inversely with CRA risk. Further studies with prospective designs that use validated questionnaires and control for important confounders are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Ben
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yunwei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Chai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Aihua Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yaozong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Aune D, Chan DSM, Vieira AR, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E, Norat T. Red and processed meat intake and risk of colorectal adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:611-27. [PMID: 23380943 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence indicates that red and processed meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer; however, the association with colorectal adenomas is unclear. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies of red and processed meat intake and risk of colorectal adenomas as part of the Continuous Update Project of the World Cancer Research Fund. DESIGN PubMed and several other databases were searched for relevant studies from their inception up to 31 December 2011. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a random effects model. RESULTS Nineteen case-control studies and seven prospective studies were included in the analyses. The summary RR per 100 g/day of red meat was 1.27 (95 % CI 1.16-1.40, I (2) = 5 %, n = 16) for all studies combined, 1.20 (95 % CI 1.06-1.36, I (2) = 0 %, n = 6) for prospective studies, and 1.34 (95 % CI 1.12-1.59, I (2) = 31 %, n = 10) for case-control studies. The summary RR per 50 g/day of processed meat intake was 1.29 (95 % CI 1.10-1.53, I (2) = 27 %, n = 10) for all studies combined, 1.45 (95 % CI 1.10-1.90, I (2) = 0 %, n = 2) for prospective studies, and 1.23 (95 % CI 0.99-1.52, I (2) = 37 %, n = 8) for case-control studies. There was evidence of a nonlinear association between red meat (p nonlinearity < 0.001) and processed meat (p nonlinearity = 0.01) intake and colorectal adenoma risk. CONCLUSION These results indicate an elevated risk of colorectal adenomas with intake of red and processed meat, but further prospective studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:521-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-9918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012:CD007176. [PMID: 22419320 PMCID: PMC8407395 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007176.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our systematic review has demonstrated that antioxidant supplements may increase mortality. We have now updated this review. OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the Science Citation Index Expanded, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science to February 2011. We scanned bibliographies of relevant publications and asked pharmaceutical companies for additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all primary and secondary prevention randomised clinical trials on antioxidant supplements (beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) versus placebo or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three authors extracted data. Random-effects and fixed-effect model meta-analyses were conducted. Risk of bias was considered in order to minimise the risk of systematic errors. Trial sequential analyses were conducted to minimise the risk of random errors. Random-effects model meta-regression analyses were performed to assess sources of intertrial heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS Seventy-eight randomised trials with 296,707 participants were included. Fifty-six trials including 244,056 participants had low risk of bias. Twenty-six trials included 215,900 healthy participants. Fifty-two trials included 80,807 participants with various diseases in a stable phase. The mean age was 63 years (range 18 to 103 years). The mean proportion of women was 46%. Of the 78 trials, 46 used the parallel-group design, 30 the factorial design, and 2 the cross-over design. All antioxidants were administered orally, either alone or in combination with vitamins, minerals, or other interventions. The duration of supplementation varied from 28 days to 12 years (mean duration 3 years; median duration 2 years). Overall, the antioxidant supplements had no significant effect on mortality in a random-effects model meta-analysis (21,484 dead/183,749 (11.7%) versus 11,479 dead/112,958 (10.2%); 78 trials, relative risk (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98 to 1.05) but significantly increased mortality in a fixed-effect model (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05). Heterogeneity was low with an I(2)- of 12%. In meta-regression analysis, the risk of bias and type of antioxidant supplement were the only significant predictors of intertrial heterogeneity. Meta-regression analysis did not find a significant difference in the estimated intervention effect in the primary prevention and the secondary prevention trials. In the 56 trials with a low risk of bias, the antioxidant supplements significantly increased mortality (18,833 dead/146,320 (12.9%) versus 10,320 dead/97,736 (10.6%); RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07). This effect was confirmed by trial sequential analysis. Excluding factorial trials with potential confounding showed that 38 trials with low risk of bias demonstrated a significant increase in mortality (2822 dead/26,903 (10.5%) versus 2473 dead/26,052 (9.5%); RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.15). In trials with low risk of bias, beta-carotene (13,202 dead/96,003 (13.8%) versus 8556 dead/77,003 (11.1%); 26 trials, RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09) and vitamin E (11,689 dead/97,523 (12.0%) versus 7561 dead/73,721 (10.3%); 46 trials, RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05) significantly increased mortality, whereas vitamin A (3444 dead/24,596 (14.0%) versus 2249 dead/16,548 (13.6%); 12 trials, RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.18), vitamin C (3637 dead/36,659 (9.9%) versus 2717 dead/29,283 (9.3%); 29 trials, RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.07), and selenium (2670 dead/39,779 (6.7%) versus 1468 dead/22,961 (6.4%); 17 trials, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.03) did not significantly affect mortality. In univariate meta-regression analysis, the dose of vitamin A was significantly associated with increased mortality (RR 1.0006, 95% CI 1.0002 to 1.001, P = 0.002). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence to support antioxidant supplements for primary or secondary prevention. Beta-carotene and vitamin E seem to increase mortality, and so may higher doses of vitamin A. Antioxidant supplements need to be considered as medicinal products and should undergo sufficient evaluation before marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bjelakovic
- Department of InternalMedicine,Medical Faculty, University ofNis,Nis, Serbia.
