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Yu HL, Goh CF. Glycols: The ubiquitous solvent for dermal formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 196:114182. [PMID: 38224756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Glycols stand out as one of the most commonly employed safe and effective excipients for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Their widespread adoption can be attributed to their exceptional solvency characteristics and their ability to interact effectively with skin lipids and keratin for permeation enhancement. Notably, propylene glycol enjoys significant popularity in this regard. Ongoing research endeavours have been dedicated to scrutinising the impact of glycols on dermal drug delivery and shedding light on the intricate mechanisms by which glycols enhance skin permeation. This review aims to mitigate the discordance within the existing literature, assemble a holistic understanding of the impact of glycols on the percutaneous absorption of active compounds and furnish the reader with a profound comprehension of the foundational facets pertaining to their skin permeation enhancement mechanisms, while simultaneously delving deeper into the intricacies of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Long Yu
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia.
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2
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Lv J, Wu P, Fang Y, Zhang W, Liu D, Wu M, Shang L, Li H, Zhao Y. Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on L-Arginine and 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin for Drug Carrier and Penetration Enhancement. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:187. [PMID: 37700066 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
By selecting L-arginine as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD), deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with various water content were prepared at the 4:1 mass ratio of L-arginine to 2HPβCD with 40 to 60% of water, and were studied for its application in transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS). The hydrogen bond networks and internal chemistry structures of the DESs were measured by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), which demonstrated the successful synthesis of DESs. The viscosity of DES was decreased from 10,324.9 to 3219.6 mPa s, while glass transition temperature (Tg) of the DESs was increased from - 60.8 to - 51.4 °C, as the added water was increased from 45 to 60%. The solubility of ibuprofen, norfloxacin, and nateglinide in DES with 45% of water were increased by 79.3, 44.1, and 3.2 times higher than that in water, respectively. The vitro study of transdermal absorption of lidocaine in DESs showed that the cumulative amounts of lidocaine reached 252.4 µg/cm2, 226.1 µg/cm2, and 286.1 µg/cm2 at 8 h for DESs with 45%, 50%, and 60% of water, respectively. The permeation mechanism of DES with lower content of water (45%) was mainly by changing the fluidization of lipids, while changing the secondary structure of keratin in stratum corneum (SC) at higher water content (50% and 60%). These nonirritant and viscous fluid like DESs with good drug solubility and permeation enhancing effects have broad application prospect in the field of drug solubilization and transdermal drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Lv
- Jihua Laboratory, Jihua Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wu
- Jihua Laboratory, Jihua Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Fang
- Jihua Laboratory, Jihua Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Jihua Laboratory, Jihua Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwen Liu
- Foshan Hospital of TCM, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Wu
- Jihua Laboratory, Jihua Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Shang
- Jihua Laboratory, Jihua Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
- Suzhou Biomedical Research & Development Center, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaiguo Li
- Foshan Hospital of TCM, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jihua Laboratory, Jihua Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Yu G, Gui H, Chi J, Liu S, Fang L, Liu M. Innovative insight into the mechanism of enantioselective skin permeation for chiral drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1643-1656. [PMID: 38112192 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2294877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A profound comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the enantioselective transdermal permeation of chiral drugs is critical in the design and assessment of transdermal preparations. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the distinct skin permeation behaviors exhibited by enantiomers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and elucidate the intricate molecular mechanism at play. METHODS In vitro and in vivo transdermal permeation studies of chiral NSAIDs were performed using transdermal patch and solution system. Chiral interaction between NSAIDs enantiomers and synthesized chiral ceramide present in the skin was characterized to clarify the different transdermal behaviors. RESULTS The S-enantiomers of NSAIDs exhibited higher permeability through the skin than R-enantiomer in vitro (1.5-fold) and in vivo (2.0-fold), which was attributed to a stronger interaction between S-enantiomer and ceramide caused by more favorable spatial conformations. S-enantiomer required lower activation energy (24.4 kJ/mol) and Gibbs energy (43.3 kJ/mol), which was favorable in forming the H-bond with ceramide in the skin, resulting in more permeation. CONCLUSION This research furnished an innovative comprehension of the molecular underpinnings governing the enantioselective permeation of drug enantiomers through the skin, fostering the minimization of undesired enantiomer ingestion (distomers) and amplifying therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guojing Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongzhe Gui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingteng Chi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingzhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Hyaluronidase-powered microneedles for significantly enhanced transdermal delivery efficiency. J Control Release 2023; 353:380-390. [PMID: 36464062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) with enhanced delivery efficiency have revolutionized the transdermal drug delivery system for treating systemic illness. However, the bioavailability of MNs was still far from the clinical requirements by only overcoming the stratum corneum barrier. Herein, hyaluronidase (HAase)-powered MNs were developed as a top-down permeation-enhancement strategy to hijack the sequential transdermal barriers for improved bioavailability. HAase MNs with robust mechanical strength showed excellent skin penetration ability and significantly enhanced the transdermal delivery efficacy of macromolecular drugs as compared to that of HAase-absent MNs, resulting in considerable effect to subcutaneous injection in terms of biodistribution, bioavailability, and therapeutical efficacy. As evidenced from the distribution of trypan blue and fluorescence underlying skin, the positive effects exerted by HAase MNs could be ascribed to the depolymerization of HA that would loosen the subcutaneous space and destruct the extracellular matrix barrier to promote drug diffusion and permeation in larger area and greater depth. Notably, the transient interconversion of keratin from α-helix to β-sheet that might assist the drug residues on the skin surface permeate across the stratum corneum during administration might be another reason not to be ignored. As a labor-saving strategy, HAase-powered MNs offers a promising and painless administration route for macromolecules.
