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Bhirud D, Agrawal G, Shah H, Patel A, Palkar MB, Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG. Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: An Empirical Review of their Detection, Mechanisms, and Regulatory Approaches. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:503-522. [PMID: 38321910 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266278636240125113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Since their discovery in valsartan-containing drugs, nitrosamine impurities have emerged as a significant safety problem in pharmaceutical products, prompting extensive recalls and suspensions. Valsartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, and other sartans have been discovered to have additional nitrosamine impurities, such as N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA), N-nitroso-Di-isopropyl amine (NDIPA), N-nitroso-Ethyl-Isopropyl amine (NEIPA), and N-nitroso-Diethyl amine (NDEA). Concerns about drug safety have grown in response to reports of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals, such as pioglitazone, rifampin, rifapentine, and varenicline. This review investigates the occurrence and impact of nitrosamine impurities in sartans and pharmaceutical goods, as well as their underlying causes. The discussion emphasizes the significance of comprehensive risk assessment and mitigation approaches at various phases of medication development and manufacturing. The link between amines and nitrosamine impurities is also investigated, with an emphasis on pH levels and the behaviour of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines. Regulations defining standards for nitrosamine assessment and management, such as ICH Q3A-Q3E and ICH M7, are critical in resolving impurity issues. Furthermore, the Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) is underlined as being critical for information sharing and product safety in the pharmaceutical industry. The review specifically focuses on the relationship between ranitidine and N-nitroso dimethyl amine (NDMA) in the context of the implications of nitrosamine contamination on patient safety and medicine supply. The importance of regulatory authorities in discovering and correcting nitrosamine impurities is highlighted in order to improve patient safety, product quality, and life expectancy. Furthermore, the significance of ongoing study and attention to nitrosamine-related repercussions for increasing pharmaceutical safety and overall public health is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Bhirud
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Gyan Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Harshil Shah
- Department of Bioequivalence, Cosette Pharmaceuticals INC, 200 Crossing Blvd Fl 4, Bridgewater, New Jersey, 08807, United States
| | - Artiben Patel
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Cosette Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200 Crossing Blvd Fl 4, Bridgewater, New Jersey, 08807, United States
| | - Mahesh B Palkar
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, 384012, India
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Horne S, Vera MD, Nagavelli LR, Sayeed VA, Heckman L, Johnson D, Berger D, Yip YY, Krahn CL, Sizukusa LO, Rocha NFM, Bream RN, Ludwig J, Keire DA, Condran G. Regulatory Experiences with Root Causes and Risk Factors for Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1166-1182. [PMID: 36599405 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines (also referred to as nitrosamines) are a class of substances, many of which are highly potent mutagenic agents which have been classified as probable human carcinogens. Nitrosamine impurities have been a concern within the pharmaceutical industry and by regulatory authorities worldwide since June 2018, when regulators were informed of the presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) medicine, valsartan. Since that time, regulatory authorities have collaborated to share information and knowledge on issues related to nitrosamines with a goal of promoting convergence on technical issues and reducing and mitigating patient exposure to harmful nitrosamine impurities in human drug products. This paper shares current scientific information from a quality perspective on risk factors and potential root causes for nitrosamine impurities, as well as recommendations for risk mitigation and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Vera
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laxma R Nagavelli
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Vilayat A Sayeed
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laurel Heckman
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Deborah Johnson
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Dan Berger
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert N Bream
- European Medicines Agency (EMA, EU), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Ludwig
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - David A Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Keire DA, Bream R, Wollein U, Schmaler-Ripcke J, Burchardt A, Conti M, Zmysłowski A, Keizers P, Morin J, Poh J, George M, Wierer M. International Regulatory Collaboration on the Analysis of Nitrosamines in Metformin-Containing Medicines. AAPS J 2022; 24:56. [PMID: 35449372 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recalls of some batches of metformin have occurred due to the detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in amounts above the acceptable intake (AI) of 96 ng per day. Prior to the recalls, an international regulatory laboratory network had been monitoring drugs for nitrosamine impurities with each laboratory independently developing and validating multiple analytical procedures to detect and measure nitrosamines in metformin drugs used