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Cod Liver Oil, but Not Retinoic Acid, Treatment Restores Bone Thickness in a Vitamin A-Deficient Rat. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030486. [PMID: 35276845 PMCID: PMC8838835 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A plays a prominent role for maintaining optimal bone status, but its impact upon the bone in response to vitamin A deficiency is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how replenishing vitamin A by either whole food cod liver oil (COD) or the active metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), altered bone thickness of vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rats. Weanling rats were administered a control diet (CTRL) or VAD diet for 9 weeks. This was followed by four weeks of treatment in which the VAD group was divided into the following 4 subgroups: (1) VAD (9 weeks)-VAD (4 weeks); (2) VAD-CTRL; (3) VAD-COD; and (4) VAD-RA. Compared to controls, VAD rats had thicker bones which showed marked dysplasia. VAD-rats treated with COD produced a thinner bone that was not significantly different from that of untreated rats. In contrast, RA did not significantly change the thicker bone, and also had significantly greater periosteal and endosteal osteoblast numbers compared to VAD-COD. Active osteoclasts were not detected in VAD rats, nor during the treatment period. These findings suggest that the abnormal bone thickness in VAD rats appears to be more effectively restored to bone thickness of untreated control rats when treated with COD.
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2
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Kamel NM, Samaha MW, Elzoghby AO, El-Kimary EI. Sensitive Inexpensive HPLC Determination of Novel Anticancer Combination in Nanoparticles and Rat Plasma: Pharmacokinetic Application. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 58:334-345. [PMID: 32043118 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection methods have been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of genistein (GNS) and all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as a novel anticancer combination therapy in their co-formulated nanoparticles and in rat plasma. Separation was performed on C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using celecoxib as internal standard. A mobile phase containing acetonitrile and water adjusted to pH 3 using 1% trifluoroacetic acid was delivered in gradient elution modes with time programmed UV detection. For extraction of the drugs and the internal standard from rat plasma, liquid- liquid extraction was applied. The proposed methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines (in the range 0.1-10 μg/mL for analysis of GNS and ATRA in nanoparticles) or according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on bioanalytical method validation (in the range 0.025-20 μg/mL for analysis of GNS and ATRA in rat plasma). Pharmacokinetic study in six rats was performed following intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose of 0.5 mg/Kg of GNS and ATRA. The drugs' concentrations were measured up to 24 hours, and different pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The obtained parameters were comparable with the reported values for IV administration of each drug alone in rats. This confirms the applicability of the proposed method in monitoring the levels of the two drugs in vivo following their coadministration and indicating that the two drugs could be coadministered as a promising novel combination therapy for the treatment of lung cancer without great alteration in their pharmacokinetic parameters compared with their individual IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra M Kamel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Magda W Samaha
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Kimary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum square, Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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3
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Ghaffari H, Varner JD, Petzold LR. Analysis of the role of thrombomodulin in all-trans retinoic acid treatment of coagulation disorders in cancer patients. Theor Biol Med Model 2019; 16:3. [PMID: 30764845 PMCID: PMC6376718 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-019-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have shown that all-trans retinoic acid (RA), which is often used in treatment of cancer patients, improves hemostatic parameters and bleeding complications such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). However, the mechanisms underlying this improvement have yet to be elucidated. In vitro studies have reported that RA upregulates thrombomodulin (TM) expression on the endothelial cell surface. The objective of this study was to investigate how and to what extent the TM concentration changes after RA treatment in cancer patients, and how this variation influences the blood coagulation cascade. RESULTS In this study, we introduced an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model of gene expression for the RA-induced upregulation of TM concentration. Coupling the gene expression model with a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model of RA, we obtained the time-dependent changes in TM and thrombomodulin-mRNA (TMR) concentrations following oral administration of RA. Our results indicated that the TM concentration reached its peak level almost 14 h after taking a single oral dose (110 [Formula: see text]) of RA. Continuous treatment with RA resulted in oscillatory expression of TM on the endothelial cell surface. We then coupled the gene expression model with a mechanistic model of the coagulation cascade, and showed that the elevated levels of TM over the course of RA therapy with a single daily oral dose (110 [Formula: see text]) of RA, reduced the peak thrombin levels and endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) up to 50 and 49%, respectively. We showed that progressive reductions in plasma levels of RA, observed in continuous RA therapy with a once-daily oral dose (110 [Formula: see text]) of RA, did not affect TM-mediated reduction of thrombin generation significantly. This finding prompts the hypothesis that continuous RA treatment has more consistent therapeutic effects on coagulation disorders than on cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the oscillatory upregulation of TM expression on the endothelial cells over the course of RA therapy could potentially contribute to the treatment of coagulation abnormalities in cancer patients. Further studies on the impacts of RA therapy on the procoagulant activity of cancer cells are needed to better elucidate the mechanisms by which RA therapy improves hemostatic abnormalities in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ghaffari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Varner