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Nanoparticulate System Based on Calcium-Crosslinked Carbomer Retards Percutaneous Drug Permeation: New Insight Into Skin Barrier Functions. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3331-3343. [PMID: 36229583 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stratum corneum poses a formidable barrier for dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs. Besides the stratum corneum barrier, the viable epidermis poses another challenge to pharmaceutical formulators. A drug is probably transdermally permeable if it rapidly crosses the epidermal secondary barrier, while stimulation of lamellar body secretion from granular cells and intracellular release of Ca++ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) result in retardation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the skin permeability of lidocaine HCl loaded in nanoparticles made of carbomer calcified with calcium gluconate, while figuring out the physiological mechanism that regulates the Ca++ related skin barrier function. METHODS Lidocaine hydrochloride was loaded in a nanoparticulate system based on calcified carbomer, fabricated by using a water-in-oil microemulsion as a precursor. In vitro release and percutaneous permeation testing were carried out to compare between calcified and non-calcified nanoparticles. In addition, comparison was also made between calcified nanoparticles using carbomer gels prepared at two pH values and at two different ratios of Ca++/carbomer. RESULTS A unique structure of the calcified nanoparticles has been proposed, in which the carbomer nanoparticles are partially coated by gluconate ions through hydrogen bonding and partially through ionic interactions with calcium ions. Although the in vitro release data showed no difference between non-calcified and calcified carbomer nanoparticles, a calcium-related phenomenon of skin retardation has been revealed. CONCLUSIONS It has been proposed that stimulation of lamellar body secretion from granular cells and Ca++ release from ER, which is elicited by the calcium gluconate-coated nanoparticles, result in dermal retardation of lidocaine.
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Akram M, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Rashid N, Javed MR, Ali MZ, Raza A, Shakeel M, Hasan HMU, Ali Z, Ehsan U, Shahid M. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for characterization of filtrate portions of blood serum samples of typhoid patients. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103199. [PMID: 36371020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is explored to design a rapid screening method for the characterization and diagnosis of typhoid fever by employing filtrate fractions of blood serum samples obtained by centrifugal filtration with 50 KDa filters. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study, to separate the filtrate portions of blood serum samples in this way contain proteins smaller than 50 kDa and removal of bigger size protein which allows to acquire the SERS spectral features of smaller proteins more effectively which are probably associated with typhoid disease. Disease caused by Salmonella typhi diagnose more effectively by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and multivariate data analysis tools. METHODS SERS was used as a diagnostic tool for typhoid fever by comparison between healthy and diseased samples. For this purpose, all the samples were analyzed by comparing their SERS spectral features. Over the spectral range of 400-1800cm-1, multivariate data analysis techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) are applied to diagnose and differentiate different filtrate fractions of blood serum samples of patients of typhoid fever and healthy ones. RESULTS By comparing SERS spectra of healthy filtrate with that of filtrate of typhoid sample, the SERS spectral features associated with disease development are identified including PCA is found to be efficient for the qualitative differentiation of all of the samples analyzed. Moreover, PLS-DA successfully identified and classified healthy and typhoid positive blood serum samples with 97 % accuracy, 99 % specificity, 91 % sensitivity and 0.78 area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. CONCLUSIONS Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver nanoparticles SERS substrate, is found to be useful technique for the quick identification and evaluation of filtrate fractions of the blood serum samples of healthy and typhoid samples for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Akram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Mahmood Ul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zain Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Usama Ehsan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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Costa Lima SA, Barbosa AI, Nunes C, Yousef I, Reis S. Synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy of polymeric nanoparticles and skin: Unveiling molecular interactions to enhance permeation. Chem Phys Lipids 2022; 249:105254. [PMID: 36279929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticles as permeation enhancers in skin drug delivery is a growing research field. However, the mechanisms of nanoparticles' interaction with the skin structure are still unknown. Fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles have demonstrated several physicochemical and biological advantages, among which is the enhancement of skin permeation. This study aims to elucidate permeation enhancement mechanisms using synchrotron-based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (SR-FTIRM) combined with multivariate analysis and in vitro skin permeation assay. Given the molecular weight influence on chitosan's properties, the nanoparticles-skin interactions were evaluated with nanoparticles produced using low- and medium-molecular-weight chitosan. Chemical maps and spectral analysis revealed that fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles induced changes in the lipids and protein regions. Inter-sample spectral differences were identified using principal component analysis. Low molecular weight fucoidan/ chitosan nanoparticles caused changes in the skin lipids' lateral packing and structure at the stratum corneum layer towards a less ordered state and higher fluidity, and no evidence was found on proteins structure. The opposite was revealed for medium molecular weight fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles, which induced changes in the secondary structure of keratin and altered lipid structure to an ordered and dense conformation. In vitro permeation assays with Franz diffusion cells correlate with the observed changes in the skin lipid and protein structure with enhanced skin permeation of a hydrophilic molecule incorporated within the fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles. The findings of this study unveil molecular changes in the skin structure induced by the nanoparticles only possible with the application of the powerful and precise SR-FTIRM technique. This knowledge allows the design of nanoparticles towards an internalization pathway determining their fate within the skin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Ana Isabel Barbosa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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Xu Y, Cai Y, Meng Y, Wu L, Chen J, Cao W, Chu X. Liposome and microemulsion loaded with ibuprofen: from preparation to mechanism of drug transport. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:539-551. [PMID: 36190415 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2131920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To compare the difference between liposome (LP) and microemulsion (ME) in delivering ibuprofen (IBU) transdermally and explore relative mechanism. IBU-LP and IBU-ME were prepared by ethanol injection and spontaneous emulsification, respectively. The percutaneous delivery was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), activation energy (Ea), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to investigate the transdermal mechanism. The particle size and encapsulation efficiency were 228.00 ± 8.60 nm, 86.68 ± 1.43%(w/w) for IBU-LP, and 56.74 ± 7.11 nm, 91.08 ± 3.27%(w/w) for IBU-ME. Percutaneous study showed that formulations enhanced permeation and drug retention in the skin. FTIR and DSC showed that the permeation occurred due to the interaction of the formulations with the lipid bilayer and the protein. The decrease in Ea (1.506 and 0.939 kcal/mol) revealed that the stratum corneum (SC) lipid bilayers were significantly disrupted and this destructive effect of IBU-LP was stronger. IBU-LP was superior to IBU-ME in the aspects of transdermal delivery of IBU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ye Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yun Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Long Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jingbao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei, PR China
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Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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Ruiz VH, Encinas-Basurto D, Sun B, Eedara BB, Dickinson SE, Wondrak GT, Chow HHS, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Mansour HM. Design, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Permeation of Innovative Resatorvid Topical Formulations for Targeted Skin Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040700. [PMID: 35456534 PMCID: PMC9026853 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies worldwide and affect more than 5 million people in the United States every year. NMSC is directly linked to the excessive exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) rays. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist, resatorvid (TAK-242), is a novel prototype chemo preventive agent that suppresses the production of inflammation mediators induced by UV exposure. This study aimed to design and develop TAK-242 into topical formulations using FDA-approved excipients, including DermaBaseTM, PENcreamTM, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400, propylene glycol (PG), carbomer gel, hyaluronic acid (HA) gel, and Pluronic® F-127 poloxamer triblock copolymer gel for the prevention of skin cancer. The physicochemical properties of raw TAK-242, which influence the compatibility and solubility in the selected base materials, were confirmed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), Raman spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The permeation behavior of TAK-242 from the prepared formulations was determined using Strat-M® transdermal diffusion membranes, and 3D cultured primary human-derived epidermal keratinocytes (EpiDermTM). Despite TAK-242′s high molecular weight and hydrophobicity, it can permeate through reconstructed human epidermis from all formulations. The findings, reported for the first time in this study, emphasize the capabilities of the topical application of TAK-242 via these multiple innovative topical drug delivery formulation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - Basanth Babu Eedara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- Center for Translational Science, Florida Interational University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Sally E. Dickinson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
| | - H. -H. Sherry Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- Center for Translational Science, Florida Interational University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-772-345-4731
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Goh CF, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Thermal analysis of mammalian stratum corneum using differential scanning calorimetry for advancing skin research and drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121447. [PMID: 34998922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For effective topical and transdermal drug delivery, it is necessary for most actives to penetrate and permeate through the stratum corneum (SC). Extensive investigation of the thermal behaviour of mammalian SC has been performed to understand the barrier function of the skin. However, little attention has been paid to the related experimental variables in thermal analysis of the SC using differential scanning calorimetry that may influence the results obtained from such studies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the thermal transitions of the SC of both porcine and human skin. More importantly, the selection and impact of the experimental and instrumental parameters used in thermal analysis of the SC are critically evaluated. New opportunities for the use of thermal analysis of mammalian SC in advancing skin research, particularly for elucidation of the actions of excipients employed in topical and transdermal formulations on the skin are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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12
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Li M, Liu C, Cai Y, Song H, Fang L. Transdermal Enhancement Strategy of Lappaconitine: Alteration of Keratin Configuration by Counter-Ion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:61. [PMID: 35059926 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a lappaconitine (LA) transdermal patch with counter-ion to increase the transdermal permeability of the drug, and a theory of counter-ion altering the conformation of the skin keratin was put forward based on the in vitro skin permeation study and physicochemical properties of ion-pairs. Formulation factors including pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs), drug-loading, counter-ions and molar ratios of counter-ion were screened by in vitro skin permeation study. The optimized formulation was composed of 7% LA, 1.5 mole cinnamic acid and AAOH (PSA containing hydroxyl group synthesized by our laboratory) as an adhesive matrix. The optimized patch was evaluated by the pharmacokinetic and analgesic pharmacodynamic studies. AUC0-t and pain inhibition ratio of the optimized patch were 2450.40 ± 848.52 h ng/mL and 81.18%, which showed good absorption into the skin and excellent analgesic effect. The mechanism of facilitated transdermal drug permeation by counter-ion was investigated by ATR-FTIR, thermal analysis, FTIR, XPS and molecular docking. The results indicated that after the formation of ion-pairs, the excess counter-ions would alter the conformation of the skin keratin, thus increasing the transdermal penetration of LA. In conclusion, the LA patch was successfully optimized, and the effect of counter-ions on the skin was clarified at the molecular level. These findings provided additional references for the application of counter-ion in the transdermal drug delivery system.
