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Bi YA, Jordan S, King-Ahmad A, West MA, Varma MVS. Mechanistic Determinants of Daprodustat Drug-Drug Interactions and Pharmacokinetics in Hepatic Dysfunction and Chronic Kidney Disease: Significance of OATP1B-CYP2C8 Interplay. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:1336-1345. [PMID: 38404228 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Daprodustat is the first oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor approved recently for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults receiving dialysis. We evaluated the role of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B-mediated hepatic uptake transport in the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of daprodustat using in vitro and in vivo studies, and physiologically-based PK (PBPK) modeling of its drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with inhibitor drugs. In vitro, daprodustat showed specific transport by OATP1B1/1B3 in the transfected cell systems and primary human and monkey hepatocytes. A single-dose oral rifampin (OATP1B inhibitor) reduced daprodustat intravenous clearance by a notable 9.9 ± 1.2-fold (P < 0.05) in cynomolgus monkeys. Correspondingly, volume of distribution at steady-state was also reduced by 5.0 ± 1.1-fold, whereas the half-life change was minimal (1.5-fold), corroborating daprodustat hepatic uptake inhibition by rifampin. A PBPK model accounting for OATP1B-CYP2C8 interplay was developed, which well described daprodustat PK and DDIs with gemfibrozil (CYP2C8 and OATP1B inhibitor) and trimethoprim (weak CYP2C8 inhibitor) within 25% error of the observed data in healthy subjects. About 18-fold increase in daprodustat area under the curve (AUC) following gemfibrozil treatment was found to be associated with strong CYP2C8 inhibition and moderate OATP1B inhibition. Moreover, PK modulation in hepatic dysfunction and subjects with CKD, in comparison to healthy control, was well-captured by the model. CYP2C8 and/or OATP1B inhibitor drugs (e.g., gemfibrozil, clopidogrel, rifampin, and cyclosporine) were predicted to perpetrate moderate-to-strong DDIs in healthy subjects, as well as, in target CKD population. Daprodustat can be used as a sensitive CYP2C8 index substrate in the absence of OATP1B modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Balhara A, Yin M, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of Fetal Exposure to Dual BCRP/P-gp Drug Substrates Using the Efflux Ratio-Relative Expression Factor Approach and PBPK M&S. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:1044-1053. [PMID: 38124355 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
To inform fetal drug safety, it is important to determine or predict fetal drug exposure throughout pregnancy. The former is not possible in the first or second trimester. In contrast, at the time of birth, fetal drug exposure, relative to maternal exposure, can be estimated as Kp,uu (unbound fetal umbilical venous (UV) plasma area under the curve (AUC)/unbound maternal plasma (MP) AUC), provided the observed UV/MP values, spanning the dosing interval, are available from multiple maternal-fetal dyads. However, this fetal Kp,uu cannot be extrapolated to other drugs. To overcome the above limitations, we have used an efflux ratio-relative expression factor (ER-REF) approach to successfully predict the fetal Kp,uu of P-gp substrates. Because many drugs taken by pregnant people are also BCRP substrates, here, we extend this approach to drugs that are effluxed by both placental BCRP and P-gp or P-gp alone. To verify our predictions, we chose drugs for which UV/MP data were available at term: glyburide and imatinib (both BCRP and P-gp substrates) and nelfinavir (only P-gp substrate). First, the ER of the drugs was determined using Transwells and MDCKII cells expressing either BCRP or P-gp. Then, the ER was scaled using the proteomics-informed REF value to predict the fetal Kp,uu of the drug at term. The ER-REF predicted fetal Kp,uu of glyburide (0.43), imatinib (0.42), and nelfinavir (0.40) fell within two-fold of the corresponding in vivo fetal Kp,uu (0.44, 0.37, and 0.46, respectively). These data confirm that the ER-REF approach can successfully predict fetal drug exposure to BCRP/P-gp and P-gp substrates, at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mengyue Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Yin M, Balhara A, Marie S, Tournier N, Gáborik Z, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of Human Hepatic Concentrations of Transported Drugs Using the Proteomics-Informed Relative Expression Factor Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:595-605. [PMID: 38037845 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue drug concentrations determine the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. When a drug is the substrate of transporters that are present at the blood:tissue barrier, the steady-state unbound tissue drug concentrations cannot be predicted from their corresponding plasma concentrations. To accurately predict transporter-modulated tissue drug concentrations, all clearances (CLs) mediating the drug's entry and exit (including metabolism) from the tissue must be accurately predicted. Because primary cells of most tissues are not available, we have proposed an alternative approach to predict such CLs, that is the use of transporter-expressing cells/vesicles (TECs/TEVs) and relative expression factor (REF). The REF represents the abundance of the relevant transporters in the tissue vs. in the TECs/TEVs. Here, we determined the transporter-based intrinsic CL of glyburide (GLB) and pitavastatin (PTV) in OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, and NTCP-expressing cells and MRP3-, BCRP-, P-gp-, and MRP2-expressing vesicles and scaled these CLs to in vivo using REF. These predictions fell within a priori set twofold range of the hepatobiliary CLs of GLB and PTV, estimated from their hepatic positron emission tomography imaging data: 272.3 and 607.8 mL/min for in vivo hepatic sinusoidal uptake CL, 47.8 and 17.4 mL/min for sinusoidal efflux CL, and 0 and 4.20 mL/min for biliary efflux CL, respectively. Moreover, their predicted hepatic concentrations (area under the hepatic concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax )), fell within twofold of their mean observed data. These data, together with our previous findings, confirm that the REF approach can successfully predict transporter-based drug CLs and tissue concentrations to enhance success in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Solène Marie