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Simmen FA, Frank JA, Wu X, Xiao R, Hennings LJ, Prior RL. Lack of efficacy of blueberry in nutritional prevention of azoxymethane-initiated cancers of rat small intestine and colon. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:67. [PMID: 19758446 PMCID: PMC2752457 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blueberries may lower relative risk for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Previous work indicated an inhibitory effect of consumed blueberry (BB) on formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colons of male Fisher F344 rats (inbred strain). However, effects of BB on colon tumors and in both genders are unknown. Methods We examined efficacy of BB in inhibition of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon ACF and intestine tumors in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (outbred strain). Pregnant rats were fed a diet with or without 10% BB powder; progeny were weaned to the same diet as their dam and received AOM as young adults. Results Male and female rats on control diet had similar numbers of ACF at 6 weeks after AOM administration. BB increased (P < 0.05) ACF numbers within the distal colon of female but not male rats. There was a significant (P < 0.05) diet by gender interaction with respect to total colon ACF number. Colon and duodenum tumor incidences were less in females than males at 17 weeks after AOM. BB tended (0.1 > P > 0.05) to reduce overall gastrointestinal tract tumor incidence in males, however, tumor incidence in females was unaffected (P > 0.1) by BB. There was a tendency (0.1 > P > 0.05) for fewer adenocarcinomas (relative to total of adenomatous polyps plus adenocarcinomas) in colons of female than male tumor-bearing rats; in small intestine, this gender difference was significant (P < 0.05). BB favored (P < 0.05) fewer adenocarcinomas and more adenomatous polyps (as a proportion of total tumor number) in female rat small intestine. Conclusion Results did not indicate robust cancer-preventive effects of BB. Blueberry influenced ACF occurrence in distal colon and tumor progression in duodenum, in gender-specific fashion. Data indicate the potential for slowing tumor progression (adenomatous polyp to adenocarcinoma) by BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Simmen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Wu H, Dai Q, Shrubsole MJ, Ness RM, Schlundt D, Smalley WE, Chen H, Li M, Shyr Y, Zheng W. Fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with lower risk of colorectal adenomas. J Nutr 2009; 139:340-4. [PMID: 19091801 PMCID: PMC2646202 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.098889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables have been shown to have cancer-inhibitory effects in animal studies. These effects on cancer, however, have not been clearly demonstrated in human studies. This study investigated the association between fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of adenomatous polyps. Participants were part of the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study. Eligible participants aged 40-75 y were recruited from patients undergoing colonoscopy at 2 medical centers in Nashville, Tennessee from 2003 to 2005. Cases had at least one adenoma and controls were polyp free. Dietary intake was assessed using a self-administered FFQ. Associations between dietary intakes and adenoma risk were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression with restricted cubic function spline. In multivariate analyses of 764 cases and 1517 controls, increased intakes of total fruits, berries, fruit juice, and green leafy vegetables were associated with reduced adenoma risk. The odds ratio for upper tertile intake compared with lower was 0.66 (95% CI = 0.51-0.86) for total fruits, 0.64 (95% CI = 0.47-0.87) for berries, 0.72 (95% CI = 0.56-0.92) for fruit juice, and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.58-0.96) for green vegetables. This study provides additional evidence that high total fruit intake and certain fruit and vegetable intakes may be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Reid M. Ness
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - David Schlundt
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Walter E. Smalley
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Heidi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Cancer Biostatistics Center; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN 37212
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Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD007176. [PMID: 18425980 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and physiological research as well as observational studies suggest that antioxidant supplements may improve survival. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of antioxidant supplements on mortality in primary or secondary prevention randomised clinical trials. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to October 2005), EMBASE (1985 to October 2005), and the Science Citation Index Expanded (1945 to October 2005). We scanned bibliographies of relevant publications and wrote to pharmaceutical companies for additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all primary and secondary prevention randomised clinical trials on antioxidant supplements (beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) versus placebo or no intervention. Included participants were either healthy (primary prevention trials) or had any disease (secondary prevention trials). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three authors extracted data. Trials with adequate randomisation, blinding, and follow-up were classified as having a low risk of bias. Random-effects and fixed-effect meta-analyses were performed. Random-effects meta-regression analyses were performed to assess sources of intertrial heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS Sixty-seven randomised trials with 232,550 participants were included. Forty-seven trials including 180,938 participants had low risk of bias. Twenty-one trials included 164,439 healthy participants. Forty-six trials included 68111 participants with various diseases (gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological, ocular, dermatological, rheumatoid, renal, endocrinological, or unspecified). Overall, the antioxidant supplements had no significant effect on mortality in a random-effects meta-analysis (relative risk [RR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99 to 1.06), but significantly increased mortality in a fixed-effect model (RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.06). In meta-regression analysis, the risk of bias and type of antioxidant supplement were the only significant predictors of intertrial heterogeneity. In the trials with a low risk of bias, the antioxidant supplements significantly increased mortality (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08). When the different antioxidants were assessed separately, analyses including trials with a low risk of bias and excluding selenium trials found significantly increased mortality by vitamin A (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.24), beta-carotene (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.11), and vitamin E (RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07), but no significant detrimental effect of vitamin C (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.20). Low-bias risk trials on selenium found no significant effect on mortality (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.09). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence to support antioxidant supplements for primary or secondary prevention. Vitamin A, beta-carotene, and vitamin E may increase mortality. Future randomised trials could evaluate the potential effects of vitamin C and selenium for primary and secondary prevention. Such trials should be closely monitored for potential harmful effects. Antioxidant supplements need to be considered medicinal products and should undergo sufficient evaluation before marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bjelakovic
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Department 3344,Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark, DK-2100.
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14
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Millen AE, Subar AF, Graubard BI, Peters U, Hayes RB, Weissfeld JL, Yokochi LA, Ziegler RG. Fruit and vegetable intake and prevalence of colorectal adenoma in a cancer screening trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1754-64. [PMID: 18065596 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of colorectal adenoma is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE We studied whether intake of fruit, vegetables, or their subgroups is associated with a lower risk of prevalent colorectal adenoma. DESIGN In men and women (aged 55-74 y) who were screened for colorectal cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) (1993-2001), we compared 3,057 cases with at least one prevalent histologically verified adenoma of the distal large bowel with 29,413 control subjects. Using a food-frequency questionnaire, we quantified intake of fruit and vegetables in the 12 mo before screening as energy-adjusted pyramid servings/d (ps/d). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated by logistic regression. RESULTS Risk of distal adenoma was significantly lower among subjects in high (approximately 5.7 ps/d) versus low (approximately 1.2 ps/d) quintiles of total fruit intake (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.86, P for trend <0.001), which was not completely explained by dietary folate or fiber intake. Inverse associations between adenoma and total fruit intake were observed regardless of adenoma histopathology and multiplicity. However, the protective effect was seen only for colon and not rectal adenoma. Total vegetable intake was not significantly associated with reduced risk of adenoma. ORs for colorectal adenoma among persons with high versus low intakes of deep-yellow vegetables, dark-green vegetables, and onions and garlic were significantly related to lower risk of adenoma, although the P for trend for dark-green vegetables was not significant. CONCLUSION Diets rich in fruit and deep-yellow vegetables, dark-green vegetables, and onions and garlic are modestly associated with reduced risk of colorectal adenoma, a precursor of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Millen
- University at Buffalo, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14214-8001, USA.