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Transbuccal delivery of benznidazole associated with monoterpenes: permeation studies and mechanistic insights. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105177. [PMID: 31812716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Benznidazole (BZN) represents the only drug currently available for the treatment of Chagas disease in most endemic countries. When administered orally, high doses are required due to its extensive hepatic metabolism and its toxicity represents the main reason for treatment withdrawals. Because of these complications, transbuccal administration of BZN was investigated. This route avoids the first-pass hepatic metabolism and presents high permeability, with direct access to the systemic circulation. BZN was applied on porcine buccal mucosa after pretreatment with pure eugenol, carvacrol or limonene. Thermal (DSC) and spectroscopic (FT-IR) analyzes were performed to investigate the mechanisms of drug absorption enhancement. The permeability coefficient values of BZN increased 2.6, 2.9 and 4.9-fold after pretreatment with eugenol, carvacrol and limonene, respectively. The lag time, in turn, was shortened in the pretreated samples. The DSC and FT-IR analyzes suggested that transport of BZN through the buccal mucosa is associated with log P and size of monoterpenes. Limonene, the most effective absorption enhancer, contributed to greater interaction with non-polar domains of the buccal epithelium. Overall, BZN showed to be efficiently transported through the buccal route, but in vivo pharmacokinetic studies should be performed to confirm these findings.
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14
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Moolakkadath T, Aqil M, Ahad A, Imam SS, Praveen A, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M. Preparation and optimization of fisetin loaded glycerol based soft nanovesicles by Box-Behnken design. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119125. [PMID: 32036010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on the development and optimization of glycerosomes for dermal delivery of fisetin. The fisetin loaded glycerosomes formulation was optimized by Box-Behnken design. The independent variables were the lipoid S 100, glycerol, and sonication time, whereas the dependent variables were the vesicles size, entrapment efficiency, and flux. The mechanism of skin penetration of fisetin loaded glycerosomes formulation was determined by the DSC and FTIR studies. Confocal scanning microscopy was used to detect the penetration ability of glycerosomes. The optimized fisetin loaded glycerosomes formulation was converted into a Carbopol® gel matrix, and the latter was analyzed for various parameters. The optimized formulation of glycerosomes presented vesicles size, entrapment efficiency and flux of 138.8 ± 4.09 nm, 86.41 ± 2.95% and 5.04 ± 0.17 µg/cm2/h, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy of optimized fisetin loaded formulation revealed the spherical and sealed structure of glycerosomes vesicles. The confocal study confirmed that the Rhodamine B incorporated glycerosomes penetrated up to deeper layers of skin. The DSC and FTIR studies revealed that the hydration of skin layers and skin lipid fluidization could be the penetration mechanism of fisetin glycerosomes formulation. The optimized fisetin loaded glycerosomes gel formulation presented a flux of 4.24 ± 0.14 μg/cm2/h, and exhibited zero-order release kinetics. The texture analysis of fisetin glycerosomes gel displayed a sufficient hardness, consistency, cohesiveness, and index of viscosity. It was concluded that the prepared fisetin loaded glycerosomes gel was suitable for the dermal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thasleem Moolakkadath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), M. B. Road New, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), M. B. Road New, Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshiya Praveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), M. B. Road New, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), M. B. Road New, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), M. B. Road New, Delhi 110062, India
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15
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Wang H, Tian Q, Quan P, Liu C, Fang L. Probing the Role of Ion-Pair Strategy in Controlling Dexmedetomidine Penetrate Through Drug-in-Adhesive Patch: Mechanistic Insights Based on Release and Percutaneous Absorption Process. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:4. [PMID: 31728769 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to develop a controlled release drug-in-adhesive patch for transdermal delivery of dexmedetomidine (Dex) using ion-pair technique. Based on the in vitro transdermal experiment, the role of ion-pair on the Dex release behavior and percutaneous absorption process was also investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), molecular modeling, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and rheological test were conducted to probe the effect of ion-pair on the Dex release from patch. Besides, the tape stripping test, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and molecular simulation were carried out to elaborate the action of ion-pair on the Dex percutaneous permeation process. Results showed that the optimized patch prepared with Dex-salicylic acid (SA) showed zero-order skin permeation profile within 24 h; Dex-SA had greater hydrogen bonding formation potential with pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) than Dex, which resulted in the decrease in the formation ability of free volume of PSA and the increase with the improvement of mechanical strength and chain stiffness of PSA and thus controlled the release rate of Dex from transdermal patch. Besides, the physicochemical properties of Dex such as molecular weight and octanol/water partition coefficient were changed after forming ion-pair with SA, which decreased the permeation ability of Dex. In conclusion, a controlled release drug-adhesive patch for Dex was developed and the mechanism study of ion-pair on the Dex release and percutaneous permeation process was proposed at molecular level.