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Zsuzsanna Gáborik
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Charles River Laboratories Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Nagar S, Radice C, Tuohy R, Stevens R, Bennyhoff D, Korzekwa K. The Rat Continuous Intestine Model Predicts the Impact of Particle Size and Transporters on the Oral Absorption of Glyburide. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:219-231. [PMID: 36541850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug absorption is known to be impacted by the physicochemical properties of drugs, properties of oral formulations, and physiological characteristics of the intestine. The goal of the present study was to develop a mathematical model to predict the impact of particle size, feeding time, and intestinal transporter activity on oral absorption. A previously published rat continuous intestine absorption model was extended for solid drug absorption. The impact of active pharmaceutical ingredient particle size was evaluated with glyburide (GLY) as a model drug. Two particle size suspensions of glyburide were prepared with average particle sizes of 42.7 and 4.1 μm. Each suspension was dosed as a single oral gavage to male Sprague Dawley rats, and concentration-time (C-t) profiles of glyburide were measured with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A continuous rat intestine absorption model was extended to include drug dissolution and was used to predict the absorption kinetics of GLY depending on particle size. Additional literature datasets of rat GLY formulations with particle sizes ranging from 0.25 to 4.0 μm were used for model predictions. The model predicted reasonably well the absorption profiles of GLY based on varying particle size and varying feeding time. The model predicted inhibition of intestinal uptake or efflux transporters depending on the datasets. The three datasets used formulations with different excipients, which may impact the transporter activity. Model simulations indicated that the model provides a facile framework to predict the impact of transporter inhibition on drug C-t profiles. Model simulations can also be conducted to evaluate the impact of an altered intestinal lumen environment. In conclusion, the rat continuous intestine absorption model may provide a useful tool to predict the impact of varying drug formulations on rat oral absorption profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19140, United States
| | - Casey Radice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19140, United States
| | - Robert Tuohy
- Pace Analytical Life Sciences LLC, Norristown, Pennsylvania19401, United States
| | - Raymond Stevens
- Particle Solutions LLC, West Chester, Pennsylvania19382, United States
| | - Dale Bennyhoff
- Particle Solutions LLC, West Chester, Pennsylvania19382, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19140, United States
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Marie S, Frost KL, Hau RK, Martinez-Guerrero L, Izu JM, Myers CM, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Predicting disruptions to drug pharmacokinetics and the risk of adverse drug reactions in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1-28. [PMID: 36815037 PMCID: PMC9939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the pharmacokinetics of drugs through drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) causes disease-specific alterations to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes, including a decrease in protein expression of basolateral uptake transporters, an increase in efflux transporters, and modifications to enzyme activity. This can result in increased drug exposure and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Our goal was to predict drugs that pose increased risks for ADRs in NASH patients. Bibliographic research identified 71 drugs with reported ADRs in patients with liver disease, mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 54 of which are known substrates of transporters and/or metabolizing enzymes. Since NASH is the progressive form of NAFLD but is most frequently undiagnosed, we identified other drugs at risk based on NASH-specific alterations to ADME processes. Here, we present another list of 71 drugs at risk of pharmacokinetic disruption in NASH, based on their transport and/or metabolism processes. It encompasses drugs from various pharmacological classes for which ADRs may occur when used in NASH patients, especially when eliminated through multiple pathways altered by the disease. Therefore, these results may inform clinicians regarding the selection of drugs for use in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Marie
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayla L. Frost
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Raymond K. Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lucy Martinez-Guerrero
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jailyn M. Izu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Myers
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 520 6260219; fax: +1 520 6266944.
