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Rojas Velazquez MN, Therkelsen S, Pandey AV. Exploring Novel Variants of the Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene ( POR) from the Genome Aggregation Database by Integrating Bioinformatic Tools and Functional Assays. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1728. [PMID: 38136599 PMCID: PMC10741880 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is an essential redox partner for steroid and drug-metabolizing cytochromes P450 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in POR lead to metabolic disorders, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and affect the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and xenobiotics. In this study, we examined approximately 450 missense variants of the POR gene listed in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) using eleven different in silico prediction tools. We found that 64 novel variants were consistently predicted to be disease-causing by most tools. To validate our findings, we conducted a population analysis and selected two variations in POR for further investigation. The human POR wild type and the R268W and L577P variants were expressed in bacteria and subjected to enzyme kinetic assays using a model substrate. We also examined the activities of several cytochrome P450 proteins in the presence of POR (WT or variants) by combining P450 and reductase proteins in liposomes. We observed a decrease in enzymatic activities (ranging from 35% to 85%) of key drug-metabolizing enzymes, supported by POR variants R288W and L577P compared to WT-POR. These results validate our approach of curating a vast amount of data from genome projects and provide an updated and reliable reference for diagnosing POR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Natalia Rojas Velazquez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.N.R.V.); (S.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Søren Therkelsen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.N.R.V.); (S.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amit V. Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.N.R.V.); (S.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Wang C, Tian Q. Diagnostic challenges and management advances in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency, a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with 46, XX karyotype. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1226387. [PMID: 37635957 PMCID: PMC10453803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1226387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia that can manifest with skeletal malformations, ambiguous genitalia, and menstrual disorders caused by cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) mutations affecting electron transfer to all microsomal cytochrome P450 and some non-P450 enzymes involved in cholesterol, sterol, and drug metabolism. With the advancement of molecular biology and medical genetics, increasing numbers of PORD cases were reported, and the clinical spectrum of PORD was extended with studies on underlying mechanisms of phenotype-genotype correlations and optimum treatment. However, diagnostic challenges and management dilemma still exists because of unawareness of the condition, the overlapping manifestations with other disorders, and no clear guidelines for treatment. Delayed diagnosis and management may result in improper sex assignment, loss of reproductive capacity because of surgical removal of ruptured ovarian macro-cysts, and life-threatening conditions such as airway obstruction and adrenal crisis. The clinical outcomes and prognosis, which are influenced by specific POR mutations, the presence of additional genetic or environmental factors, and management, include early death due to developmental malformations or adrenal crisis, bilateral oophorectomies after spontaneous rupture of ovarian macro-cysts, genital ambiguity, abnormal pubertal development, and nearly normal phenotype with successful pregnancy outcomes by assisted reproduction. Thus, timely diagnosis including prenatal diagnosis with invasive and non-invasive techniques and appropriate management is essential to improve patients' outcomes. However, even in cases with conclusive diagnosis, comprehensive assessment is needed to avoid severe complications, such as chromosomal test to help sex assignment and evaluation of adrenal function to detect partial adrenal insufficiency. In recent years, it has been noted that proper hormone replacement therapy can lead to decrease or resolve of ovarian macro-cysts, and healthy babies can be delivered by in vitro fertilization and frozen embryo transfer following adequate control of multiple hormonal imbalances. Treatment may be complicated with adverse effects on drug metabolism caused by POR mutations. Unique challenges occur in female PORD patients such as ovarian macro-cysts prone to spontaneous rupture, masculinized genitalia without progression after birth, more frequently affected pubertal development, and impaired fertility. Thus, this review focuses only on 46, XX PORD patients to summarize the potential molecular pathogenesis, differential diagnosis of classic and non-classic PORD, and tailoring therapy to maintain health, avoid severe complications, and promote fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinjie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gusmano C, Cannarella R, Crafa A, Barbagallo F, La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Calogero AE. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, disorders of sex development, and infertility in patients with POR gene pathogenic variants: a systematic review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:1-14. [PMID: 35842891 PMCID: PMC9829634 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (PORD) is characterized by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and disorders of sex development (DSD) in both sexes. PORD can also associate with skeletal defects. However, the prevalence of these phenotypes is unknown. AIM To evaluate the prevalence of CAH, DSD, and infertility of patients with POR gene pathogenic variants by a systematic review of the literature. METHODS The literature search was performed through PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Academic One Files, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. All studies reporting information on CAH, DSD, testicular adrenal rest tumor (TARTs), and fertility in patients with POR gene pathogenic variants were included. Finally, the prevalence of abnormal phenotypes was calculated. RESULTS Of the 246 articles initially retrieved, only 48 were included for a total of 119 (46 males and 73 females) patients with PORD. We also included the case of a male patient who consulted us for CAH and TARTs but without DSD. This patient, found to be a carrier of combined heterozygous POR mutation, reached fatherhood spontaneously. All the patients found had CAH. The presence of DSD was found in 65.2%, 82.1%, and 82.1% of patients with compound heterozygosity, homozygosity, or monoallelic heterozygous variants, respectively. The prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males. The prevalence of TARTs in patients with PORD is 2.7%. Only 5 women with PORD became pregnant after assisted reproductive techniques and delivered a healthy baby. Except for the recently reported proband, no other studies focused on male infertility in patients with POR gene variants. CONCLUSION This systematic review of the literature reports the prevalence of CAH, DSD, and TARTs in patients with PORD. The unknown prevalence of POR gene pathogenetic variants and the paucity of studies investigating fertility do not allow us to establish whether PORD is associated with infertility. Further studies on both women and men are needed to clarify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gusmano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - R Cannarella
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - A Crafa
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - F Barbagallo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - S La Vignera
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - R A Condorelli
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - A E Calogero
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Zhang QY, Li X, Zhou XY, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang XF, Liu YD, Chen YX, Wu XM, Ma LZ, Chen X, Chen SL. Study of differential proteomics in granulosa cells of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and the roles and mechanism of RAC1 in granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 555:111719. [PMID: 35850487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we focused on characterizing the proteome in granulosa cells in patients with biochemical premature ovarian insufficiency (bPOI) in order to identify differential proteins and investigate the fundamental mechanisms of POI. A total of 2688 proteins were identified based on the data-independent acquisition method, and 70 differentially expressed proteins were significant. Bioinformatic analyses, including gene expression pattern analysis, gene ontology enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins analysis, revealed discrete modules and the underlying molecular mechanisms in bPOI. Importantly, we observed that Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) was downregulated in the granulosa cells of bPOI. Low expression of RAC1 may affect the development process of POI by affecting the proliferation, apoptosis, and hormone synthesis of granulosa cells. Downregulation of RAC1 expression in the KGN and COV434 cells inhibited cell proliferation, blocked cells in the G1/G0 phase, and promoted apoptosis. Western blot results showed that β-catenin and cyclin D1 in the KGN and COV434 cells transfected with RAC1-siRNA were downregulated, while P21 and Bax were upregulated. Knocking down RAC1 in the KGN cells or adding the RAC1 enzyme inhibitor to the human luteinized granulosa cells (hLGC) inhibited the synthesis of E2, and the expression of aromatase and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yan Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yu-Dong Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying-Xue Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin-Zi Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shi-Ling Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Loss of Protein Stability and Function Caused by P228L Variation in NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Linked to Lower Testosterone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710141. [PMID: 36077536 PMCID: PMC9456303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the redox partner of steroid and drug-metabolising cytochromes P450 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in POR cause a broad range of metabolic disorders. The POR variant rs17853284 (P228L), identified by genome sequencing, has been linked to lower testosterone levels and reduced P450 activities. We expressed the POR wild type and the P228L variant in bacteria, purified the proteins, and performed protein stability and catalytic functional studies. Variant P228L affected the stability of the protein as evidenced by lower unfolding temperatures and higher sensitivity to urea denaturation. A significant decline in the rate of electron transfer to cytochrome c and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium (MTT) was observed with POR P228L, while activities of CYP3A4 were reduced by 25% and activities of CYP3A5 and CYP2C9 were reduced by more than 40% compared with WT POR. The 17,20 lyase activity of CYP17A1, responsible for the production of the main androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone, was reduced to 27% of WT in the presence of the P228L variant of POR. Based on in silico and in vitro studies, we predict that the change of proline to leucine may change the rigidity of the protein, causing conformational changes in POR, leading to altered electron transfer to redox partners. A single amino acid change can affect protein stability and cause a severe reduction in POR activity. Molecular characterisation of individual POR mutations is crucial for a better understanding of the impact on different redox partners of POR.
