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Yoshitomo A, Asano S, Hozuki S, Tamemoto Y, Shibata Y, Hashimoto N, Takahashi K, Sasaki Y, Ozawa N, Kageyama M, Iijima T, Kazuki Y, Sato H, Hisaka A. Significance of Basal Membrane Permeability of Epithelial Cells in Predicting Intestinal Drug Absorption. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:318-328. [PMID: 36810197 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is often restricted by efflux transport by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and metabolism by CYP3A4. Both localize in the epithelial cells, and thus, their activities are directly affected by the intracellular drug concentration, which should be regulated by the ratio of permeability between apical (A) and basal (B) membranes. In this study, using Caco-2 cells with forced expression of CYP3A4, we assessed the transcellular permeation of A-to-B and B-to-A directions and the efflux from the preloaded cells to both sides of 12 representative P-gp or CYP3A4 substrate drugs and obtained the parameters for permeabilities, transport, metabolism, and unbound fraction in the enterocytes (fent) using simultaneous and dynamic model analysis. The membrane permeability ratios for B to A (RBA) and fent varied by 8.8-fold and by more than 3000-fold, respectively, among the drugs. The RBA values for digoxin, repaglinide, fexofenadine, and atorvastatin were greater than 1.0 (3.44, 2.39, 2.27, and 1.90, respectively) in the presence of a P-gp inhibitor, thus suggesting the potential involvement of transporters in the B membrane. The Michaelis constant for quinidine for P-gp transport was 0.077 µM for the intracellular unbound concentration. These parameters were used to predict overall intestinal availability (FAFG) by applying an intestinal pharmacokinetic model, advanced translocation model (ATOM), in which permeability of A and B membranes accounted separately. The model predicted changes in the absorption location for P-gp substrates according to its inhibition, and FAFG values of 10 of 12 drugs, including quinidine at varying doses, were explained appropriately. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pharmacokinetics has improved predictability by identifying the molecular entities of metabolism and transport and by using mathematical models to appropriately describe drug concentrations at the locations where they act. However, analyses of intestinal absorption so far have not been able to accurately consider the concentrations in the epithelial cells where P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 exert effects. In this study, the limitation was removed by measuring the apical and basal membrane permeability separately and then analyzing these values using new appropriate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Yoshitomo
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shizuka Hozuki
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuta Tamemoto
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shibata
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hashimoto
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoko Sasaki
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naoka Ozawa
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Michiharu Kageyama
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hisaka
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.Y., S.A., S.H., Y.T., N.H., K.T., H.S., A.H.); Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A., Y.Sa., N.O., M.K., T.I.); Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (Y.Sh.); and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Zhang D, Wei C, Hop CECA, Wright MR, Hu M, Lai Y, Khojasteh SC, Humphreys WG. Intestinal Excretion, Intestinal Recirculation, and Renal Tubule Reabsorption Are Underappreciated Mechanisms That Drive the Distribution and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Small Molecule Drugs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7045-7059. [PMID: 34010555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug reabsorption following biliary excretion is well-known as enterohepatic recirculation (EHR). Renal tubular reabsorption (RTR) following renal excretion is also common but not easily assessed. Intestinal excretion (IE) and enteroenteric recirculation (EER) have not been recognized as common disposition mechanisms for metabolically stable and permeable drugs. IE and intestinal reabsorption (IR:EHR/EER), as well as RTR, are governed by dug concentration gradients, passive diffusion, active transport, and metabolism, and together they markedly impact disposition and pharmacokinetics (PK) of small molecule drugs. Disruption of IE, IR, or RTR through applications of active charcoal (AC), transporter knockout (KO), and transporter inhibitors can lead to changes in PK parameters. The impacts of intestinal and renal reabsorption on PK are under-appreciated. Although IE and EER/RTR can be an intrinsic drug property, there is no apparent strategy to optimize compounds based on this property. This review seeks to improve understanding and applications of IE, IR, and RTR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - W Griff Humphreys
- Aranmore Pharma Consulting, 11 Andrew Drive, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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Asano S, Yoshitomo A, Hozuki S, Sato H, Kazuki Y, Hisaka A. A New Intestinal Model for Analysis of Drug Absorption and Interactions Considering Physiological Translocation of Contents. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:581-591. [PMID: 33962977 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise prediction of drug absorption is key to the success of new drug development and efficacious pharmacotherapy. In this study, we developed a new absorption model, the advanced translocation model (ATOM), by extending our previous model, the translocation model. ATOM reproduces the translocation of a substance in the intestinal lumen using a partial differential equation with variable dispersion and convection terms to describe natural flow and micromixing within the intestine under not only fasted but also fed conditions. In comparison with ATOM, it was suggested that a conventional absorption model, advanced compartmental absorption and transit model, tends to underestimate micromixing in the upper intestine, and it is difficult to adequately describe movements under the fasted and fed conditions. ATOM explains the observed nonlinear absorption of midazolam successfully, with a minimal number of scaling factors. Furthermore, ATOM considers the apical and basolateral membrane permeabilities of enterocytes separately and assumes compartmentation of the lamina propria, including blood vessels, to consider intestinal blood flow appropriately. ATOM estimates changes in the intestinal availability caused by drug interaction associated with inhibition of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in the intestine. Additionally, ATOM can estimate the drug absorption in the fed state considering delayed intestinal drug flow. Therefore, ATOM is a useful tool for the analysis of local pharmacokinetics in the gastrointestinal tract, especially for the estimation of nonlinear drug absorption, which may involve various interactions with intestinal contents or other drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The newly developed advanced translocation model precisely explains various movements of intestinal contents under fasted and fed conditions, which cannot be adequately described by the current physiological pharmacokinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Asano