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Linda R Petzold
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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4
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Jing J, Nelson C, Paik J, Shirasaka Y, Amory JK, Isoherranen N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of All- trans-Retinoic Acid with Application to Cancer Populations and Drug Interactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:246-258. [PMID: 28275201 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is a front-line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Due to its activity in regulating the cell cycle, it has also been evaluated for the treatment of other cancers. However, the efficacy of atRA has been limited by atRA inducing its own metabolism during therapy, resulting in a decrease of atRA exposure during continuous dosing. Frequent relapse occurs in patients receiving atRA monotherapy. In an attempt to combat therapy resistance, inhibitors of atRA metabolism have been developed. Of these, ketoconazole and liarozole have shown some benefits, but their usage is limited by side effects and low potency toward the cytochrome P450 26A1 isoform (CYP26A1), the main atRA hydroxylase. We determined the pharmacokinetic basis of therapy resistance to atRA and tested whether the complex disposition kinetics of atRA could be predicted in healthy subjects and in cancer patients in the presence and absence of inhibitors of atRA metabolism using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. A PBPK model of atRA disposition was developed and verified in healthy individuals and in cancer patients. The population-based PBPK model of atRA disposition incorporated saturable metabolic clearance of atRA, induction of CYP26A1 by atRA, and the absorption and distribution kinetics of atRA. It accurately predicted the changes in atRA exposure after continuous dosing and when coadministered with ketoconazole and liarozole. The developed model will be useful in interpretation of atRA disposition and efficacy, design of novel dosing strategies, and development of next-generation atRA metabolism inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cara Nelson
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jisun Paik
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics (J.J., C.N., Y.S., N.I.), Department of Medicine (J.A.), and Department of Comparative Medicine (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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5
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Cristiano MC, Cosco D, Celia C, Tudose A, Mare R, Paolino D, Fresta M. Anticancer activity of all-trans retinoic acid-loaded liposomes on human thyroid carcinoma cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 150:408-416. [PMID: 27829536 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an anti-tumor compound, exerting different anti-cancer effects on different types of cancer cells. Unfortunately, retinoids are also characterized by certain side effects following systemic administration, such as the burning of skin and general malaise. The highly variable degree of bioavailability of ATRA plus its tendency to induce its own destruction through metabolic degradation following oral treatment necessitate the development of alternative formulations. The aim of this work is to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of unilamellar, ATRA-containing liposomes and to investigate the cytotoxic activity of this potential nanomedicine on human thyroid carcinoma cells. Liposomes made up of DPPC/Chol/DSPE-mPEG2000 (6:3:1 molar ratio), characterized by a mean diameter of ∼200nm, a polydispersity index of 0.1 and a negative surface charge, were used as ATRA-carriers and their antiproliferative efficacy was investigated in comparison with the free drug on three different human thyroid carcinoma cell lines (PTC-1, B-CPAP, and FRO) through MTT-testing. The liposomes protected the ATRA against photodegradation and increased its antiproliferative properties due to the improvement of its cellular uptake. ATRA-loaded liposomes could be a novel formulation useful for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Cristiano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donato Cosco
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; IRC-FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Building of BioSciences, V.le Europa, I-88100 Germaneto Catanzaro (CZ), Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66013, Italy; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andra Tudose
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Applied Mathematics and Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Faculty of Pharmacy, Traian Vuia, 020956, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rosario Mare
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- IRC-FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Building of BioSciences, V.le Europa, I-88100 Germaneto Catanzaro (CZ), Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; IRC-FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Building of BioSciences, V.le Europa, I-88100 Germaneto Catanzaro (CZ), Italy.
