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Zhu C, Li S. The peripheral corticotropin releasing factor family's role in vasculitis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107275. [PMID: 38184094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor family peptides (CRF peptides) include 4 members, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), Urocortin (UCN1), UCN2 and UCN3. CRF peptides function via the two distinct receptors, CRF1 and CRF2. Among them, CRH/CRF1 has been recognized to influence immunity/inflammation peripherally. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CRH are reported. Likewise, UCNs, peripherally in cardiovascular system have been documented to have both potent protective and harmful effects, with UCN1 acting on both CRF1 & CRF2 and UCN2 & UCN3 on CRF2. We and others also observe protective and detrimental effects of CRF peptides/receptors on vasculature, with the latter of predominantly higher incidence, i.e., they play an important role in the development of vasculitis while in some cases they are found to counteract vascular inflammation. The pro-vasculitis effects of CRH & UCNs include increasing vascular endothelial permeability, interrupting endothelial adherens & tight junctions leading to hyperpermeability, stimulating immune/inflammatory cells to release inflammatory factors, and promoting angiogenesis by VEGF release while the anti-vasculitis effects may be just the opposite, depending on many factors such as different CRF receptor types, species and systemic conditions. Furthermore, CRF peptides' pro-vasculitis effects are found to be likely related to cPLA2 and S1P receptor signal pathway. This minireview will focus on summarizing the peripheral effects of CRF peptides on vasculature participating in the processes of vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue, 101, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue, 101, Nanjing, China.
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Abramiuk M, Frankowska K, Kułak K, Tarkowski R, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Grywalska E. Possible Correlation between Urocortin 1 (Ucn1) and Immune Parameters in Patients with Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097787. [PMID: 37175494 PMCID: PMC10178394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of endometriosis (EMS) has not been clearly elucidated yet, and that is probably the reason why its diagnostic process is frequently long-lasting and inefficient. Nowadays, the non-invasive diagnostic methods of EMS are still being sought. Our study aimed to assess the serum and peritoneal fluid levels of urocortin 1 (Ucn1) in patients with EMS and healthy women. Moreover, considering the immune background of the disease, the association between Ucn1 and several immune parameters was studied in both groups. We found that the serum Ucn1 level was significantly upregulated in women with EMS compared to healthy patients. Moreover, higher serum Ucn1 levels tended to correspond with more advanced stages of the disease (p = 0.031). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that based on serum Ucn1 levels, it is possible to distinguish deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) from among other EMS types. Together, these results indicate Ucn1 as a possible promising biomarker of EMS: however, not in isolation, but rather to enhance the effectiveness of other diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Abramiuk
- Independent Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Gynecology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Frankowska
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Student Scientific Association, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kułak
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Tarkowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Baritaki S, de Bree E, Chatzaki E, Pothoulakis C. Chronic Stress, Inflammation, and Colon Cancer: A CRH System-Driven Molecular Crosstalk. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1669. [PMID: 31614860 PMCID: PMC6833069 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is thought to be involved in the occurrence and progression of multiple diseases, via mechanisms that still remain largely unknown. Interestingly, key regulators of the stress response, such as members of the corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) family of neuropeptides and receptors, are now known to be implicated in the regulation of chronic inflammation, one of the predisposing factors for oncogenesis and disease progression. However, an interrelationship between stress, inflammation, and malignancy, at least at the molecular level, still remains unclear. Here, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge that supports the inseparable link between chronic stress, inflammation, and colorectal cancer (CRC), by modulation of a cascade of molecular signaling pathways, which are under the regulation of CRH-family members expressed in the brain and periphery. The understanding of the molecular basis of the link among these processes may provide a step forward towards personalized medicine in terms of CRC diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baritaki
- Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece.
| | - Eelco de Bree
- Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece.
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 10833, USA.
