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Najibi AJ, Larkin K, Feng Z, Jeffreys N, Dacus MT, Rustagi Y, Hodi FS, Mooney DJ. Chemotherapy Dose Shapes the Expression of Immune-Interacting Markers on Cancer Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:535-551. [PMID: 36531864 PMCID: PMC9751245 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor and immune cells interact through a variety of cell-surface proteins that can either restrain or promote tumor progression. The impacts of cytotoxic chemotherapy dose and delivery route on this interaction profile remain incompletely understood, and could support the development of more effective combination therapies for cancer treatment. Methods and Results Here, we found that exposure to the anthracycline doxorubicin altered the expression of numerous immune-interacting markers (MHC-I, PD-L1, PD-L2, CD47, Fas, and calreticulin) on live melanoma, breast cancer, and leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Notably, an intermediate dose best induced immunogenic cell death and the expression of immune-activating markers without maximizing expression of markers associated with immune suppression. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells exposed to ovalbumin-expressing melanoma treated with intermediate doxorubicin dose became activated and best presented tumor antigen. In a murine melanoma model, both the doxorubicin dose and delivery location (systemic infusion versus local administration) affected the expression of these markers on live tumor cells. Particularly, local release of doxorubicin from a hydrogel increased calreticulin expression on tumor cells without inducing immune-suppressive markers, in a manner dependent on the loaded dose. Doxorubicin exposure also altered the expression of immune-interacting markers in patient-derived melanoma cells. Conclusions Together, these results illustrate how standard-of-care chemotherapy, when administered in various manners, can lead to distinct expression of immunogenic markers on cancer cells. These findings may inform development of chemo-immunotherapy combinations for cancer treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-022-00742-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Najibi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kerry Larkin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Zhaoqianqi Feng
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Nicholas Jeffreys
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Mason T. Dacus
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yashika Rustagi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - F. Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - David J. Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Emerging concepts in designing next-generation multifunctional nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231373. [PMID: 35638450 PMCID: PMC9272595 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapy has emerged as an improved anticancer therapeutic strategy to circumvent the harmful side effects of chemotherapy. It has been proven to be beneficial to offer multiple advantages, including their capacity to carry different therapeutic agents, longer circulation time and increased therapeutic index with reduced toxicity. Over time, nanotherapy evolved in terms of their designing strategies like geometry, size, composition or chemistry to circumvent the biological barriers. Multifunctional nanoscale materials are widely used as molecular transporter for delivering therapeutics and imaging agents. Nanomedicine involving multi-component chemotherapeutic drug-based combination therapy has been found to be an improved promising approach to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment. Next-generation nanomedicine has also utilized and combined immunotherapy to increase its therapeutic efficacy. It helps in targeting tumor immune response sparing the healthy systemic immune function. In this review, we have summarized the progress of nanotechnology in terms of nanoparticle designing and targeting cancer. We have also discussed its further applications in combination therapy and cancer immunotherapy. Integrating patient-specific proteomics and biomarker based information and harnessing clinically safe nanotechnology, the development of precision nanomedicine could revolutionize the effective cancer therapy.
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Deng B, Ma B, Ma Y, Cao P, Leng X, Huang P, Zhao Y, Ji T, Lu X, Liu L. Doxorubicin and CpG loaded liposomal spherical nucleic acid for enhanced Cancer treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:140. [PMID: 35303868 PMCID: PMC8932194 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics that can trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) and release tumor-specific antigens are effective on treating a variety of cancers. The codelivery of chemotherapeutics with adjuvants is a promising strategy to achieve synergistic therapeutic effect. However, low drug loading and complicated preparation of current delivery systems lead to carrier-associated toxicity and immunogenicity. Herein, we developed a facile approach to construct liposomal spherical nucleic acids (SNA) by the self-assembly of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE)-doxorubicin conjugate and DOPE-matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) responsive peptide-CpG conjugate (DOPE-MMP-CpG). Liposomal SNAs efficiently co-delivered DOX and CpG into tumors and released the two drugs upon biological stimuli of MMP-9 enzyme in tumor microenvironment (TME) and high concentration of endogenous glutathione in tumor cells. We demonstrated that liposomal SNA enhanced activation of dendritic cells (DCs), promoted expansion of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in both tumors and spleen, inhibited tumor growth, and extended animal survival. This work provided a simple strategy of delivering chemotherapeutics and adjuvants to tumors with synergistic therapeutic effect and reduced side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Pei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xigang Leng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Pengyu Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 2, 1st North Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xueguang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 2, 1st North Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lanxia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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4
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Liu L, Kshirsagar PG, Gautam SK, Gulati M, Wafa EI, Christiansen JC, White BM, Mallapragada SK, Wannemuehler MJ, Kumar S, Solheim JC, Batra SK, Salem AK, Narasimhan B, Jain M. Nanocarriers for pancreatic cancer imaging, treatments, and immunotherapies. Theranostics 2022; 12:1030-1060. [PMID: 35154473 PMCID: PMC8771545 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors are highly desmoplastic and immunosuppressive. Delivery and distribution of drugs within pancreatic tumors are compromised due to intrinsic physical and biochemical stresses that lead to increased interstitial fluid pressure, vascular compression, and hypoxia. Immunotherapy-based approaches, including therapeutic vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibition, CAR-T cell therapy, and adoptive T cell therapies, are challenged by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Together, extensive fibrosis and immunosuppression present major challenges to developing treatments for pancreatic cancer. In this context, nanoparticles have been extensively studied as delivery platforms and adjuvants for cancer and other disease therapies. Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of multiple nanocarrier-based formulations that not only improve drug delivery but also enhance immunotherapy-based approaches for pancreatic cancer. This review discusses and critically analyzes the novel nanoscale strategies that have been used for drug delivery and immunomodulation to improve treatment efficacy, including newly emerging immunotherapy-based approaches. This review also presents important perspectives on future research directions that will guide the rational design of novel and robust nanoscale platforms to treat pancreatic tumors, particularly with respect to targeted therapies and immunotherapies. These insights will inform the next generation of clinical treatments to help patients manage this debilitating disease and enhance survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luman Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Prakash G. Kshirsagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Shailendra K. Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Emad I. Wafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - John C. Christiansen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brianna M. White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Surya K. Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Michael J. Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Joyce C. Solheim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