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (S.A., A.Y., S.H., H.S., A.H.); DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Aoi Yoshitomo
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (S.A., A.Y., S.H., H.S., A.H.); DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shizuka Hozuki
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (S.A., A.Y., S.H., H.S., A.H.); DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (S.A., A.Y., S.H., H.S., A.H.); DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (S.A., A.Y., S.H., H.S., A.H.); DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hisaka
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (S.A., A.Y., S.H., H.S., A.H.); DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan (S.A.); Chromosome Engineering Research Center (Y.K.) and Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Taguchi Y, Turki T. Novel method for the prediction of drug-drug Interaction based on gene expression profiles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105742. [PMID: 33548411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yh Taguchi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Turki Turki
- Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Uvarova NE, Eremenko NN, Ramenskaya GV, Goryachev DV. Planning and Evaluation of Bioequivalence Studies of Drugs with Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Costa ACC, de Lima Benzi JR, Yamamoto PA, de Freitas MCF, de Paula FJA, Zanelli CF, Lauretti GR, de Moraes NV. Population pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in patients with neuropathic pain: Lack of effect of diabetes or glycaemic control. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:1981-1989. [PMID: 33118231 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Gabapentin (GBP) is widely used to treat neuropathic pain, including diabetic neuropathic pain. Our objective was to evaluate the role of diabetes and glycaemic control on GBP population pharmacokinetics. METHODS A clinical trial was conducted in patients with neuropathic pain (n = 29) due to type 2 diabetes (n = 19) or lumbar/cervical disc herniation (n = 10). All participants were treated with a single oral dose GBP. Blood was sampled up to 24 hours after GBP administration. Data were analysed with a population approach using the stochastic approximation expectation maximization algorithm. Weight, body mass index, sex, biomarkers of renal function and diabetes, and genotypes for the main genetic polymorphisms of SLC22A2 (rs316019) and SLC22A4 (rs1050152), the genes encoding the transporters for organic cations OCT2 and OCTN1, were tested as potential covariates. RESULTS GBP drug disposition was described by a 1-compartment model with lag-time, first-order absorption and linear elimination. The total clearance was dependent on estimated glomerular filtration rate. Population estimates (between-subject variability in percentage) for lag time, first-order absorption rate, apparent volume of distribution and total clearance were 0.316 h (10.6%), 1.12 h-1 (10.7%), 140 L (7.7%) and 14.7 L/h (6.97%), respectively. No significant association was observed with hyperglycaemia, glycated haemoglobin, diabetes diagnosis, age, sex, weight, body mass index, SLC22A2 or SLC22A4 genotypes. CONCLUSION This population pharmacokinetics model accurately estimated GBP concentrations in patients with neuropathic pain, using estimated glomerular filtrationrate as a covariate for total clearance. The distribution and excretion processes of GBP were not affected by hyperglycaemia or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Conchon Costa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Akemi Yamamoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gabriela Rocha Lauretti
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Miller NA, Reddy MB, Heikkinen AT, Lukacova V, Parrott N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling for First-In-Human Predictions: An Updated Model Building Strategy Illustrated with Challenging Industry Case Studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:727-746. [PMID: 30729397 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling is well established in the pharmaceutical industry and is accepted by regulatory agencies for the prediction of drug-drug interactions. However, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling is valuable to address a much wider range of pharmaceutical applications, and new regulatory impact is expected as its full power is leveraged. As one example, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling is already routinely used during drug discovery for in-vitro to in-vivo translation and pharmacokinetic modelling in preclinical species, and this leads to the application of verified models for first-in-human pharmacokinetic predictions. A consistent cross-industry strategy in this application area would increase confidence in the approach and facilitate further learning. With this in mind, this article aims to enhance a previously published first-in-human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model-building strategy. Based on the experience of scientists from multiple companies participating in the GastroPlus™ User Group Steering Committee, new Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion knowledge is integrated and decision trees proposed for each essential component of a first-in-human prediction. We have reviewed many relevant scientific publications to identify new findings and highlight gaps that need to be addressed. Finally, four industry case studies for more challenging compounds illustrate and highlight key components of the strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Miller
- Systems Modeling and Translational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Micaela B Reddy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Array BioPharma, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Davies M, Jones RDO, Grime K, Jansson-Löfmark R, Fretland AJ, Winiwarter S, Morgan P, McGinnity DF. Improving the Accuracy of Predicted Human Pharmacokinetics: Lessons Learned from the AstraZeneca Drug Pipeline Over Two Decades. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:390-408. [PMID: 32359836 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During drug discovery and prior to the first human dose of a novel candidate drug, the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of the drug in humans is predicted from preclinical data. This helps to inform the likelihood of achieving therapeutic exposures in early clinical development. Once clinical data are available, the observed human PK are compared with predictions, providing an opportunity to assess and refine prediction methods. Application of best practice in experimental data generation and predictive methodologies, and a focus on robust mechanistic understanding of the candidate drug disposition properties before nomination to clinical development, have led to maximizing the probability of successful PK predictions so that 83% of AstraZeneca drug development projects progress in the clinic with no PK issues; and 71% of key PK parameter predictions [64% of area under the curve (AUC) predictions; 78% of maximum concentration (Cmax) predictions; and 70% of half-life predictions] are accurate to within twofold. Here, we discuss methods to predict human PK used by AstraZeneca, how these predictions are assessed and what can be learned from evaluating the predictions for 116 candidate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Davies