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Manning J, Buckley MM, O'Halloran KD, O'Malley D. Combined XIL-6R and urocortin-2 treatment restores MDX diaphragm muscle force. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:E134-E140. [PMID: 28294390 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration leading to immobility, respiratory failure, and premature death. As chronic inflammation and stress are implicated in DMD pathology, the efficacy of an anti-inflammatory and anti-stress intervention strategy in ameliorating diaphragm dysfunction was investigated. METHODS Diaphragm muscle contractile function was compared in wild-type and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice treated with saline, anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibodies (xIL-6R), the corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRFR2) agonist, urocortin 2, or both xIL-6R and urocortin 2. RESULTS Combined treatment with xIL-6R and urocortin 2 rescued impaired force in mdx diaphragms. Mechanical work production and muscle shortening was also improved by combined drug treatment. DISCUSSION Treatment which neutralizes peripheral IL-6 signaling and stimulates CRFR2 recovers force-generating capacity and the ability to perform mechanical work in mdx diaphragm muscle. These findings may be important in the search for therapeutic targets in DMD. Muscle Nerve 56: E134-E140, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Manning
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria M Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Fuentes IM, Walker NK, Pierce AN, Holt BR, Di Silvestro ER, Christianson JA. Neonatal maternal separation increases susceptibility to experimental colitis and acute stress exposure in male mice. IBRO Rep 2016; 1:10-18. [PMID: 28164167 PMCID: PMC5289700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiencing early life stress can result in maladjusted stress response via dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serves as a risk factor for developing chronic pelvic pain disorders. We investigated whether neonatal maternal separation (NMS) would increase susceptibility to experimental colitis or exposure to acute or chronic stress. Male mice underwent NMS from postnatal day 1-21 and as adults were assessed for open field behavior, hindpaw sensitivity, and visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD). VMR was also measured before and after treatment with intracolonic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or exposure to acute or chronic water avoidance stress (WAS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, proinflammatory gene and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor expression were measured in distal colon. Baseline VMR was not affected by NMS, but undergoing CRD increased anxiety-like behaviors and mechanical hindpaw sensitivity of NMS mice. Treatment with TNBS dose-dependently decreased body weight and survival only in NMS mice. Following TNBS treatment, IL-6 and artemin mRNA levels were decreased in the distal colon of NMS mice, despite increased MPO activity. A single WAS exposure increased VMR during CRD in NMS mice and increased IL-6 mRNA and CRF2 protein levels in the distal colon of naïve mice, whereas CRF2 protein levels were heightened in NMS colon both at baseline and post-WAS exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that NMS in mice disrupts inflammatory- and stress-induced gene expression in the colon, potentially contributing towards an exaggerated response to specific stressors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Fuentes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Natalie K Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Angela N Pierce
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Briana R Holt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Elizabeth R Di Silvestro
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Julie A Christianson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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Rodriguez JA, Huerta-Yepez S, Law IKM, Baay-Guzman GJ, Tirado-Rodriguez B, Hoffman JM, Iliopoulos D, Hommes DW, Verspaget HW, Chang L, Pothoulakis C, Baritaki S. Diminished expression of CRHR2 in human colon cancer promotes tumor growth and EMT via persistent IL-6/Stat3 signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:610-630. [PMID: 26495412 PMCID: PMC4610032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic inflammation promotes development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). We explored the distribution of Corticotropin-Releasing-Hormone (CRH)-family of receptors and ligands in CRC and their contribution in tumor growth and oncogenic EMT. METHODS mRNA expression of CRH-family members was analyzed in CRC (N=56) and control (N=46) samples, 7 CRC cell lines and normal NCM460 cells. Immunohistochemical detection of CRHR2 was performed in 20 CRC and 5 normal tissues. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were compared between Urocortin-2 (Ucn2)-stimulated parental and CRHR2-overexpressing (CRHR2+) cells in absence or presence of IL-6. CRHR2/Ucn2-targeted effects on tumor growth and EMT were validated in SW620-xenograft mouse models. RESULTS CRC tissues and cell lines showed decreased mRNA and protein CRHR2 expression compared to controls and NCM460, respectively. The opposite trend was shown for Ucn2. CRHR2/Ucn2 signaling inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation in CRC-CRHR2+ cells. In vivo, SW620-CRHR2+ xenografts showed decreased growth, reduced expression of EMT-inducers and elevated levels of EMT-suppressors. IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-6R mRNAs where diminished in CRC-CRHR2+ cells, while CRHR2/Ucn2 signaling inhibited IL-6-mediated Stat3 activation, invasion, migration and expression of downstream targets acting as cell cycle- and EMT-inducers. Expression of cell cycle- and EMT-suppressors was augmented in IL-6/Ucn2-stimulated CRHR2+ cells. In patients, CRHR2 mRNA expression was inversely correlated with IL-6R and vimentin levels and metastasis occurrence, while positively associated with E-cadherin expression and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS CRHR2 downregulation in CRC supports tumor expansion and spread through maintaining persistent inflammation and constitutive Stat3 activation. CRHR2low CRC phenotypes are associated with higher risk for distant metastases and poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Rodriguez
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivy Ka Man Law
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Guillermina J. Baay-Guzman