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5
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Chauhan DS, Dhasmana A, Laskar P, Prasad R, Jain NK, Srivastava R, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Nanotechnology synergized immunoengineering for cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:72-101. [PMID: 33774162 PMCID: PMC8170847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel strategies modulating the immune system yielded enhanced anticancer responses and improved cancer survival. Nevertheless, the success rate of immunotherapy in cancer treatment has been below expectation(s) due to unpredictable efficacy and off-target effects from systemic dosing of immunotherapeutic(s). As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for improving conventional immunotherapy. Nanotechnology offers several new strategies, multimodality, and multiplex biological targeting advantage to overcome many of these challenges. These efforts enable programming the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and delivery of immunomodulatory agents/co-delivery of compounds to prime at the tumor sites for improved therapeutic benefits. This review provides an overview of the design and clinical principles of biomaterials driven nanotechnology and their potential use in personalized nanomedicines, vaccines, localized tumor modulation, and delivery strategies for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we also summarize the latest highlights and recent advances in combinatorial therapies availed in the treatment of cold and complicated tumors. It also presents key steps and parameters implemented for clinical success. Finally, we analyse, discuss, and provide clinical perspectives on the integrated opportunities of nanotechnology and immunology to achieve synergistic and durable responses in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Partha Laskar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nishant K Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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6
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Preclinical models and technologies to advance nanovaccine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:148-182. [PMID: 33711401 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable success of targeted immunotherapies is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, in addition to several tumor-associated immunosuppression mechanisms are among the major factors that have precluded the success of cancer vaccines as targeted cancer immunotherapies. The exciting outcomes obtained in patients upon the injection of tumor-specific antigens and adjuvants intratumorally, reinvigorated interest in the use of nanotechnology to foster the delivery of vaccines to address cancer unmet needs. Thus, bridging nano-based vaccine platform development and predicted clinical outcomes the selection of the proper preclinical model will be fundamental. Preclinical models have revealed promising outcomes for cancer vaccines. However, only few cases were associated with clinical responses. This review addresses the major challenges related to the translation of cancer nano-based vaccines to the clinic, discussing the requirements for ex vivo and in vivo models of cancer to ensure the translation of preclinical success to patients.
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7
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Chin AL, Wang X, Tong R. Aliphatic Polyester-Based Materials for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100087. [PMID: 33909344 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and its copolymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), based aliphatic polyesters have been extensively used for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery system and tissue engineering, thanks to their biodegradability, benign toxicity, renewability, and adjustable mechanical properties. A rapidly growing field of cancer research, the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines or treatment modalities is aimed to deliver immunomodulatory signals that control the quality of immune responses against tumors. Herein, the progress and applications of PLA and PLGA are reviewed in delivering immunotherapeutics to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Lin Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Ho W, Gao M, Li F, Li Z, Zhang X, Xu X. Next-Generation Vaccines: Nanoparticle-Mediated DNA and mRNA Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001812. [PMID: 33458958 PMCID: PMC7995055 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines are a method of immunization aiming to elicit immune responses akin to live attenuated vaccines. In this method, DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences are delivered to the body to generate proteins, which mimic disease antigens to stimulate the immune response. Advantages of nucleic acid vaccines include stimulation of both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, ease of design, rapid adaptability to changing pathogen strains, and customizable multiantigen vaccines. To combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and many other diseases, nucleic acid vaccines appear to be a promising method. However, aid is needed in delivering the fragile DNA/mRNA payload. Many delivery strategies have been developed to elicit effective immune stimulation, yet no nucleic acid vaccine has been FDA-approved for human use. Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the top candidates to mediate successful DNA/mRNA vaccine delivery due to their unique properties, including unlimited possibilities for formulations, protective capacity, simultaneous loading, and delivery potential of multiple DNA/mRNA vaccines. This review will summarize the many varieties of novel NP formulations for DNA and mRNA vaccine delivery as well as give the reader a brief synopsis of NP vaccine clinical trials. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges for NP-mediated nucleic acid vaccines will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ07102USA
| | - Mingzhu Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic AntibodyMinistry of Educationand School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ07102USA
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ07102USA
| | - Xue‐Qing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic AntibodyMinistry of Educationand School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dongchuan RoadShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ07102USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of Technology323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr BlvdNewarkNJ07102USA
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Doxorubicin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Molecular Weight Effect of PLGA in Doxorubicin Release for Controlling Immunogenic Cell Death. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121165. [PMID: 33260446 PMCID: PMC7759870 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct local delivery of immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers to a tumor site is an attractive approach for leading ICD effectively, due to enabling the concentrated delivery of ICD inducers to the tumor site. Herein, we prepared doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) using different molecular weight PLGA (7000 g/mol and 12,000 g/mol), showing different drug release kinetics. The different release kinetics of DOX might differently stimulate a tumor cell-specific immune response by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), resulting in showing a different antitumor response in the living body. DOX-PLGA7K NPs showed faster DOX release kinetics than DOX-PLGA12K NPs in the physiological condition. DOX-PLGA7K NPs and DOX-PLGA12K NPs were successfully taken up by the CT-26 tumor cells, subsequently showing different DOX localization times at the nucleus. Released DOX successfully lead to cytotoxicity and HMGB1 release in vitro. Although the DOX-PLGA7K NPs and DOX-PLGA12K NPs showed different sustained DOX release kinetics in vitro, tumor growth of the CT-26 tumor was similarly inhibited for 28 days post-direct tumor injection. Furthermore, the immunological memory effect was successfully established by the ICD-based tumor-specific immune responses, including DC maturation and tumor infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We expect that the controlled release of ICD-inducible chemotherapeutic agents, using different types of nanomedicines, can provide potential in precision cancer immunotherapy by controlling the tumor-specific immune responses, thus improving the therapeutic efficacy.