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6
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Liu X, Cao YF, Dong PP, Zhu LL, Zhao Z, Wu X, Fu ZW, Huang CT, Fang ZZ, Sun HZ. The inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by vitamin A. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:376-381. [PMID: 27359323 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1198841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The exposed level of vitamin A in plasma might be exceeded due to the both inadvertent and clinical utilization. The adverse effects of vitamin A have been frequently reported, however, the mechanism remains unclear. The inhibition of vitamin A on the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) was determined using in vitro incubation system to explain the adverse effects of vitamin A from a new perspective. 2. UGT supersomes catalyzed glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), trifluoperazine (TFP), and cotinine was used as the probe reaction to evaluate the inhibition of vitamin A toward UGT isoforms, and 100 μM of vitamin A significantly inhibited the activity of all the tested UGT isoforms. Vitamin A exerted competitive inhibition on the activity of UGT1A1, 2B4, 2B7, and 2B15, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were calculated to be 31.1, 16.8, 2.2, and 11.6 μM for UGT1A1, 2B4, 2B7, and 2B15. In silico docking method was used to try to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of vitamin A toward UGT2B7. The results showed the significant contribution of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction on the UGT2B7 inhibition by vitamin A. 3. The present study provides a new perspective for the adverse effects of vitamin A through reporting the inhibition of vitamin A on the activity of important phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes UGTs, which benefits our deep understanding of mechanism of vitamin A's adverse effects when high exposure of vitamin A occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- a First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , Liaoning , China
| | - Yun-Feng Cao
- b RSKT Biopharma Inc. , Liaoning , China.,c Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Pei-Pei Dong
- d Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Liang-Liang Zhu
- e Department of Food Science and Technology , School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University , China
| | - Zhenying Zhao
- f Tianjin Union Medical Center, Hongqiao District , Tianjin , China , and
| | - Xue Wu
- b RSKT Biopharma Inc. , Liaoning , China.,c Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Zhi-Wei Fu
- b RSKT Biopharma Inc. , Liaoning , China.,c Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Chun-Ting Huang
- b RSKT Biopharma Inc. , Liaoning , China.,c Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- g Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Hong-Zhi Sun
- a First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , Liaoning , China
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7
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Miyajima A, Ohashi H, Fujishiro A, Matsuoka Y, Hiramatsu A, Hirota T. Effects of All trans-Retinoic Acid on Alveolar Regeneration in Dexamethasone-Induced Emphysema Models and Its Relationship to Exposure in ICR and FVB Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:927-34. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyajima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hideaki Ohashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Anri Fujishiro
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuka Matsuoka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ayumi Hiramatsu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takashi Hirota
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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8
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Conway TF, Hammer L, Furtado S, Mathiowitz E, Nicoletti F, Mangano K, Egilmez NK, Auci DL. Oral Delivery of Particulate Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 and All-Trans Retinoic Acid Reduces Gut Inflammation in Murine Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:647-58. [PMID: 25987350 PMCID: PMC4817304 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated oral delivery of transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGFβ]- and all-trans retinoic acid [ATRA]-loaded microspheres as therapy for gut inflammation in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. METHODS ATRA and TGFβ were separately encapsulated in poly [lactic-co-glycolic] acid or polylactic acid microspheres [respectively]. TGFβ was encapsulated using proprietary phase-inversion nanoencapsulation [PIN] technology. RESULTS PIN particles provided sustained release of bioactive protein for at least 4 days and were stable for up to 52 weeks when stored at either 4(0)C or -20(0)C. In the SCID mouse CD4 + CD25- T cell transfer model of IBD, oral treatment starting at disease onset prevented weight loss, significantly reduced average disease score [~ 50%], serum amyloid A levels [~ 5-fold], colon weight-to-length ratio [~ 50%], and histological score [~ 5-fold]. CONCLUSIONS Both agents given together outperformed either separately. Highest TGFβ doses and most frequent dose schedule were most effective. Activity was associated with a significant increase [45%] in Foxp3 expression by colonic lamina propria CD4+ CD25+ T-cells. Activity was also demonstrated in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. The data support development of the combination product as a novel, targeted immune based therapy for treatment for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Conway
- TherapyX, Buffalo, NY, USA,State University of New York, at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Stacia Furtado
- TherapyX, Buffalo, NY, USA,Brown University, Department Biomedical and Molecular Pharmacology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Edith Mathiowitz
- Brown University, Department Biomedical and Molecular Pharmacology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- University of Catania, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- University of Catania, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Catania, Italy
| | - Nejat K. Egilmez
- TherapyX, Buffalo, NY, USA,State University of New York, at Buffalo, NY, USA
