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Mehta D, Saini V, Bajaj A. Recent developments in membrane targeting antifungal agents to mitigate antifungal resistance. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1603-1628. [PMID: 37731690 PMCID: PMC10507810 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause severe and life-threatening complications especially in immunocompromised individuals. Antifungals targeting cellular machinery and cell membranes including azoles are used in clinical practice to manage topical to systemic fungal infections. However, continuous exposure to clinically used antifungal agents in managing the fungal infections results in the development of multi-drug resistance via adapting different kinds of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The unique chemical composition of fungal membranes presents attractive targets for antifungal drug discovery as it is difficult for fungal cells to modify the membrane targets for emergence of drug resistance. Here, we discussed available antifungal drugs with their detailed mechanism of action and described different antifungal resistance mechanisms. We further emphasized structure-activity relationship studies of membrane-targeting antifungal agents, and classified membrane-targeting antifungal agents on the basis of their core scaffold with detailed pharmacological properties. This review aims to pique the interest of potential researchers who could explore this interesting and intricate fungal realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Mehta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Varsha Saini
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad-121001 Haryana India
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2
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Advanced Solid Formulations For Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Pharm Res 2023; 40:593-610. [PMID: 36451068 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic and endogenous infection caused by a fungus of the Candida genus, which can cause pruritus, dysuria, vulvar edema, fissures and maceration of the vulva. The treatment of vaginal candidiasis is carried out mainly by antifungal agents of azole and polyene classes; however, fungal resistance cases have been often observed. For this reason, new therapeutic agents such as essential oils, probiotics and antimicrobial peptides are being investigated, which can be combined with conventional drugs. Local administration of antimicrobials has also been considered to allow greater control of drug delivery and reduce or avoid undesirable systemic adverse effects. Conventional dosage forms such as creams and ointments result in reduced residence time in the mucosa and non-sustained and variable drug delivery. Therefore, advanced solid formulations such as intravaginal rings, vaginal films, sponges and nanofibers have been purposed. In these systems, polymers in different ratios are combined aiming to achieve a specific drug release profile and high mucoadhesion. Overall, a more porous matrix structure leads to a higher rate of drug release and mucoadhesion. The advantages, limitations and technological aspects of each dosage form are discussed in detail in this review.
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3
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Yuan B, Zheng X, Wu ML, Yang Y, Chen JW, Gao HC, Liu J. Platelet-Rich Plasma Gel-Loaded Collagen/Chitosan Composite Film Accelerated Rat Sciatic Nerve Injury Repair. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2931-2941. [PMID: 36713745 PMCID: PMC9878625 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common clinical disease caused by severe limb trauma, congenital malformations, and tumor resection, which may lead to significant functional impairment and permanent disability. Nerve conduit as a method for treating peripheral nerve injury shows good application prospects. In this work, the COL/CS composite films with different mass ratios of 1:0, 1:1, and 1:3 were fabricated by combining physical doping. Physicochemical characterization results showed that the COL/CS composite films possessed good swelling properties, ideal mechanical properties, degradability and suitable hydrophilicity, which could meet the requirements of nerve tissue engineering. In vitro cell experiments showed that the loading of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel on the surface of COL/CS composite films could significantly improve the biocompatibility of films and promote the proliferation of Schwann cells. In addition, a rat model of sciatic nerve defect was constructed to evaluate the effect of COL/CS composite films on peripheral nerve repair and the results showed that COL/CS composite films loaded with PRP gel could promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery in rats with sciatic nerve injury, indicating that the combination of PRP gel with the COL/CS composite film would be a potential approach for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Liaoning
Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Epigenomics, College of Basic Medical
Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian116044, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Liaoning
Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Epigenomics, College of Basic Medical
Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian116044, China
| | - Mo-Li Wu
- Liaoning
Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Epigenomics, College of Basic Medical
Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian116044, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Liaoning
Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Epigenomics, College of Basic Medical
Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian116044, China
| | - Jin-wei Chen
- South
China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Hui-Chang Gao
- South
China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Liaoning
Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Epigenomics, College of Basic Medical
Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian116044, China
- South
China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou510006, China
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4