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Rouhimoghadam M, Lu AS, Salem AK, Filardo EJ. Therapeutic Perspectives on the Modulation of G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor, GPER, Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591217. [PMID: 33329395 PMCID: PMC7719807 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens exert their physiological and pathophysiological effects via cellular receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Estrogen-regulated physiology is tightly controlled by factors that regulate estrogen bioavailability and receptor sensitivity, while disruption of these control mechanisms can result in loss of reproductive function, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, obesity, insulin resistance, endometriosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Restoration of estrogen physiology by modulating estrogen bioavailability or receptor activity is an effective approach for treating these pathological conditions. Therapeutic interventions that block estrogen action are employed effectively for the treatment of breast and prostate cancer as well as for precocious puberty and anovulatory infertility. Theoretically, treatments that block estrogen biosynthesis should prevent estrogen action at ERs and GPER, although drug resistance and ligand-independent receptor activation may still occur. In addition, blockade of estrogen biosynthesis does not prevent activation of estrogen receptors by naturally occurring or man-made exogenous estrogens. A more complicated scenario is provided by anti-estrogen drugs that antagonize ERs since these drugs function as GPER agonists. Based upon its association with metabolic dysregulation and advanced cancer, GPER represents a therapeutic target with promise for the treatment of several critical health concerns facing Western society. Selective ligands that specifically target GPER have been developed and may soon serve as pharmacological agents for treating human disease. Here, we review current forms of estrogen therapy and the implications that GPER holds for these therapies. We also discuss existing GPER targeted drugs, additional approaches towards developing GPER-targeted therapies and how these therapies may complement existing modalities of estrogen-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rouhimoghadam
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Anh S. Lu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Edward J. Filardo
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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11
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Shahnazari M, Samadi P, Pourjafar M, Jalali A. Therapeutic vaccines for colorectal cancer: The progress and future prospect. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106944. [PMID: 33182032 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are usually derived from the patient's tumor cells or the antigens found on their surface, which may help the immune system to identify and kill these malignant cells. Current focus of many researches is designing vaccines with the hope of triggering the immune system to attack cancer cells in a more effective, reliable and safe manner. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as the third leading cause of death by cancer, but significant advances in therapy strategies have been made in recent years, including cancer vaccine. In this review, we present various vaccine platforms that have been used in the border battle against CRC, some of which have been approved for clinical use and some are in late-stage clinical trials. Until September 2020 there is approximately 1940 clinical trials of cancer vaccines on patients with different cancer types, and also many more trials are in the planning stages, which makes it the most important period of therapeutic cancer vaccines studies in the history of the immunotherapy. In cancer vaccines clinical trials, there are several considerations that must be taken into account including engineering of antigen-presenting cells, potential toxicity of antigenic areas, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vaccines, and monitoring of the patients' immune response. Therefore, the need to overcome immunosuppression mechanisms/immune tolerance is a critical step for the success of introducing therapeutic vaccines into the widely used drugs on market. In this way, better understanding of neoantigens, tumor immune surveillance escape mechanisms and host-tumor interactions are required to develop more effective and safe cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahnazari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Jalali
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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12
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Manzoor SS, Doedens A, Burns MB. The promise and challenge of cancer microbiome research. Genome Biol 2020; 21:131. [PMID: 32487228 PMCID: PMC7265652 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbial agents have been implicated as contributors to cancer genesis and development, and the search to identify and characterize new cancer-related organisms is ongoing. Modern developments in methodologies, especially culture-independent approaches, have accelerated and driven this research. Recent work has shed light on the multifaceted role that the community of organisms in and on the human body plays in cancer onset, development, detection, treatment, and outcome. Much remains to be discovered, however, as methodological variation and functional testing of statistical correlations need to be addressed for the field to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annemiek Doedens
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Michael B Burns
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA.
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13
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Miller AM, Lemke-Miltner CD, Blackwell S, Tomanek-Chalkley A, Gibson-Corely KN, Coleman KL, Weiner GJ, Chan CHF. Intraperitoneal CMP-001: A Novel Immunotherapy for Treating Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreaticobiliary Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:1187-1197. [PMID: 32409965 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment options for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary origins are limited. The virus-like particle, CMP-001, composed of the Qβ bacteriophage capsid protein encapsulating a CpG-A oligodeoxynucleotide, activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and triggers interferon alpha (IFNα) release, leading to a cascade of anti-tumor immune effects. METHODS To evaluate the ability of CMP-001 to trigger an immune response in patients with PC, peritoneal cells were isolated and stimulated ex vivo with CMP-001. Both IFNα release and percentage of pDC were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, respectively. To evaluate the anti-tumor response in vivo, murine PC models were generated using mouse cancer cell lines (Panc02 and MC38) in immunocompetent mice treated with intraperitoneal CMP-001 or saline control. Survival was followed, and the immunophenotype of cells in the peritoneal tumor microenvironment was evaluated. RESULTS The pDCs accounted for 1% (range 0.1-3.9%; n = 17) of the isolated peritoneal cells. Ex vivo CMP-001 stimulation of the peritoneal cells released an average of 0.77 ng/ml of IFNα (range, 0-4700 pg/ml; n = 14). The IFNα concentration was proportional to the percentage of pDCs present in the peritoneal cell mixture (r = 0.6; p = 0.037). In murine PC models, intraperitoneal CMP-001 treatment elicited an anti-tumor immune response including an increase in chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1β), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, interleukin 6 [IL-6], and IL-12), and peritoneal/tumor immune infiltration (CD4+/CD8+ T and natural killer [NK] cells). The CMP-001 treatment improved survival in both the Panc02 (median, 35 vs 28 days) and the MC38 (median: 57 vs 35 days) PC models (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS As a novel immunotherapeutic agent, CMP-001 may be effective for treating patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Miller
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Caitlin D Lemke-Miltner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sue Blackwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ann Tomanek-Chalkley
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corely
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kristen L Coleman
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - George J Weiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carlos H F Chan
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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14
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Nanoparticle mediated cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 69:307-324. [PMID: 32259643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The versatility and nanoscale size have helped nanoparticles (NPs) improve the efficacy of conventional cancer immunotherapy and opened up exciting approaches to combat cancer. This review first outlines the tumor immune evasion and the defensive tumor microenvironment (TME) that hinders the activity of host immune system against tumor. Then, a detailed description on how the NP based strategies have helped improve the efficacy of conventional cancer vaccines and overcome the obstacles led by TME. Sustained and controlled drug delivery, enhanced cross presentation by immune cells, co-encapsulation of adjuvants, inhibition of immune checkpoints and intrinsic adjuvant like properties have aided NPs to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines. Also, NPs have been efficient modulators of TME. In this context, NPs facilitate better penetration of the chemotherapeutic drug by dissolution of the inhibitory meshwork formed by tumor associated cells, blood vessels, soluble mediators and extra cellular matrix in TME. NPs achieve this by suppression, modulation, or reprogramming of the immune cells and other mediators localised in TME. This review further summarizes the applications of NPs used to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines and modulate the TME to improve cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the hurdles faced in commercialization and translation to clinic have been discussed and intriguingly, NPs owe great potential to emerge as clinical formulations for cancer immunotherapy in near future.