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rhys D O Jones
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken Grime
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adrian J Fretland
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susanne Winiwarter
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Morgan
- Mechanistic Safety and ADME Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dermot F McGinnity
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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The Segregated Intestinal Flow Model (SFM) for Drug Absorption and Drug Metabolism: Implications on Intestinal and Liver Metabolism and Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040312. [PMID: 32244748 PMCID: PMC7238003 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of the segregated flow model (SFM), which considers split intestinal flow patterns perfusing an active enterocyte region that houses enzymes and transporters (<20% of the total intestinal blood flow) and an inactive serosal region (>80%), were compared to those of the traditional model (TM), wherein 100% of the flow perfuses the non-segregated intestine tissue. The appropriateness of the SFM model is important in terms of drug absorption and intestinal and liver drug metabolism. Model behaviors were examined with respect to intestinally (M1) versus hepatically (M2) formed metabolites and the availabilities in the intestine (FI) and liver (FH) and the route of drug administration. The %contribution of the intestine to total first-pass metabolism bears a reciprocal relation to that for the liver, since the intestine, a gateway tissue, regulates the flow of substrate to the liver. The SFM predicts the highest and lowest M1 formed with oral (po) and intravenous (iv) dosing, respectively, whereas the extent of M1 formation is similar for the drug administered po or iv according to the TM, and these values sit intermediate those of the SFM. The SFM is significant, as this drug metabolism model explains route-dependent intestinal metabolism, describing a higher extent of intestinal metabolism with po versus the much reduced or absence of intestinal metabolism with iv dosing. A similar pattern exists for drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The inhibitor or inducer exerts its greatest effect on victim drugs when both inhibitor/inducer and drug are given po. With po dosing, more drug or inhibitor/inducer is brought into the intestine for DDIs. The bypass of flow and drug to the enterocyte region of the intestine after intravenous administration adds complications to in vitro–in vivo extrapolations (IVIVE).
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Quantitative analysis of the effect of controlled-release formulation on nonlinear gastrointestinal absorption of P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol using physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Williamson B, Colclough N, Fretland AJ, Jones BC, Jones RDO, McGinnity DF. Further Considerations Towards an Effective and Efficient Oncology Drug Discovery DMPK Strategy. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:145-162. [PMID: 32164508 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200312104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DMPK data and knowledge are critical in maximising the probability of developing successful drugs via the application of in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches in drug discovery. METHODS The evaluation, optimisation and prediction of human pharmacokinetics is now a mainstay within drug discovery. These elements are at the heart of the 'right tissue' component of AstraZeneca's '5Rs framework' which, since its adoption, has resulted in increased success of Phase III clinical trials. With the plethora of DMPK related assays and models available, there is a need to continually refine and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of approaches best to facilitate the progression of quality compounds for human clinical testing. RESULTS This article builds on previously published strategies from our laboratories, highlighting recent discoveries and successes, that brings our AstraZeneca Oncology DMPK strategy up to date. We review the core aspects of DMPK in Oncology drug discovery and highlight data recently generated in our laboratories that have influenced our screening cascade and experimental design. We present data and our experiences of employing cassette animal PK, as well as re-evaluating in vitro assay design for metabolic stability assessments and expanding our use of freshly excised animal and human tissue to best inform first time in human dosing and dose escalation studies. CONCLUSION Application of our updated drug-drug interaction and central nervous system drug exposure strategies are exemplified, as is the impact of physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling for human predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Williamson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian John Fretland
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston MA, United States
| | - Barry Christopher Jones
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Dafydd Owen Jones
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dermot Francis McGinnity
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Noh K, Pang KS. Theoretical consideration of the properties of intestinal flow models on route-dependent drug removal: Segregated Flow (SFM) vs. Traditional (TM). Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 40:195-213. [PMID: 31099032 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is endowed with a plethora of enzymes and transporters and regulates the flow of substrate to the liver. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models have surfaced to describe intestinal removal. The traditional model (TM) describes the intestinal flow as a whole perfusing the entire tissue that contains the intestinal transporters and enzymes. The segregated flow model (SFM) describes that only a fraction (fQ < 0.2) of the intestinal blood flow perfuses the enterocyte region where the intestinal enzymes and transporters are housed, rendering a lower drug distribution/intestinal clearance when drug enters via the circulation than from the gut lumen. As shown by simulations, a higher intestinal clearance and extraction ratio (EI,iv ) exists for the TM than for SFM after iv dosing. By contrast, the EI,po after po dosing is higher for the SFM, due to the smaller volume of distribution for the enterocyte region and a lower flow rate that result in increased mean residence time and higher drug extraction. Under MBI (mechanism-based inhibition), the AUCR,po after oral bolus is the highest for drug when inhibitor is given orally, with SFM > TM. Competitive inhibition of intestinal enzymes leads to higher liver metabolism; again, when both drug and inhibitor are given orally, changes in the SFM > TM. However, less definitive patterns result with inhibition of both intestinal and liver enzymes. In conclusion, differences exist for EI and drug-drug interaction (DDI) between the TM and SFM. The fractional intestinal blood flow (fQ ) is a key factor affecting different extents of intestinal/liver metabolism of the drug after oral as well as intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