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Belen Tirado-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jill M. Hoffman
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel W. Hommes
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hein W. Verspaget
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lin Chang
- Gail and Gerard Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Stavroula Baritaki
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California,Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico,Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Stavroula Baritaki, PhD, IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, South MRL Building 1240, Los Angeles, California 90095.IBD CenterDivision of Digestive DiseasesDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, South MRL Building 1240Los AngelesCalifornia 90095
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Adão R, Santos-Ribeiro D, Rademaker MT, Leite-Moreira AF, Brás-Silva C. Urocortin 2 in cardiovascular health and disease. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:906-14. [PMID: 25748088 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Urocortin (Ucn)-2 - corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 signaling has favorable effects in the cardiovascular system, including coronary vasodilatation, with increased coronary blood flow and conductance and augmented cardiac contractility and output, as well as protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Indeed, several animal studies have confirmed the salutary therapeutic effects of Ucn-2 in chronic heart failure, with improvements in cardiac performance and animal survival. In addition, recent clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of Ucn-2 in patients with stable chronic heart failure on optimal medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Adão
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Diana Santos-Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Miriam T Rademaker
- Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Adelino F Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Tezval M, Hansen S, Schmelz U, Komrakova M, Stuermer KM, Sehmisch S. Effect of Urocortin on strength and microarchitecture of osteopenic rat femur. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:154-60. [PMID: 24633537 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As yet there is no evidence of the potential antiosteoporotic effect of Urocortin-1 (UCN), a corticotropin releasing factor related peptide, in vivo. In this study, and for the first time, we investigated the effect of UCN in a rat osteopenia model. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) sham-operated, (2) untreated ovariectomized (OVX) rats, (3) and (4) OVX animals treated for 5 weeks with daily subcutaneous low-dose UCN (3 μg/kg of BW) or high-dose UCN (30 μg/kg of BW) 8 weeks after ovariectomy, and (5) OVX rats treated with daily estrogen (0.2 mg/kg of BW p.o) 8 weeks after ovariectomy for 5 weeks (E). After sacrifice, the femurs were reserved for biomechanical, histomorphometric and ash testing. In the biomechanical test, the high-dose UCN rats showed significantly improved mechanical stiffness (341.6 N/mm) compared with the untreated OVX animals (275.9 N/mm). In the histomorphometric evaluation, the high-dose UCN rats demonstrated an improved trabecular microarchitecture especially and significantly at the distal femur (distal femur Tb.Ar = 41.4% and N.Nd/mm(2) = 26.8, proximal femur Tb.Ar = 71.8% and N.Nd/mm(2) = 28.7) compared with untreated OVX rats (distal femur Tb.Ar = 23.3% and N.Nd/mm(2) = 11.7, proximal femur Tb.Ar = 60.2% and N.Nd/mm(2) = 25.2). Our results show that short-term treatment with UCN seems to have a positive effect on the metaphyseal bone structure and strength of the femur in ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tezval
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany,
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Vasoprotective effects of urocortin 1 against atherosclerosis in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110866. [PMID: 25462164 PMCID: PMC4251828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Atherosclerosis is the complex lesion that consists of endothelial inflammation, macrophage foam cell formation, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation, and extracellular matrix production. Human urocortin 1 (Ucn1), a 40-amino acid peptide member of the corticotrophin-releasing factor/urotensin I family, has potent cardiovascular protective effects. This peptide induces potent and long-lasting hypotension and coronary vasodilation. However, the relationship of Ucn1 with atherosclerosis remains unclear. The present study was performed to clarify the effects of Ucn1 on atherosclerosis. METHODS We assessed the effects of Ucn1 on the inflammatory response and proliferation of human endothelial cells (ECs), human macrophage foam cell formation, migration and proliferation of human VSMCs, extracellular matrix expression in VSMCs, and the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. RESULTS Ucn1 significantly suppressed cell proliferation without inducing apoptosis, and lipopolysaccharide-induced up-regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human ECs. Ucn1 significantly reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation with a significant down-regulation of CD36 and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Ucn1 significantly suppressed the migration and proliferation of human VSMCs and increased the activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9 in human VSMCs. Intraperitoneal injection of Ucn1 into Apoe-/- mice for 4 weeks significantly retarded the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first evidence that Ucn1 prevents the development of atherosclerosis by suppressing EC inflammatory response and proliferation, macrophage foam cell formation, and VSMC migration and proliferation. Thus, Ucn1 could serve as a novel therapeutic target for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Urocortin 2 is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm and mediates anti-proliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle cells via corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 2. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:517-27. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20130425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There are no current effective drug therapies for abdominal aortic aneurysm, an important cause of death in older adults. Our study suggests that urocortin 2 participates in the disease process and may serve as a putative therapeutic target.
