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Tian X, Yin Z, Li Z, Wang Z, Xing Z, Liu C, Wang L, Wang C, Zhang J, Dong L. Regeneration of Thyroid Glands in the Spleen Restores Homeostasis in Thyroidectomy Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305913. [PMID: 38059822 PMCID: PMC10853707 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland (TG) for treating thyroid disorders leaves the patients on lifelong hormone replacement that partially compensates the physiological needs, but regenerating TG is challenging. Here, an approach is reported to regenerate TG within the spleen for fully restoring the thyroid's functions in mice, by transplanting thyroid tissue blocks to the spleen. Within 48 h, the transplanted tissue efficiently revascularizes, forming thyroid follicles similar to the native gland after 4 weeks. Structurally, the ectopically generated thyroid integrates with the surrounding splenic tissue while maintaining its integrity, separate from the lymphatic tissue. Functionally, it fully restores the native functions of the TG in hormone regulation in response to physiological stimuli, outperforming the established method of oral levothyroxine therapy in maintaining systemic homeostasis. The study demonstrates the full restoration of thyroid functions post-thyroidectomy by intrasplenic TG regeneration, providing fresh insights for designing novel therapies for thyroid-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Jiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Zhi‐Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Zhen‐Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Zhen‐Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Zhen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
- NJU Xishan Institute of Applied BiotechnologyXishan DistrictWuxiJiangsu214101China
| | - Chun‐Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Lin‐Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Chun‐Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineInstitute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau SAR999078China
| | - Jun‐Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
- NJU Xishan Institute of Applied BiotechnologyXishan DistrictWuxiJiangsu214101China
- National Resource Center for Mutant MiceNanjing210023China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovative CenterNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu210023China
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Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway comprises two activating ligands (IGF-I and IGF-II), two cell-surface receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR), six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) and nine IGFBP related proteins. IGF-I and the IGF-IR share substantial structural and functional similarities to those of insulin and its receptor. IGF-I plays important regulatory roles in the development, growth, and function of many human tissues. Its pathway intersects with those mediating the actions of many cytokines, growth factors and hormones. Among these, IGFs impact the thyroid and the hormones that it generates. Further, thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) can influence the biological effects of growth hormone and IGF-I on target tissues. The consequences of this two-way interplay can be far-reaching on many metabolic and immunologic processes. Specifically, IGF-I supports normal function, volume and hormone synthesis of the thyroid gland. Some of these effects are mediated through enhancement of sensitivity to the actions of TSH while others may be independent of pituitary function. IGF-I also participates in pathological conditions of the thyroid, including benign enlargement and tumorigenesis, such as those occurring in acromegaly. With regard to Graves' disease (GD) and the periocular process frequently associated with it, namely thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), IGF-IR has been found overexpressed in orbital connective tissues, T and B cells in GD and TAO. Autoantibodies of the IgG class are generated in patients with GD that bind to IGF-IR and initiate the signaling from the TSHR/IGF-IR physical and functional protein complex. Further, inhibition of IGF-IR with monoclonal antibody inhibitors can attenuate signaling from either TSHR or IGF-IR. Based on those findings, the development of teprotumumab, a β-arrestin biased agonist as a therapeutic has resulted in the first medication approved by the US FDA for the treatment of TAO. Teprotumumab is now in wide clinical use in North America.
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Takamizawa T, Horiguchi K, Nakajima Y, Okamura T, Ishida E, Matsumoto S, Yoshino S, Yamada E, Saitoh T, Ozawa A, Tosaka M, Yamada S, Yamada M. Central Hypothyroidism Related to Pituitary Adenomas: Low Incidence of Central Hypothyroidism in Patients With Acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4879-4888. [PMID: 31188431 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The most frequent cause of central hypothyroidism (CeH) is pituitary adenomas, but the mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated serum thyroid levels and GH/IGF-1 in central hypothyroidism in untreated patients with pituitary nonfunctioning and GH-secreting adenomas. DESIGN This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of cases collected from Gunma University and Toranomon Hospitals between 2007 and 2016. PATIENTS One-hundred thirty-nine cases of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) and 150 cases of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHPA) were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The correlations between thyroid levels, several clinicopathological parameters, and GH/IGF-1 were examined. RESULTS Twenty-four percent of NFPA patients had CeH. The severity did not correlate with tumor size, age, or sex, and all cases had normal TSH levels. In contrast, only 8.7% of GHPA patients had CeH; approximately half had normal TSH levels and approximately half had low TSH levels. Serum TSH levels in GHPA patients were significantly lower and free T4 (FT4) and free T3 levels were higher than those in patients with NFPA. Furthermore, approximately one-fourth of GHPA patients had normal FT4 and low TSH levels. In addition, serum FT4 levels and serum TSH levels were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with serum IGF-1 levels. Furthermore, IGF-1 levels in patients with GHPA decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS (i) NFPA patients with CeH had TSH levels within a normal range. (ii) GHPA patients had a low