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15
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Evaluation of cell surface reactive immuno-adjuvant in combination with immunogenic cell death inducing drug for in situ chemo-immunotherapy. J Control Release 2020; 322:519-529. [PMID: 32243973 PMCID: PMC7262586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells and cell fragments, especially those produced as a result of immunogenic cell death (ICD), are known to be a potential source of cancer vaccine immunogen. However, due to variation between tumours and between individuals, methods to generate such preparations may require extensive ex vivo personalisation. To address this, we have utilised the concept of in situ vaccination whereby an ICD inducing drug is injected locally to generate immunogenic apoptotic fragments/cells. These fragments are then adjuvanted by a co-administered cell reactive CpG adjuvant. We first evaluate means of labelling tumour cells with CpG adjuvant, we then go on to demonstrate in vitro that labelling is preserved following apoptosis and, furthermore, that the apoptotic body-adjuvant complexes are readily transferred to macrophages. In in vivo studies we observe synergistic tumour growth delays and elevated levels of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in tumours receiving adjuvant drug combination. CD4+/CD8+ cells are likewise elevated in the tumour draining lymph node and activated to a greater extent than individual treatments. This study represents the first steps toward the evaluation of rationally formulated drug-adjuvant combinations for in situ chemo-immunotherapy.
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16
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Lemke-Miltner CD, Blackwell SE, Yin C, Krug AE, Morris AJ, Krieg AM, Weiner GJ. Antibody Opsonization of a TLR9 Agonist-Containing Virus-like Particle Enhances In Situ Immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1386-1394. [PMID: 31953355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunologic and therapeutic effects of intratumoral (IT) delivery of a novel virus-like particle as a lymphoma immunotherapy were evaluated in preclinical studies with human cells and a murine model. CMP-001 is a virus-like particle composed of the Qβ bacteriophage capsid protein encapsulating an immunostimulatory CpG-A oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonist. In vitro, CMP-001 induced cytokine production, including IFN-α from plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but only in the presence of anti-Qβ Ab. In vivo, IT CMP-001 treatment of murine A20 lymphoma enhanced survival and reduced growth of both injected and contralateral noninjected tumors in a manner dependent on both the ability of mice to generate anti-Qβ Ab and the presence of T cells. The combination of IT CMP-001 with systemic anti-PD-1 enhanced antitumor responses in both injected and noninjected tumors. IT CMP-001 alone or combined with anti-PD-1 augmented T cell infiltration in tumor-draining lymph nodes. We conclude IT CMP-001 induces a robust antitumor T cell response in an anti-Qβ Ab-dependent manner and results in systemic antitumor T cell effects that are enhanced by anti-PD-1 in a mouse model of B cell lymphoma. Early-phase clinical evaluation of CMP-001 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy in lymphoma will begin shortly, based in part on these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue E Blackwell
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Chaobo Yin
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Anna E Krug
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | | | - George J Weiner
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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17
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Wang X, Li B, Jing H, Dong X, Leng X. MWCNT-mediated combinatorial photothermal ablation and chemo-immunotherapy strategy for the treatment of melanoma. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4245-4258. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DOX and CpG loaded MWCNT with NIR irradiation could destroy tumor cells by photothermal and chemotherapy and release tumor-associated antigens, thus generating melanoma specific immune response to achieve synergistic therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
- P. R. China
| | - Binhan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
- P. R. China
| | - Huimin Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
- P. R. China
| | - Xia Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
- P. R. China
| | - Xigang Leng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Tianjin 300192
- P. R. China
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18
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Wei H, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zou J, Lin Q, Duan Y. One-Step Self-Assembly of Multifunctional DNA Nanohydrogels: An Enhanced and Harmless Strategy for Guiding Combined Antitumor Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46479-46489. [PMID: 31747745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructure-based drug delivery system (DDS) has become an advanced therapeutic strategy for cancer because of its unsurpassed editability, intrinsic biodegradability, and tunable multifunctionality. An intelligent DNA nanosystem integrating targeting, immunostimulation, and chemotherapy was constructed based on unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligonucleotides (CpG ODNs) DNA nanohydrogels (CpG-MUC1-hydrogel). By facile one-step self-assembly, the cross-shaped DNAs (C-DNAs) assembled from pH-responsive I-motif sequences and targeted MUC1 aptamer-immunoadjuvant CpG-fused sequences (CpG-MUC1) were integrated into DNA nanohydrogels with controllable size by the hybridization of DNA linkers. Subsequently, DOX was successively intercalated into the base pairs of CpG-MUC1-hydrogel, resulting in CpG-MUC1-hydrogel/Dox that would disassemble and release DOX and CpGs at acidic conditions. After MUC1-mediated internalization, CpG-MUC1-hydrogel/Dox dissociated in the endo/lysosomes and induced favorable apoptosis of tumor cells. Afterward, liberated CpGs triggered vast cytokine secretion from immune cells which elicited potent immune response against malignancy. Notably, CpG-MUC1-hydrogel induced an apoptosis effect on MCF-7 cells via significantly increasing the Bax/Bcl2 ratios and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) on RAW264.7 cells than naked CpGs. Our results demonstrated that self-assembled CpG-MUC1-hydrogel represented an attractive DDS for precise delivery, potent immunostimulating activity, and considerable combination efficiency with few adverse effects, which is expected to make breakthroughs in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wei
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Jiang Zou
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Qingyu Lin
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R China
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19