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Wan R, Jin L, Zhu C, Liu Y, Li L, Guo R, Li S. Sex difference in urocortin production is contributory to the gender disparity in a rat model of vasculitis induced by sodium laurate. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4663-74. [PMID: 24064363 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, the most common leading death diseases, occur more in men than women of the same ages. Increasing evidence shows that urocortin (Ucn1), an autocrine or paracrine pro-inflammatory factor, can be regulated by sex hormones. The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of Ucn1 in gender disparity in a sodium laurate-induced vasculitis model. Rats exhibited visible signs of vasculitis on the 14th day after sodium laurate injection. Inflammatory states of the rat femoral artery were observed by histological examination. Significant gender disparity, with the symptoms much grosser in males than females, was seen. In males, the serum levels of Ucn1, prostaglandin estradiol, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and the expressions of Ucn1, cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in femoral artery were higher than those in females. Orchidectomy significantly ameliorated the symptoms of vasculitis accompanied with a decrease in the plasma Ucn1 level. However, estradiol supplement after orchidectomy failed to improve the inflammatory states further. In females, ovariectomy and/or dihydrotestosterone supplement significantly increased Ucn1 level and exacerbated symptoms of vasculitis. Furthermore, ip administration of rabbit antiserum to Ucn1 almost abolished the gender differences in vasculitis. These results demonstrated that vasculitis of this model is androgen-responsive and hormonal manipulation by surgical orchidectomy could substantially attenuate the symptoms of vasculitis. Moreover, Ucn1 is a contributory factor to the gender disparity in vasculitis and dihydrotestosterone-promoted Ucn1 secretion exacerbated the development of vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University-Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing, China.
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Kageyama K, Teui K, Tamasawa N, Suda T. Regulation and roles of urocortins in the vascular system. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:873723. [PMID: 22654906 PMCID: PMC3359671 DOI: 10.1155/2012/873723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortins (Ucns) are members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides. Ucns would have potent effects on the cardiovascular system via the CRF receptor type 2 (CRF(2) receptor). Regulation and roles of each Ucn have been determined in the vascular system. Ucns have more potent vasodilatory effects than CRF. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) express Ucns1-3 mRNAs, and the receptor, CRF(2a) receptor mRNA. Ucns1-3 mRNA levels are differentially regulated in HUVECs. Differential regulation of Ucns may suggest differential roles of those in HUVECs. Ucn1 and Ucn2 have strong effects on interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression and secretion in rat aortic smooth muscle A7r5 cells. The increase that we observed in IL-6 levels following Ucn treatment of A7r5 cells suggests that smooth muscle cells may be a source of IL-6 secretion under physiological stress conditions. Ucns are important and unique modulators of vascular smooth muscle cells and act directly or indirectly as autocrine and paracrine factors in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
- *Kazunori Kageyama:
| | - Ken Teui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Naoki Tamasawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Ikeda K, Fujioka K, Manome Y, Tojo K. Clinical perspectives of urocortin and related agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:198628. [PMID: 22548056 PMCID: PMC3324148 DOI: 10.1155/2012/198628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone, also known as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), on the cardiovascular system have been intensively researched since its discovery. Moreover, the actions of urocortin (Ucn) I on the cardiovascular system have also been intensively scrutinized following the cloning and identification of its receptor, CRF receptor type 2 (CRFR2), in peripheral tissues including the heart. Given the cardioprotective actions of CRFR2 ligands, the clinical potential of not only Ucn I but also Ucn II and III, which were later identified as more specific ligands for CRFR2, has received considerable attention from researchers. In addition, recent work has indicated that CRF type 1 receptor may be also involved in cardioprotection against ischemic/reperfusion injury. Here we provide a historical overview of research on Ucn I and related agents, their effects on the cardiovascular system, and the clinical potential of the use of such agents to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of DNA Medicine, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- *Keiichi Ikeda:
| | - Kouki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of DNA Medicine, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Manome
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of DNA Medicine, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Tojo