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16
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Niu XQ, Zhang DP, Bian Q, Feng XF, Li H, Rao YF, Shen YM, Geng FN, Yuan AR, Ying XY, Gao JQ. Mechanism investigation of ethosomes transdermal permeation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100027. [PMID: 31517292 PMCID: PMC6733291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethosomes are widely used to promote transdermal permeation of both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, but the mechanism of interaction between the ethosomes and the skin remains unclear. In this work, it was exploded with several technologies and facilities. Firstly, physical techniques such as attenuated total reflectance fourier-transform infrared and laser confocal Raman were used and the results indicated that the phospholipids configuration of stratum corneum changes from steady state to unstable state with the treatment of ethosomes. Differential scanning calorimetry reflected the thermodynamics change in stratum corneum after treatment with ethosomes. The results revealed that the skin of Bama mini-pigs, which is similar to human skin, treated by ethosomes had a relatively low Tm and enthalpy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the microstructure and ultrastructure of stratum corneum was not damaged by ethosomes treatment. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that lipid labeled ethosomes could penetrate the skin via stratum corneum mainly through intercellular route, while during the process of penetration, phospholipids were retained in the upper epidermis. Cell experiments confirmed that ethosomes were distributed mainly on the cell membrane. Further study showed that only the drug-loaded ethosomes increased the amount of permeated drug. The current study, for the first time, elucidated the mechanistic behavior of ethosomes in transdermal application from molecular configuration, thermodynamic properties, ultrastructure, fluorescent labeling and cellular study. It is anticipated that the approaches and results described in the present study will benefit for better design of drug-loaded ethosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Niu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for New-Type External and Transdermal Preparations, PR China
| | - Dan-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qiong Bian
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xing-Fu Feng
- Ningbo Saiyusi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315806, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Sanova Bioscience Inc., 42 Nagog Park, STE110, Acton, MA 01741, USA
| | - Yue-Feng Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yong-Mei Shen
- Sichuan Gooddoctor Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610000, PR China
| | - Fu-Neng Geng
- Sichuan Gooddoctor Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610000, PR China
| | - An-Ran Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ying
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for New-Type External and Transdermal Preparations, PR China
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17
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Assaf SM, Sallam ASA, Ghanem AM. Design and evaluation of transdermal delivery system containing tamsulosin hydrochloride. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Mansour RSH, Sallam AA, Hamdan II, Khalil EA, Yousef I. Elucidation of penetration enhancement mechanism of Emu oil using FTIR microspectroscopy at EMIRA laboratory of SESAME synchrotron. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 185:1-10. [PMID: 28527394 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that Emu oil possesses skin permeation-enhancing effect. This study aimed to address its possible penetration enhancement mechanism(s) using IR microscopy, in accordance with LPP theory. The penetration of Emu oil through the layers of human skin was accomplished by monitoring oil-IR characteristic feature at 3006cm-1. The unsaturated components of Emu oil accumulated at about 270μm depth of skin surface. The interaction of Emu oil with lipid and protein constituents of SC was investigated in comparison with a commonly used enhancer, IPM. Inter-sample spectral differences were identified using PCA and linked with possible enhancement mechanisms. Emu oil treatment caused a change in the slope of the right contour of amide I band of the protein spectral range. This was also clear in the second derivative spectra where the emergence of a new shoulder at higher frequency was evident, suggesting disorganization of keratin α-helix structure. This effect could be a result of disruption of some hydrogen bonds in which amide CO and NH groups of keratin are involved. The low intensity of the emerged shoulder is also in agreement with formation of weaker hydrogen bonds. IPM did not affect the protein component. No conclusions regarding the effect of penetration enhancers on the SC lipids were obtained. This was due to the overlap of the endogenous (skin) and exogenous (oil) CH stretching and scissoring frequencies. The SC carbonyl stretching peak disappeared as a result of IPM treatment which may reflect some degree of lipid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imad I Hamdan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Enam A Khalil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- SESAME Synchrotron, P.O. Box 7, 19252 Allan, Jordan; ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Evaluation of sesquiterpenes as permeation enhancers for a model macromolecule across human skin in vitro. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Banerjee A, Ibsen K, Iwao Y, Zakrewsky M, Mitragotri S. Transdermal Protein Delivery Using Choline and Geranate (CAGE) Deep Eutectic Solvent. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28337858 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery of peptides and other biological macromolecules is limited due to skin's inherent low permeability. Here, the authors report the use of a deep eutectic solvent, choline and geranate (CAGE), to enhance topical delivery of proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA, molecular weight: ≈66 kDa), ovalbumin (OVA, molecular weight: ≈45 kDa) and insulin (INS, molecular weight: 5.8 kDa). CAGE enhances permeation of BSA, OVA, and insulin into porcine skin ex vivo, penetrating deep into the epidermis and dermis. Studies using tritium-labeled BSA and fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled insulin show significantly enhanced delivery of proteins into and across porcine skin, penetrating the skin in a time-dependent manner. Fourier transform IR spectra of porcine stratum corneum (SC) samples before and after incubation in CAGE show a reduction in peak area attributed to SC lipid content, suggesting lipid extraction from the SC. Circular dichroism confirms that CAGE does not affect insulin's secondary conformation. In vivo studies in rats show that topical application of 10 U insulin dispersed in CAGE (25 U kg-1 insulin dose) leads to a highly significant 40% drop in blood glucose levels in 4 h that is relatively sustained for 12 h. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that CAGE is a promising vehicle for transdermal delivery of therapeutic proteins; specifically, as a noninvasive delivery alternative to injectable insulin for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Kelly Ibsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Yasunori Iwao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422‐8526 Japan
| | - Michael Zakrewsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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21
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Bernal-Chávez SA, Pérez-Carreto LY, Nava-Arzaluz MG, Ganem-Rondero A. Alkylglycerol Derivatives, a New Class of Skin Penetration Modulators. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010185. [PMID: 28117757 PMCID: PMC6155712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption modulating activity of two alkylglycerol derivatives (batyl and chimyl alcohol) on skin barrier properties was evaluated. Biophysical tests such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, as well as in vitro skin permeation studies, were performed in order to determine the effect of these compounds as chemical absorption modulators. Four drugs were used as models: three NSAIDS (diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam) and glycyrrhizic acid. The results showed that treatment of the skin with alkylglycerols caused (i) a reduction on the amount of drug permeated; (ii) a reduction in TEWL; and (iii) changes in the ATR-FTIR peaks of stratum corneum lipids, indicative of a more ordered structure. All of these findings confirm that alkyl glycerols have an absorption retarding effect on the drugs tested. Such effects are expected to give rise to important applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors, in cases where it is desirable for the drug to remain in the superficial layers of the skin to achieve a local effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alberto Bernal-Chávez
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Lilia Yazmín Pérez-Carreto
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - María Guadalupe Nava-Arzaluz
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Ganem-Rondero
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
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Rangsimawong W, Opanasopit P, Rojanarata T, Panomsuk S, Ngawhirunpat T. Influence of sonophoresis on transdermal drug delivery of hydrophilic compound-loaded lipid nanocarriers. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:597-605. [PMID: 27492948 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1221428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sonophoresis on the transdermal drug delivery of sodium fluorescein (NaFI)-loaded lipid nanocarriers such as liposomes (LI), niosomes (NI) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that SN decreased the skin penetration of NaFI-loaded SLN (6.32-fold) and NI (1.79-fold), while it increased the penetration of NaFI-loaded LI (5.36-fold). CLSM images showed the red fluorescence of the LI and NI bilayer on the superficial layer of the stratum corneum. However, the red fluorescent probe of the SLN was not visualized in the skin. FTIR results of the LI and NI with SN showed no effect on lipid stratum corneum ordering, suggesting that the fragment of bilayer vesicles might repair the damaged skin. For SLN, the strengthening of stratum corneum by covering the disrupted skin with solid lipids was shown. SEM images show disrupted carriers of all the formulations adsorbed onto the damaged skin. In conclusion, the SN changed the properties of both the skin surface and lipid nanocarrier, demonstrating that disrupted skin might be repaired by a disrupted nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suwannee Panomsuk
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Silpakorn University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
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23
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Salimi A, Hedayatipour N, Moghimipour E. The Effect of Various Vehicles on the Naproxen Permeability through Rat Skin: A Mechanistic Study by DSC and FT-IR Techniques. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:9-16. [PMID: 27099831 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of different vehicles on drug permeability and microstructure of intercellular or lipids in SC layer of skin. METHODS Pre-treated skin of rat using some vehicles including Labarac PG ,Transcutol P, tween 80, span 80 and propylene glycol (PG), were mounted on specialized design franz-diffusion cell was used to assess naproxen permeation and parameters such as permeability coefficients and state flux (Jss) were evaluated. Any differences in peak position and also change in symmetric and asymmetric stretching of C-H bond, lipid ester carbonyl stretching in SC, C=O stretching (Amide I) and C-N stretching of keratin (Amide II) absorbance using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were considered to investigate the enhancing mechanism. DSC method was utilized to compare their mean transition temperature (Tm) and enthalpies (ΔH). RESULTS Steady-state flux (Jss), permeability coefficient (Kp) and diffusion coefficient (D) were significantly (p<0.05) increased by using their span80 showed the biggest enhancement ratio (ERflux) and Transcutol P, Labrafac PG, Tween 80 and Propylene glycol were at the next levels. In comprised to hydrated rat skin the maximum increase in diffusion coefficient was for Tween 80(p<0.05), Lipid fluidization, lipid disruption structure and the irreversible denaturation of proteins in the SC layer of skin by span 80, Tween 80, Labrafac PG, Transcutol P and propylene glycol, were indicated by FT-IR and DSC techniques. CONCLUSION It is concluded that naproxen permeation through rat skin may be facilitated by utilizing the vehicle systems. Lipid fluidization and lipid extraction are among suggested mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayatollah Salimi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najme Hedayatipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Eskandar Moghimipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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24