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Calcium Alginate-Neusilin US2 Nanocomposite Microbeads for Oral Sustained Drug Delivery of Poor Water Soluble Drug Aceclofenac Sodium. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2015; 2015:826981. [PMID: 25802761 PMCID: PMC4352939 DOI: 10.1155/2015/826981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to formulate and investigate the calcium alginate- (CA-) Neusilin US2 nanocomposite microbeads containing preconcentrate of aceclofenac sodium (ACF-Na) liquid microemulsion (L-ME) for enhancement of oral bioavailability. The preconcentrate L-ME is prepared by using Labrafac PG, Labrasol, and Span 80 as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The solid CA nanocomposite microbeads of L-ME prepared by microemulsification internal gelation technique using sodium alginate (SA) gelling agent, Neusilin US2 as adsorbent, and calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. L-ME has good thermodynamic stability; globule size was found to be 32.4 nm with polydispersity index 0.219 and -6.32 mV zeta potential. No significant interactions of excipients, drug in the formulations observed by FT-IR, DSC and XPRD. The concentration of SA and Neusilin US2 influences the flow properties, mean particle size, mechanical strength, drug entrapment efficiency, and percentage of drug release. All the formulations show minimum drug release in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.2 for initial 2 h, maximum drug release in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 6 h, followed by sustaining in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) of pH 7.4 up to 12 h. The interaction of SA with Neusilin US2 creates a thick thixotropic gel network structure which acts as barrier to control the release of drug in the alkaline pH environment. Neusilin US2 is a novel filler used to convert L-ME into solid nanocomposite microbeads to enhance dissolution rate of poor water soluble drugs sustaining the drug release for prolonged period of time.
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10
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Nelson CH, Buttrick BR, Isoherranen N. Therapeutic potential of the inhibition of the retinoic acid hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 by xenobiotics. Curr Top Med Chem 2014; 13:1402-28. [PMID: 23688132 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313120004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an important endogenous signaling molecule regulating cell cycle and maintenance of epithelia. RA isomers are also used as drugs to treat various cancers and dermatological diseases. However, the therapeutic uses of RA isomers are limited due to side effects such as teratogenicity and resistance to treatment emerging mainly from autoinduction of RA metabolism. To improve the therapeutic usefulness of retinoids, RA metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) have been developed. These inhibitors generally target the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes because RA clearance is predominantly mediated by P450s. Since the initial identification of inhibitors of RA metabolism, CYP26 enzymes have been characterized as the main enzymes responsible for RA clearance. This makes CYP26 enzymes an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutics for cancer and dermatological conditions. The basic principle of development of CYP26 inhibitors is that endogenous RA concentrations will be increased in the presence of a CYP26 inhibitor, thus, potentiating the activity of endogenous RA in a cell-type specific manner. This will reduce side effects compared to administration of RA and allow for more targeted therapy. In clinical trials, inhibitors of RA metabolism have been effective in treatment of psoriasis and other dermatological conditions as well as in some cancers. However, no CYP26 inhibitor has yet been approved for clinical use. This review summarizes the history of development of RAMBAs, the clinical and preclinical studies with the various structural series and the available knowledge of structure activity relationships of CYP26 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara H Nelson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Godbole AM, Ramalingam S, Ramamurthy VP, Khandelwal A, Bruno RD, Upreti VV, Gediya LK, Purushottamachar P, Mbatia HW, Addya S, Ambulos N, Njar VCO. VN/14-1 induces ER stress and autophagy in HP-LTLC human breast cancer cells and has excellent oral pharmacokinetic profile in female Sprague Dawley rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 734:98-104. [PMID: 24726842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to aromatase inhibitors is a major concern in the treatment of breast cancer. Long-term letrozole cultured (LTLC) cells represent a model of resistance to aromatase inhibitors. The LTLC cells were earlier generated by culturing MCF-7Ca, the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line stably transfected with human placental aromatase gene for a prolonged period in the presence of letrozole. In the present study the effect of RAMBA, VN/14-1 on the sensitivity of LTLC cells upon multiple passaging and the mechanisms of action of VN/14-1 in such high passage LTLC (HP-LTLC) cells was investigated. We report that multiple passaging of LTLC cells (HP-LTLC cell clones) led to profound decrease in their sensitivity to VN/14-1. Additionally, microarray studies and protein analysis revealed that VN/14-1 induced marked endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in HP-LTLC cells. We further report that VN/14-1 in combination with thapsigargin exhibited synergistic anti-cancer effect in HP-LTLC cells. Preliminary pharmacokinetics in rats revealed that VN/14-1 reached a peak plasma concentration (Cmax) within 0.17h after oral dosing. Its absolute oral bioavailability was >100%. Overall these results indicate potential of VN/14-1 for further clinical development as a potential oral agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit M Godbole
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Senthilmurugan Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vidya P Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Aakanksha Khandelwal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Robert D Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vijay V Upreti
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lalji K Gediya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Hannah W Mbatia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Sankar Addya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nicholas Ambulos
- Genomic Core Facility, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA; Marlene Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.