in their jurisdictions. Here, we provide an overview of the analysis of metformin active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products with 1090 samples (875 finished dosage forms (FDFs) and 215 API samples) tested beginning in November of 2019 through July of 2020. Samples were obtained internationally by a variety of approaches, including purchased, received from firms via information requests or selected by regional regulatory authorities (either at wholesalers or during GMP inspections). Only one nitrosamine (NDMA) was detected and was only present in some batches of metformin products. For API samples, 213 out of 215 lots tested had no measurable level of NDMA. For FDF samples tested, the number of batches with NDMA above the AI amount for patient safety was 17.8% (156/875). Based on these data, although the presence of NDMA was of concern, 82.2% of the samples of metformin drug products tested met quality and safety standards for patients. Regulatory agencies continue to collaborate extensively and work with marketing authorization holders to understand root causes of nitrosamine formation and agree on corrective actions to mitigate the presence of NDMA in future metformin batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Robert Bream
- European Medicines Agency, Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, 1083 HS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Wollein
- Bayerisches Landesamt Für Gesundheit Und Lebensmittelsicherheit, LGL, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Jeannette Schmaler-Ripcke
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, CVUA Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annette Burchardt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Applied Analytics - InphA GmbH, Emil-Sommer-Strasse 7, 28329, Bremen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Conti
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adam Zmysłowski
- National Medicines Institute, NIL, 30/34 Chelmska Street, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Keizers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Justin Morin
- Health Canada, 2301 Midland Avenue, Room 200-59, Toronto, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Jalene Poh
- Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Bukit Merah, 169078, Singapore
| | - Mark George
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, A.C.T, 2606, Australia
| | - Michael Wierer
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026, 67081, Strasbourg, France
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A substructure-based screening approach to uncover N-nitrosamines in drug substances. J Food Drug Anal 2022; 30:150-162. [PMID: 35647726 PMCID: PMC9931005 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug substances are at risk of contamination with N-nitrosamines (NAs), well-known carcinogenic agents, during synthesis processes and/or long-term storage. Therefore, in this study, we developed an efficient data-based screening approach to systemically assess marketed products and investigated its scalability for benefiting both regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industries. A substructure-based screening method employing DataWarrior, an open-source software, was established to evaluate the risks of NA impurities in drug substances. Eight NA substructures containing susceptible amino sources for N-nitrosation have been identified as screening targets: dimethylamine (DMA), diethylamine, isopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dibutylamine, methylphenylamine, and tetrazoles. Our method detected 192 drug substances with a theoretical possibility of NA impurity, 141 of which had not been reported previously. In addition, the DMA moiety was significantly dominant among the eight NA substructures. The results were validated using data from the literature, and a high detection sensitivity of 0.944 was demonstrated. Furthermore, our approach has the advantage of scalability, owing to which 31 additional drugs with suspected NA-contaminated substructures were identified using the substructures of 1-methyl-4-piperazine in rifampin and 1-cyclopentyl-4-piperazine in rifapentine. In conclusion, the reported substructure-based approach provides an effective and scalable method for the screening and investigation of NA impurities in various pharmaceuticals and might be used as an ancillary technique in the field of pharmaceutical quality control for risk assessments of potential NA impurities.
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Bringezu F, Simon S. Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA1535 and E. coli WP2 uvrA are highly sensitive to detect the mutagenicity of short Alkyl-N-Nitrosamines in the Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:250-255. [PMID: 35198408 PMCID: PMC8850549 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to low levels of N-nitrosamines via different sources. N-Nitrosamines have recently been detected as impurities in various marketed drugs and they are known mutagenic carcinogens belonging to the cohort of concern as referred to in the ICH M7 guideline. Despite their well-known mutagenic properties, there is ongoing discussion on the suitability of the bacterial reverse mutation assay and using induced rat liver S9 as the external source of metabolism to detect their mutagenic potential. Therefore, we have investigated the mutagenic potential of N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine, and N-nitrosodibutylamine in vitro under various conditions. Our work showed that the bacterial reverse mutation assay applying plate incorporation or preincubation protocols and using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 and E. coli WP2 uvrA is suitable to predict the mutagenicity of n-nitrosamines in the presence of phenobarbital/β-naphthoflavone induced rat liver S9.