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6
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The next frontier in ADME science: Predicting transporter-based drug disposition, tissue concentrations and drug-drug interactions in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Radice C, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Predicting impact of food and feeding time on oral absorption of drugs with a novel rat continuous intestinal absorption model. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:750-761. [PMID: 35339986 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intricacies in intestinal physiology, drug properties, and food effects should be incorporated into models to predict complex oral drug absorption. A previously published human continuous intestinal absorption model based on the convection-diffusion equation was modified specifically for the male Sprague-Dawley rat in this report. Species-specific physiological conditions along intestinal length 'x' - experimental velocity and pH under fasted and fed conditions, were measured and incorporated into the intestinal absorption model. Concentration- time (C-t) profiles were measured upon a single IV and PO dose for three drugs, amlodipine (AML), digoxin (DIG), and glyburide (GLY). Absorption profiles were predicted and compared with experimentally collected data under three feeding conditions: 12-hr fasted rats were provided food at two specific times after oral drug dose (1 hr and 2 hr for AML and GLY, 0.5 hr and 1 hr for DIG), or were provided food for the entire study. IV versus PO C-t profiles suggested absorption even at later times, and informed design of appropriate mathematical input functions based on experimental feeding times. With this model, AML, DIG and GLY oral C-t profiles for all feeding groups were generally well predicted, with exposure overlap coefficients (EOC) in the range of 0.80 - 0.97. Efflux transport for DIG and uptake and efflux transport for GLY were included, modeling uptake transporter inhibition in the presence of food. Results indicate that the continuous intestinal rat model incorporates complex physiological processes and feeding times relative to drug dose, into a simple framework to provide accurate prediction of oral absorption. Significance Statement A novel rat continuous intestinal model predicts drug absorption with respect to time and intestinal length. Feeding time relative to dose was modeled as a key effect. Experimental fasted/fed intestinal pH and velocity, efflux and uptake transporter expression along intestinal length, and uptake transporter inhibition in the presence of food, were modeled. The model uses the pharmacokinetic profiles of three model drugs and provides a novel framework to study food effects on absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Radice
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Swati Nagar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, United States
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Jala A, Ponneganti S, Vishnubhatla DS, Bhuvanam G, Mekala PR, Varghese B, Radhakrishnanand P, Adela R, Murty US, Borkar RM. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions: advancement in models, analytical tools, and regulatory perspective. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:285-320. [PMID: 33980079 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1928687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions mediated by transporters are a serious clinical concern hence a tremendous amount of work has been done on the characterization of the transporter-mediated proteins in humans and animals. The underlying mechanism for the transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction is the induction or inhibition of the transporter which is involved in the cellular uptake and efflux of drugs. Transporter of the brain, liver, kidney, and intestine are major determinants that alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion profile of drugs, and considerably influence the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. As a consequence, transporter proteins may affect the therapeutic activity and safety of drugs. However, mounting evidence suggests that many drugs change the activity and/or expression of the transporter protein. Accordingly, evaluation of drug interaction during the drug development process is an integral part of risk assessment and regulatory requirements. Therefore, this review will highlight the clinical significance of the transporter, their role in disease, possible cause underlying the drug-drug interactions using analytical tools, and update on the regulatory requirement. The recent in-silico approaches which emphasize the advancement in the discovery of drug-drug interactions are also highlighted in this review. Besides, we discuss several endogenous biomarkers that have shown to act as substrates for many transporters, which could be potent determinants to find the drug-drug interactions mediated by transporters. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are taken into consideration in the drug approval process therefore we also provided the extrapolated decision trees from in-vitro to in-vivo, which may trigger the follow-up to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Jala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Srikanth Ponneganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Devi Swetha Vishnubhatla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Gayathri Bhuvanam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Prithvi Raju Mekala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Bincy Varghese
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Pullapanthula Radhakrishnanand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | | | - Roshan M Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
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Klumpp L, Dressman J. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model outputs depend on dissolution data and their input: Case examples glibenclamide and dipyridamole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105380. [PMID: 32442630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of dissolution tests exists for oral dosage forms, with variations in selection of the dissolution medium, the hydrodynamics and the dissolution equipment. This work aimed at determining the influence of media composition, the type of dissolution test and the method for entering the data into a PBPK model on the ability to simulate the in vivo plasma profile of an immediate release formulation. Using two rDCS IIa substances, glibenclamide and dipyridamole, housed in immediate-release formulations as model dosage forms, dissolution tests were performed in USP apparatus II with the biorelevant media FaSSGF, FaSSIF V1, V2 and V3 using both single-stage and two-stage test designs. The results were then integrated into the PBPK software SimcypⓇ either as the observed release profile (dissolution rate model, DRM) or using a semi-mechanistic model (diffusion layer model, DLM) and compared with in vivo plasma profiles. The selection of the FaSSIF version did not appear to have any relevant influence on the dissolution of the weakly basic dipyridamole, while the weakly acidic glibenclamide was sensitive to the difference in pH between FaSSIF V1, V2 and FaSSIF V3. Since both compounds have pKa values close to the pH of biorelevant media representing conditions in the small intestine, these results may be specific to compounds with similar ionization behavior. Single-stage and two-stage testing led to equivalent simulations for glibenclamide. Only results from the single-stage test in FaSSGF led to a close simulation of the pharmacokinetic profile of dipyridamole when data were inputted using the DRM, while simulations from two-stage testing were most similar to the observed pharmacokinetic profile when DLM with selection of a dynamic pH profile in the small intestine was selected as the data input method. These results emphasize the importance of data input to the simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Klumpp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University and Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Division of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University and Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Division of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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10