incidence of CeH, which may be a result of stimulated thyroid function by GH/IGF-1. (iii) We found an age-dependent decrease in serum IGF-1 levels in patients with GHPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takamizawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horiguchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Nakajima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Emi Ishida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsumoto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsugumichi Saitoh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ozawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tosaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Department of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Hypothalamic Pituitary Center, Tokyo Neurologic Center Hospital, Nishikasai, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) bind specifically to the IGF1 receptor on the cell surface of targeted tissues. Ligand binding to the α subunit of the receptor leads to a conformational change in the β subunit, resulting in the activation of receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Activated receptor phosphorylates several substrates, including insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and Src homology collagen (SHC). Phosphotyrosine residues in these substrates are recognized by certain Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing signaling molecules. These include, for example, an 85 kDa regulatory subunit (p85) of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), growth factor receptor-bound 2 (GRB2) and SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2/Syp). These bindings lead to the activation of downstream signaling pathways, PI 3-kinase pathway and Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway. Activation of these signaling pathways is known to be required for the induction of various bioactivities of IGFs, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell survival. In this review, the well-established IGF1 receptor signaling pathways required for the induction of various bioactivities of IGFs are introduced. In addition, we will discuss how IGF signals are modulated by the other extracellular stimuli or by themselves based on our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Hakuno
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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USP15 attenuates IGF-I signaling by antagonizing Nedd4-induced IRS-2 ubiquitination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:522-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fukushima T, Yoshihara H, Furuta H, Kamei H, Hakuno F, Luan J, Duan C, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Chida K, Nakatsu Y, Kamata H, Asano T, Takahashi SI. Nedd4-induced monoubiquitination of IRS-2 enhances IGF signalling and mitogenic activity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6780. [PMID: 25879670 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) induce proliferation of various cell types and play important roles in somatic growth and cancer development. Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1/2 by IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase is essential for IGF action. Here we identify Nedd4 as an IRS-2 ubiquitin ligase. Nedd4 monoubiquitinates IRS-2, which promotes its association with Epsin1, a ubiquitin-binding protein. Nedd4 recruits IRS-2 to the membrane, probably through promoting Epsin1 binding, and enhances IGF-I receptor-induced IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. In thyroid FRTL-5 cells, activation of the cyclic AMP pathway increases the association of Nedd4 with IRS-2, thereby enhancing IRS-2-mediated signalling and cell proliferation induced by IGF-I. The Nedd4 and IRS-2 association is also required for maximal activation of IGF-I signalling and cell proliferation in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Nedd4 overexpression accelerates zebrafish embryonic growth through IRS-2 in vivo. We conclude that Nedd4-induced monoubiquitination of IRS-2 enhances IGF signalling and mitogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Fukushima
- 1] Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan [2] Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hidehito Yoshihara
- 1] Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan [2] Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Haruka Furuta
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kamei
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jing Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Iemura
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 11-25 Sakaemachi, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chida
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kamata
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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7
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Fukushima T, Nakamura Y, Yamanaka D, Shibano T, Chida K, Minami S, Asano T, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity bound to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor, which is continuously sustained by IGF-I stimulation, is required for IGF-I-induced cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29713-21. [PMID: 22767591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous stimulation of cells with insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in G(1) phase is a well established requirement for IGF-induced cell proliferation; however, the molecular components of this prolonged signaling pathway that is essential for cell cycle progression from G(1) to S phase are unclear. IGF-I activates IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) tyrosine kinase, followed by phosphorylation of substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) leading to binding of signaling molecules containing SH2 domains, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to IRS and activation of the downstream signaling pathways. In this study, we found prolonged (>9 h) association of PI3K with IGF-IR induced by IGF-I stimulation. PI3K activity was present in this complex in thyrocytes and fibroblasts, although tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS was not yet evident after 9 h of IGF-I stimulation. IGF-I withdrawal in mid-G(1) phase impaired the association of PI3K with IGF-IR and suppressed DNA synthesis the same as when PI3K inhibitor was added. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Tyr(1316)-X-X-Met of IGF-IR functioned as a PI3K binding sequence when this tyrosine is phosphorylated. We then analyzed IGF signaling and proliferation of IGF-IR(-/-) fibroblasts expressing exogenous mutant IGF-IR in which Tyr(1316) was substituted with Phe (Y1316F). In these cells, IGF-I stimulation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IGF-IR and IRS-1/2, but mutated IGF-IR failed to bind PI3K and to induce maximal phosphorylation of GSK3β and cell proliferation in response to IGF-I. Based on these results, we concluded that PI3K activity bound to IGF-IR, which is continuously sustained by IGF-I stimulation, is required for IGF-I-induced cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Fukushima