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Morizio PL, Britnell SR, Ottman AA. Impact of national valsartan recalls on Veterans' outcomes. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2021; 12:20420986211016173. [PMID: 34249328 PMCID: PMC8239958 DOI: 10.1177/20420986211016173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Chemical impurities discovered in angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) products in late 2018–2019 resulted in recalls of various products and has likely had downstream effects for patients and prescribers. The purpose of this study is to determine how the valsartan recall impacted clinical endpoints and prescribing of antihypertensives. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study including patients receiving recalled valsartan with essential hypertension who were mailed a recall letter on 12 March 2019. Mean blood pressure endpoints were collected 6 months before (pre-recall) and after the recall letter was mailed (post-recall). Antihypertensive medication changes and titrations were also characterized post-recall. Results: A total of 300 patients meeting eligibility criteria were included. There was no statistically significant difference in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) when pre- and post-recall blood pressures were compared (SBP: 137.2 mmHg versus 135.8 mmHg, p = 0.125; DBP: 78.6 mmHg versus 78.5 mmHg, p = 0.900). In addition, the percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure readings was similar in the pre- and post-recall timeframes (28% versus 27%, p = 0.72). A total of 33 medication changes involving valsartan occurred, with approximately one-third being changed to another ARB (n = 11) or drug class (n = 12). In total, 11 valsartan medication changes were specifically documented to be related to the valsartan recall. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the valsartan recalls that occurred in 2019 did not significantly impact the clinical outcomes of the studied population. Plain Language Summary Impact of a medication recall on Veterans’ outcomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L Morizio
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705-3875, USA
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7
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Abstract
A product recall is the outcome of a careful pharmacovigilance; and it is an integral part of drug regulation. Among various reasons for product recall, the detection of unacceptable levels of carcinogenic impurities is one of the most serious concerns. The genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of N-nitrosamines raises a serious safety concern, and in September 2020, the FDA issued guidance for the pharmaceutical industry regarding the control of nitrosamines in drug products. The FDA database shows that >1400 product lots have been recalled from the market due to the presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities at levels beyond the acceptable intake limit of 26.5 ng/day. The drugs that were present in recalled products include valsartan, irbesartan, losartan, metformin, ranitidine, and nizatidine. This perspective provides a critical account of these product recalls with an emphasis on the source and mechanism for the formation of N-nitrosamines in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
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8
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Elder DP, Johnson GE, Snodin DJ. Tolerability of risk: A commentary on the nitrosamine contamination issue. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2311-2328. [PMID: 33705731 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, regulators have grappled with different approaches to address the issue of control of impurities. Safety-based limits, such as permissible daily exposure (PDE), acceptable intake (AI), threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and less than lifetime limits (LTL) have all been used. For many years these safety-based limits have been recognized as virtually safe doses (VSDs). Recently, however, many regulatory agencies are seeking to impose limits for N-nitrosamine impurities, which are significantly below the VSD. This commentary will discuss the evolution of safety-based limits for impurities, provide an overview of the valsartan N-nitrosamine contamination issue and review the toxicology of N-nitrosamines. The outcome of a lessons-learned exercise on sartan medications undertaken by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) will also be discussed. The review will also highlight the many analytical challenges inherent with controlling impurities to ppb-based limits. The use of highly sensitive, low ppb limits, methods may lead to future issues of batch rejection, based on false positives. Regulators initially viewed the N-nitrosamine risk as being insufficient to prompt immediate product discontinuation and patients were specifically advised to continue using their affected medication. Patients were also informed that exposure to N-nitrosamines is extremely common via food and drinking water.