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Lofthouse EM, Cleal JK, Hudson G, Lewis RM, Sengers BG. Glibenclamide transfer across the perfused human placenta is determined by albumin binding not transporter activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105436. [PMID: 32592753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The placenta mediates the transfer of maternal nutrients into the fetal circulation while removing fetal waste products, drugs and environmental toxins that may otherwise be detrimental to fetal development. This study investigated the role of drug transporters and protein binding in the transfer of the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide across the human placental syncytiotrophoblast using placental perfusion experiments and computational modeling. In the absence of albumin, placental glibenclamide uptake from the fetal circulation was not affected by competitive inhibition with bromosulphothalein (BSP), indicating that OATP2B1 does not mediate placental glibenclamide uptake from the fetus. In the presence of maternal and fetal albumin, BSP increased placental glibenclamide uptake from the fetal circulation by displacing glibenclamide from BSA, increasing the free fraction of glibenclamide driving diffusive transport. The P-gp and BCRP inhibitor GF120918 did not affect placental glibenclamide uptake from the maternal circulation and as such this study did not find any evidence for the apical efflux transporters in placental glibenclamide transfer. Computational modeling confirmed that albumin binding and not transporter activity, is the dominant factor in the transfer of glibenclamide across the human placenta. The effect of BSP binding to albumin on promoting the diffusive transfer of glibenclamide highlights the importance of drug-protein binding interactions and their interpretation using computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Lofthouse
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jane K Cleal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | - Rohan M Lewis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Bram G Sengers
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
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11
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Gulsun T, Akdag Y, Izat N, Cetin M, Oner L, Sahin S. Development and characterization of metformin hydrochloride- and glyburide-containing orally disintegrating tablets. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:999-1009. [PMID: 32431206 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1772290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Although metformin hydrochloride (MHCl)- and glyburide (GLB)-containing conventional tablets are available in the market and used to treat diabetes, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) containing the combination of these drugs are not commercially available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare ODTs containing MHCl and GLB by direct-compression (DC-ODTs) and freeze-drying (FD-ODTs) methods. Physical properties of the powder mixture of DC-ODT formulation were determined (Angle of repose: 37.18 ± 1.27°; compressibility index: 20.31 ± 1.06%; Hausner ratio: 1.25 ± 0.03). Its moisture content was 0.3 ± 0.09%. The hardness values and the disintegration times for DC-ODTs and FD-ODTs were 221.60 ± 40.82 and 66.54 ± 2.68 N, and 80 and 30 s, respectively. Friability values were 0.24% for DC-ODTs and 0.38% for FD-ODTs. In uniformity-of-mass for single-dose-preparations test, the average weight was 684.38 ± 1.97 mg for DC-ODTs and 342.93 ± 2.4 mg for FD-ODTs, with less than 5% deviation for all 20 tablets. Water-absorption ratio for DC-ODTs was 1.30 ± 0.05. More than 90% of MHCl and GLB were dissolved within 5 min in both DC-ODTs and FD-ODTs. Although Caco-2 permeability of MHCl was influenced by the ODTs, GLB permeability was not. These results indicated that MHCl- and GLB-containing ODTs may be used as promising formulations for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Gulsun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Akdag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihan Izat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Cetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Levent Oner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Alluri RV, Li R, Varma MVS. Transporter–enzyme interplay and the hepatic drug clearance: what have we learned so far? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:387-401. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1749595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra V. Alluri
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rui Li
- Modeling and Simulations, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manthena V. S. Varma
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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13
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Dissolution behavior of various drugs in different FaSSIF versions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Taskar KS, Pilla Reddy V, Burt H, Posada MM, Varma M, Zheng M, Ullah M, Emami Riedmaier A, Umehara KI, Snoeys J, Nakakariya M, Chu X, Beneton M, Chen Y, Huth F, Narayanan R, Mukherjee D, Dixit V, Sugiyama Y, Neuhoff S. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Evaluating Membrane Transporter Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions: Current Capabilities, Case Studies, Future Opportunities, and Recommendations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:1082-1115. [PMID: 31628859 PMCID: PMC7232864 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been extensively used to quantitatively translate in vitro data and evaluate temporal effects from drug-drug interactions (DDIs), arising due to reversible enzyme and transporter inhibition, irreversible time-dependent inhibition, enzyme induction, and/or suppression. PBPK modeling has now gained reasonable acceptance with the regulatory authorities for the cytochrome-P450-mediated DDIs and is routinely used. However, the application of PBPK for transporter-mediated DDIs (tDDI) in drug development is relatively uncommon. Because the predictive performance of PBPK models for tDDI is not well established, here, we represent and discuss examples of PBPK analyses included in regulatory submission (the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA)) across various tDDIs. The goal of this collaborative effort (involving scientists representing 17 pharmaceutical companies in the Consortium and from academia) is to reflect on the use of current databases and models to address tDDIs. This challenges the common perceptions on applications of PBPK for tDDIs and further delves into the requirements to improve such PBPK predictions. This review provides a reflection on the current trends in PBPK modeling for tDDIs and provides a framework to promote continuous use, verification, and improvement in industrialization of the transporter PBPK modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal S Taskar