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Wróbel TM, Rogova O, Sharma K, Rojas Velazquez MN, Pandey AV, Jørgensen FS, Arendrup FS, Andersen KL, Björkling F. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Novel Non-Steroidal CYP17A1 Inhibitors as Potential Prostate Cancer Agents. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020165. [PMID: 35204665 PMCID: PMC8961587 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty new compounds, targeting CYP17A1, were synthesized, based on our previous work on a benzimidazole scaffold, and their biological activity evaluated. Inhibition of CYP17A1 is an important modality in the treatment of prostate cancer, which remains the most abundant cancer type in men. The biological assessment included CYP17A1 hydroxylase and lyase inhibition, CYP3A4 and P450 oxidoreductase (POR) inhibition, as well as antiproliferative activity in PC3 prostate cancer cells. The most potent compounds were selected for further analyses including in silico modeling. This combined effort resulted in a compound (comp 2, IC50 1.2 µM, in CYP17A1) with a potency comparable to abiraterone and selectivity towards the other targets tested. In addition, the data provided an understanding of the structure–activity relationship of this novel non-steroidal compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Wróbel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-814487273
| | - Oksana Rogova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
| | - Katyayani Sharma
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (M.N.R.V.); (A.V.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Natalia Rojas Velazquez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (M.N.R.V.); (A.V.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V. Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (M.N.R.V.); (A.V.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
| | - Frederic S. Arendrup
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.S.A.); (K.L.A.)
| | - Kasper L. Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.S.A.); (K.L.A.)
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
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Granada ML, Audí L. El laboratorio en el diagnóstico multidisciplinar del desarrollo sexual anómalo o diferente (DSD). ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2021; 2:481-493. [PMCID: PMC10197318 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2020-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objetivos El desarrollo de las características sexuales femeninas o masculinas acontece durante la vida fetal, determinándose el sexo genético, el gonadal y el sexo genital interno y externo (femenino o masculino). Cualquier discordancia en las etapas de diferenciación ocasiona un desarrollo sexual anómalo o diferente (DSD) que se clasifica según la composición de los cromosomas sexuales del cariotipo. Contenido En este capítulo se abordan la fisiología de la determinación y el desarrollo de las características sexuales femeninas o masculinas durante la vida fetal, la clasificación general de los DSD y su estudio diagnóstico clínico, bioquímico y genético que debe ser multidisciplinar. Los estudios bioquímicos deben incluir, además de las determinaciones bioquímicas generales, análisis de hormonas esteroideas y peptídicas, en condiciones basales o en pruebas funcionales de estimulación. El estudio genético debe comenzar con la determinación del cariotipo al que seguirá un estudio molecular en los cariotipos 46,XX ó 46,XY, orientado a la caracterización de un gen candidato. Además, se expondrán de manera específica los marcadores bioquímicos y genéticos en los DSD 46,XX, que incluyen el desarrollo gonadal anómalo (disgenesias, ovotestes y testes), el exceso de andrógenos de origen fetal (el más frecuente), fetoplacentario o materno y las anomalías del desarrollo de los genitales internos. Perspectivas El diagnóstico de un DSD requiere la contribución de un equipo multidisciplinar coordinado por un clínico y que incluya los servicios de bioquímica y genética clínica y molecular, un servicio de radiología e imagen y un servicio de anatomía patológica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Granada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, España
| | - Laura Audí
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, España
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Granada ML, Audí L. The laboratory in the multidisciplinary diagnosis of differences or disorders of sex development (DSD): I) Physiology, classification, approach, and methodologyII) Biochemical and genetic markers in 46,XX DSD. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2021; 2:468-493. [PMID: 37360895 PMCID: PMC10197333 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The development of female or male sex characteristics occurs during fetal life, when the genetic, gonadal, and internal and external genital sex is determined (female or male). Any discordance among sex determination and differentiation stages results in differences/disorders of sex development (DSD), which are classified based on the sex chromosomes found on the karyotype. Content This chapter addresses the physiological mechanisms that determine the development of female or male sex characteristics during fetal life, provides a general classification of DSD, and offers guidance for clinical, biochemical, and genetic diagnosis, which must be established by a multidisciplinary team. Biochemical studies should