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Emeto TI, Moxon JV, Rush C, Woodward L, Golledge J. Relevance of urocortins to cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:299-307. [PMID: 21689660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acquired cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease and related vascular problems contribute to more than one-third of worldwide morbidity and mortality. In many instances, particularly in the under developed world, cardiovascular diseases are diagnosed at a late stage limiting the scope for improving outcomes. A range of therapies already exist for established cardiovascular disease, although there is significant interest in further understanding disease pathogenesis in order to improve diagnosis and achieve primary and secondary therapeutic goals. The urocortins are a group of recently defined peptide members of the corticotrophin-releasing factor family. Previous pre-clinical work and human association studies suggest that urocortins have potential to exert some beneficial and other detrimental effects on the heart and major blood vessels. More current evidence however favours beneficial effects of urocortins, for example these peptides have been shown to inhibit production of reactive oxygen species and vascular cell apoptosis, and thus may have potential to antagonise the progression of cardiovascular disease. This review summarises published data on the potential role of urocortins in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus I Emeto
- Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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15
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Chang J, Adams MR, Clifton MS, Liao M, Brooks JH, Hasdemir B, Bhargava A. Urocortin 1 modulates immunosignaling in a rat model of colitis via corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G884-94. [PMID: 21330446 PMCID: PMC3094137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00319.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Urocortins (UCNs) and their receptors are potent immunoregulators in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where they can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the contribution of Ucn1 and its receptors to the pathogenesis, progression, and resolution of colitis. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was used to induce colitis in rats. Ucn1 mRNA and immunoreactivity (IR) were ubiquitously expressed throughout the GI tract under basal conditions. During colitis, Ucn1 mRNA levels fell below basal levels on day 1 then increased again by day 6, in association with an increase in the number of Ucn1-IR inflammatory cells. Ucn1-IR cells were also numerous in proliferating granulation tissue. In contrast to Ucn1 expression, average phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) expression rose above controls levels on day 1 and was very low on day 6 of colitis. Knockdown of corticotropin-releasing factor 2 (CRF(2)) but not CRF(1) by RNA interference during colitis significantly decreased the macroscopic lateral spread of ulceration compared with uninjected controls or animals with CRF(1) knockdown. After knockdown of CRF(2), but not of CRF(1) during colitis, edema resolution assessed microscopically was slowed, and myeloperoxidase activity remained elevated even at day 6. Ucn1 and TNF-α mRNA peaked earlier, whereas pERK1/2 activation was attenuated after CRF(2) knockdown. Thus we conclude that local CRF(2) and pERK1/2 activation is pivotal for macroscopic spread of colitis and resolution of edema. Elimination of CRF(2), but not CRF(1), results in uncoordinated immune and pERK1/2 signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Melanie R. Adams
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew S. Clifton
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Min Liao
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Julia H. Brooks
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Burcu Hasdemir
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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16
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Tezval M, Tezval H, Dresing K, Stuermer EK, Blaschke M, Stuermer KM, Siggelkow H. Differentiation dependent expression of urocortin's mRNA and peptide in human osteoprogenitor cells: influence of BMP-2, TGF-beta-1 and dexamethasone. J Mol Histol 2009; 40:331-41. [PMID: 19949969 PMCID: PMC2834774 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-009-9244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin-1 (UCN) a corticotropin releasing-factor (CRF) related peptide, has been found to be expressed in many different tissues like the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. The effects of UCN are mediated via stimulation of CRF-receptors 1 and 2 (CRFR1 and 2, CRFR’s) with a high affinity for CRFR2. It has been shown that the CRF-related peptides and CRFR’s are involved in the regulation of stress-related endocrine, autonomic and behavioural responses. Using immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and RT–PCR, we now can show the differentiation dependent expression of UCN mRNA and peptide in human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs) directed to the osteoblastic phenotype for the first time. UCN expression was down regulated by TGF-beta and BMP-2 in the early proliferation phase of osteoblast development, whereas dexamethasone (dex) minimally induced UCN gene expression during matrix maturation after 24 h stimulation. Stimulation of MSCs for 28 days with ascorbate/beta-glycerophosphate (asc/bGp) induced UCN gene expression at day 14. This effect was prevented when using 1,25-vitamin D3 or dex in addition. There was no obvious correlation to osteocalcin (OCN) gene expression in these experiments. In MSCs from patients with metabolic bone disease (n = 9) UCN gene expression was significantly higher compared to MSCs from normal controls (n = 6). Human MSCs did not express any of the CRFR’s during differentiation to osteoblasts. Our results indicate that UCN is produced during the development of MSCs to osteoblasts and differentially regulated during culture as well as by differentiation factors. The expression is maximal between proliferation and matrix maturation phase. However, UCN does not seem to act on the osteoblast itself as shown by the missing CRFR’s. Our results suggest new perspectives on the role of urocortin in human skeletal tissue in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tezval
