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Oniszczenko W. The association between BIS/BAS and fear of COVID-19 infection among women. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 9:237-245. [PMID: 38013964 PMCID: PMC10658855 DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2021.106139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main goal of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate, in women, the association between the behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system (BIS/BAS) and fear of COVID-19-related self-infection and infection of loved ones (family members, friends, relatives). Several studies have indicated that the psychological consequences of COVID-19 are serious especially among women. On the other hand, little is known about the role of the BIS and BAS in shaping responses and behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article deals with this issue. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE The sample consisted of 415 women between the ages of 18 and 67. A numerical rating scale comprising 11 degrees of fear was used to assess participants' COVID-19-related fear, and the BIS and BAS were evaluated using Carver and White's BIS/BAS scales. RESULTS A small positive correlation was observed between the BIS and participants' COVID-19-related fear of loved ones' infection. The BIS explained two percent of the COVID-19-related fear of loved ones' infection dimension. CONCLUSIONS The BIS weakly, but significantly correlated with women's fear of their loved ones being infected by COVID-19. This study highlights the possible role of the BIS mechanism in women's response to COVID-19-related fear, but only when the threat affects loved ones. Comparative studies between men and women are necessary.
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Heffer T, Lundale C, Wylie BE, Willoughby T. Investigating sensitivity to threat with the Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS) among children, adolescents and university students: The role of negatively-phrased questions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liebman RE, Coniglio KA, Becker KR, Tabri N, Keshishian AC, Wons O, Keel PK, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ. Behavioral inhibition moderates the association between overvaluation of shape and weight and noncompensatory purging in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:143-148. [PMID: 31758819 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) model of eating disorders suggests that compensatory purging behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting, inappropriate laxative use) are primarily driven by binge eating. However, many individuals endorse purging in the absence of binge eating (i.e., noncompensatory purging [NCP]). Research is needed to understand why some individuals purge in the absence of objective or subjective binge-eating episodes. METHOD Given the importance of overvaluation of shape/weight in the CBT model, and the existing evidence linking temperamental characteristics like behavioral inhibition (i.e., the tendency to withdraw in response to threat cues) with purging in general, we tested whether behavioral inhibition moderated the relationship between overvaluation of shape/weight and NCP in a sample of individuals in a residential eating disorder treatment center (N = 143). RESULTS Overvaluation was more strongly related to NCP in individuals with high (relative to low) levels of behavioral inhibition. Among individuals low in behavioral inhibition, overvaluation predicted engagement in NCP to a much weaker extent. DISCUSSION For those high (relative to low) in behavioral inhibition, both emotional avoidance and overvaluation may be important targets in the treatment of NCP, particularly in the absence of binge eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Liebman
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kendra R Becker
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Ani C Keshishian
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Olivia Wons
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Parental Emotion Socialization and Adult Outcomes: The Relationships Between Parental Supportiveness, Emotion Regulation, and Trait Anxiety. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-019-09340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mental health and BIS/BAS dimensions in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis patients and in stroke survivors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Finley AJ, Crowell AL, Schmeichel BJ. Self-affirmation enhances processing of negative stimuli among threat-prone individuals. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:569-577. [PMID: 29873770 PMCID: PMC6022649 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-affirmation reduces defensive responding to self-threats. The present study extended beyond self-threats to assess affirmation’s influence on responses to negative emotional pictures as measured by the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential in the encephalogram that reflects motivational significance. Participants completed a trait measure of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) sensitivity. Then they affirmed (or did not affirm) a core personal value before viewing a series of emotionally evocative pictures. Affirming a core value increased LPP responses to negative emotional pictures among individuals higher in BIS. Self-affirmation thus appeared to alter the motivational significance of negative pictures among threat-prone individuals, consistent with a reduction in the defensive avoidance of aversive stimuli. These findings suggest that affirming values may influence responses associated with basic (non-self) motivational systems among individuals sensitive to threat.
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Kertes DA, Liu J, Hall NJ, Hadad NA, Wynne CDL, Bhatt SS. Effect of Pet Dogs on Children's Perceived Stress and Cortisol Stress Response. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 26:382-401. [PMID: 28439150 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested whether pet dogs have stress-buffering effects for children during a validated laboratory-based protocol, the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Participants were 101 children aged 7-12 years with their primary caregivers and pet dogs. Children were randomly assigned in the TSST-C to a pet present condition or one of two comparison conditions: parent present or no support figure present. Baseline, response, and recovery indices of perceived stress and cortisol levels were computed based on children's self-reported feelings of stress and salivary cortisol. Results indicated that in the alone (no social support) condition, children showed the expected rise for both perceived stress and cortisol response to stress. Pet dog presence significantly buffered the perceived stress response in comparison to children in the alone and parent present conditions. No main condition effect was observed for cortisol; however, for children experiencing the stressor with their pet present, lower cortisol response to stress was associated with more child-initiated petting and less dog proximity-seeking behavior. The results support the notion that pet dogs can provide socio-emotional benefits for children via stress buffering.
