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Wang Y, Yang C, Liu W, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Cheng H, Shi J, Yang X, Yang S, Yao X, Wang Y, Song X. Enhanced efficacy of brucine dissolving-microneedles as a targeted delivery system in rheumatoid arthritis treatment: a comprehensive pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01606-w. [PMID: 38705909 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01606-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown the therapeutic efficacy of brucine dissolving-microneedles (Bru-DMNs) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Bru delivered via the DMNs can bypass some of the issues related to oral and systemic delivery, including extensive enzymatic activity, liver metabolism and in the case of systemic delivery via hypodermic needles, pain resulting from injections and needle stick injury. However, the underlying mechanism of Bru-DMNs against RA has not been investigated in depth at the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) level. In this study, a microdialysis-based method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous and continuous sampling and quantitative analysis of blood and joint cavities in fully awake RA rats. The acquired data were analyzed by the PK-PD analysis method. Bru delivered via microneedles showed enhanced distribution and prolonged retention in the joint cavity compared to its administration in blood. The correlation between the effect of Bru and its concentration at the action site was indirect. In this study, we explored the mechanism of Bru-DMNs against RA and established a visualization method to express the PK-PD relationship of Bru-DMNs against RA. This study provides insights into the mechanism of action of drugs with potential side effects administered transdermally for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Changfu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, China
| | - Yongping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Huanhuan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jianan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shenglei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xueming Yao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Xinli Song
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Zhang M, Rottschäfer V, C M de Lange E. The potential impact of CYP and UGT drug-metabolizing enzymes on brain target site drug exposure. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:1-30. [PMID: 38126313 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2297154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is one of the critical determinants of drug disposition throughout the body. While traditionally associated with the liver, recent research has unveiled the presence and functional significance of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) within the brain. Specifically, cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) enzymes have emerged as key players in drug biotransformation within the central nervous system (CNS). This comprehensive review explores the cellular and subcellular distribution of CYPs and UGTs within the CNS, emphasizing regional expression and contrasting profiles between the liver and brain, humans and rats. Moreover, we discuss the impact of species and sex differences on CYPs and UGTs within the CNS. This review also provides an overview of methodologies for identifying and quantifying enzyme activities in the brain. Additionally, we present factors influencing CYPs and UGTs activities in the brain, including genetic polymorphisms, physiological variables, pathophysiological conditions, and environmental factors. Examples of CYP- and UGT-mediated drug metabolism within the brain are presented at the end, illustrating the pivotal role of these enzymes in drug therapy and potential toxicity. In conclusion, this review enhances our understanding of drug metabolism's significance in the brain, with a specific focus on CYPs and UGTs. Insights into the expression, activity, and influential factors of these enzymes within the CNS have crucial implications for drug development, the design of safe drug treatment strategies, and the comprehension of drug actions within the CNS. To that end, CNS pharmacokinetic (PK) models can be improved to further advance drug development and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxu Zhang
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Predictive Pharmacology Group, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Predictive Pharmacology Group, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wang Q, Ren T, Zhao J, Wong CH, Chan HYE, Zuo Z. Exclusion of unsuitable CNS drug candidates based on their physicochemical properties and unbound fractions in biomatrices for brain microdialysis investigations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 178:112946. [PMID: 31727358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis has been the only direct method of continuously measuring the unbound drug concentrations in extracellular fluid at a specific brain region with respect to time in the same animal. However, not every compound is suitable for microdialysis system as demonstrated by their inconsistent "by gain" and "by loss" in-vitro microdialysis probe recoveries leading to over- or under- estimated in-vivo concentrations. Therefore, our current study was proposed aiming to develop simple exclusion criteria for drug candidates that are not suitable for microdialysis system investigation. Through literature research, the properties ((LogP, pKa, water solubility and unbound fraction in plasma and brain) of drugs that have been reported for microdialysis studies were summarized. The exclusion criteria were developed by evaluating the impact of such properties on the consistency of in-vitro "by gain" and "by loss" recoveries of microdialysis probe. As a result, forty-five compounds were identified from literatures, among which doxorubicin, docetaxel, omeprazole, donepezil and phenytoin were found to have inconsistent in-vitro "by gain" and "by loss" microdialysis probe recoveries and subsequently selected for the exclusion criteria analysis. It was found that compounds with limited water solubility (less than 1 g/L) and unbound fraction in plasma (fu,plasma less than 30%) and brain homogenate (fu,brain less than 10%) were more likely to have inconsistent "by gain" and "by loss" microdialysis probe recoveries. Our proposed exclusion criteria were further validated using carbamazepine (limited water solubility only), DB213 (limited fu,brain only) and piperine (both limited water solubility and limited fu,plasma, fu,brain). Our current proposed exclusion criteria will help excluding the CNS drug candidates that are highly unlikely suitable for brain microdialysis approach leading to a better success rate in brain microdialysis approach development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Tianjing Ren
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Ho Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - H Y Edwin Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Development of a non-human primate model to support CNS translational research: Demonstration with D-amphetamine exposure and dopamine response. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 317:71-81. [PMID: 30768951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Challenges specific to the discovery and development of candidate CNS drugs have led to implementation of various in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches to improve the odds for commercialization of novel treatments. NEW METHOD Advances in analytical methodology and microdialysis probe design have enabled development of a non-human primate model capable of measuring concentrations of drugs or endogenous chemicals in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Linking these to population modeling reduces animal numbers to support predictive translational sciences in primates. Application to measure D-amphetamine exposure and dopamine response in ECF and CSF demonstrate the approach. RESULTS Following a 0.1 mg/kg intravenous bolus dose of D-amphetamine, a population approach was used to build a plasma compartmental-based and brain physiologic-based pharmacokinetic (PK) model linking drug concentrations in plasma to brain ECF and CSF concentrations. Dopamine was also measured in brain ECF. The PK model was used to simulate the relationship between D-amphetamine exposure and dopamine response in ECF over a wide dose range. COMPARISONS WITH EXISTING METHODS Ability to co-sample and measure drug and endogenous substances in blood, brain ECF and/or CSF, coupled with population modeling, provides an in vivo approach to evaluate CNS drug penetration and effect in non-human primates. CONCLUSIONS A method to measure drug and endogenous neurochemicals in non-human primate brain fluids is demonstrated. Its basis in non-human primates merits improved confidence regarding predictions of drug exposure and target engagement in human CNS.