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Yang Y, Nam GH, Kim GB, Kim YK, Kim IS. Intrinsic cancer vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:2-22. [PMID: 31132376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of cancer, and the current immunotherapeutics have remarkably improved the outcomes for some cancer patients. However, we still need answers for patients with immunologically cold tumors that do not benefit from the current immunotherapy treatments. Here, we suggest a novel strategy that is based on using a very old and sophisticated system for cancer immunotherapy, namely "intrinsic cancer vaccination", which seeks to awaken our own immune system to activate tumor-specific T cells. To do this, we must take advantage of the genetic instability of cancer cells and the expression of cancer cell neoantigens to trigger immunity against cancer cells. It will be necessary to not only enhance the phagocytosis of cancer cells by antigen presenting cells but also induce immunogenic cancer cell death and the subsequent immunogenic clearance, cross-priming and generation of tumor-specific T cells. This strategy will allow us to avoid using known tumor-specific antigens, ex vivo manipulation or adoptive cell therapy; rather, we will efficiently present cancer cell neoantigens to our immune system and propagate the cancer-immunity cycle. This strategy simply follows the natural cycle of cancer-immunity from its very first step, and therefore could be combined with any other treatment modality to yield enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoosoo Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyoung Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Abuzar SM, Ahn JH, Park KS, Park EJ, Baik SH, Hwang SJ. Pharmacokinetic Profile and Anti-Adhesive Effect of Oxaliplatin-PLGA Microparticle-Loaded Hydrogels in Rats for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E392. [PMID: 31387217 PMCID: PMC6723418 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most malignant and fatal cancers worldwide. Although cytoreductive surgery combined with chemotherapy is considered a promising therapy, peritoneal adhesion causes further complications after surgery. In this study, oxaliplatin-loaded Poly-(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles were prepared using a double emulsion method and loaded into hyaluronic acid (HA)- and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMCNa)-based cross-linked (HC) hydrogels. From characterization and evaluation study PLGA microparticles showed smaller particle size with higher entrapment efficiency, approximately 1100.4 ± 257.7 nm and 77.9 ± 2.8%, respectively. In addition, microparticle-loaded hydrogels showed more sustained drug release compared to the unloaded microparticles. Moreover, in an in vivo pharmacokinetic study after intraperitoneal administration in rats, a significant improvement in the bioavailability and the mean residence time of the microparticle-loaded hydrogels was observed. In HC21 hydrogels, AUC0-48h, Cmax, and Tmax were 16012.12 ± 188.75 ng·h/mL, 528.75 ± 144.50 ng/mL, and 1.5 h, respectively. Furthermore, experimental observation revealed that the hydrogel samples effectively protected injured tissues from peritoneal adhesion. Therefore, the results of the current pharmacokinetic study together with our previous report of the in vivo anti-adhesion efficacy of HC hydrogels demonstrated that the PLGA microparticle-loaded hydrogels offer novel therapeutic strategy for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Md Abuzar
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Kyung Su Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea.
| | - Seung Hyuk Baik
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea.
| | - Sung-Joo Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea.
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea.
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21
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Phuengkham H, Ren L, Shin IW, Lim YT. Nanoengineered Immune Niches for Reprogramming the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803322. [PMID: 30773696 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies that harness the body's immune system to combat tumors have received extensive attention and become mainstream strategies for treating cancer. Despite promising results, some problems remain, such as the limited patient response rate and the emergence of severe immune-related adverse effects. For most patients, the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is mainly limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To overcome such obstacles in the TME, the immunomodulation of immunosuppressive factors and therapeutic immune cells (e.g., T cells and antigen-presenting cells) should be carefully designed and evaluated. Nanoengineered synthetic immune niches have emerged as highly customizable platforms with a potent capability for reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME. Here, recent developments in nano-biomaterials that are rationally designed to modulate the immunosuppressive TME in a spatiotemporal manner for enhanced cancer immunotherapy which are rationally designed to modulate the immunosuppressive TME in a spatiotemporal manner for enhanced cancer immunotherapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Phuengkham
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Long Ren
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Woo Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
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23
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Terry TL, Givens BE, Rodgers VGJ, Salem AK. Tunable Properties of Poly-DL-Lactide-Monomethoxypolyethylene Glycol Porous Microparticles for Sustained Release of Polyethylenimine-DNA Polyplexes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:23. [PMID: 30604270 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct pulmonary delivery is a promising step in developing effective gene therapies for respiratory disease. Gene therapies can be used to treat the root cause of diseases, rather than just the symptoms. However, developing effective therapies that do not cause toxicity and that successfully reach the target site at therapeutic levels is challenging. We have developed a polymer-DNA complex utilizing polyethylene imine (PEI) and DNA, which was then encapsulated into poly(lactic acid)-co-monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-mPEG) microparticles via double emulsion, solvent evaporation. Then, the resultant particle size, porosity, and encapsulation efficiency were measured as a function of altering preparation parameters. Microsphere formation was confirmed from scanning electron micrographs and the aerodynamic particle diameter was measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer. Several formulations produced particles with aerodynamic diameters in the 0-5 μm range despite having larger particle diameters which is indicative of porous particles. Furthermore, these aerodynamic diameters correspond to high deposition within the airways when inhaled and the measured DNA content indicated high encapsulation efficiency. Thus, this formulation provides promise for developing inhalable gene therapies.