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Blumenthal H. A laboratory-based test of the relation between adolescent alcohol use and panic-relevant responding. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 23:303-13. [PMID: 26053320 PMCID: PMC4578981 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A burgeoning literature supports a link between alcohol use and panic-spectrum problems (e.g., panic attacks, disorder) among adolescents, but the direction of influence has yet to be properly examined. From a theoretical perspective, panic-spectrum problems may increase risk for problematic drinking via affect regulation efforts (e.g., self-medication), and problematic consumption also may increase or initiate panic-relevant responding (e.g., learning or kindling models). The objective of the current investigation was to examine the role of prior alcohol use in predicting panic-relevant responding, as well as panic symptom history in predicting the desire to consume alcohol, in the context of either a voluntary hyperventilation or a low-arousal task. Participants were community-recruited adolescents aged 12-17 years (n = 92, Mage = 15.42, SD = 1.51; 39.1% girls). Results indicated that prior alcohol use predicted panic-relevant responding among those undergoing the hyperventilation task (but not the low-arousal task), and that this finding was robust to the inclusion of theoretically relevant covariates (i.e., age, sex, negative affectivity). However, panic symptom history did not predict the desire to consume alcohol as a function of either the hyperventilation or low-arousal condition. This work sheds further light on the nature of the relation between panic-spectrum problems and problematic alcohol use in adolescence. Specifically, the current findings suggest that frequent alcohol use may increase panic vulnerability among adolescents, whereas acute panic symptoms may not elicit the immediate (self-reported) desire to drink.
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Urošević S, Collins P, Muetzel R, Lim KO, Luciana M. Pubertal status associations with reward and threat sensitivities and subcortical brain volumes during adolescence. Brain Cogn 2014; 89:15-26. [PMID: 24512818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by complex developmental processes that impact behavior, biology, and social functioning. Two such adolescence-specific processes are puberty and increases in reward sensitivity. Relations between these processes are poorly understood. The present study focused on examining unique effects of puberty, age, and sex on reward and threat sensitivities and volumes of subcortical brain structures relevant for reward/threat processing in a healthy sample of 9-18year-olds. Unlike age, pubertal status had a significant unique positive relationship with reward sensitivity. In addition, there was a trend for adolescent females to exhibit higher threat sensitivity with more advanced pubertal development and higher reward and threat sensitivity with older age. Similarly, there were significant puberty by sex interaction effects on striatal volumes, i.e., left nucleus accumbens and right pallidum. The present pattern of results suggests that pubertal development, independent of chronological age, is uniquely associated with reward hypersensitivity and with structural differences in striatal regions implicated in reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Urošević
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, N218 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55408, United States.
| | - Paul Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, N218 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55408, United States
| | - Ryan Muetzel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, F282/2A West, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, F282/2A West, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, N218 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55408, United States
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Gable PA, Poole BD. Influence of trait behavioral inhibition and behavioral approach motivation systems on the LPP and frontal asymmetry to anger pictures. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:182-90. [PMID: 23175676 PMCID: PMC3907932 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral approach and avoidance are fundamental to the experience of emotion and motivation, but the motivational system associated with anger is not well established. Some theories posit that approach motivational processes underlie anger, whereas others posit that avoidance motivational processes underlie anger. The current experiment sought to address whether traits related to behavioral approach or avoidance influence responses to anger stimuli using multiple measures: ERP, electroencephalographic (EEG) α-asymmetry and self-report. After completing the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral approach system (BIS/BAS) scales, participants viewed anger pictures and neutral pictures. BAS predicted larger late positive potentials (LPPs) to anger pictures, but not to neutral pictures. In addition, BAS predicted greater left-frontal asymmetry to anger pictures. Moreover, larger LPPs to anger pictures related to greater left-frontal EEG asymmetry during anger pictures. These results suggest that trait approach motivation relates to neurophysiological responses of anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alaba505 Hackberry Lane, P.O. Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348.