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9
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Hussain AS, Morris K, Gurvich VJ. Pharmaceutical Quality, Team Science, and Education Themes: Observations and Commentary on a Remarkable AAPS PharmSciTech Theme Issue. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:88. [PMID: 33665776 PMCID: PMC7931785 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Topics for DTB review articles are selected by DTB's editorial board to provide concise overviews of medicines and other treatments to help patients get the best care. Articles include a summary of key points and a brief overview for patients. Articles may also have a series of multiple choice CME questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Erskine
- Pharmacy, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Wood
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
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11
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Schmidtsdorff S, Neumann J, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Analytical lifecycle management for comprehensive and universal nitrosamine analysis in various pharmaceutical formulations by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113960. [PMID: 33626447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the detection of nitrosamines (NA) in valsartan pharmaceuticals, over two years have passed. At present, the occurrence of NAs can be limited to a few drug substances and drug products, but it is already becoming apparent that the issue appears to be much bigger than initially thought. The impact on the global pharmaceutical market has been tremendous and the problem can be attributed mainly to uncritically adopted approval changes and the lack of suitable, modern analytical methods to detect those impurities in time. We hereby demonstrate how lifecycle management (LCM) can be used to develop and improve suitable and universal analytical methods within short time. The resulting SFC-MS/MS method is intended for a universal nitrosamine investigation in drug substances and drug products. Successful NA analysis was demonstrated for seven sartans, metformin, pioglitazone and ranitidine. Additionally, combination drug products, containing also amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, vildagliptin and sitagliptin, were analyzed successfully. The method achieved separation of 16 NAs in 4 min with a total run time of 11.5 min, utilizing a Supel Carbon porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column. Carbon dioxide together with 0.1% TFA in methanol as modifier were used as eluents and 0.35% formic acid in methanol as make-up solvent for mass spectrometric NA detection. By implementing LCM in this case study, development time was reduced and knowledge was implemented fast. At the same time, a high adaptability of this "vital" method was achieved, which makes it possible to implement the constantly changing regulatory requirements within the shortest possible time. Supplemental development data, according to the ICH guidelines Q8, Q12 and the proposed Q14 are disclosed, demonstrating the scientific Quality-by-Design (QbD) development approach, the "fitness for use" and the robustness of the analytical procedure. This method contributes to the still ongoing risk assessment process of the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory agencies, in order to understand root causes of NA formation, maintain the drug supply and prevent drug shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Chromicent GmbH, Johann-Hittorf-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jonas Neumann
- Chromicent GmbH, Johann-Hittorf-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria K Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Řemínek R, Foret F, Chung DS. Application of capillary electrophoresis-nano-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for the determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pharmaceuticals. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:334-341. [PMID: 33368407 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After a presence of highly hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine was detected in certain lots of sartan, ranitidine, metformin, and other pharmaceuticals, local regulatory authorities issued recalls of suspected products, and concerns of the pharmacotherapy safety were widely discussed. Since then, testing of a representative sample of each produced lot of these pharmaceuticals is required as a part of quality control processes. Hence, an interface-free CE-nanoESI system coupled with MS detection was employed for the development of a simple and economical method for quantitative detection of this contaminant in the valsartan drug substances and finished formulations used as model matrices. In this arrangement, a fused-silica capillary was used as both a separation column and a nanoESI emitter providing high ionization efficiency and sensitivity. The optimized procedure was found to have sufficient selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The established LOD and LOQ values were 0.3 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The practical applicability of the method was tested by analyses of commercially available Valsacor® tablets. The results obtained prove that the developed procedure represents a promising alternative to currently available GC- and LC-based methods. Furthermore, after an adjustment of the separation conditions, the CE-nanoESI/MS system can be conceptually used for the determination of NDMA in other suspected pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Yang J, Marzan TA, Ye W, Sommers CD, Rodriguez JD, Keire DA. A Cautionary Tale: Quantitative LC-HRMS Analytical Procedures for the Analysis of N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Metformin. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:89. [PMID: 32613429 PMCID: PMC7329790 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A private testing laboratory reported in a Citizen Petition (CP) to FDA that 16 of 38 metformin drug products they tested had N-nitrosodimethyl amine (NDMA) amounts above the allowable intake (AI) of 96 ng/day. Because the FDA had been monitoring drugs for nitrosamines, orthogonal analytical procedures had been developed, validated and applied to detect the following nitrosamines in metformin drug products (if present): (i) NDMA (with a dedicated method) or (ii) NDMA (with a second confirmatory method), N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA), N-ethyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine (NEIPA), N-nitroso-diisopropylamine (NDIPA), N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitroso-methylphenylamine (NMPA), N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine (NDBA) and N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA). In contrast to the private laboratory results, FDA testing on the same set of 38 samples with orthogonal procedures observed amounts over the AI in only 8 of the 38 products and generally observed lower values than reported by the private testing laboratory. As described here, the investigation into the cause of the discrepancy revealed that N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) can interfere with NDMA measurements. The data showed that the use of sufficient mass accuracy in the data acquisition and appropriate mass tolerance setting in the data processing to assure the selectivity of mass spectrometry measurements of NDMA in the presence of co-eluting DMF was necessary to prevent overestimation of the level of NDMA in metformin drug products. Overall, care should be taken to assure the necessary specificity in analytical procedures for adequate assessment of the nitrosamine level in drug products that also contain DMF or other potential interfering substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Tim Andres Marzan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Wei Ye