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Salimi A, Hedayatipour N, Moghimipour E. The Effect of Various Vehicles on the Naproxen Permeability through Rat Skin: A Mechanistic Study by DSC and FT-IR Techniques. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:9-16. [PMID: 27099831 PMCID: PMC4833885 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of different vehicles on drug permeability and microstructure of intercellular or lipids in SC layer of skin. METHODS Pre-treated skin of rat using some vehicles including Labarac PG ,Transcutol P, tween 80, span 80 and propylene glycol (PG), were mounted on specialized design franz-diffusion cell was used to assess naproxen permeation and parameters such as permeability coefficients and state flux (Jss) were evaluated. Any differences in peak position and also change in symmetric and asymmetric stretching of C-H bond, lipid ester carbonyl stretching in SC, C=O stretching (Amide I) and C-N stretching of keratin (Amide II) absorbance using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were considered to investigate the enhancing mechanism. DSC method was utilized to compare their mean transition temperature (Tm) and enthalpies (ΔH). RESULTS Steady-state flux (Jss), permeability coefficient (Kp) and diffusion coefficient (D) were significantly (p<0.05) increased by using their span80 showed the biggest enhancement ratio (ERflux) and Transcutol P, Labrafac PG, Tween 80 and Propylene glycol were at the next levels. In comprised to hydrated rat skin the maximum increase in diffusion coefficient was for Tween 80(p<0.05), Lipid fluidization, lipid disruption structure and the irreversible denaturation of proteins in the SC layer of skin by span 80, Tween 80, Labrafac PG, Transcutol P and propylene glycol, were indicated by FT-IR and DSC techniques. CONCLUSION It is concluded that naproxen permeation through rat skin may be facilitated by utilizing the vehicle systems. Lipid fluidization and lipid extraction are among suggested mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayatollah Salimi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najme Hedayatipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Eskandar Moghimipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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25
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Caon T, Campos CEM, Simões CMO, Silva MAS. Novel perspectives in the tuberculosis treatment: Administration of isoniazid through the skin. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:463-70. [PMID: 26319631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite its high efficacy in anti-tuberculosis therapy, the oral administration of isoniazid (INH) may lead to poor patient compliance due to hepatotoxicity events. In this context, the transdermal administration of INH was evaluated, for the first time, since this route avoids hepatic first pass effect. INH was applied to porcine skin in Franz diffusion chambers alone and with 5% menthol, limonene or Transcutol(®). Infrared and DSC analyses were selected for mechanistic studies. The transdermal absorption of INH was sufficient to ensure a systemic therapeutic effect. Menthol was not able to improve the absorption of INH, but it increased the drug accumulation in skin compared to the control (1.4-fold). Transcutol(®) reduced permeation flux of INH (2.2-fold) and also increased the amount of drug retained in skin (1.7-fold). Limonene was the most effective excipient since it increased permeation flux of INH (1.5-fold) and lag time was greatly shortened (2.8-fold). DSC and FTIR analyses of limonene-treated skin suggest higher degree of disorder in lipid bilayers. Transdermal delivery of INH was positively correlated with logP of chemical enhancers. INH can be efficiently delivered by skin route and specific excipients may be selected depending on intended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Caon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Maduro Campos
- Laboratório de Difração de Raios-X, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Segatto Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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26
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Witting M, Boreham A, Brodwolf R, Vávrová K, Alexiev U, Friess W, Hedtrich S. Interactions of hyaluronic Acid with the skin and implications for the dermal delivery of biomacromolecules. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1391-401. [PMID: 25871518 DOI: 10.1021/mp500676e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels are interesting delivery systems for topical applications. Besides moisturizing the skin and improving wound healing, HA facilitates topical drug absorption and is highly compatible with labile biomacromolecules. Hence, in this study we investigated the influence of HA hydrogels with different molecular weights (5 kDa, 100 kDa, 1 MDa) on the skin absorption of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). To elucidate the interactions of HA with the stratum corneum and the skin absorption of HA itself, we combined FLIM and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Our results revealed distinct formulation and skin-dependent effects. In barrier deficient (tape-stripped) skin, BSA alone penetrated into dermal layers. When BSA and HA were applied together, however, penetration was restricted to the epidermis. In normal skin, penetration enhancement of BSA into the epidermis was observed when applying low molecular weight HA (5 kDa). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis indicated close interactions between HA and BSA under these conditions. FTIR spectroscopic analysis of HA interactions with stratum corneum constituents showed an α-helix to β-sheet interconversion of keratin in the stratum corneum, increased skin hydration, and intense interactions between 100 kDa HA and the skin lipids resulting in a more disordered arrangement of the latter. In conclusion, HA hydrogels restricted the delivery of biomacromolecules to the stratum corneum and viable epidermis in barrier deficient skin, and therefore seem to be potential topical drug vehicles. In contrast, HA acted as an enhancer for delivery in normal skin, probably mediated by a combination of cotransport, increased skin hydration, and modifications of the stratum corneum properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Witting
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Boreham
- ‡Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Brodwolf
- ‡Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- §Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- ‡Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,∥Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Lei M, Wang J, Ma M, Yu M, Tan F, Li N. Dual drug encapsulation in a novel nano-vesicular carrier for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma: characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16306k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a dual drug-loaded dermal targeted vesicle for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- PR China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- PR China
| | - Man Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- PR China
| | - Meng Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- PR China
| | - Fengping Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- PR China
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- PR China
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28
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Ma H, Yu M, Tan F, Li N. Improved percutaneous delivery of azelaic acid employing microemulsion as nanocarrier: formulation optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00713e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical administration of an optimal microemulsion could effectively enhance the amount of azelaic acid in skin without causing skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- 300072 Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Meng Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- 300072 Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Fengping Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- 300072 Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- 300072 Tianjin
- P. R. China
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29
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Effects of solvent on percutaneous absorption of nonvolatile lipophilic solute. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:266-76. [PMID: 25261711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of solvents upon percutaneous absorption can improve drug delivery across skin and allow better risk assessment of toxic compound exposure. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of solvents upon the deposition of a moderately lipophilic solute at a low dose in the stratum corneum (SC) that could influence skin absorption of the solute after topical application. Skin permeation experiments were performed using Franz diffusion cells and human epidermal membrane (HEM). Radiolabeled corticosterone ((3)H-CS) was the model permeant. The solvents used had different evaporation and skin penetration properties that were expected to impact skin deposition of CS and its absorption across skin. The results show no correlation between the rate of absorption of the permeant and the rate of solvent evaporation/penetration with ethanol, hexane, isopropanol, and butanol as the solvent; all of these solvents have fast evaporation rates (complete evaporation in <30 min after application). This suggests no differences in solvent-induced deposition of CS in the SC for the fast-evaporating solvents. The results of these fast-evaporating solvents were different from those of water, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, that a relationship between permeant absorption and the rate of solvent evaporation was observed.
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30
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Wang J, Guo F, Ma M, Lei M, Tan F, Li N. Nanovesicular system containing tretinoin for dermal targeting delivery and rosacea treatment: a comparison of hexosomes, glycerosomes and ethosomes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08488h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Mutalik S, Shetty PK, Kumar A, Kalra R, Parekh HS. Enhancement in deposition and permeation of 5-fluorouracil through human epidermis assisted by peptide dendrimers. Drug Deliv 2013; 21:44-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.845861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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32
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Rubio L, Alonso C, Rodríguez G, Cócera M, López-Iglesias C, Coderch L, De la Maza A, Parra J, López O. Bicellar systems as new delivery strategy for topical application of flufenamic acid. Int J Pharm 2013; 444:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Franzen L, Vidlářová L, Kostka KH, Schaefer UF, Windbergs M. Freeze-drying as a preserving preparation technique forin vitrotesting of human skin. Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:54-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Franzen
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology; Saarland University; Saarbruecken; Germany
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Kostka
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery; Caritas-Krankenhaus; Lebach; Germany
| | - Ulrich F. Schaefer
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology; Saarland University; Saarbruecken; Germany
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