- Department of Trauma, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Goettingen University Hospital, University Medicine Goetingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Zhang R, Xu Y, Fu H, Wang J, Jin L, Li S. Urocortin induced expression of COX-2 and ICAM-1 via corticotrophin-releasing factor type 2 receptor in rat aortic endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:819-29. [PMID: 19694731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our previous study showed that urocortin (Ucn1) exacerbates the hypercoagulable state and vasculitis in a rat model of sodium laurate-induced thromboangiitis obliterans. Furthermore, the inflammatory molecules COX-2 and ICAM-1 may participate in this effect. In the present study, the effects of Ucn1 on COX-2 and ICAM-1 expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were investigated and the mechanisms involved explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RAECs were isolated from adult male Wistar rats, and identified at the first passage. Experiments were performed on cells, from primary culture, at passages 5-8. The expression of COX-2 and ICAM-1 at both mRNA and protein levels was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Levels of PGE(2) and soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) in culture medium were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the phosphorylation status of p38MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK, Akt and NF-kappaB was analysed by Western blot; nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB was observed by immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS Ucn1 augmented LPS-induced expression of COX-2 and ICAM-1 in RAECs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Ucn1 increased PGE(2) and sICAM-1 levels. These effects were abolished by the CRF(2) receptor antagonist, antisauvagine-30, but not by the CRF(1) receptor antagonist, NBI-27914. Moreover, Ucn2 activated p38MAPK and augmented NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and phosphorylation, whereas ERK1/2, JNK and Akt pathways were not involved in this process. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that Ucn1 exerts pro-inflammatory effects by augmenting LPS-induced expression of COX-2 and ICAM-1 in RAECs via CRF(2) receptors and the activation of p38MAPK and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Xu Y, Zhang R, Chen J, Zhang Q, Wang J, Hu J, Guan X, Jin L, Fu H, Gui B, Guo Y, Li S. Urocortin promotes the development of vasculitis in a rat model of thromboangiitis obliterans via corticotrophin-releasing factor type 1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1368-79. [PMID: 19572944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Urocortin is a locally expressed pro-inflammatory peptide. Here we have examined the effects of urocortin on sodium laurate-induced peripheral arterial vasculitis in rats, modelling the mechanisms of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Peripheral vasculitis in rats was induced by sodium laurate and graded by gross appearance on the 12th day after injection. Histological changes in rat femoral arteries were assessed by histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. Blood cell counts, blood rheology, blood coagulation and plasma urocortin, thromboxane B(2), prostaglandin E(2) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels were measured. Expression of urocortin, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF(1/2)) receptors, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) at both mRNA and protein levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. KEY RESULTS Rats showed grossly visible signs and symptoms of TAO on the 12th day after sodium laurate injection. In these rats, blood was in a hypercoagulable state; plasma urocortin, prostaglandin E(2) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels were elevated; and the expression of urocortin, CRF(1) and CRF(1alpha)-receptors, COX-2 and ICAM-1 in rat femoral arteries were markedly increased. Exogenous urocortin, given for 12 days after sodium laurate, exacerbated the hypercoagulable state and augmented expression of CRF(1alpha)-receptors, COX-2 and ICAM-1. These effects were abolished by a CRF(1)-receptor antagonist, NBI-27914, or a non-selective CRF-receptor antagonist, astressin, but not by the CRF(2)-receptor antagonist, antisauvagine-30, given with exogenous urocortin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Urocortin exacerbated the hypercoagulable state and vasculitis in a model of TAO induced by sodium laurate in rats, via CRF(1)-receptors. COX-2 and ICAM-1 might also have contributed to this exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang R, Li S. COX-2 as a novel target of CRF family peptides’ participating in inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:483-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type II accompanied by thyroid medullary carcinoma and pheochromocytomas expressing corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortins. Am J Med Sci 2008; 335:398-402. [PMID: 18480660 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e31815200f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 38-year-old woman with RET gene mutation presented with tumors in her thyroid and bilateral adrenal glands. I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy revealed accumulation of the radioisotope in both adrenal glands. Both plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were elevated. The circadian rhythms for plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels were disturbed. Plasma ACTH and cortisol levels failed to be suppressed by an overnight dexamethasone test, suggesting autonomic secretion of ACTH and cortisol, although the patient had no typical Cushingoid features, hypertension, or impaired glucose tolerance. Pathological examination showed that these tumors were pheochromocytoma and thyroid medullary carcinoma, respectively, both of which highly expressed corticotropin-releasing factor, urocortin1, and urocortin3. Together with the endocrinological and pathological observations, the patient was diagnosed as multiple endocrine neoplasia type II with corticotropin-releasing factor- and urocortin-producing tumors that stimulated ACTH and glucocorticoid secretion.