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Cynthia D Sommers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - David A Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, 645 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
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14
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Swain D, Yadav AS, Sasapu C, Akula V, Samanthula G. UPLC Separation of forced degradation and process related impurities of Velpatasvir and structure elucidation by online LC-Quadrupole-Time of flight-Tandem mass Spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Atouf F, Venema J. Do Standards Matter? What is Their Value? J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2387-2392. [PMID: 32360406 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Standards allow us to manage expectations for a diverse range of goods and services across the globe. From coordinating international global telecommunications across 24 different time zones to ensuring access to safe drinking water, standards allow us to work, communicate, collaborate, and live with certain expectations about safety and efficacy. When standards are fit-for-purpose, they raise the quality of products and services without requiring us to think about how that quality is assured. The result is that the successful implementation of standards for certain products can counterintuitively make it easy to overlook their importance when creating policies and regulations for next-generation products, such as generic drugs vis-à-vis biosimilars. Here we review the value of public standards as applied to the pharmaceutical industry. Using case studies, we demonstrate how standards for complex products, such as biologics, can be created and managed to ensure their optimal value to society while minimizing the burden to the industry. We also discuss the sustainability of standard development and whether there is sufficient transparency to maintain their role in the public trust. Finally, we assess the ability of standards to promote access to reasonably priced and high-quality biosimilars while enabling efficient product development and review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Atouf
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
| | - Jaap Venema
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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Petykó ZI, Inotai A, Holtorf AP, Brixner D, Kaló Z. Barriers and facilitators of exploiting the potential of value-added medicines. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2020; 20:229-236. [PMID: 32321326 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2020.1758558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) is costly and only a minority of patients can access innovative medicines due to affordability constraints. Value-added medicines (VAMs) can offer potential benefits at significantly lower R&D costs. AREAS COVERED VAMs may address different health care needs and problems, including off-label use of medicines, poor patient adherence, problems related to polypharmacy, need for home and/or personalized health care services. However, several barriers prevent societies from maximizing the benefits of incremental innovation related to VAMs. Generic manufacturers have limited budget and experience to demonstrate the value of new VAMs. Current market exclusivity options do not efficiently exclude freeridership and do not guarantee a return on investment for VAM innovators. Value propositions of VAMs are limitedly consistent with current HTA frameworks, consequently, incremental innovation is not acknowledged, nor rewarded with differential pricing by payers. Moreover, VAMs are often perceived solely as generic medicines by prescribers. EXPERT OPINION Current practices may need to be reconsidered to exploit the full societal benefit of VAMs, including more efficient policies to guarantee market exclusivity for incremental innovation, acknowledgment of a fair price premium based on a specific value framework and the acceptance of low-cost evidence generation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ida Petykó
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Inotai
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Diana Brixner
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
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Burnier M, Kjeldsen SE, Narkiewicz K, Oparil S. How to deal with the occurrence of rare drug-induced adverse events: the example of sprue-like enteropathy induced by olmesartan medoxomil and other angiotensin-receptor blockers. Blood Press 2020; 29:68-69. [PMID: 32049554 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2020.1726101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sverre E Kjeldsen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Oslo, Ullevaal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Liu Y, Romijn EP, Verniest G, Laukens K, De Vijlder T. Mass spectrometry-based structure elucidation of small molecule impurities and degradation products in pharmaceutical development. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Renin-angiotensin system in osteoarthritis: A new potential therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105796. [PMID: 31408841 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic joint diseases. However, the mechanism remains unclear. The traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important system for regulating homeostasis and controlling balance. In recent years, RAS-related components have played an important role in the occurrence of OA. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research results of RAS-related components that are associated with OA. This study systematically searched e-medical databases such as PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science. The search targets included English publications describing the effects of RAS-related components in OA, including the role of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Angiotensin II (Ang II), and angiotensin receptor (ATR). Additionally, this study summarizes the potential pathways for RAS-related components to intervene in OA. This study found that RAS-related components including renin, ACE, Ang II, AT1R and AT2R are involved in inflammation and chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA. RAS is involved in signaling pathways including the NF-κB, JNK, VEGFR/Tie-2, and the Axna2/Axna2R axis ones, which may be potential targets for the treatment of OA. Although there are few studies on RAS in the field of OA, the pathogenic effect of RAS-related components is still an important topic in OA treatment, and great progress may be made in this aspect in future studies.
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