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15
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Manerio E, Rodas VL, Costas E, Hernandez JM. Shellfish consumption: a major risk factor for colorectal cancer. Med Hypotheses 2007; 70:409-12. [PMID: 17606330 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, relevant efforts have been made to reduce the cancer incidence in the European Union. The prevention programmes against cancer have obtained satisfactory results except for colorectal cancer (CRC). Identification of risk factors is primordial to plan preventive strategies for CRC. We hypothesize that shellfish consumption is increasing CRC incidence. DSP toxins, present in some seafood products, seem to behave like tumour agents. There are no relevant studies on real health-risk of consuming DSP toxins, just some experimental and ecological evidence. Preventive interventions for reducing CRC risk must be approached through the collaboration of governmental, health and environmental sectors as a single regulatory agency. Sometimes, shellfish accumulates diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins (i.e. okadaic acid and its derivatives) which provoke a gastrointestinal illness (DSP syndrome). Furthermore, DSP toxins are tumour promoters that could increase CRC risk. The current regulation about level of DSP toxins in shellfish meat is only centred on reduction of the gastrointestinal symptoms. Unfortunately, legal levels of DSP toxins in shellfish are enough to increase CRC risk. A review of legislation on DSP toxins is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Manerio
- Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Fritz J, Kern M, Pahlke G, Vatter S, Marko D. Biological activities of malvidin, a red wine anthocyanidin. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:390-5. [PMID: 16598815 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malvidin (mv) has been identified as a potential inhibitor of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterases (PDE). This study was to investigate if, as a possible consequence of intracellular PDE inhibition, the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is affected by mv treatment. At a concentration of 5 microM of mv a significant decrease of phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK, extracellular regulated kinase) in HT29 cells was observed. However, an increase in substance concentration led to a substantial recurrence of the phosphorylated enzymes. Cell cycle analysis underlined that indeed G(1)-relevant targets are only marginally affected by mv. The recurrence of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and the lack of effectiveness on the G(1)-passage up to 100 microM indicated that the inhibition of cAMP-specific PDEs is of minor relevance for the growth-inhibitory properties of mv in HT29 cells. In contrast, the release of cells, synchronised in the G(2)/M-phase of the cell cycle by nocodazole treatment, was effectively blocked in the presence of 1 microM mv. These results suggest that mv interferes with cellular targets relevant for G(2)/M-progression which have not been identified so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fritz
- Section of Food Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, University of Karlsruhe TH, Germany
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Cooke D, Steward WP, Gescher AJ, Marczylo T. Anthocyans from fruits and vegetables – Does bright colour signal cancer chemopreventive activity? Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1931-40. [PMID: 16084717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of fruits and berries has been associated with decreased risk of developing cancer. The most abundant flavonoid constituents of fruits and berries are anthocyans (i.e. anthocyanins, glycosides, and their aglycons, anthocyanidins) that cause intense colouration. In this review, we describe epidemiological evidence hinting at the cancer preventive activity of anthocyan-containing foods in humans, results of chemoprevention studies in rodent models with anthocyans or anthocyan-containing fruit/vegetable extracts, and pharmacological properties of anthocyans. Anthocyanidins have been shown to inhibit malignant cell survival and confound many oncogenic signalling events in the 10(-6)-10(-4) M concentration range. Studies of the pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins after their consumption as single agents, anthocyanin mixtures or berry extracts suggest that anthocyanins reach levels of 10(-8)-10(-7) M in human blood. It is unclear whether such concentrations are sufficient to explain anticarcinogenic effects, and whether anthocyanins exert chemopreventive efficacy themselves, or if they need to undergo hydrolysis to their aglyconic counterparts. The currently available literature provides tantalising hints of the potential usefulness of anthocyans or anthocyan mixtures as cancer chemopreventive interventions. Nevertheless further studies are necessary to help adjudge the propitiousness of their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Cooke
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, 5th Floor, RKCSB, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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