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Kageyama K, Hanada K, Nigawara T, Furukawa KI, Terui K, Ogura E, Motomura S, Suda T. Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on urocortin-mediated increases in interleukin-6 gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Peptides 2007; 28:1059-67. [PMID: 17346851 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (Ucn) 1, Ucn2, and Ucn3 have potent effects on appetite and the cardiovascular system. Endogenous Ucns in combination with CRF receptor type 2beta may have a physiological role in the cardiovascular system. We previously demonstrated that both Ucn1 and Ucn2 increased IL-6 output levels in A7r5 aortic smooth muscle cells. In the present study, we extended observations on stress or hormone-induced changes in IL-6 gene expression in the cardiovascular system, and determined the effects of glucocorticoids on Ucn-mediated increases in IL-6 mRNA levels, protein levels, and gene transcription activity in A7r5 cells. Ucn1, Ucn2, and Ucn3 all increased IL-6 mRNA levels via CRF receptor type 2. Dexamethasone blocked the ability of Ucn1 to increase IL-6 mRNA and protein levels, while it failed to attenuate the Ucns-mediated changes in cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element binding protein or extracellular signal-related kinases phosphorylation. Dexamethasone also suppressed Ucn1- or cAMP-stimulated IL-6 gene transcription via a glucocorticoid receptor. Together, these findings demonstrate that glucocorticoids suppress IL-6 gene transcription via Ucn-induced cAMP-dependent pathways in A7r5 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Rats
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Urocortins
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectious Diseases, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
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Kageyama K, Hanada K, Nigawara T, Furukawa KI, Terui K, Ogura E, Motomura S, Suda T. Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on urocortin-mediated increases in interleukin-6 gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Peptides 2007. [DOI: 10.10.1016/j.peptides.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Helwig BG, Musch TI, Craig RA, Kenney MJ. Increased interleukin-6 receptor expression in the paraventricular nucleus of rats with heart failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R1165-73. [PMID: 17095650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00507.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and augmented plasma and tissue levels of IL-6 are hallmarks of heart failure (HF). Within the forebrain, cardiovascular homeostasis is mediated in part by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. IL-6, via binding to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)/glycoprotein 130 (gp130) complex influences cellular and physiological responses. Thus, in the current study, we hypothesized that PVN IL-6R protein and gene expression are upregulated in HF vs. sham-operated rats, whereas gp130 levels in the same tissues remain stable. Six weeks after coronary ligation surgery, hemodynamic measurements were obtained, and HF rats were divided into moderate noncongestive and severe chronic congestive groups based on cardiac indices. Plasma IL-6 levels were determined and changes in gene and protein expression of IL-6R and gp130 between sham-operated and HF rats were determined via real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Plasma levels of IL-6 were elevated in rats with severe, but not moderate, HF compared with sham-operated controls. In both moderate and severe HF rats, protein but not gene expression of IL-6R was significantly increased in PVN tissue but not in non-PVN tissue, compared with sham-operated controls. Gene and protein levels of the gp130 subunit were not altered by HF in either tissue analyzed. Collectively, these data suggest that within the brain of HF rats, IL-6R expression is not a global change. Rather the increased IL-6 levels characteristic of HF may alter PVN-mediated physiological responses via enhanced expression of the IL-6R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Helwig
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Coles Hall 228, Kansas State University, 1600 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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