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Szymańska H, Dzika E, Zabolewicz TJ, Życzko K. The Relationship between Complement Components C1R and C5 Gene Polymorphism and the Values of Blood Indices in Suckling Piglets. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2015. [PMID: 38002958 PMCID: PMC10671359 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The main mechanism of innate immunity is the complement system. Its components include the protein products of the C1R and C5 genes, which are involved in the classical activation pathway as well as the inflammatory and cytolytic immune responses, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in C1R (726T > C) and C5 (1044A > C) genes, and the values of hematological and biochemical blood indices in suckling crossbred (Polish Large White × Polish Landrace × Duroc × Pietrain) piglets (n = 473), considering their age (younger, 21 ± 3 days, n = 274; older, 35 ± 3 days, n = 199) and health status. The frequencies of the C5 genotypes deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Younger piglets, healthy piglets, piglets that deviated from physiological norms and older piglets with the C1R TT genotype all had lower white and red blood cell indices. In piglets with the C5 CC genotype, younger piglets, piglets that deviated from physiological norms and older piglets, a greater number and/or percentage of monocytes were recorded in the blood. Older piglets also showed an increase in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes, along with a tendency for a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes in their blood. We concluded that a polymorphism in the C1R gene may exhibit a functional association or genetic linkage with other genes involved in the process of erythropoiesis. Furthermore the relationship between the C5 gene polymorphism and the number and/or percentage of monocytes in the blood may modify the body's defense abilities. Piglets with the CC genotype, having an increased number/proportion of these cells in their blood, probably display a weakened immune response to pathogens or a chronic stimulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Szymańska
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Public Health, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Żołnierska 14C, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Public Health, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Żołnierska 14C, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Jarosław Zabolewicz
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krystyna Życzko
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Kielczewski JL, Jarajapu YPR, McFarland EL, Cai J, Afzal A, Li Calzi S, Chang KH, Lydic T, Shaw LC, Busik J, Hughes J, Cardounel AJ, Wilson K, Lyons TJ, Boulton ME, Mames RN, Chan-Ling T, Grant MB. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mediates vascular repair by enhancing nitric oxide generation. Circ Res 2009; 105:897-905. [PMID: 19762684 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.199059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 modulates vascular development by regulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) behavior, specifically stimulating EPC cell migration. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of IGFBP-3 effects on EPC function and how IGFBP-3 mediates cytoprotection following vascular injury. OBJECTIVE To examine the mechanism of IGFBP-3-mediated repair following vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We used 2 complementary vascular injury models: laser occlusion of retinal vessels in adult green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeric mice and oxygen-induced retinopathy in mouse pups. Intravitreal injection of IGFBP-3-expressing plasmid into lasered GFP chimeric mice stimulated homing of EPCs, whereas reversing ischemia induced increases in macrophage infiltration. IGFBP-3 also reduced the retinal ceramide/sphingomyelin ratio that was increased following laser injury. In the OIR model, IGFBP-3 prevented cell death of resident vascular endothelial cells and EPCs, while simultaneously increasing astrocytic ensheathment of vessels. For EPCs to orchestrate repair, these cells must migrate into ischemic tissue. This migratory ability is mediated, in part, by endogenous NO generation. Thus, we asked whether the migratory effects of IGFBP-3 were attributable to stimulation of NO generation. IGFBP-3 increased endothelial NO synthase expression in human EPCs leading to NO generation. IGFBP-3 exposure also led to the redistribution of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, an NO regulated protein critical for cell migration. IGFBP-3-mediated NO generation required high-density lipoprotein receptor activation and stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. CONCLUSION These studies support consideration of IGFBP-3 as a novel agent to restore the function of injured vasculature and restore NO generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kielczewski
- Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Beattie J, Phillips K, Shand JH, Szymanowska M, Flint DJ, Allan GJ. Molecular interactions in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis: a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor study. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:221-36. [PMID: 17899320 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review describes a comprehensive analysis of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor study of molecular interactions in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) molecular axis. In this study, we focus on the interaction between the polypeptide growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II with six soluble IGF binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6), which occur naturally in various biological fluids. We have describe the conditions required for the accurate determination of kinetic rate constants for these interactions and highlight the experimental and theoretical pitfalls, which may be encountered in the early stages of such a study. We focus on IGFBP-5 and describe a site-directed mutagenesis study, which examines the contribution of various residues in the protein to high affinity interaction with IGF-I and -II. We analyse the interaction of IGFBP-5 (and IGFBP-3) with heparin and other biomolecules and describe experiments, which were designed to monitor multi-protein complex formation in this molecular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Beattie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Royal College Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Kim KS, Seu YB, Baek SH, Kim MJ, Kim KJ, Kim JH, Kim JR. Induction of cellular senescence by insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 through a p53-dependent mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4543-52. [PMID: 17804819 PMCID: PMC2043568 