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Balle M, Tortella-Feliu M, Bornas X. Distinguishing youths at risk for anxiety disorders from self-reported BIS sensitivity and its psychophysiological concomitants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 48:964-77. [DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.723804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gable PA, Harmon-Jones E. Trait behavioral approach sensitivity (BAS) relates to early (<150 ms) electrocortical responses to appetitive stimuli. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 8:795-8. [PMID: 22717385 PMCID: PMC3791069 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Much past research has focused on how traits related to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and avoidance motivation influence the almost obligatory attentional processing of aversive stimuli as measured as early as 100 ms into stimulus processing. These results fit with the functional importance assigned to the negativity bias. But do traits related to the behavioral approach system (BAS) influence attentional processing with similar rapidity? The present study addressed this unanswered question by testing whether trait BAS relates to event-related potentials (ERP) involved in rapid motivated attentional processing to appetitive stimuli. Results indicated that individual differences in BAS were correlated with larger ERP amplitudes as early as 100 ms into the processing of appetitive pictures. These results provide the first evidence linking trait approach motivational tendencies to very early stages of motivated attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gable
- 505 Hackberry Lane, P.O. Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348;
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Urošević S, Collins P, Muetzel R, Lim K, Luciana M. Longitudinal changes in behavioral approach system sensitivity and brain structures involved in reward processing during adolescence. Dev Psychol 2012; 48:1488-500. [PMID: 22390662 DOI: 10.1037/a0027502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Figure 2 was distorted in production. The correct version is presented in the erratum.] Adolescence is a period of radical normative changes and increased risk for substance use, mood disorders, and physical injury. Researchers have proposed that increases in reward sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity of the behavioral approach system [BAS]) and/or increases in reactivity to all emotional stimuli (i.e., reward and threat sensitivities) lead to these phenomena. The present study is the first longitudinal investigation of changes in reward (i.e., BAS) sensitivity in 9- to 23-year-olds across a 2-year follow-up. Support was found for increased reward sensitivity from early to late adolescence, and evidence was found for decline in the early 20s. This decline is combined with a decrease in left nucleus accumbens (Nacc) volume, a key structure for reward processing, from the late teens into the early 20s. Furthermore, we found longitudinal increases in sensitivity to reward to be predicted by individual differences in the Nacc and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) volumes at baseline in this developmental sample. Similarly, increases in sensitivity to threat (i.e., behavioral inhibition system sensitivity) were qualified by sex, with only females participants experiencing this increase, and predicted by individual differences in lateral OFC volumes at baseline.
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Feldner MT, Frala J, Badour C, Leen-Feldner EW, Olatunji BO. An Empirical Test of the Association Between Disgust and Sexual Assault. Int J Cogn Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2010.3.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hamill SK, Scott WD, Dearing E, Pepper CM. Affective style and depressive symptoms in youth of a North American Plains tribe: The moderating roles of cultural identity, grade level, and behavioral inhibition. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Peterson CK, Gable P, Harmon-Jones E. Asymmetrical frontal ERPs, emotion, and behavioral approach/inhibition sensitivity. Soc Neurosci 2008; 3:113-24. [DOI: 10.1080/17470910701612736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tull MT, Roemer L. Emotion regulation difficulties associated with the experience of uncued panic attacks: evidence of experiential avoidance, emotional nonacceptance, and decreased emotional clarity. Behav Ther 2007; 38:378-91. [PMID: 18021952 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation difficulties among nonclinical uncued panickers were examined in two studies. In Study 1, participants with a recent history of uncued panic attacks (n=91), compared to a nonpanic sample (n=91), reported significantly greater levels of experiential avoidance, lack of emotional acceptance, and lack of emotional clarity. In Study 2, a subset of uncued panickers and nonpanickers from Study 1 (n=17 per group) viewed positive and negative emotion-eliciting film clips. Despite comparable levels of self-reported distress and physiological arousal, panickers reported using more emotionally avoidant regulation strategies during both film clips. Panic participants also responded with greater negative emotion to the positive emotion-eliciting clip. Results are discussed in terms of their research and clinical implications.
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Dennis TA. Interactions between emotion regulation strategies and affective style: Implications for trait anxiety versus depressed mood. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-007-9069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Feldner MT, Zvolensky MJ, Stickle TR, Bonn-Miller MO, Leen-Feldner EW. Anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns as a moderator of the emotional consequences of emotion suppression during biological challenge: an experimental test using individual growth curve analysis. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:249-72. [PMID: 16389064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety-related responding to, and recovery from, a 5-min 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air presentation among 80 participants with no history of psychopathology was examined. Half of participants were instructed to suppress challenge-induced emotional responses, whereas their matched counterparts were instructed to observe such responses. Responding from immediately post-challenge through a 10-min recovery period was analyzed as a function of Anxiety Sensitivity-Physical Concerns and experimental condition using individual growth curve modeling. Anxiety Sensitivity-Physical Concerns moderated the effect of suppression only on emotion valence during recovery. In terms of main effects, suppression resulted in increased heart rate during recovery and Anxiety Sensitivity-Physical Concerns was positively associated with post-challenge self-reported anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of the potential role of inhibition-oriented affect regulation processes in the etiology of panic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Feldner
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, 05405-0134, USA.
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Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, Tull MT, Roemer L, Zvolensky MJ. An examination of worry in relation to anxious responding to voluntary hyperventilation among adolescents. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:1803-9. [PMID: 16500618 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between worry and fearful responding to a 3-min voluntary hyperventilation procedure. Participants were 160 adolescents (71 females) between the ages of 12 and 17 years (M=14.92 years). After accounting for the significant effects of state anxiety and anxiety sensitivity, results indicated that pre-challenge levels of worry indexed by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Child Version predicted post-challenge anxiety and intensity of panic symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of the role of worry in relation to panic-relevant emotional vulnerability among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Leen-Feldner
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, John Dewey Hall, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, Bernstein A, McCormick JT, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety Sensitivity and Anxious Responding to Bodily Sensations: A Test among Adolescents Using a Voluntary Hyperventilation Challenge. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-3510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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