include general biochemistry, steroid and peptide hormone testing either at baseline or by stimulation testing. The genetic study should start with the determination of the karyotype, followed by a molecular study of the 46,XX or 46,XY karyotypes for the identification of candidate genes. Summary 46,XX DSD include an abnormal gonadal development (dysgenesis, ovotestes, or testes), an androgen excess (the most frequent) of fetal, fetoplacental, or maternal origin and an abnormal development of the internal genitalia. Biochemical and genetic markers are specific for each group. Outlook Diagnosis of DSD requires the involvement of a multidisciplinary team coordinated by a clinician, including a service of biochemistry, clinical, and molecular genetic testing, radiology and imaging, and a service of pathological anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Granada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Laura Audí
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Papadakis GE, Dumont A, Bouligand J, Chasseloup F, Raggi A, Catteau-Jonard S, Boute-Benejean O, Pitteloud N, Young J, Dewailly D. Non-classic cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency strongly linked with menstrual cycle disorders and female infertility as primary manifestations. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:939-949. [PMID: 32242900 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) be revealed in adult women with menstrual disorders and/or infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER PORD was biologically and genetically confirmed in five adult women with chronically elevated serum progesterone (P) who were referred for oligo-/amenorrhea and/or infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY PORD is an autosomal recessive disease typically diagnosed in neonates and children with ambiguous genitalia and/or skeletal abnormalities. It is responsible for the decreased activity of several P450 enzymes, including CYP21A2, CYP17A1 and CYP19A1, that are involved in adrenal and/or gonadal steroidogenesis. Little is known about the optimal way to investigate and treat patients with adult-onset PORD. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In this series, we report five adult females who were evaluated in three tertiary endocrine reproductive departments between March 2015 and September 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Five women aged 19-38 years were referred for unexplained oligo-/amenorrhea and/or infertility. Genetic testing excluded 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OH-D), initially suspected due to the increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels. Extensive phenotyping, steroid profiling by mass spectrometry, pelvic imaging and next-generation sequencing of 84 genes involved in gonadal and adrenal disorders were performed in all patients. IVF followed by frozen embryo transfer (ET) under glucocorticoid suppression therapy was performed for two patients. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All patients had oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. None had hyperandrogenism. Low-normal serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone levels contrasted with chronically increased serum P and 17-OHP levels, which further increased after adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration. Despite excessive P, 17OH-P and 21-deoxycortisol rise after ACTH stimulation suggesting non-classic 21OH-D, CYP21A2 sequencing did not support this hypothesis. Basal serum cortisol levels were low to normal, with inadequate response to ACTH in some women, suggesting partial adrenal insufficiency. All patients harbored rare biallelic POR mutations classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics standards. Pelvic imaging revealed bilateral ovarian macrocysts in all women. IVF was performed for two women after retrieval of a normal oocyte number despite very low E2 levels during ovarian stimulation. Frozen ET under glucocorticoid suppression therapy led to successful pregnancies. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The number of patients described here is limited and these data need to be confirmed on a larger number of women with non-classic PORD. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The diagnosis of PORD must be considered in infertile women with chronically elevated P and 17OH-P levels and ovarian macrocysts. Differentiation of this entity from non-classic 21OH-D is important, as the multiple enzyme deficiency requires a specific management. Successful fertility induction is possible by IVF, providing that P levels be sufficiently suppressed by glucocorticoid therapy prior to implantation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No specific funding was used for this study. There are no potential conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios E Papadakis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Agathe Dumont
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jerome Bouligand
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275 France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche-U1185, Fac Med Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fanny Chasseloup
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275 France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche-U1185, Fac Med Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Sophie Catteau-Jonard