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12
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Song X, Liu W, Xie S, Wang M, Cao G, Mao C, Lv C. All-transretinoic acid ameliorates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by downregulating the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway in rats. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1219-31. [PMID: 24042439 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad3 signaling pathway has a central role in pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated if all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) could attenuate fibrosis in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rats through regulating TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling. Beginning on day 14 after BLM administration, the ATRA I and II groups of rats received daily oral administration of ATRA for 14 days. All rats were killed on day 28. Lung tissue sections were prepared and subject to histological assessment, and expression levels of proteins involved in the TGF-β1 signaling cascade and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot procedure, and immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence staining. BLM significantly increased the alveolar septum infiltrates, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and collagen fibers. These BLM-induced changes were significantly ameliorated by ATRA treatment. In addition, BLM significantly increased levels of lung fibrosis markers α-SMA, hydroxyproline (Hyp), collagen I, Snail, and Twist, whereas significantly decreased E-cadherin expression. ATRA treatment largely reversed BLM-induced changes in these lung fibrosis markers. ATRA also blocked BLM-induced activation of the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway in lung tissues, including expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, p-Smad3, zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 and 2 (ZEB1 and ZEB2), and the high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2). Our results suggest that ATRA may have potential therapeutic value for lung fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Song
- Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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13
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Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on the growth of two nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines and its treatment potential in combination with cisplatin. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 270:695-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-012-2068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Bijnens L, Van den Bergh A, Sinha V, Geys H, Molenberghs G, Verbeke T, Kasim A, Straetemans R, De Ridder F, Balmain-Mackie C. A Meta-Analytical Framework to Include Historical Data in Allometric Scaling. Stat Biopharm Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2012.707493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Garrido NM, Queimada AJ, Jorge M, Macedo EA, Economou IG. 1-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients of n-Alkanes from Molecular Simulations of Absolute Solvation Free Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:2436-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ct900214y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Garrido
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal and Molecular Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - António J. Queimada
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal and Molecular Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - Miguel Jorge
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal and Molecular Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - Eugénia A. Macedo
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal and Molecular Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal and Molecular Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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16
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Optimal intravenous bolus-infusion drug-dosage regimen based on two-compartment pharmacokinetic models. Comput Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Piersma AH, Janer G, Wolterink G, Bessems JGM, Hakkert BC, Slob W. Quantitative Extrapolation of In Vitro Whole Embryo Culture Embryotoxicity Data to Developmental Toxicity In Vivo Using the Benchmark Dose Approach. Toxicol Sci 2007; 101:91-100. [PMID: 17905734 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
If in vitro data are to be used as a basis for hazard characterization, a translation of an in vitro concentration toward an in vivo dose must be made. In this study we examined the correlation between dose descriptors from the in vitro Whole Embryo Culture (WEC) test and in vivo developmental toxicity tests. We applied the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach to estimate equipotent in vitro concentrations (Benchmark Concentrations [BMCs]) and equipotent in vivo doses (BMDs). Using the data generated in an European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods validation study we found that the BMCs were highly reproducible among laboratories. The three endpoints analyzed (head length, crown-rump length, and total morphological score) were strongly correlated. A clear in vitro-in vivo correlation was found between BMCs and BMDs. However, a considerable uncertainty would remain if the BMDs were estimated from the BMC using this correlation: the confidence interval of such an in vivo dose estimate would span various orders of magnitude. Differences in toxicokinetic properties among the compounds explained at least part of the scatter of the in vitro-in vivo correlation. But also heterogeneity in the design of the available in vivo studies underlies much of the scatter, and this puts a limit on validating in vitro data as predictors of in vivo data. Further analysis of the in vitro-in vivo correlation would therefore require high-quality in vivo data, generated by appropriate (and similar) study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert H Piersma