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Couto N, Al-Majdoub ZM, Gibson S, Davies PJ, Achour B, Harwood MD, Carlson G, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Warhurst G. Quantitative Proteomics of Clinically Relevant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters and Their Intercorrelations in the Human Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:245-254. [PMID: 31959703 PMCID: PMC7076527 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporter proteins in the human intestine are pertinent to determine oral drug bioavailability. Despite the paucity of reports on such measurements, it is well recognized that these values are essential for translating in vitro data on drug metabolism and transport to predict drug disposition in gut wall. In the current study, clinically relevant DMEs [cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)] and drug transporters were quantified in total mucosal protein preparations from the human jejunum (n = 4) and ileum (n = 12) using quantification concatemer–based targeted proteomics. In contrast to previous reports, UGT2B15 and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 (OATP1A2) were quantifiable in all our samples. Overall, no significant disparities in protein expression were observed between jejunum and ileum. Relative mRNA expression for drug transporters did not correlate with the abundance of their cognate protein, except for P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp) and organic solute transporter subunit alpha (OST-α), highlighting the limitations of RNA as a surrogate for protein expression in dynamic tissues with high turnover. Intercorrelations were found within P450 [2C9-2C19 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.63), 2C9–2J2 (P = 0.004, R2 = 0.40), 2D6-2J2 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.50)] and UGT [1A1-2B7 (P = 0.02, R2 = 0.87)] family of enzymes. There were also correlations between P-gp and several other proteins [OST-α (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.77), UGT1A6 (P = 0.009, R2 = 0.38), and CYP3A4 (P = 0.007, R2 = 0.30)]. Incorporating such correlations into building virtual populations is crucial for obtaining plausible characteristics of simulated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Stephanie Gibson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Pamela J Davies
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Matthew D Harwood
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Gordon Carlson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Geoffrey Warhurst
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
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Simultaneously predict pharmacokinetic interaction of rifampicin with oral versus intravenous substrates of cytochrome P450 3A/P‑glycoprotein to healthy human using a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic model involving both enzyme and transporter turnover. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:194-204. [PMID: 31047967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several reports demonstrated that rifampicin affected pharmacokinetics of victim drugs following oral more than intravenous administration. We aimed to establish a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model involving both enzyme and transporter turnover to simultaneously predict pharmacokinetic interaction of rifampicin with oral versus intravenous substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/P‑glycoprotein (P-GP) in human. Rifampicin was chosen as the CYP3A /P-GP inducer. Thirteen victim drugs including P-GP substrates (digoxin and talinolol), CYP3A substrates (alfentanil, midazolam, nifedipine, ondansetron and oxycodone), dual substrates of CYP3A/P-GP (quinidine, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and verapamil) and complex substrates (S-ketamine and tramadol) were chosen to investigate drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with rifampicin. Corresponding parameters were cited from literatures. Before and after multi-dose of oral rifampicin, the pharmacokinetic profiles of victim drugs for oral or intravenous administration to human were predicted using the semi-PBPK model and compared with the observed values. Contribution of both CYP3A and P-GP induction in intestine and liver by rifampicin to pharmacokinetic profiles of victim drugs was investigated. The predicted pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs before and after rifampicin administration accorded with the observations. The predicted pharmacokinetic parameters and DDIs were successful, whose fold-errors were within 2. It was consistent with observations that the DDIs of rifampicin with oral victim drugs were larger than those with intravenous victim drugs. DDIs of rifampicin with CYP3A or P-GP substrates following oral versus intravenous administration to human were successfully predicted using the developed semi-PBPK model.
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Hu Y, Smith DE. In Silico Prediction of the Absorption and Disposition of Cefadroxil in Humans using an Intestinal Permeability Method Scaled from Humanized PepT1 Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:173-183. [PMID: 30593545 PMCID: PMC6367690 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to predict the pharmacokinetics and plasma concentration-time profiles of new chemical entities in humans based on animal data. Some pharmacokinetic parameters, such as clearance and volume of distribution, can be scaled allometrically from rodents, mammals, and nonhuman primates with good success. However, it is far more challenging to predict the oral pharmacokinetics of experimental drug candidates. In the present study, we used in situ estimates of intestinal permeability, obtained in silico and from rat, wild-type (WT), and humanized PepT1 (huPepT1) mice, to predict the systemic exposure of cefadroxil, an orally administered model compound, under a variety of conditions. Using the GastroPlus simulation software program (Simulations Plus, Lancaster, CA), we found that the C max and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration of cefadroxil were better predicted using intestinal permeability estimates (both segmental and jejunal) from huPepT1 than from WT mice, and that intestinal permeabilities based on in silico and rat estimates gave worse predictions. We also observed that accurate predictions were possible for cefadroxil during oral dose escalation (i.e., 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg cefadroxil), a drug-drug interaction study (i.e., 5 mg/kg oral cefadroxil plus 45 mg/kg oral cephalexin), and an oral multiple dose study [i.e., 500 mg (6.7 mg/kg) cefadroxil every 6 hours]. Finally, the greatest amount of cefadroxil was absorbed in duodenal and jejunal segments of the small intestine after a 5 mg/kg oral dose. Thus, by combining a humanized mouse model and in silico software, the present study offers a novel strategy for better translating preclinical pharmacokinetic data to oral drug exposure during first-in-human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Sun L, Wang C, Zhang Y. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for valacyclovir established based on absolute expression quantity of hPEPT1 and its application. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:560-568. [PMID: 30081070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was established for valacyclovir based on absolute expression quantity of hPEPT1 along the entire length of the human intestine and other reliable in vitro, in vivo observed data. The PBPK model-3 defined acyclovir as metabolite of valacyclovir and simulated the plasma concentration-time profiles of valacyclovir and acyclovir simultaneously. It was validated strictly by a series of observed plasma concentration-time profiles. The average fold error (AFE) and absolute average fold error (AAFE) values were all smaller than 2. Then, it was used to quantitatively evaluate the effect of hPEPT1, luminal degradation rate, drug release rate and gastric residence time on the oral absorption of valacyclovir and acyclovir. The PBPK model-3 suggests that mainly 75% of valacyclovir was absorbed by active transport of hPEPT1. The luminal degradation of valacyclovir in the upper intestinal lumen cannot be considered the only reason for its incomplete bioavailability. The plasma concentration-time profiles of valacyclovir and its metabolite acyclovir were not sensitive to dissolution rate faster than T85% = 120 min. Prolonged gastric residence time of sustained release tablet can improve the oral absorption of valacyclovir. All in all, the PBPK model-3 in this study is reliable and accurate. It is useful for the research of clinical application and dosage forms design of valacyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, No. 7 Chongshan West Road, Huanggu Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Youxi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 4 Chongshan East Road, Huanggu Area, Shenyang 110122, China
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Yamamoto S, Kosugi Y, Hirabayashi H, Moriwaki T. Impact of P-Glycoprotein on Intestinal Absorption of an Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Antagonist in Rats: Mechanisms of Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Food Effects. Pharm Res 2018; 35:190. [PMID: 30105478 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the effects of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed in the intestine on the nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) of T-3256336, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein inhibitor, and food effects on its bioavailability in rats. METHODS To investigate the factors that contribute to nonlinear PK of T-3256336 in the intestine and liver, rats double-cannulated in the portal vein and femoral artery (PS rats) were used. FaFg (Fa, absorption ratio; Fg, intestinal availability) and hepatic availability (Fh) were simultaneously evaluated based on the difference between the portal and systemic blood area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). Elacridar was used as a P-gp inhibitor to assess the impact of P-gp on the intestinal absorption. RESULTS After oral administration of T-3256336 to PS rats at 3 and 30 mg/kg, FaFg value increased with dose escalation, whereas Fh value was nearly constant. Moreover, co-administration of elacridar resulted in a 5-fold increase in the FaFg value at 3 mg/kg. The AUC value of T-3256336 under fed conditions was 3-fold lower than that under fasted conditions. This food effect on the oral bioavailability (BA) was reduced by concomitant administration of elacridar. CONCLUSION P-gp expressed in the intestine would cause nonlinear PK and a food effect on BA of T-3256336 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kosugi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Moriwaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Alqahtani S, Bukhari I, Albassam A, Alenazi M. An update on the potential role of intestinal first-pass metabolism for the prediction of drug–drug interactions: the role of PBPK modeling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:625-634. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1482277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Unit, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishfaq Bukhari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Albassam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alenazi
- Pharmacy Department, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Pan Y, Hsu V, Grimstein M, Zhang L, Arya V, Sinha V, Grillo JA, Zhao P. The Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict the Role of Drug Transporters: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S122-31. [PMID: 27385170 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transporters play an important role in drug absorption, disposition, and drug action. The evaluation of drug transporters requires a comprehensive understanding of transporter biology and pharmacology. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models may offer an integrative platform to quantitatively evaluate the role of drug transporters and its interplay with other drug disposition processes such as passive drug diffusion and elimination by metabolizing enzymes. To date, PBPK modeling and simulations integrating drug transporters lag behind that for drug-metabolizing enzymes. In addition, predictive performance of PBPK has not been well established for predicting the role of drug transporters in the pharmacokinetics of a drug. To enhance overall predictive performance of transporter-based PBPK models, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of transporter biology for proper representation in the models and to have a quantitative understanding of the contribution of transporters in the absorption and metabolism of a drug. This article summarizes PBPK-based submissions evaluating the role of drug transporters to the Office of Clinical Pharmacology of the US Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Pan
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Current affiliation: Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vicky Hsu
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Manuela Grimstein
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Arya
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Sinha
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A Grillo
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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20
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Yang B, Smith DE. In Silico Absorption Analysis of Valacyclovir in Wildtype and Pept1 Knockout Mice Following Oral Dose Escalation. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2349-2361. [PMID: 28770489 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed simulation and modeling methods to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles of acyclovir, following escalating oral doses of valacyclovir, in wildtype and Pept1 knockout mice. We also quantitated the contribution of specific intestinal segments in the absorption of valacyclovir in these mice. METHODS Simulations were conducted using a mechanistic advanced compartmental absorption and transit (ACAT) model implemented in GastroPlus™. Simulations were performed for 3 h post-dose in wildtype and Pept1 knockout mice following single oral doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 nmol/g valacyclovir, and compared to experimentally observed plasma concentration-time profiles of acyclovir. RESULTS Good fits were obtained in wildtype and Pept1 knockout mice. Valacyclovir was primarily absorbed from duodenum (42%) and jejunum (24%) of wildtype mice, with reduced uptake from ileum (3%) and caecum/colon (1%), for a total of 70% absorption. In contrast, the absorption of valacyclovir in Pept1 knockout mice was slow and sustained throughout the entire intestinal tract in which duodenum (4%), jejunum (14%), ileum (10%) and caecum/colon (12%) accounted for a total of 40% absorption. CONCLUSION The ACAT model bridged the gap between in situ and in vivo experimental findings, and facilitated our understanding of the complicated intestinal absorption processes of valacyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1065, USA.