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Real DA, Bolaños K, Priotti J, Yutronic N, Kogan MJ, Sierpe R, Donoso-González O. Cyclodextrin-Modified Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery: Classification and Advances in Controlled Release and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2131. [PMID: 34959412 PMCID: PMC8706493 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug delivery, one widely used way of overcoming the biopharmaceutical problems present in several active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as poor aqueous solubility, early instability, and low bioavailability, is the formation of inclusion compounds with cyclodextrins (CD). In recent years, the use of CD derivatives in combination with nanomaterials has shown to be a promising strategy for formulating new, optimized systems. The goals of this review are to give in-depth knowledge and critical appraisal of the main CD-modified or CD-based nanomaterials for drug delivery, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, natural and synthetic polymeric nanocarriers, nanosponges, graphene derivatives, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and other miscellaneous systems such as nanovalves, metal-organic frameworks, Janus nanoparticles, and nanofibers. Special attention is given to nanosystems that achieve controlled drug release and increase their bioavailability during in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andrés Real
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Karen Bolaños
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Josefina Priotti
- Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina;
| | - Nicolás Yutronic
- Laboratorio de Nanoquímica y Química Supramolecular, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Sierpe
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Laboratorio de Nanoquímica y Química Supramolecular, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Biosensores, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Orlando Donoso-González
- Laboratorio de Nanobiotecnología y Nanotoxicología, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (D.A.R.); (K.B.); (M.J.K.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Laboratorio de Nanoquímica y Química Supramolecular, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
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Calvo NL, Tejada G, Svetaz LA, Quiroga AD, Alvarez VA, Lamas MC, Leonardi D. Development and optimization of a new tioconazole vaginal mucoadhesive film using an experimental design strategy. Physicochemical and biological characterization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114303. [PMID: 34391134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new tioconazole (TCZ) mucoadhesive film, based on a biodegradable chitosan/ hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (CH/HPMC) blend, was developed for treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The formulation was optimized through an I-optimal design (minimizing the integral of the prediction variance across the factor space), where the impact of the proportion of the ingredients and processing variables on the quality of the final product was evaluated. Both, the thickness of the film and the swelling index, which affect patients' comfort and compliance, were considered. Mechanical testing, such as load at break, elongation at break, and mucoadhesive strength were also included as dependent variables. The optimal mucoadhesive film formulation, which should be obtained at a drying temperature of 30 °C, was found to include the combination of CH and HPMC (forming polymers) at 0.25:0.75 ratio, a mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 and propylene glycol as plasticizers (0.07:0.93, 5% w/w), and TCZ loaded at 15 % w/w. The optimal preparation was subjected to exhaustive characterization studies, which revealed that the drug was entrapped in the polymeric matrix in an amorphous state and that the film exhibited a smooth and uniform surface, demonstrating excellent component compatibility. In vitro tests showed that the formulation has an excellent time to kill value (3 min) and lacks cytotoxicity, suggesting that it should be highly effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina; Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Tejada
- Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Laura A Svetaz
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Ariel D Quiroga
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, S2002LRL, Argentina
| | - Vera A Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA, CONICET-UNMdP), Colón 10890, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - María C Lamas
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina; Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Darío Leonardi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 570, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina; Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina.
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Design, fabrication and characterisation of drug-loaded vaginal films: State-of-the-art. J Control Release 2020; 327:477-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chen Z, Hu Y, Li J, Zhang C, Gao F, Ma X, Zhang J, Fu C, Geng F. A feasible biocompatible hydrogel film embedding Periplaneta americana extract for acute wound healing. Int J Pharm 2019; 571:118707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Design and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoformulations for the Delivery of Antifungal Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153686. [PMID: 31357647 PMCID: PMC6695956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Among different Candida species triggering vaginal candidiasis, Candida albicans is the most predominant yeast. It is commonly treated using azole drugs such as Tioconazole (TIO) and Econazole (ECO). However, their low water solubility may affect their therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this research was to produce a novel chitosan nanocapsule based delivery system comprising of TIO or ECO and to study their suitability in vaginal application. These systems were characterized by their physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release, storage stability, cytotoxicity, and in vitro biological activity. Both nanocapsules loaded with TIO (average hydrodynamic size of 146.8 ± 0.8 nm, zeta potential of +24.7 ± 1.1 mV) or ECO (average hydrodynamic size of 127.1 ± 1.5 nm, zeta potential of +33.0 ± 1.0 mV) showed excellent association efficiency (99% for TIO and 87% for ECO). The analysis of size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the systems at 4, 25, and 37 °C (over a period of two months) showed the stability of the systems. Finally, the developed nanosystems presented fungicidal activity against C. albicans at non-toxic concentrations (studied on model human skin cells). The results obtained from this study are the first step in the development of a pharmaceutical dosage form suitable for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.