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Zhang R, Billingsley MM, Mitchell MJ. Biomaterials for vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2018; 292:256-276. [PMID: 30312721 PMCID: PMC6355332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines as a means to generate immune reactivity against tumors has been explored since the early discovery of tumor-specific antigens by Georg Klein in the 1960s. However, challenges including weak immunogenicity, systemic toxicity, and off-target effects of cancer vaccines remain as barriers to their broad clinical translation. Advances in the design and implementation of biomaterials are now enabling enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity of cancer vaccines by controlling the presentation and release of vaccine components to immune cells and their microenvironment. Here, we discuss the rational design and clinical status of several classes of cancer vaccines (including DNA, mRNA, peptide/protein, and cell-based vaccines) along with novel biomaterial-based delivery technologies that improve their safety and efficacy. Further, strategies for designing new platforms for personalized cancer vaccines are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Margaret M Billingsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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25
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Givens BE, Naguib YW, Geary SM, Devor EJ, Salem AK. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Editing Therapeutics. AAPS J 2018; 20:108. [PMID: 30306365 PMCID: PMC6398936 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in harnessing the efficient and precise method of DNA editing provided by CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the most promising major advances in the field of gene therapy. However, the development of safe and optimally efficient delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9 elements capable of achieving specific targeting of gene therapy to the location of interest without off-target effects is a primary challenge for clinical therapeutics. Nanoparticles (NPs) provide a promising means to meet such challenges. In this review, we present the most recent advances in developing innovative NP-based delivery systems that efficiently deliver CRISPR/Cas9 constructs and maximize their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Givens
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Youssef W Naguib
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Sean M Geary
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Eric J Devor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
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Han Y, Ding B, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Sun B, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Zhou J, Ding Y. Immune lipoprotein nanostructures inspired relay drug delivery for amplifying antitumor efficiency. Biomaterials 2018; 185:205-218. [PMID: 30245388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-immunotherapy represents an appealing approach to improving cancer treatment. Simultaneously administrating chemotherapeutics with immunoadjuvants can elicit potent tumor death and immune responses. Herein, high density lipoprotein (HDL) inspired immune lipoprotein was proposed for relay drug delivery and amplifying antitumor therapy. Lipophilic AS1411 aptamer-immunoadjuvant CpG fused sequences (Apt-CpG-DSPE) were conjugated to facilitate decoration onto HDLs; and doxorubicin (Dox) was successively intercalated into the consecutive base pairs of Apt-CpG to complete immune HDL nanodrug imHDL/Apt-CpG-Dox. For relay drug delivery, imHDL/Apt-CpG-Dox underwent site-specific structure collapse in tumor intercellular substances inspired from HDL biofunctions (sequential module I); subsequently, dissociated Apt-CpG-Dox was endocytosed into tumor cells mediated by the recognition of AS1411 and nucleolin (sequential module II), translocating Dox to nucleus and enabling tumor ablation and antigens release. The liberated CpG motif further evoked antigen recognition, induced vast secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and potentiated host antitumor immunity. Our studies demonstrated that HDL biomimetic platform based relay drug delivery strategy outperformed the monotherapy counterparts in malignant tumor models, eventually generating an augmented antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bixi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huaqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuanpei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Yoon HY, Selvan ST, Yang Y, Kim MJ, Yi DK, Kwon IC, Kim K. Engineering nanoparticle strategies for effective cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2018; 178:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Combining ultrasound and intratumoral administration of doxorubicin-loaded microspheres to enhance tumor cell killing. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:139-146. [PMID: 29353083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an incurable disease for which alternative treatments to chemotherapy alone are sought. Here, using a melanoma model, we investigated the antitumor potential of combining ultrasound (US) with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with doxorubicin (DOX). The aim was to achieve synergistic tumoricidal activity through direct and indirect US-mediated damage of tumor cells combined with sustained and potentially controllable release (when combined with US) of DOX from microspheres. An in vitro release assay demonstrated an ability of US to affect the release kinetics of DOX from DOX-loaded PLGA microspheres by inducing a 12% increase in the rate of release. In vitro viability assays demonstrated that combining US with DOX-loaded PLGA microspheres resulted in synergistic tumor cell (B16-F10 melanoma cells) killing. Melanoma-bearing mice were treated intratumorally with DOX (8 µg)-loaded microspheres and subjected to US treatment at the tumor site. This treatment could significantly extend survival (mean survival (MS) = 22.1 days) compared to untreated mice (MS = 10.4 days) and most other treatments, such as blank microspheres plus US (MS = 11.5 days) and DOX (8 µg)-loaded microspheres alone (MS = 13 days). The findings that immune checkpoint blockade did not significantly extend survival of mice treated with DOX (8 µg)-loaded microspheres plus US, and that tumor-free ("cured") mice were not protected from subsequent tumor rechallenge suggests minimal involvement of the adaptive immune response in the observed antitumor activity. Nevertheless, the synergistic increase in survival of melanoma-challenged mice treated with the combination of US and DOX-loaded microspheres implicates such a treatment methodology as a promising additional tool for combatting otherwise currently incurable cancers.
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29
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Emerging trends in the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:35-46. [PMID: 29242097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S., claiming approximately 43,000 lives every year. Much like other solid tumors, PC evades the host immune surveillance by manipulating immune cells to establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, targeting and reinstating the patient's immune system could serve as a powerful therapeutic tool. Indeed, immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as a potential adjunct treatment for solid tumors including PC. Immunotherapy modulates the host's immune response to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), eradicates cancer cells by reducing host tolerance to TAAs and provides both short- and long-term protection against the disease. Passive immunotherapies like monoclonal antibodies or engineered T-cell based therapies directly target tumor cells by recognizing TAAs. Active immunotherapies, like cancer vaccines, on the other hand elicit a long-lasting immune response via activation of the patient's immune cells against cancer cells. Several immunotherapy strategies have been tested for anti-tumor responses alone and in combination with standard care in multiple preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss various immunotherapy strategies used currently and their efficacy in abrogating self-antigen tolerance and immunosuppression, as well as their ability to eradicate PC.