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-03-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and aging. IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are important members of the IGF axis. IGFBP-5 is up-regulated during cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells, but the function of IGFBP-5 in cellular senescence is unknown. Here we show that IGFBP-5 plays important roles in the regulation of cellular senescence. Knockdown of IGFBP-5 in old human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) with IGFBP-5 micro-RNA lentivirus caused partial reduction of a variety of senescent phenotypes, such as changes in cell morphology, increases in cell proliferation, and decreases in senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) staining. In addition, treatment with IGFBP-5 protein or up-regulation of IGFBP-5 in young cells accelerates cellular senescence, as confirmed by cell proliferation and SA-beta-gal staining. Premature senescence induced by IGFBP-5 up-regulation in young cells was rescued by knockdown of p53, but not by knockdown of p16. Furthermore, atherosclerotic arteries exhibited strong IGFBP-5-positive staining along intimal plaques. These results suggest that IGFBP-5 plays a role in the regulation of cellular senescence via a p53-dependent pathway and in aging-associated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seok Kim
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, and
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Seu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Baek
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, and
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, and
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Keuk Jun Kim
- Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, and
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Jung Hye Kim
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, and
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Chang KH, Chan-Ling T, McFarland EL, Afzal A, Pan H, Baxter LC, Shaw LC, Caballero S, Sengupta N, Calzi SL, Sullivan SM, Grant MB. IGF binding protein-3 regulates hematopoietic stem cell and endothelial precursor cell function during vascular development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10595-600. [PMID: 17567755 PMCID: PMC1965558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702072104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We asked whether the hypoxia-regulated factor, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), could modulate stem cell factor receptor (c-kit+), stem cell antigen-1 (sca-1+), hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), or CD34+ endothelial precursor cell (EPC) function. Exposure of CD34+ EPCs to IGFBP3 resulted in rapid differentiation into endothelial cells and dose-dependent increases in cell migration and capillary tube formation. IGFBP3-expressing plasmid was injected into the vitreous of neonatal mice undergoing the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. In separate studies, GFP-expressing HSCs were transfected with IGFBP3 plasmid and injected into the vitreous of OIR mice. Administering either IGFBP3 plasmid alone or HSCs transfected with the plasmid resulted in a similar reduction in areas of vasoobliteration, protection of the developing vasculature from hyperoxia-induced regression, and reduction in preretinal neovascularization compared to control plasmid or HSCs transfected with control plasmid. In conclusion, IGFBP3 mediates EPC migration, differentiation, and capillary formation in vitro. Targeted expression of IGFBP3 protects the vasculature from damage and promotes proper vascular repair after hyperoxic insult in the OIR model. IGFBP3 expression may represent a physiological adaptation to ischemia and potentially a therapeutic target for treatment of ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Chang
- *Program in Stem Cell Biology
- epartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Tailoi Chan-Ling
- Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Evan L. McFarland
- Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Hao Pan
- *Program in Stem Cell Biology
- epartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Louise C. Baxter
- Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lynn C. Shaw
- *Program in Stem Cell Biology
- epartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Sergio Caballero
- *Program in Stem Cell Biology
- epartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Nilanjana Sengupta
- *Program in Stem Cell Biology
- epartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- *Program in Stem Cell Biology
- epartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - Sean M. Sullivan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | - Maria B. Grant
- *Program in Stem Cell Biology
- epartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Afzal A, Shaw LC, Ljubimov AV, Boulton ME, Segal MS, Grant MB. Retinal and choroidal microangiopathies: therapeutic opportunities. Microvasc Res 2007; 74:131-44. [PMID: 17585951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis in the retina and underlying choroid is a major cause of visual impairment in all age groups. The last decade has seen an explosion in the clinical availability of antiangiogenic compounds. Emphasis has been placed on inhibitors of the VEGF signaling pathway and considerable success has been achieved with aptamers and antibodies that bind VEGF. However, regression of neovascularization is rarely permanent and the regrowth of new vessels, often within a few months, requires multiple applications of drug. A number of antiangiogenic factors such as IGFBP3, SDF-1 blockers, PEDF, gamma-secretase, Delta-like ligand 4, and integrin antagonists have been identified, which act either indirectly on the VEGF system or independent of it. The importance of other candidates such as HIF-1alpha and protein kinase CK2, which act as "master" regulators of angiogenesis, offer realistic alternative targets for pharmacological intervention. The concept of combination therapy is rapidly gaining interest in the eye field and co-administration of two angiogenic agents (e.g., a CK2 inhibitor with a somatostatin analog, octreotide) are often significantly more effective at inhibiting retinal angiogenesis than either drug alone. The following review will discuss the current therapies available for aberrant ocular angiogenesis, consider new candidate targets for development of antiangiogenic compounds and emphasize the importance of combinatorial pharmacological agents in the treatment of such a dynamic cellular event as angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afzal
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267, USA