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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8
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Yoshihara H, Fukushima T, Hakuno F, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Ito A, Yoshida M, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Asano T, Chida K, Girnita L, Takahashi SI. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) stimulation abrogates an association between a deubiquitinating enzyme USP7 and insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) followed by proteasomal degradation of IRSs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:122-7. [PMID: 22634009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) play central roles in insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling and mediate a variety of their bioactivities. IRSs are tyrosine-phosphorylated by activated insulin receptor/IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase in response to insulin/IGF, and are recognized by signaling molecules possessing the SH2 domain such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), leading to the activation of downstream pathways. Recent studies have suggested that degradation of IRSs by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway leads to impaired insulin/IGF signaling, but the precise mechanism underlying the process is still unclear. In this study, we identified deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7) as an IRS-2-interacting protein and demonstrated that deubiquitinase activity of USP7 plays important roles in IRS-2 stabilization through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In addition, insulin treatment dissociated USP7 from IRS-2, leading to degradation of IRS-2. This dissociation was prevented by treatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, indicating that insulin activation of the PI3K pathway leads to dissociation of IRS-2 from USP7 and IRS-2 degradation. We obtained similar results for IRS-1 in cells treated with insulin and for IRS-2 in cells treated with IGF-I. Taken together, this is the first report demonstrating that USP7 is an IRS-1/2 deubiquitinating enzyme forming a negative feedback loop in insulin/IGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Yoshihara
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Yamanaka D, Akama T, Fukushima T, Nedachi T, Kawasaki C, Chida K, Minami S, Suzuki K, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-binding protein, PI3KAP/XB130, is required for cAMP-induced amplification of IGF mitogenic activity in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1043-55. [PMID: 22496359 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that long-term pretreatment of rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells with TSH or cAMP-generating reagents potentiated IGF-I-dependent DNA synthesis. Under these conditions, cAMP treatment increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a 125-kDa protein (p125) and its association with a p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p85 PI3K), which were suggested to mediate potentiation of DNA synthesis. This study was undertaken to identify p125 and to elucidate its roles in potentiation of DNA synthesis induced by IGF-I. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis revealed p125 to be a rat ortholog of human XB130, which we named PI3K-associated protein (PI3KAP). cAMP treatment elevated PI3KAP/XB130 mRNA and protein levels as well as tyrosine phosphorylation and interaction with p85 PI3K leading to increased PI3K activities associated with PI3KAP/XB130, supporting the role of PI3KAP/XB130 in DNA synthesis potentiation. Importantly, PI3KAP/XB130 knockdown attenuated cAMP-dependent potentiation of IGF-I-induced DNA synthesis. Furthermore, c-Src was associated with PI3KAP/XB130 and was activated in response to cAMP. Addition of Src family kinase inhibitors, PP1 or PP2, during cAMP treatment abolished tyrosine phosphorylation of PI3KAP/XB130 and its interaction with p85 PI3K. Finally, introduction of PI3KAP/XB130 into NIH3T3 fibroblasts lacking endogenous PI3KAP/XB130 enhanced IGF-I-induced DNA synthesis; however, a mutant Y72F incapable of binding to p85 PI3K did not show this response. Together, these data indicate that cAMP-dependent induction of PI3KAP/XB130, which is associated with PI3K, is required for enhancement of IGF mitogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamanaka
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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10
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Akama T, Sue M, Kawashima A, Wu H, Tanigawa K, Suzuki S, Hayashi M, Yoshihara A, Ishido Y, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Identification of microRNAs that mediate thyroid cell growth induced by TSH. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:493-501. [PMID: 22301781 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TSH is a major regulator of thyroid cell growth and endocrine function. It is known that cAMP and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) are responsible for mediating the action of TSH. Activation of these signals results in the induction of a series of transcription factors and cell cycle regulating proteins, which induce cell proliferation. In addition to such canonical transcriptional regulation, it was recently shown that microRNA (miRNA or miR) constitutes another key mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. However, whether TSH action is mediated by miRNA in the thyroid is unknown. In this study, we have performed miRNA microarray analysis and demonstrated that TSH significantly decreases expression of 47 miRNA in thyroid cells. Among these, we have shown, using their specific agonists, that overexpression of miR-16 and miR-195 suppressed cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis that was induced by TSH. In silico analysis predicted that Mapk8, Ccne1, and