- GlaxoSmithKline, DMPK, In Vitro In Vivo Translation, GSK R&D, Ware, UK
| | - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- AstraZeneca, Modelling and Simulation, Early Oncology DMPK, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Howard Burt
- Simcyp-Division, Certara UK Ltd., Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Ming Zheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Yuan Chen
- Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Rodrigues AD, Lai Y, Shen H, Varma MV, Rowland A, Oswald S. Induction of Human Intestinal and Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides: Where Is the Evidence for Its Relevance in Drug-Drug Interactions? Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:205-216. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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16
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Nie Y, Yang J, Liu S, Sun R, Chen H, Long N, Jiang R, Gui C. Genetic polymorphisms of human hepatic OATPs: functional consequences and effect on drug pharmacokinetics. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:297-317. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1629043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Evaluation of Drug Biliary Excretion Using Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:13-30. [PMID: 30167999 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of hepatobiliary transport of drugs is an important challenge, notably during the development of new molecular identities. In this context, sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) have been proposed as an interesting and integrated tool for predicting in vitro biliary excretion of drugs. The present review was therefore designed to summarize key findings about SCHH, including their establishment, their main functional features and their use for the determination of canalicular transport and the prediction of in vivo biliary clearance and hepatobiliary excretion-related drug-drug interactions. Reviewed data highlight the fact that SCHH represent an original and probably unique holistic in vitro approach to predict biliary clearance in humans, through taking into account sinusoidal drug uptake, passive drug diffusion, drug metabolism and sinusoidal and canalicular drug efflux. Limits and proposed refinements for SCHH-based analysis of drug biliary excretion, as well as putative human alternative in vitro models to SCHH are also discussed.
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18
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Bergman A, Bi Y, Mathialagan S, Litchfield J, Kazierad DJ, Pfefferkorn JA, Varma MV. Effect of Hepatic Organic Anion‐Transporting Polypeptide 1B Inhibition and Chronic Kidney Disease on the Pharmacokinetics of a Liver‐Targeted Glucokinase Activator: A Model‐Based Evaluation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:792-802. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bergman
- Clinical PharmacologyWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Yi‐an Bi
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
| | - John Litchfield
- Worldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - David J. Kazierad
- Worldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Manthena V.S. Varma
- Medicine DesignWorldwide Research and DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut USA
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19
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Takahashi T, Uno Y, Yamazaki H, Kume T. Functional characterization for polymorphic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP/SLCO
1B1, 1B3, 2B1) of monkeys recombinantly expressed with various OATP probes. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2019; 40:62-69. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan; Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kume
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda; Saitama 335-8505 Japan
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20
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Asaumi R, Toshimoto K, Tobe Y, Hashizume K, Nunoya K, Imawaka H, Lee W, Sugiyama Y. Comprehensive PBPK Model of Rifampicin for Quantitative Prediction of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions: CYP3A/2C9 Induction and OATP Inhibition Effects. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2018; 7:186-196. [PMID: 29368402 PMCID: PMC5869557 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampicin that can accurately and quantitatively predict complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving its saturable hepatic uptake and auto-induction. Using in silico and in vitro parameters, and reported clinical pharmacokinetic data, rifampicin PBPK model was built and relevant parameters for saturable hepatic uptake and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) auto-induction were optimized by fitting. The parameters for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and CYP2C9 induction by rifampicin were similarly optimized using clinical DDI data with midazolam and tolbutamide as probe substrates, respectively. For validation, our current PBPK model was applied to simulate complex DDIs with glibenclamide (a substrate of CYP3A/2C9 and hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)). Simulated results were in quite good accordance with the observed data. Altogether, our constructed PBPK model of rifampicin demonstrates the robustness and utility in quantitatively predicting CYP3A/2C9 induction-mediated and/or OATP inhibition-mediated DDIs with victim drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Asaumi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama LaboratoryRIKEN Innovation Center, RIKENYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoshifusa Tobe
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kenta Hashizume
- Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama LaboratoryRIKEN Innovation Center, RIKENYokohamaKanagawaJapan
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21
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Notenboom S, Weigand KM, Proost JH, van Lipzig MM, van de Steeg E, van den Broek PH, Greupink R, Russel FG, Groothuis GM. Development of a mechanistic biokinetic model for hepatic bile acid handling to predict possible cholestatic effects of drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Prediction of drug–drug interaction potential using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1356-1379. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Pan Y, Hsu V, Grimstein M, Zhang L, Arya V, Sinha V, Grillo JA, Zhao P. The Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict the Role of Drug Transporters: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S122-31. [PMID: 27385170 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transporters play an important role in drug absorption, disposition, and drug action. The evaluation of drug transporters requires a comprehensive understanding of transporter biology and pharmacology. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models may offer an integrative platform to quantitatively evaluate the role of drug transporters and its interplay with other drug disposition processes such as passive drug diffusion and elimination by metabolizing enzymes. To date, PBPK modeling and simulations integrating drug transporters lag behind that for drug-metabolizing enzymes. In addition, predictive performance of PBPK has not been well established for predicting the role of drug transporters in the pharmacokinetics of a drug. To enhance overall predictive performance of transporter-based PBPK models, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of transporter biology for proper representation in the models and to have a quantitative understanding of the contribution of transporters in the absorption and metabolism of a drug. This article summarizes PBPK-based submissions evaluating the role of drug transporters to the Office of Clinical Pharmacology of the US Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Pan