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Murakami T. A Minireview: Usefulness of Transporter-Targeted Prodrugs in Enhancing Membrane Permeability. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2515-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Takano J, Maeda K, Bolger MB, Sugiyama Y. The Prediction of the Relative Importance of CYP3A/P-glycoprotein to the Nonlinear Intestinal Absorption of Drugs by Advanced Compartmental Absorption and Transit Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1808-1818. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Explication of Definitional Description and Empirical Use of Fraction of Orally Administered Drugs Absorbed From the Intestine (F a ) and Intestinal Availability (F g ): Effect of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A on F a and F g. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:431-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Park WS, Jang D, Han S, Yim DS. Mixed–effects analysis of increased rosuvastatin absorption by coadministered telmisartan. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2016. [DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2016.24.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Su Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Dooyeon Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Heikkinen AT, Lignet F, Cutler P, Parrott N. The role of quantitative ADME proteomics to support construction of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for use in small molecule drug development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:732-44. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aki T. Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Floriane Lignet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Paul Cutler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Basel Switzerland
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Tanaka Y, Kitamura Y, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Quantitative Analysis of the ABCG2 c.421C>A Polymorphism Effect on In Vivo Transport Activity of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) Using an Intestinal Absorption Model. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3039-48. [PMID: 25639366 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ABCG2 c.421C>A is one of the most frequent polymorphisms in ABCG2, which encodes the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Clinical pharmacogenetic studies have shown that the plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values after oral administration of BCRP substrate drugs are significantly higher in subjects homozygous for the c.421C>A polymorphism (421AA) than in wild-type subjects (421CC). The aim of this study was to quantitatively estimate the in vivo decrease of BCRP function caused by the c.421C>A polymorphism based on clinical pharmacokinetic data. Assuming that the pharmacokinetic alteration is accounted for by intestinal BCRP, the ratio of the transport activity of the mutated BCRP to that of the wild-type was optimized by comparing calculations from an intestinal absorption model and clinical pharmacokinetic data. In conclusion, the in vivo intestinal BCRP transport activity in 421AA subjects is estimated to be approximately 23% of that in the 421CC subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tanaka
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, Yokohama, Japan
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Ando H, Hisaka A, Suzuki H. A New Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Prediction of Gastrointestinal Drug Absorption: Translocation Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:590-602. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lefebvre DE, Venema K, Gombau L, Valerio LG, Raju J, Bondy GS, Bouwmeester H, Singh RP, Clippinger AJ, Collnot EM, Mehta R, Stone V. Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:523-42. [PMID: 25119418 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered metal/mineral, lipid and biochemical macromolecule nanomaterials (NMs) have potential applications in food. Methodologies for the assessment of NM digestion and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract are nascent and require refinement. A working group was tasked by the International Life Sciences Institute NanoRelease Food Additive project to review existing models of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease, and the utility of these models for the assessment of the uptake of NMs intended for food. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption could be addressed in a tiered approach using in silico computational models, in vitro non-cellular fluid systems and in vitro cell culture models, after which the necessity of ex vivo organ culture and in vivo animal studies can be considered. Examples of NM quantification in gastrointestinal tract fluids and tissues are emerging; however, few standardized analytical techniques are available. Coupling of these techniques to gastrointestinal models, along with further standardization, will further strengthen methodologies for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lefebvre
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xu F, Li Z, Zheng J, Gee Cheung FS, Chan T, Zhu L, Zhuge H, Zhou F. The inhibitory effects of the bioactive components isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis on the cellular uptake mediated by the essential solute carrier transporters. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4205-11. [PMID: 24018852 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier transporters (SLCs), in particular the organic anion transporters (OATs), OAT polypeptides (OATPs), and organic cation transporters (OCTs/OCTNs), are the important membrane proteins responsible for the cellular influx of various drugs. Baicalein (BA), baicalin (BG), and wogonin (WG) are the three major bioactive components of Scutellaria baicalensis. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of BA, BG, and WG on the cellular uptake of specific substrates mediated by the essential SLCs in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. Our data demonstrated that BA and WG significantly inhibit the OAT1-, OAT3-, and OATP1B3-mediated uptake; BG effectively reduces the influx of substrates of OAT3, OAT4, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1; WG is a potent inhibitor of OCT3. Our further kinetic analysis derived the IC50 values of these compounds with pronounced inhibitory effects on SLCs, particularly the inhibitions of WG on OAT1 and OCT3 and that of BA and WG on OAT3. Our study comprehensively evaluated the inhibitory effects of three bioactive components of Scutellaria baicalensis on the uptake of specific substrates mediated by the essential SLC transporters, which suggested that precautions will be needed when coadministrating drugs with Scutellaria baicalensis so as to prevent the unfavorable drug-drug/herb interactions in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Municipal Women and Children, Health Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
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Dickens D, Webb SD, Antonyuk S, Giannoudis A, Owen A, Rädisch S, Hasnain SS, Pirmohamed M. Transport of gabapentin by LAT1 (SLC7A5). Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1672-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Alqahtani S, Mohamed LA, Kaddoumi A. Experimental models for predicting drug absorption and metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1241-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.802772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Zuo Z, Tomlinson B, Lee BTK, Bolger MB, Chow MSS. Clinical pharmacokinetics of buffered propranolol sublingual tablet (Promptol™)-application of a new "physiologically based" model to assess absorption and disposition. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:787-96. [PMID: 23605805 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublingual administration of certain buffered propranolol may improve the rate and extent of absorption compared to oral administration. The main objectives of this study were to (1) compare the plasma propranolol concentrations (Cp-prop) following sublingual administration of a specially buffered formulation (Promptol™) to that following oral administration of Inderal(®) and (2) evaluate the utility of a special pharmacokinetic model in describing the Cp-prop following sublingual administration. Eighteen healthy volunteers received 10 mg sublingual Promptol™ or oral Inderal(®). Multiple Cp-prop were determined and their pharmacokinetics compared. Additional data following sublingual 40 mg Promptol™ or Inderal(®) were utilized for evaluation of a special advanced compartmental absorption and transit (ACAT) model. For model simulation, the physicochemical parameters were imported from AMET predictor, whereas the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and optimized by Gastroplus(®). Based on this model, the quantity of drug absorbed via buccal/sublingual mucosa was estimated. Cp-prop was higher at earlier times with 3-fold greater relative bioavailability following sublingual Promptol™ compared to that from oral Inderal(®). The special ACAT model provided excellent goodness of fit of Cp-prop-time curve and estimated a 56.6% increase in absorption rate from Promptol™ and higher initial Cp-prop compared to the regular formulation. The modified ACAT model provided a useful approach to describe sublingual absorption of propranolol and clearly demonstrated an improvement of absorption of Promptol™. The sublingual 10 mg Promptol™ achieved not only a similar systemic exposure as 30 mg oral Inderal(®) but an earlier effective Cp-prop which may be advantageous for certain clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Nagaya Y, Takenaka O, Kusano K, Yoshimura T. Species difference in the mechanism of nonlinear pharmacokinetics of E2074, a novel sodium channel inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1004-11. [PMID: 23401471 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New chemical entities often exhibit nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles in experimental animals. However, the number of studies that have focused on species differences in nonlinear PK is very limited; thus, the aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the nonlinear PK of E2074 (2-[(2R)-2-fluoro-3-{(3r)-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl}propyl]-4,5-dimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one), a novel sodium channel inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Nonlinear PK profiles with more than dose-proportional increases of Cmax and area under the plasma concentration curve were observed in all species after oral administration. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values of hepatic microsomal metabolism were 7.23 and 0.41 μM in rats and dogs in vitro, respectively, which were lower than the unbound maximum plasma concentrations after oral administration in vivo, indicating that the nonlinear PK in rats and dogs was attributable to the saturation of hepatic metabolism. However, we do not believe that the saturation of hepatic metabolism was the mechanism of nonlinearity in monkeys because of the high Km value (42.44 μM) observed in liver microsomes. Intestinal metabolism was observed in monkey intestinal microsomes but not in rats and dogs, and the nonlinear PK in monkeys was diminished by inhibition of intestinal metabolism with a concomitant oral dose of ketoconazole. These results suggest that saturation of the intestinal metabolism is the potential mechanism of nonlinearity in monkeys. P-glycoprotein was not involved in the nonlinear PK profiles in any species. In conclusion, the mechanism of the nonlinear PK of E2074 is species dependent, with the saturation of hepatic metabolism in rats and dogs and that of intestinal metabolism in monkeys being the primary cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nagaya
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, Tokodai 5-Chome Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
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Zhang D, Frost CE, He K, Rodrigues AD, Wang X, Wang L, Goosen TC, Humphreys WG. Investigating the Enteroenteric Recirculation of Apixaban, a Factor Xa Inhibitor: Administration of Activated Charcoal to Bile Duct-Cannulated Rats and Dogs Receiving an Intravenous Dose and Use of Drug Transporter Knockout Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:906-15. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Grime KH, Barton P, McGinnity DF. Application of In Silico, In Vitro and Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Data for the Effective and Efficient Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1191-206. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300476z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Grime
- Respiratory & Inflammation DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, SE 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Patrick Barton
- Respiratory & Inflammation DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, SE 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dermot F. McGinnity
- Respiratory & Inflammation DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, SE 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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Barton HA, Lai Y, Goosen TC, Jones HM, El-Kattan AF, Gosset JR, Lin J, Varma MV. Model-based approaches to predict drug–drug interactions associated with hepatic uptake transporters: preclinical, clinical and beyond. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:459-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.759210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abdel-Rahman S, Amidon GL, Kaul A, Lukacova V, Vinks AA, Knipp G. Summary of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-best pharmaceuticals for Children Act Pediatric Formulation Initiatives Workshop-Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System Working Group. Clin Ther 2012; 34:S11-24. [PMID: 23149009 PMCID: PMC3534959 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) allows compounds to be classified based on their in vitro solubility and intestinal permeability. The BCS has found widespread use in the pharmaceutical community to be an enabling guide for the rational selection of compounds, formulation for clinical advancement, and generic biowaivers. The Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System (PBCS) Working Group was convened to consider the possibility of developing an analogous pediatric-based classification system. Because there are distinct developmental differences that can alter intestinal contents, volumes, permeability, and potentially biorelevant solubilities at different ages, the PBCS Working Group focused on identifying age-specific issues that need to be considered in establishing a flexible, yet rigorous PBCS. OBJECTIVE We summarized the findings of the PBCS Working Group and provided insights into considerations required for the development of a PBCS. METHODS Through several meetings conducted both at The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health, Human Development-US Pediatric Formulation Initiative Workshop (November 2011) and via teleconferences, the PBCS Working Group considered several high-level questions that were raised to frame the classification system. In addition, the PBCS Working Group identified a number of knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to develop a rigorous PBCS. RESULTS It was determined that for a PBCS to be truly meaningful, it needs to be broken down into several different age groups that account for developmental changes in intestinal permeability, luminal contents, and gastrointestinal (GI) transit. Several critical knowledge gaps were identified, including (1) a lack of fully understanding the ontogeny of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters along the GI tract, in the liver, and in the kidney; (2) an incomplete understanding of age-based changes in the GI, liver, and kidney physiology; (3) a clear need to better understand age-based intestinal permeability and fraction absorbed required to develop the PBCS; (4) a clear need for the development and organization of pediatric tissue biobanks to serve as a source for ontogenic research; and (5) a lack of literature published in age-based pediatric pharmacokinetics to build physiologically- and population-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) databases. CONCLUSIONS To begin the process of establishing a PBPK model, 10 pediatric therapeutic agents were selected (based on their adult BCS classifications). These agents should be targeted for additional research in the future. The PBCS Working Group also identified several areas where greater emphasis on research was needed to enable the development of a PBCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, The Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ajay Kaul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Alexander A. Vinks