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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18
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Vieux-Rochas M, Coen L, Sato T, Kurihara Y, Gitton Y, Barbieri O, Blay KL, Merlo G, Ekker M, Kurihara H, Janvier P, Levi G. Molecular dynamics of retinoic acid-induced craniofacial malformations: implications for the origin of gnathostome jaws. PLoS One 2007; 2:e510. [PMID: 17551590 PMCID: PMC1876820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intake of retinoic acid (RA) or of its precursor, vitamin A, during early pregnancy is associated with increased incidence of craniofacial lesions. The origin of these teratogenic effects remains enigmatic as in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), which largely contribute to craniofacial structures, the RA-transduction pathway is not active. Recent results suggest that RA could act on the endoderm of the first pharyngeal arch (1stPA), through a RARß-dependent mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that RA provokes dramatically different craniofacial malformations when administered at slightly different developmental times within a narrow temporal interval corresponding to the colonization of the 1st PA by CNCCs. We provide evidence showing that RA acts on the signalling epithelium of the 1st PA, gradually reducing the expression of endothelin-1 and Fgf8. These two molecular signals are instrumental in activating Dlx genes in incoming CNCCs, thereby triggering the morphogenetic programs, which specify different jaw elements. Conclusions/Significance The anatomical series induced by RA-treatments at different developmental times parallels, at least in some instances, the supposed origin of modern jaws (e.g., the fate of the incus). Our results might provide a conceptual framework for the rise of jaw morphotypes characteristic of gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Vieux-Rochas
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Coen
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorick Gitton
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Transgenic Unit, Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetic University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Karine Le Blay
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Ekker
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philippe Janvier
- CNRS, UMR 5143, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Palaeontology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR5166, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Shinozaki Y, Sato Y, Koizumi S, Ohno Y, Nagao T, Inoue K. Retinoic acids acting through retinoid receptors protect hippocampal neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated cell death by inhibition of c-jun-N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Neuroscience 2007; 147:153-63. [PMID: 17521827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acids (RAs), including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis RA), play fundamental roles in a variety of physiological events in vertebrates, through their specific nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Despite the physiological importance of RA, their functional significance under pathological conditions is not well understood. We examined the effect of ATRA on oxygen/glucose-deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/Rep)-induced neuronal damage in cultured rat hippocampal slices, and found that ATRA significantly reduced neuronal death. The cytoprotective effect of ATRA was observed not only in cornu ammonis (CA) 1 but also in CA2 and dentate gyrus (DG), and was attenuated by selective antagonists for RAR or RXR. By contrast, in the CA3 region, no protective effects of ATRA were observed. The OGD/Rep also increased phosphorylated forms of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (P-JNK) and p38 (P-p38) in hippocampus, and specific inhibitors for these kinases protected neurons. ATRA prevented the increases in P-JNK and P-p38 after OGD/Rep, as well as the decrease in NeuN and its shrinkage, all of which were inhibited by antagonists for RAR or RXR. These findings suggest that the ATRA signaling via retinoid receptors results in the inhibition of JNK and p38 activation, leading to the protection of neurons against OGD/Rep-induced damage in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinozaki
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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20
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Claudel T, Cretenet G, Saumet A, Gachon F. Crosstalk between xenobiotics metabolism and circadian clock. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3626-33. [PMID: 17451689 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of physiology and behavior in organisms from bacteria to man are subjected to circadian regulation. Indeed, the major function of the circadian clock consists in the adaptation of physiology to daily environmental change and the accompanying stresses such as exposition to UV-light and food-contained toxic compounds. In this way, most aspects of xenobiotic detoxification are subjected to circadian regulation. These phenomena are now considered as the molecular basis for the time-dependence of drug toxicities and efficacy. However, there is now evidences that these toxic compounds can, in turn, regulate circadian gene expression and thus influence circadian rhythms. As food seems to be the major regulator of peripheral clock, the possibility that food-contained toxic compounds participate in the entrainment of the clock will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Claudel