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Current affiliation: Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vicky Hsu
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Manuela Grimstein
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Arya
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Sinha
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A Grillo
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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24
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Nagar S, Korzekwa RC, Korzekwa K. Continuous Intestinal Absorption Model Based on the Convection-Diffusion Equation. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3069-3086. [PMID: 28712300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of the rate and extent of drug absorption upon oral dosing needs models that capture the complexities of both the drug molecule and intestinal physiology. We report here the development of a continuous intestinal absorption model based on the convection-diffusion equation. The model includes explicit enterocyte apical membrane and intracellular lipid radial compartments along the length of the intestine. Physiologic functions along length x are built into the model and include velocity, diffusion, surface areas, and pH of the intestine. Also included are expression levels of the intestinal active uptake transporter OATP2B1 and efflux transporter P-gp. Oral dosing of solution as well as solid (with a dissolution function) was modeled for several drugs. The fraction absorbed (FA) and concentration-time (C-t) profiles were predicted and compared with clinical data. Overall, FA was well predicted upon oral (n = 21) or colonic dosing (n = 11), with four outliers. The overall accuracy (prediction of the correct bin) was 81% with outliers and 90% without outliers. Of the nine solution dosing data sets, six drugs were very well predicted with an exposure overlap coefficient (EOC) > 0.9 and predicted Cmax and Tmax values similar to those observed. Of the six solid dose formulations evaluated, the EOC values were > 0.9 for all drugs except budesonide. The observed precipitation of nifedipine at high doses was predicted by the model. Most of the poor predictions were for drugs that are known to be transporter substrates. As proof of concept, incorporating OATP2B1 and P-gp markedly improved the EOC and predicted Cmax and Tmax for fexofenadine. Finally, the continuous intestinal model accurately recapitulated the known relationships between drug absorption and permeability, solubility, and particle size. Together, these results indicate that this preliminary intestinal absorption model offers a simple and straightforward framework to build in complexities such as drug permeability, lipid partitioning, solubility, metabolism, and transport for improved prediction of the rate and extent of drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Richard C Korzekwa
- Department of Physics, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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26
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Li R, Bi YA, Vildhede A, Scialis RJ, Mathialagan S, Yang X, Marroquin LD, Lin J, Varma MVS. Transporter-Mediated Disposition, Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Cholestatic Potential of Glyburide and Its Primary Active Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:737-747. [PMID: 28438781 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyburide is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We studied the mechanisms involved in the disposition of glyburide and its pharmacologically active hydroxy metabolites M1 and M2b and evaluated their clinical pharmacokinetics and the potential role in glyburide-induced cholestasis employing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Transport studies of parent and metabolites in human hepatocytes and transfected cell systems imply hepatic uptake mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Metabolites are also subjected to basolateral and biliary efflux by P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance-associated proteins, and are substrates to renal organic anion transporter 3. A PBPK model in combination with a Bayesian approach was developed considering the identified disposition mechanisms. The model reasonably described plasma concentration time profiles and urinary recoveries of glyburide and the metabolites, implying the role of multiple transport processes in their pharmacokinetics. Predicted free liver concentrations of the parent (∼30-fold) and metabolites (∼4-fold) were higher than their free plasma concentrations. Finally, all three compounds showed bile salt export pump inhibition in vitro; however, significant in vivo inhibition was not apparent for any compound on the basis of a predicted unbound liver exposure-response effect model using measured in vitro IC50 values. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important role of multiple drug transporters in the disposition of glyburide and its active metabolites, suggesting that variability in the function of these processes may lead to pharmacokinetic variability in the parent and the metabolites, potentially translating to pharmacodynamic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Anna Vildhede
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Renato J Scialis
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Lisa D Marroquin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Jian Lin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
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27
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Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes as a Tool to Study Drug Disposition and Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:443-459. [PMID: 26869411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are metabolically competent and have proper localization of basolateral and canalicular transporters with functional bile networks. Therefore, this cellular model is a unique tool that can be used to estimate biliary excretion of compounds. SCH have been used widely to assess hepatobiliary disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds and metabolites. Mechanistic modeling based on SCH data enables estimation of metabolic and transporter-mediated clearances, which can be used to construct physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for prediction of drug disposition and drug-drug interactions in humans. In addition to pharmacokinetic studies, SCH also have been used to study cytotoxicity and perturbation of biological processes by drugs and hepatically generated metabolites. Human SCH can provide mechanistic insights underlying clinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In addition, data generated in SCH can be integrated into systems pharmacology models to predict potential DILI in humans. In this review, applications of SCH in studying hepatobiliary drug disposition and bile acid-mediated DILI are discussed. An example is presented to show how data generated in the SCH model were used to establish a quantitative relationship between intracellular bile acids and cytotoxicity, and how this information was incorporated into a systems pharmacology model for DILI prediction.