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Gregory Knipp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Harwood MD, Neuhoff S, Carlson GL, Warhurst G, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Absolute abundance and function of intestinal drug transporters: a prerequisite for fully mechanisticin vitro-in vivoextrapolation of oral drug absorption. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 34:2-28. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Neuhoff
- Simcyp Ltd (a Certara Company); Blades Enterprise Centre; Sheffield; S2 4SU; UK
| | - G. L. Carlson
- Gut Barrier Group, School of Translational Medicine; University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Trust; M6 8HD; UK
| | - G. Warhurst
- Gut Barrier Group, School of Translational Medicine; University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Trust; M6 8HD; UK
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Won CS, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. Mechanisms underlying food-drug interactions: inhibition of intestinal metabolism and transport. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:186-201. [PMID: 22884524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Food-drug interaction studies are critical to evaluate appropriate dosing, timing, and formulation of new drug candidates. These interactions often reflect prandial-associated changes in the extent and/or rate of systemic drug exposure. Physiologic and physicochemical mechanisms underlying food effects on drug disposition are well-characterized. However, biochemical mechanisms involving drug metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins remain underexplored. Several plant-derived beverages have been shown to modulate enzymes and transporters in the intestine, leading to altered pharmacokinetic (PK) and potentially negative pharmacodynamic (PD) outcomes. Commonly consumed fruit juices, teas, and alcoholic drinks contain phytochemicals that inhibit intestinal cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugation enzymes, as well as uptake and efflux transport proteins. Whereas myriad phytochemicals have been shown to inhibit these processes in vitro, translation to the clinic has been deemed insignificant or undetermined. An overlooked prerequisite for elucidating food effects on drug PK is thorough knowledge of causative bioactive ingredients. Substantial variability in bioactive ingredient composition and activity of a given dietary substance poses a challenge in conducting robust food-drug interaction studies. This confounding factor can be addressed by identifying and characterizing specific components, which could be used as marker compounds to improve clinical trial design and quantitatively predict food effects. Interpretation and integration of data from in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies require collaborative expertise from multiple disciplines, from botany to clinical pharmacology (i.e., plant to patient). Development of more systematic methods and guidelines is needed to address the general lack of information on examining drug-dietary substance interactions prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Won
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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Pang KS, Chow ECY. Commentary: Theoretical Predictions of Flow Effects on Intestinal and Systemic Availability in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Intestine Models: The Traditional Model, Segregated Flow Model, and QGut Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1869-77. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Newman A, Knipp G, Zografi G. Assessing the performance of amorphous solid dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1355-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Modeling and mechanistic approaches for oral absorption: quality by design in action. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:147-50. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
Absorption takes place when a compound enters an organism, which occurs as soon as the molecules enter the first cellular bilayer(s) in the tissue(s) to which is it exposed. At that point, the compound is no longer part of the environment (which includes the alimentary canal for oral exposure), but has become part of the organism. If absorption is prevented or limited, then toxicological effects are also prevented or limited. Thus, modeling absorption is the first step in simulating/predicting potential toxicological effects. Simulation software used to model absorption of compounds of various types has advanced considerably over the past 15 years. There can be strong interactions between absorption and pharmacokinetics (PK), requiring state-of-the-art simulation computer programs that combine absorption with either compartmental pharmacokinetics (PK) or physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK). Pharmacodynamic (PD) models for therapeutic and adverse effects are also often linked to the absorption and PK simulations, providing PK/PD or PBPK/PD capabilities in a single package. These programs simulate the interactions among a variety of factors including the physicochemical properties of the molecule of interest, the physiologies of the organisms, and in some cases, environmental factors, to produce estimates of the time course of absorption and disposition of both toxic and nontoxic substances, as well as their pharmacodynamic effects.
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Kataoka M, Yokoyama T, Masaoka Y, Sakuma S, Yamashita S. Estimation of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux in the oral absorption of P-gp substrate drugs from simultaneous analysis of drug dissolution and permeation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:544-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dressman JB, Thelen K, Willmann S. An update on computational oral absorption simulation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1345-64. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.617743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Miliotis T, Ali L, Palm JE, Lundqvist AJ, Ahnoff M, Andersson TB, Hilgendorf C. Development of a Highly Sensitive Method Using Liquid Chromatography-Multiple Reaction Monitoring to Quantify Membrane P-Glycoprotein in Biological Matrices and Relationship to Transport Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2440-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Prediction of Nonlinear Intestinal Absorption of CYP3A4 and P-Glycoprotein Substrates from their In Vitro Km Values. Pharm Res 2011; 29:651-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rowland M, Peck C, Tucker G. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics in drug development and regulatory science. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:45-73. [PMID: 20854171 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is coming of age in drug development and regulation, reflecting significant advances over the past 10 years in the predictability of key pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from human in vitro data and in the availability of dedicated software platforms and associated databases. Specific advances and contemporary challenges with respect to predicting the processes of drug clearance, distribution, and absorption are reviewed, together with the ability to anticipate the quantitative extent of PK-based drug-drug interactions and the impact of age, genetics, disease, and formulation. The value of this capability in selecting and designing appropriate clinical studies, its implications for resource-sparing techniques, and a more holistic view of the application of PK across the preclinical/clinical divide are considered. Finally, some attention is given to the positioning of PBPK within the drug development and approval paradigm and its future application in truly personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Rowland
- Centre for Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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