Cdc6, the expression of which was up-regulated by TSH, are potential target genes for these miRNA, and overexpression of miR-16 and miR-195 suppressed expression of these target genes. The decrease of miR-16 and miR-195 expression by TSH was reproduced by forskolin and N(6),2'-O-dibutyryladenosine cAMP and reversed by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. These results suggest that TSH activates cAMP/protein kinase A and PI3K cascades to decrease miR-16 and miR-195, which induce Mapk8, Ccne1, and Cdc6 to activate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Akama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Fukushima T, Okajima H, Yamanaka D, Ariga M, Nagata S, Ito A, Yoshida M, Asano T, Chida K, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI. HSP90 interacting with IRS-2 is involved in cAMP-dependent potentiation of IGF-I signals in FRTL-5 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 344:81-9. [PMID: 21742014 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged stimulation of FRTL-5 thyroid cells with cAMP-generating agents including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or cAMP analogues potentiates tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 triggered by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, leading to enhancement of IGF-I-dependent proliferation. Because we identified HSP90 as an IRS-2-interacting protein, the roles of HSP90 in potentiation of IGF signals through IRS-2 were investigated. We found that prolonged dibutyryl cAMP treatment induced serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-2. Using a specific inhibitor of HSP90 chaperone activity, geldanamycin, or small interfering RNA against HSP90, we showed that HSP90 mediates cAMP-induced serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-2. Furthermore, inhibition of HSP90 by geldanamycin during dibutyryl cAMP pretreatment of cells for 24h suppressed cAMP-dependent potentiation of tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2 induced by IGF-I. Taking together, we conclude that HSP90 interacting with IRS-2 mediates cAMP-dependent serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-2 via its chaperone activity, leading to potentiation of tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2 induced by IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Fukushima
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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12
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Fukushima T, Arai T, Ariga-Nedachi M, Okajima H, Ooi Y, Iijima Y, Sone M, Cho Y, Ando Y, Kasahara K, Ozoe A, Yoshihara H, Chida K, Okada S, Kopchick JJ, Asano T, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI. Insulin receptor substrates form high-molecular-mass complexes that modulate their availability to insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:767-73. [PMID: 21168390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are phosphorylated by activated insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor tyrosine kinases. Phosphotyrosyl IRSs are recognized by signaling molecules possessing src homology region 2 (SH2) domains, which mediate various insulin/IGF bioactivities. However, we have shown that IRSs are also associated with other proteins by a phosphotyrosine-independent mechanism. Here, we demonstrated that IRSs form high-molecular-mass complexes (we named these complexes IRSomes) with various proteins and we elucidated their possible roles. Blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell lysates revealed IRSome formation. Some proteins associated with IRSs in IRS-isoform-, cell-type-, or stimulus-specific manners. Results of the in vitro tyrosine phosphorylation assay indicated that tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 by insulin receptor was decreased when IRS-1 was contained in IRSomes prepared from 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with TNF-α. Also, tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2 by IGF-I receptor was increased when IRS-2 was contained in IRSomes prepared from FRTL-5 thyrocytes treated with dibutyryl cAMP. These results demonstrated that cytokine/hormone-induced formation of IRSomes modulates availability of IRSs to receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Fukushima
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Chen Y. Relationships between insulin resistant and hypertension and traditional Chinese medicine intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 8:1114-8. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Giuliani C, Bucci I, Montani V, Singer DS, Monaco F, Kohn LD, Napolitano G. Regulation of major histocompatibility complex gene expression in thyroid epithelial cells by methimazole and phenylmethimazole. J Endocrinol 2010; 204:57-66. [PMID: 19837722 PMCID: PMC6310398 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I genes and aberrant expression of MHC class-II genes in thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) are associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Previous studies have shown that methimazole (MMI) reduces MHC class-I expression and inhibits interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma or IFNG as listed in the MGI Database)-induced expression of the MHC class-II genes in TECs. The action of MMI on the MHC class-I genes is transcriptional, but its mechanism has not been investigated previously. In the present study, we show that in Fisher rat thyroid cell line 5 cells, the ability of MMI and its novel derivative phenylmethimazole (C10) to decrease MHC class-I promoter activity is similar to TSH/cAMP suppression of MHC class-I and TSH receptor genes, and involves a 39 bp silencer containing a cAMP response element (CRE)-like site. Furthermore, we show that C10 decreases MHC class-I gene expression to a greater extent than MMI and at 10- to 50-fold lower concentrations. C10 also reduces the IFN-gamma-induced increase in the expression of MHC class-I and MHC class-II genes more effectively than MMI. Finally, we show that in comparison to MMI, C10 is a better inhibitor of specific protein-DNA complexes that are formed with a CRE-like element on the MHC class-II promoter. These data support the conclusion that the immunosuppressive mechanism by which MMI and C10 inhibit MHC gene expression mimics 'normal' hormonal suppression by TSH/cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesidio Giuliani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), Gabriele D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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