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van den Brink WJ, van den Berg D, Bonsel FEM, Hartman R, Wong Y, van der Graaf PH, de Lange ECM. Fingerprints of CNS drug effects: a plasma neuroendocrine reflection of D 2 receptor activation using multi-biomarker pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3832-3843. [PMID: 30051461 PMCID: PMC6135786 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Because biological systems behave as networks, multi-biomarker approaches increasingly replace single biomarker approaches in drug development. To improve the mechanistic insights into CNS drug effects, a plasma neuroendocrine fingerprint was identified using multi-biomarker pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling. Short- and long-term D2 receptor activation was evaluated using quinpirole as a paradigm compound. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats received 0, 0.17 or 0.86 mg·kg-1 of the D2 agonist quinpirole i.v. Quinpirole concentrations in plasma and brain extracellular fluid (brainECF ), as well as plasma concentrations of 13 hormones and neuropeptides, were measured. Experiments were performed at day 1 and repeated after 7-day s.c. drug administration. PK/PD modelling was applied to identify the in vivo concentration-effect relations and neuroendocrine dynamics. KEY RESULTS The quinpirole pharmacokinetics were adequately described by a two-compartment model with an unbound brainECF -to-plasma concentration ratio of 5. The release of adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone, prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary was influenced. Except for ACTH, D2 receptor expression levels on the pituitary hormone-releasing cells predicted the concentration-effect relationship differences. Baseline levels (ACTH, prolactin, TSH), hormone release (ACTH) and potency (TSH) changed with treatment duration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The integrated multi-biomarker PK/PD approach revealed a fingerprint reflecting D2 receptor activation. This forms the conceptual basis for in vivo evaluation of on- and off-target CNS drug effects. The effect of treatment duration is highly relevant given the long-term use of D2 agonists in clinical practice. Further development towards quantitative systems pharmacology models will eventually facilitate mechanistic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J van den Brink
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk‐Jan van den Berg
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Floor E M Bonsel
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Hartman
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Yin‐Cheong Wong
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Piet H van der Graaf
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Certara QSP, Canterbury Innovation HouseCanterburyUK
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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van den Brink WJ, Palic S, Köhler I, de Lange ECM. Access to the CNS: Biomarker Strategies for Dopaminergic Treatments. Pharm Res 2018; 35:64. [PMID: 29450650 PMCID: PMC5814527 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial research carried out over the last decades, it remains difficult to understand the wide range of pharmacological effects of dopaminergic agents. The dopaminergic system is involved in several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. This complex system features multiple pathways implicated in emotion and cognition, psychomotor functions and endocrine control through activation of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors. This review focuses on the system-wide effects of dopaminergic agents on the multiple biochemical and endocrine pathways, in particular the biomarkers (i.e., indicators of a pharmacological process) that reflect these effects. Dopaminergic treatments developed over the last decades were found to be associated with numerous biochemical pathways in the brain, including the norepinephrine and the kynurenine pathway. Additionally, they have shown to affect peripheral systems, for example the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Dopaminergic agents thus have a complex and broad pharmacological profile, rendering drug development challenging. Considering the complex system-wide pharmacological profile of dopaminergic agents, this review underlines the needs for systems pharmacology studies that include: i) proteomics and metabolomics analysis; ii) longitudinal data evaluation and mathematical modeling; iii) pharmacokinetics-based interpretation of drug effects; iv) simultaneous biomarker evaluation in the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma; and v) specific attention to condition-dependent (e.g., disease) pharmacology. Such approach is considered essential to increase our understanding of central nervous system (CNS) drug effects and substantially improve CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Johan van den Brink
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Semra Palic
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Köhler
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Cunera Maria de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wu T, Liu S, Xu Y, Shang D. Global view of a drug-sensitivity gene network. Oncotarget 2018; 9:3254-3266. [PMID: 29423044 PMCID: PMC5790461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in drug development is to gain insight into the mechanism of drug sensitivity. Looking for insights into the global relationships between drugs and their sensitivity genes would be expected to reveal mechanism of drug sensitivity. Here we constructed a drug-sensitivity gene network (DSGN) based on the relationships between drugs and their sensitivity genes, using drug screened genomic data from the NCI-60 cell line panel, including 181 drugs and 1057 sensitivity genes, and 1646 associations between them. Through network analysis, we found that two drugs that share the same sensitivity genes tend to share the same Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification and side effects. We then found that the sensitivity genes of same drugs tend to cluster together in the human interactome and participate in the same biological function modules (pathways). Finally, we noticed that the sensitivity genes and target genes of the same drug have a significant dense distance in the human interactome network and they were functionally related. For example, target genes such as epidermal growth factor receptor gene can activate downstream sensitivity genes of the same drug in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, the DSGN would provide great insights into the mechanism of drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiu Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tan Wu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Desi Shang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Wong YC, Ilkova T, van Wijk RC, Hartman R, de Lange ECM. Development of a population pharmacokinetic model to predict brain distribution and dopamine D2 receptor occupancy of raclopride in non-anesthetized rat. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 111:514-525. [PMID: 29106979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raclopride is a selective antagonist of the dopamine D2 receptor. It is one of the most frequently used in vivo D2 tracers (at low doses) for assessing drug-induced receptor occupancy (RO) in animals and humans. It is also commonly used as a pharmacological blocker (at high doses) to occupy the available D2 receptors and antagonize the action of dopamine or drugs on D2 in preclinical studies. The aims of this study were to comprehensively evaluate its pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in different brain compartments and to establish a PK-RO model that could predict the brain distribution and RO of raclopride in the freely moving rat using a LC-MS based approach. METHODS Rats (n=24) received a 10-min IV infusion of non-radiolabeled raclopride (1.61μmol/kg, i.e. 0.56mg/kg). Plasma and the brain tissues of striatum (with high density of D2 receptors) and cerebellum (with negligible amount of D2 receptors) were collected. Additional microdialysis experiments were performed in some rats (n=7) to measure the free drug concentration in the extracellular fluid of the striatum and cerebellum. Raclopride concentrations in all samples were analyzed by LC-MS. A population PK-RO model was constructed in NONMEM to describe the concentration-time profiles in the unbound plasma, brain extracellular fluid and brain tissue compartments and to estimate the RO based on raclopride-D2 receptor binding kinetics. RESULTS In plasma raclopride showed a rapid distribution phase followed by a slower elimination phase. The striatum tissue concentrations were consistently higher than that of cerebellum tissue throughout the whole experimental period (10-h) due to higher non-specific tissue binding and D2 receptor binding in the striatum. Model-based simulations accurately predicted the literature data on rat plasma PK, brain tissue PK and D2 RO at different time points after intravenous or subcutaneous administration of raclopride at tracer dose (RO <10%), sub-pharmacological dose (RO 10%-30%) and pharmacological dose (RO >30%). CONCLUSION For the first time a predictive model that could describe the quantitative in vivo relationship between dose, PK and D2 RO of raclopride in non-anesthetized rat was established. The PK-RO model could facilitate the selection of optimal dose and dosing time when raclopride is used as tracer or as pharmacological blocker in various rat studies. The LC-MS based approach, which doses and quantifies a non-radiolabeled tracer, could be useful in evaluating the systemic disposition and brain kinetics of tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cheong Wong
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Trayana Ilkova
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C van Wijk
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Hartman
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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de Lange ECM, van den Brink W, Yamamoto Y, de Witte WEA, Wong YC. Novel CNS drug discovery and development approach: model-based integration to predict neuro-pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1207-1218. [PMID: 28933618 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1380623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CNS drug development has been hampered by inadequate consideration of CNS pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and disease complexity (reductionist approach). Improvement is required via integrative model-based approaches. Areas covered: The authors summarize factors that have played a role in the high attrition rate of CNS compounds. Recent advances in CNS research and drug discovery are presented, especially with regard to assessment of relevant neuro-PK parameters. Suggestions for further improvements are also discussed. Expert opinion: Understanding time- and condition dependent interrelationships between neuro-PK and neuro-PD processes is key to predictions in different conditions. As a first screen, it is suggested to use in silico/in vitro derived molecular properties of candidate compounds and predict concentration-time profiles of compounds in multiple compartments of the human CNS, using time-course based physiology-based (PB) PK models. Then, for selected compounds, one can include in vitro drug-target binding kinetics to predict target occupancy (TO)-time profiles in humans. This will improve neuro-PD prediction. Furthermore, a pharmaco-omics approach is suggested, providing multilevel and paralleled data on systems processes from individuals in a systems-wide manner. Thus, clinical trials will be better informed, using fewer animals, while also, needing fewer individuals and samples per individual for proof of concept in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C M de Lange
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Willem van den Brink
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus E A de Witte
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Yin Cheong Wong
- a Leiden Academic Center of Drug Research, Translational Pharmacology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Microdialysis as an Important Technique in Systems Pharmacology—a Historical and Methodological Review. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1294-1303. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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