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28
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Varma MV, Kimoto E, Scialis R, Bi Y, Lin J, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, El-Kattan AF, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM. Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Plays an Important Role in the Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Montelukast. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:406-415. [PMID: 27648490 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly prescribed for treatment of asthma, is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C8, and has been suggested as a probe substrate for investigating CYP2C8 activity in vivo. We evaluated the quantitative role of hepatic uptake transport in its pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Montelukast was characterized with significant active uptake in human hepatocytes, and showed affinity towards organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in transfected cell systems. Single-dose rifampicin, an OATP inhibitor, decreased montelukast clearance in rats and monkeys. Clinical DDIs of montelukast were evaluated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; and simulation of the interactions with gemfibrozil-CYP2C8 and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, clarithromycin-CYP3A and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, and itraconazole-CYP3A inhibitor, implicated OATPs-CYP2C8-CYP2C8 interplay as the primary determinant of montelukast pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, hepatic uptake plays a key role in the pharmacokinetics of montelukast, which should be taken into account when interpreting clinical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - E Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - R Scialis
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Y Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Lin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - H Eng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - A S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A F El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A D Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - L M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ. Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:168-241. [PMID: 26721703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 has emerged as an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. CYP2C8 is highly expressed in human liver and is known to metabolize more than 100 drugs. CYP2C8 substrate drugs include amodiaquine, cerivastatin, dasabuvir, enzalutamide, imatinib, loperamide, montelukast, paclitaxel, pioglitazone, repaglinide, and rosiglitazone, and the number is increasing. Similarly, many drugs have been identified as CYP2C8 inhibitors or inducers. In vivo, already a small dose of gemfibrozil, i.e., 10% of its therapeutic dose, is a strong, irreversible inhibitor of CYP2C8. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that the acyl-β-glucuronides of gemfibrozil and clopidogrel cause metabolism-dependent inactivation of CYP2C8, leading to a strong potential for drug interactions. Also several other glucuronide metabolites interact with CYP2C8 as substrates or inhibitors, suggesting that an interplay between CYP2C8 and glucuronides is common. Lack of fully selective and safe probe substrates, inhibitors, and inducers challenges execution and interpretation of drug-drug interaction studies in humans. Apart from drug-drug interactions, some CYP2C8 genetic variants are associated with altered CYP2C8 activity and exhibit significant interethnic frequency differences. Herein, we review the current knowledge on substrates, inhibitors, inducers, and pharmacogenetics of CYP2C8, as well as its role in clinically relevant drug interactions. In addition, implications for selection of CYP2C8 marker and perpetrator drugs to investigate CYP2C8-mediated drug metabolism and interactions in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
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30
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Amacher DE. The regulation of human hepatic drug transporter expression by activation of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1463-1477. [PMID: 27548410 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1223626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION If a drug is found to be an inducer of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes via activation of nuclear receptors such as pregnane X receptor (PXR) or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), it is likely that drug transporters regulated through these same receptors will be induced as well. This review highlights what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate transporter expression and where the research is directed. Areas covered: This review is focused on publications that describe the role of activated hepatic nuclear receptors in the subsequent regulation of drug uptake and/or efflux transporters following exposure to xenobiotics. Expert opinion: Many of the published studies on the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters involve non-human test animals. But due to species response differences, these associations are not always applicable to humans. For this reason, some relevant human in vitro models have been developed, such as primary or cryopreserved human hepatocytes, human liver slices, or HepG2 or HuH7 cell lines transiently or stably transfected with PXR expression and reporter constructs as well as in vivo models such as PXR-humanized mice. These human-relevant test systems will continue to be developed and applied for the testing of investigational drugs.