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von Schalburg KR, Rise ML, Brown GD, Davidson WS, Koop BF. A Comprehensive Survey of the Genes Involved in Maturation and Development of the Rainbow Trout Ovary1. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:687-99. [PMID: 15496514 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.034967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and maturation of the ovary requires precisely coordinated expression of specific gene classes to produce viable oocytes. We undertook identification of some of the genes involved in these processes by creating ovary-specific cDNA libraries by suppression subtractive hybridization and by microarray-based analyses. We present 5778 tissue- and sex-specific genes from subtracted ovary and testis libraries, many of which remain unidentified. A microarray containing 3557 salmonid cDNAs was used to compare the transcriptomes of precocious ovary at three different stages during the second year of life with a reference (normal ovary) transcriptome. On average, approximately 240 genes were developmentally regulated during the study period from June to October. Classes of genes maintaining relatively steady-state levels of expression, such as those controlling tissue remodeling, immunoregulation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and growth also were identified. Concurrent expression of various cell division and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis regulators revealed the utility of microarray analysis to monitor important maturation events. We also report unequivocal evidence for expression of the transcripts that encode the common glycoprotein alpha, LH beta, FSH beta, thyroid-stimulating hormone beta, and retinol-binding protein in both the ovary and testis of trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian R von Schalburg
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
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Spicer LJ. Proteolytic Degradation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins by Ovarian Follicles: A Control Mechanism for Selection of Dominant Follicles1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1223-30. [PMID: 14668213 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence for the role of proteolytic enzymes that degrade and inactivate insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) during follicular development in mammals. In some species (e.g., bovine), evidence indicates that decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 levels in estrogen-dominant preovulatory follicles are likely due, in part, to increased protease activity, whereas lower levels of IGFBP-2 are not due to increased proteolysis. Increased IGFBP-4 and -5 protease along with lower amounts of IGFBP-4 binding activity and greater amounts of free IGF-I are some of the earliest developmental changes documented in bovine growing antral follicles. This protease activity has recently been ascribed to serine metalloprotease(s), including pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which was first detected in human follicular fluid nearly 20 yr ago. Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. Whether the hormonal control of PAPP-A production/activity by the ovary differs between monotocous and polytocous animals will require further study. These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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Resch ZT, Chen BK, Bale LK, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, Conover CA. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein a gene expression as a target of inflammatory cytokines. Endocrinology 2004; 145:1124-9. [PMID: 14657012 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) cleaves IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) and appears to enhance local IGF bioavailability in response to injury. In this study we determined the effects of growth factors and cytokines involved in the healing process on PAPP-A expression in human dermal fibroblasts. There was no effect of platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or basic fibroblast growth factor on PAPP-A mRNA expression in these cells. However, treatment with the proinflammatory cytokines, TNFalpha and IL-1 beta, resulted in time- and dose-dependent increases in PAPP-A mRNA and protein expression (3- to 4-fold maximal effects), which were prevented by actinomycin D. On the other hand, interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) treatment markedly inhibited PAPP-A expression. IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity was increased 4-fold in medium from TNFalpha- and IL-1 beta-treated (1 nm) cells and decreased 40% in medium from IFN gamma-treated (1 nm) cells. IGF-I-stimulated [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with 1 nm TNFalpha, and this enhancement was blocked in the presence of protease-resistant IGFBP-4. In conclusion, PAPP-A expression is regulated by inflammatory cytokines in adult human fibroblasts, with functional consequences on IGFBP-4 protease activity and IGF-I bioavailability. These data provide a mechanism for the regulation of PAPP-A in response to injury and further implicate PAPP-A in the wound-healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Resch
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Delafontaine P, Song YH, Li Y. Expression, regulation, and function of IGF-1, IGF-1R, and IGF-1 binding proteins in blood vessels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 24:435-44. [PMID: 14604834 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000105902.89459.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The vascular insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 system includes the IGFs, the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and multiple binding proteins. This growth factor system exerts multiple physiologic effects on the vasculature through both endocrine and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. The effects of IGF-1 are mediated principally through the IGF-1R but are modulated by complex interactions with multiple IGF binding proteins that themselves are regulated by phosphorylation, proteolysis, polymerization, and cell or matrix association. During the last decade, a significant body of evidence has accumulated, indicating that expression of the components of the IGF system are regulated by multiple factors, including growth factors, cytokines, lipoproteins, reactive oxygen species, and hemodynamic forces. In addition, cross-talk between the IGF system and other growth factors and integrin receptors has been demonstrated. There is accumulating evidence of a role for IGF-1 in multiple vascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, restenosis, angiogenesis, and diabetic vascular disease. This review will discuss the regulation of expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, and IGF binding proteins in the vasculature and summarize evidence implicating involvement of this system in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Delafontaine
- Section of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA.
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