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Gammon JM, Dold NM, Jewell CM. Improving the clinical impact of biomaterials in cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15421-43. [PMID: 26871948 PMCID: PMC4941251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies for cancer have progressed enormously over the past few decades, and hold great promise for the future. The successes of these therapies, with some patients showing durable and complete remission, demonstrate the power of harnessing the immune system to eradicate tumors. However, the effectiveness of current immunotherapies is limited by hurdles ranging from immunosuppressive strategies employed by tumors, to inadequate specificity of existing therapies, to heterogeneity of disease. Further, the vast majority of approved immunotherapies employ systemic delivery of immunomodulators or cells that make addressing some of these challenges more difficult. Natural and synthetic biomaterials–such as biocompatible polymers, self-assembled lipid particles, and implantable biodegradable devices–offer unique potential to address these hurdles by harnessing the benefits of therapeutic targeting, tissue engineering, co-delivery, controlled release, and sensing. However, despite the enormous investment in new materials and nanotechnology, translation of these ideas to the clinic is still an uncommon outcome. Here we review the major challenges facing immunotherapies and discuss how the newest biomaterials and nanotechnologies could help overcome these challenges to create new clinical options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Neil M Dold
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Song W, Musetti SN, Huang L. Nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2017; 148:16-30. [PMID: 28961532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is quickly growing to be the fourth most important cancer therapy, after surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy is the most promising cancer management strategy because it orchestrates the body's own immune system to target and eradicate cancer cells, which may result in durable antitumor responses and reduce metastasis and recurrence more than traditional treatments. Nanomaterials hold great promise in further improving the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy - in many cases, they are even necessary for effective delivery. In this review, we briefly summarize the basic principles of cancer immunotherapy and explain why and where to apply nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy, with special emphasis on cancer vaccines and tumor microenvironment modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantong Song
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Sara N Musetti
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Huey R, O’Hagan B, McCarron P, Hawthorne S. Targeted drug delivery system to neural cells utilizes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Hematological malignancies manifest as lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma, and remain a burden on society. From initial therapy to endless relapse-related treatment, societal burden is felt not only in the context of healthcare cost, but also in the compromised quality of life of patients. Long-term therapeutic strategies have become the standard in keeping hematological malignancies at bay as these cancers develop resistance to each round of therapy with time. As a result, there is a continual need for the development of new drugs to combat resistant disease in order to prolong patient life, if not to produce a cure. This review aims to summarize advances in targeting lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma through both cutting-edge and well established platforms. Current standard of treatment will be reviewed for these malignancies and emphasis will be made on new therapy development in the areas of antibody engineering, epigenetic small molecule inhibiting drugs, vaccine development, and chimeric antigen receptor cell engineering. In addition, platforms for the delivery of these and other drugs will be reviewed including antibody-drug conjugates, micro- and nanoparticles, and multimodal hydrogels. Lastly, we propose that tissue engineered constructs for hematological malignancies are the missing link in targeted drug discovery alongside mouse and patient-derived xenograft models.
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Fontana F, Liu D, Hirvonen J, Santos HA. Delivery of therapeutics with nanoparticles: what's new in cancer immunotherapy? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27470448 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology to the treatment of cancer or other diseases has been boosted during the last decades due to the possibility to precise deliver drugs where needed, enabling a decrease in the drug's side effects. Nanocarriers are particularly valuable for potentiating the simultaneous co-delivery of multiple drugs in the same particle for the treatment of heavily burdening diseases like cancer. Immunotherapy represents a new concept in the treatment of cancer and has shown outstanding results in patients treated with check-point inhibitors. Thereby, researchers are applying nanotechnology to cancer immunotherapy toward the development of nanocarriers for delivery of cancer vaccines and chemo-immunotherapies. Cancer nanovaccines can be envisioned as nanocarriers co-delivering antigens and adjuvants, molecules often presenting different physicochemical properties, in cancer therapy. A wide range of nanocarriers (e.g., polymeric, lipid-based and inorganic) allow the co-formulation of these molecules, or the delivery of chemo- and immune-therapeutics in the same system. Finally, there is a trend toward the use of biologically inspired and derived nanocarriers. In this review, we present the recent developments in the field of immunotherapy, describing the different systems proposed by categories: polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanosystems, metallic and inorganic nanosystems and, finally, biologically inspired and derived nanovaccines. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1421. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1421 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fontana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongfei Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Atluri K, De Jesus AM, Chinnathambi S, Brouillette MJ, Martin JA, Salem AK, Sander EA. Blebbistatin-Loaded Poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) Particles For Treating Arthrofibrosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1097-1107. [PMID: 33445238 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Joint immobility is a debilitating complication of articular trauma that is characterized by thickening and stiffening of the joint capsule and the formation of fibrotic lesions inside joints. Capsule release surgery can temporarily restore mobility, but contraction often recurs due to the contractile activities of fibroblasts, which exert tension on the capsule ECM via nonmuscle myosin II. Based on these findings we hypothesized that blebbistatin, a drug that reversibly inhibits the activity of this protein, would relax ECM tension imposed by fibroblasts and reduce fibrosis. In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of blebbistatin as an anticontractile treatment. Given that sustained suppression of contractile activity may be required to achieve capsule release and reduce fibrosis, we compared the effects on fibroblast-mediated collagen ECM displacement of blebbistatin-loaded poly(lactide-co-gylcolide) (PLGA) particles versus bolus blebbistatin dosing. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescent microspheres embedded in collagen gels confirmed that PLGA/blebbistatin inhibited force generation and reduced both gel displacement and rate of displacement. In addition, collagen production at 10 days was significantly reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that blebbistatin-loaded PLGA particles can be used to inhibit fibroblast force-generation and reduce collagen production and lay the foundation for optimization of drug delivery technology for treating arthrofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Atluri
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A M De Jesus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - S Chinnathambi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M J Brouillette
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - J A Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - E A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Diederich M, Cerella C. Non-canonical programmed cell death mechanisms triggered by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:4-34. [PMID: 27262793 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds are the fundament of pharmacological treatments and more than 50% of all anticancer drugs are of natural origins or at least derived from scaffolds present in Nature. Over the last 25 years, molecular mechanisms triggered by natural anticancer compounds were investigated. Emerging research showed that molecules of natural origins are useful for both preventive and therapeutic purposes by targeting essential hallmarks and enabling characteristics described by Hanahan and Weinberg. Moreover, natural compounds were able to change the differentiation status of selected cell types. One of the earliest response of cells treated by pharmacologically active compounds is the change of its morphology leading to ultra-structural perturbations: changes in membrane composition, cytoskeleton integrity, alterations of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and of the nucleus lead to formation of morphological alterations that are a characteristic of both compound and cancer type preceding cell death. Apoptosis and autophagy were traditionally considered as the most prominent cell death or cell death-related mechanisms. By now multiple other cell death modalities were described and most likely involved in response to chemotherapeutic treatment. It can be hypothesized that especially necrosis-related phenotypes triggered by various treatments or evolving from apoptotic or autophagic mechanisms, provide a more efficient therapeutic outcome depending on cancer type and genetic phenotype of the patient. In fact, the recent discovery of multiple regulated forms of necrosis and the initial elucidation of the corresponding cell signaling pathways appear nowadays as important tools to clarify the immunogenic potential of non-canonical forms of cell death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Claudia Cerella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Abstract