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Liu H, Sahi J. Role of Hepatic Drug Transporters in Drug Development. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56 Suppl 7:S11-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, Platform Technology and Science; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; Shanghai China
| | - Jasminder Sahi
- Projects, Standards & Innovation; Asia Pacific DSAR, Sanofi; Shanghai China
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Varma MV, El-Kattan AF. Transporter-Enzyme Interplay: Deconvoluting Effects of Hepatic Transporters and Enzymes on Drug Disposition Using Static and Dynamic Mechanistic Models. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56 Suppl 7:S99-S109. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics; Dynamics and Metabolism; Worldwide Research and Development; Pfizer Inc; Groton CT USA
| | - Ayman F. El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics; Dynamics and Metabolism; Worldwide Research and Development; Pfizer Inc; Cambridge MA USA
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Riley RJ, Foley SA, Barton P, Soars MG, Williamson B. Hepatic drug transporters: the journey so far. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:201-16. [PMID: 26670591 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The key role of transporter biology in both the manifestation and treatment of disease is now firmly established. Experiences of sub-optimal drug exposure due to drug-transporter interplay have supported incorporation of studies aimed at understanding the interactions between compounds and drug transporters much earlier in drug discovery. While drug transporters can impact the most pivotal pharmacokinetic parameter with respect to human dose and exposure projections, clearance, at a renal or hepatobiliary level, the latter will form the focus of this perspective. AREAS COVERED A synopsis of guidelines on which transporters to study together with an overview of the currently available toolkit is presented. A perspective on when to conduct studies with various hepatic transporters is also provided together with structural "alerts" which should prompt early investigation. EXPERT OPINION Great progress has been made in individual laboratories and via consortia to understand the role of drug transporters in disease, drug disposition, drug-drug interactions and toxicity. A systematic analysis of the value posed by the available approaches and an inter-lab comparison now seems warranted. The emerging ability to use physico-chemical properties to guide future screening cascades promises to revolutionise the efficiency of early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Barton
- b School of Life Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - M G Soars
- c Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , CT , USA
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Estudante M, Soveral G, Morais JG, Benet LZ. Insights into solute carriers: physiological functions and implications in disease and pharmacokinetics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SLCs transport many endogenous and exogenous compounds including drugs; SLCs dysfunction has implications in pharmacokinetics, drug toxicity or lack of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Estudante
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - José G. Morais
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
| | - Leslie Z. Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences
- University of California
- San Francisco
- USA
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Sager JE, Yu J, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Isoherranen N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling and Simulation Approaches: A Systematic Review of Published Models, Applications, and Model Verification. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1823-37. [PMID: 26296709 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling and simulation of drug disposition has emerged as an important tool in drug development, clinical study design and regulatory review, and the number of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling related publications and regulatory submissions have risen dramatically in recent years. However, the extent of use of PBPK modeling by researchers, and the public availability of models has not been systematically evaluated. This review evaluates PBPK-related publications to 1) identify the common applications of PBPK modeling; 2) determine ways in which models are developed; 3) establish how model quality is assessed; and 4) provide a list of publically available PBPK models for sensitive P450 and transporter substrates as well as selective inhibitors and inducers. PubMed searches were conducted using the terms "PBPK" and "physiologically based pharmacokinetic model" to collect published models. Only papers on PBPK modeling of pharmaceutical agents in humans published in English between 2008 and May 2015 were reviewed. A total of 366 PBPK-related articles met the search criteria, with the number of articles published per year rising steadily. Published models were most commonly used for drug-drug interaction predictions (28%), followed by interindividual variability and general clinical pharmacokinetic predictions (23%), formulation or absorption modeling (12%), and predicting age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and disposition (10%). In total, 106 models of sensitive substrates, inhibitors, and inducers were identified. An in-depth analysis of the model development and verification revealed a lack of consistency in model development and quality assessment practices, demonstrating a need for development of best-practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Predicting Clearance Mechanism in Drug Discovery: Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS). Pharm Res 2015; 32:3785-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Varma MV, Pang KS, Isoherranen N, Zhao P. Dealing with the complex drug-drug interactions: Towards mechanistic models. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:71-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V. Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Inc; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - K. Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Division of Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology/Office of Translational Sciences; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
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Lee CA, O’Connor MA, Ritchie TK, Galetin A, Cook JA, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Ellens H, Feng B, Taub ME, Paine MF, Polli JW, Ware JA, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ. Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) in Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions: Practical Recommendations for Clinical Victim and Perpetrator Drug-Drug Interaction Study Design. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:490-509. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Varma MV, Bi YA, Kimoto E, Lin J. Quantitative Prediction of Transporter- and Enzyme-Mediated Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 Substrates Using a Mechanistic Net-Effect Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:214-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.215970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Li R, Barton HA, Varma MV. Prediction of Pharmacokinetics and Drug–Drug Interactions When Hepatic Transporters are Involved. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:659-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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