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Tejada G, Lamas MC, Sortino M, Alvarez VA, Leonardi D. Composite Microparticles Based on Natural Mucoadhesive Polymers with Promising Structural Properties to Protect and Improve the Antifungal Activity of Miconazole Nitrate. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3712-3722. [PMID: 30238304 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is a recurrent oral infection caused by Candida species. Gel formulation containing miconazole nitrate is the most common approach for treating oral candidiasis. However, traditional oral topical antifungal therapies have many limitations, including short contact time with the oral mucosa and the necessity to administrate various doses per day. Thus, the aim of this work was to formulate composited microparticulated systems based on combinations of mucoadhesive cationic, anionic, and nonionic polymers that could protect and modify the drug release rate and therefore avoid a fast dilution of the drug by saliva. Microparticulated systems were prepared by the spray drying method employing chitosan, gelatin, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The morphology of the systems was investigated by scanning electron microscopy; drug crystallinity was studied by X-ray, while interactions between polymers were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Drug release and halo zone test were employed to analyze the release and activity of the systems loaded with miconazole against Candida albicans cultures. The most appropriate microparticulated system was the one based on chitosan and gelatin which showed homogeneous morphology (mean size of 1.7 ± 0.5 μm), a protective effect of the drug, and better antifungal effect against Candida culture than miconazole nitrate and the other assayed systems. Taking into account these results, this approach should be seriously considered for further evaluation of its safety and in vivo efficacy to be considered as an alternative therapeutic system for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
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Effect of drug incorporation technique and polymer combination on the performance of biopolymeric antifungal buccal films. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:431-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Formulation and in-vitro efficacy of antifungal mucoadhesive polymeric matrices for the delivery of miconazole nitrate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tejada G, Barrera MG, Piccirilli GN, Sortino M, Frattini A, Salomón CJ, Lamas MC, Leonardi D. Development and Evaluation of Buccal Films Based on Chitosan for the Potential Treatment of Oral Candidiasis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:936-946. [PMID: 28108973 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, chitosan films were prepared by a casting/solvent evaporation methodology using pectin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose to form polymeric matrices. Miconazole nitrate, as a model drug, was loaded into such formulations. These polymeric films were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, adhesiveness, and swelling as well as drug release. Besides, the morphology of raw materials and films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy; interactions between polymers were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and drug crystallinity studied by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. In addition, antifungal activity against cultures of the five most important fungal opportunistic pathogens belonging to Candida genus was investigated. Chitosan:hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose films were found to be the most appropriate formulations in terms of folding endurance, mechanical properties, and adhesiveness. Also, an improvement in the dissolution rate of miconazole nitrate from the films up to 90% compared to the non-loaded drug was observed. The in vitro antifungal activity showed a significant activity of the model drug when it is loaded into chitosan films. These findings suggest that chitosan-based films are a promising approach to deliver miconazole nitrate for the treatment of candidiasis.
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Mishra R, Joshi P, Mehta T. Formulation, development and characterization of mucoadhesive film for treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Int J Pharm Investig 2016; 6:47-55. [PMID: 27014619 PMCID: PMC4787062 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.176487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present investigation was formulation, optimization and characterization of mucoadhesive film of clotrimazole (CT) which is patient-convenient and provides an effective alternative for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. CT is an antimycotic drug applied locally for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Materials and Methods: Mucoadhesive vaginal films were prepared by solvent casting technique using hydroxyl propylcellulose and sodium alginate as polymers. Propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol-400 were evaluated as plasticizers. The mucoadhesive vaginal films were evaluated for percentage elongation, tensile strength, folding endurance, drug content, in vitro disintegration time, in vitro dissolution study, swelling index, bioadhesive strength, and diffusion study. Results: Among various permeation enhancers used, isopropyl myristate was found to be suitable. To evaluate the role of the concentration of permeation enhancer and concentration of polymers in the optimization of mucoadhesive vaginal film, 32 full factorial design was employed. Optimized batch showed in vitro disintegration time, 18 min; drug content, 99.83%; and tensile strength, 502.1 g/mm2. In vitro diffusion study showed that 77% drug diffusion occurred in 6 h. This batch was further evaluated by scanning electron microscopy indicating uniformity of the film. In vitroLactobacillus inhibition and in vitro antifungal activity of optimized batch showed an inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and no effect on Lactobacillus, which is a normal component of vaginal flora. Conclusion: Mucoadhesive vaginal film of CT is an effective dosage form for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyanka Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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