Long term survival of childhood cancers is now more than 70%. Anthracyclines, including doxorubicin, are some of the most efficacious anticancer drugs available. However, its use as a chemotherapeutic agent is severely hindered by its dose-limiting toxicities. Most notably observed is cardiotoxicity, but other organ systems are also degraded by doxorubicin use. Despite the years of its use and the amount of information written about this drug, an understanding of its cellular mechanisms is not fully appreciated. The mechanisms by which doxorubicin induces cytotoxicity in target cancer cells have given insight about how the drug damages cardiomyocytes. The major mechanisms of doxorubicin actions are thought to be as an oxidant generator and as an inhibitor of topoisomerase 2. However, other signaling pathways are also invoked with significant consequences for the cardiomyocyte. Further the interaction between oxidant generation and topoisomerase function has only recently been appreciated and the consequences of this interaction are still not fully understood. The unfortunate consequences of doxorubicin within cardiomyocytes have promoted the search for new drugs and methods that can prevent or reverse the damage caused to the heart after treatment in cancer patients. Alternative protocols have lessened the impact on newly diagnosed cancer patients. However the years of doxorubicin use have generated a need for monitoring the onset of cardiotoxicity as well as understanding its potential long-term consequences. Although a fairly clear understanding of the short-term pathologic mechanisms of doxorubicin actions has been achieved, the long-term mechanisms of doxorubicin induced heart failure remain to be carefully delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G. Edwards
- Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY, United States.Department of PhysiologyNew York Medical College15 Dana RoadValhallaNYUnited States
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38
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Diaminosulfide based polymer microparticles as cancer vaccine delivery systems. J Control Release 2015; 220:682-90. [PMID: 26359124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research presented here was to determine the characteristics and immunostimulatory capacity, in vivo, of antigen and adjuvant co-loaded into microparticles made from a novel diaminosulfide polymer, poly(4,4'-trimethylenedipiperdyl sulfide) (PNSN), and to assess their potential as cancer vaccine vectors. PNSN microparticles co-loaded with the antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), and adjuvant, CpG 1826, (PNSN(OVA + CpG)) were fabricated and characterized for size (1.64 μm diameter; PDI=0.62), charge (-23.1 ± 0.3), and loading efficiencies of antigen (7.32 μg/mg particles) and adjuvant (0.95 μg/mg particles). The ability of PNSN(OVA + CpG) to stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo was compared with other PNSN microparticle formulations as well as with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)-based microparticles, co-loaded with OVA and CpG (PLGA(OVA + CpG)), an adenovirus encoding OVA (Ad5-OVA), and OVA delivered with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA(OVA)). In vivo OVA-specific IgG1 responses, after subcutaneous prime/boosts in mice, were similar when PNSN(OVA + CpG) and PLGA(OVA + CpG) were compared and the presence of CpG 1826 within the PNSN microparticles demonstrated significantly improved responses when compared to PNSN microparticles loaded with OVA alone (PNSN(OVA)), plus or minus soluble CpG 1826. Cellular immune responses to all particle-based vaccine formulations ranged from being negligible to modest with PNSN(OVA + CpG) generating the greatest responses, displaying significantly increased levels of OVA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to controls and IFA(OVA) treated mice. Finally, it was shown that of all vaccination formulations tested PNSN(OVA + CpG) was the most protective against subsequent challenge with an OVA-expressing tumor cell line, E.G7. Thus, microparticles made from poly(diaminosulfide)-based macromolecules possess promising potential as vaccine vectors and, as demonstrated here, may have impact as cancer vaccines in particular.
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Fan Y, Moon JJ. Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems Designed to Improve Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:662-85. [PMID: 26350600 PMCID: PMC4586472 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated great therapeutic potential of educating and unleashing our own immune system for cancer treatment. However, there are still major challenges in cancer immunotherapy, including poor immunogenicity of cancer vaccines, off-target side effects of immunotherapeutics, as well as suboptimal outcomes of adoptive T cell transfer-based therapies. Nanomaterials with defined physico-biochemical properties are versatile drug delivery platforms that may address these key technical challenges facing cancer vaccines and immunotherapy. Nanoparticle systems have been shown to improve targeted delivery of tumor antigens and therapeutics against immune checkpoint molecules, amplify immune activation via the use of new stimuli-responsive or immunostimulatory materials, and augment the efficacy of adoptive cell therapies. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art in nanoparticle-based strategies designed to potentiate cancer immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines with subunit antigens (e.g., oncoproteins, mutated neo-antigens, DNA and mRNA antigens) and whole-cell tumor antigens, dendritic cell-based vaccines, artificial antigen-presenting cells, and immunotherapeutics based on immunogenic cell death, immune checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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40
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Makkouk A, Joshi VB, Lemke CD, Wongrakpanich A, Olivier AK, Blackwell SE, Salem AK, Weiner GJ. Three steps to breaking immune tolerance to lymphoma: a microparticle approach. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:389-98. [PMID: 25627654 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In situ immunization aims at generating antitumor immune responses through manipulating the tumor microenvironment. On the basis of recent advances in the understanding of antitumor immunity, we designed a three-step approach to in situ immunization to lymphoma: (i) inducing immunogenic tumor cell death with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. Doxorubicin enhances the expression of "eat-me" signals by dying tumor cells, facilitating their phagocytosis by dendritic cells (DC). Because of the vesicant activity of doxorubicin, microparticles made of biodegradable polymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) or PLGA can safely deliver doxorubicin intratumorally and are effective vaccine adjuvants, (ii) enhancing T-cell activation using anti-OX40 and (iii) sustaining T-cell responses by checkpoint blockade using anti-CTLA-4. In vitro, doxorubicin microparticles were less cytotoxic to DCs than to B lymphoma cells, did not require internalization by tumor cells, and significantly enhanced phagocytosis of tumor cells by DCs as compared with soluble doxorubicin. In mice, this three-step therapy induced CD4- and CD8-dependent systemic immune responses that enhanced T-cell infiltration into distant tumors, leading to their eradication and significantly improving survival. Our findings demonstrate that systemic antitumor immune responses can be generated locally by three-step therapy and merit further investigation as an immunotherapy for patients with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Makkouk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Vijaya B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Caitlin D Lemke
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amaraporn Wongrakpanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sue E Blackwell
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - George J Weiner
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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41
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Salem AK. Nanoparticles in vaccine delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:289-91. [PMID: 25613459 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA,
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