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,University of Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Odile Boute-Benejean
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Young
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche-U1185, Fac Med Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Didier Dewailly
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.,University of Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
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10
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Acién P, Acién M. Disorders of Sex Development: Classification, Review, and Impact on Fertility. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113555. [PMID: 33158283 PMCID: PMC7694247 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the elements included in both sex determination and sex differentiation are briefly analyzed, exposing the pathophysiological and clinical classification of disorders or anomalies of sex development. Anomalies in sex determination without sex ambiguity include gonadal dysgenesis, polysomies, male XX, and Klinefelter syndrome (dysgenesis and polysomies with a female phenotype; and sex reversal and Klinefelter with a male phenotype). Other infertility situations could also be included here as minor degrees of dysgenesis. Anomalies in sex determination with sex ambiguity should (usually) include testicular dysgenesis and ovotesticular disorders. Among the anomalies in sex differentiation, we include: (1) males with androgen deficiency (MAD) that correspond to those individuals whose karyotype and gonads are male (XY and testes), but the phenotype can be female due to different hormonal abnormalities. (2) females with androgen excess (FAE); these patients have ovaries and a 46,XX karyotype, but present varying degrees of external genital virilization as a result of an enzyme abnormality that affects adrenal steroid biosynthesis and leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia; less frequently, this can be caused by iatrogenia or tumors. (3) Kallman syndrome. All of these anomalies are reviewed and analyzed herein, as well as related fertility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Acién
- Department of Gynecology, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan Campus, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-670-097-518, +34-965-919-385; Fax: +34-965-919-550
| | - Maribel Acién
- Department of Gynecology, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan Campus, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain;
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Juan University Hospital, San Juan Campus, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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11
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Inhibition of placental CYP19A1 activity remains as a valid hypothesis for 46,XX virilization in P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14632-14633. [PMID: 32576700 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003154117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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Praveen VP, Ladjouze A, Sauter KS, Pulickal A, Katharopoulos E, Trippel M, Perren A, Pandey AV, Flück CE. Novel CYP19A1 Mutations Extend the Genotype-Phenotype Correlation and Reveal the Impact on Ovarian Function. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa030. [PMID: 32318648 PMCID: PMC7159065 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context The steroidogenic enzyme aromatase (CYP19A1) is required for estrogen biosynthesis from androgen precursors in the ovary and extragonadal tissues. The role of aromatase, and thus estrogens, is best illustrated by genetic variations of the CYP19A1 gene leading to aromatase deficiency or excess. Objective The objective of this work is to characterize novel CYP19A1 variants. Design setting and patients Variants causing aromatase deficiency were suspected in four 46,XX children of African and Indian origin by careful clinical phenotyping. Sequencing of the CYP19A1 gene identified novel variants. Minigene experiments, aromatase activity assay, and computational, and histological analysis were used to characterize the variants. Main outcome measure and results CYP19A1 variants were found in all patients: a deletion in intron 9 leading to p.P423_H503del, a delins variant at p.P154, and point variants p.V161D, p.R264C, p.R375C. Except for R264C, all variants showed a loss of function. Protein structure and dynamics studies were in line with functional assays. The 2 female patients with delins variants manifested with ambiguous genitalia at birth. Histologic investigation revealed normal ovarian tissue on one side and a streak gonad on the other. Two female patients presented with abnormal pubertal development and polycystic ovaries. Conclusion In girls, aromatase deficiency usually manifests at birth, but diagnosis may also be made because of abnormal pubertal development or ovarian torsion due to (poly)cystic ovaries. The ovary harboring CYP19A1 variants may present as streak gonad or appears normal at birth, but is then at very high risk to produce cysts with aging and is therefore prone to ovarian torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annie Pulickal
- Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Efstathios Katharopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mafalda Trippel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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