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, ND-9700 RB, The Netherlands
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21
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Baltes S, Fedrowitz M, Tortós CL, Potschka H, Löscher W. Valproic acid is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance proteins 1 and 2 in a number of in vitro and in vivo transport assays. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:331-43. [PMID: 17043155 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) is widely used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorders, and migraine. However, rather high doses are required for the clinical effects of VPA, which is due to its relatively inefficient delivery to the brain. The poor brain distribution of VPA is thought to reflect an asymmetric transport system at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Based on recent data from in vitro experiments, multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) have been proposed to be involved in the efflux transport of VPA at the BBB. In the present study, we used different experimental in vitro and in vivo strategies to evaluate whether VPA is a substrate for MRPs or the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp). In contrast to known Pgp or MRP substrates, such as cyclosporin A or vinblastine, no directional transport of VPA was observed in cell monolayer efflux assays using the kidney cell lines Madin Darby canine kidney II and LLC-PK1, which had been transfected with either human or mouse cDNAs for the genes encoding Pgp, MRP1, or MRP2. Likewise, no indication for efflux transport of VPA was obtained in a rat microdialysis model, using inhibitors of either Pgp or MRPs. Furthermore, a significant role of MRP2 in brain efflux of VPA was excluded by using MRP2-deficient rats. Our data do not support the hypothesis that MRP1 or MRP2 is involved in the efflux of VPA from the brain. Thus, the molecular identity of the putative transporter(s) mediating the active efflux of VPA from the brain remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Baltes
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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22
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Anderle P, Sengstag T, Mutch DM, Rumbo M, Praz V, Mansourian R, Delorenzi M, Williamson G, Roberts MA. Changes in the transcriptional profile of transporters in the intestine along the anterior-posterior and crypt-villus axes. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:69. [PMID: 15882471 PMCID: PMC1145182 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this work was to characterize the expression of drug and nutrient carriers along the anterior-posterior and crypt-villus axes of the intestinal epithelium and to study the validity of utilizing whole gut tissue rather than purified epithelial cells to examine regional variations in gene expression. Results We have characterized the mRNA expression profiles of 76 % of all currently known transporters along the anterior-posterior axis of the gut. This is the first study to describe the expression profiles of the majority of all known transporters in the intestine. The expression profiles of transporters, as defined according to the Gene Ontology consortium, were measured in whole tissue of the murine duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon using high-density microarrays. For nine transporters (Abca1, Abcc1, Abcc3, Abcg8, Slc10a2, Slc28a2, Slc2a1, Slc34a2 and Slc5a8), the mRNA profiles were further measured by RT-PCR in laser micro-dissected crypt and villus epithelial cells corresponding to the aforementioned intestinal regions. With respect to differentially regulated transporters, the colon had a distinct expression profile from small intestinal segments. The majority (59 % for p cutoff ≤ 0.05) of transporter mRNA levels were constant across the intestinal sections studied. For the transporter subclass "carrier activity", which contains the majority of known carriers for biologically active compounds, a significant change (p ≤ 0.05) along the anterior-posterior axis was observed. Conclusion All nine transporters examined in laser-dissected material demonstrated good replication of the region-specific profiles revealed by microarray. Furthermore, we suggest that the distribution characteristics of Slc5a8 along the intestinal tract render it a suitable candidate carrier for monocarboxylate drugs in the posterior portion of the intestine. Our findings also predict that there is a significant difference in the absorption of carrier-mediated compounds in the different intestinal segments. The most pronounced differences can be expected between the adjoining segments ileum and colon, but the differences between the other adjoining segments are not negligible. Finally, for the examined genes, profiles measured in whole intestinal tissue extracts are representative of epithelial cell-only gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Anderle
- ISREC, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, 1066 Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sengstag
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), NCCR Molecular Oncology, CH-1066 Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David M Mutch
- Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rumbo
- ISREC, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, 1066 Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Praz
- ISREC and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1066 Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mansourian
- Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), NCCR Molecular Oncology, CH-1066 Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gary Williamson
- Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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