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Fioretzaki R, Sarantis P, Charalampakis N, Christofidis K, Mylonakis A, Koustas E, Karamouzis MV, Sakellariou S, Schizas D. Progastrin: An Overview of Its Crucial Role in the Tumorigenesis of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Biomedicines 2024; 12:885. [PMID: 38672239 PMCID: PMC11047876 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Defining predictive biomarkers for targeted therapies and optimizing anti-tumor immune response is a main challenge in ongoing investigations. Progastrin has been studied as a potential biomarker for detecting and diagnosing various malignancies, and its secretion has been associated with cell proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract that may promote tumorigenesis. Progastrin is a precursor molecule of gastrin, synthesized as pre-progastrin, converted to progastrin after cleavage, and transformed into amidated gastrin via biosynthetic intermediates. In cancer, progastrin does not maturate in gastrin and becomes a circulating and detectable protein (hPG80). The development of cancer is thought to be dependent on the progressive dysregulation of normal signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, thus conferring a growth advantage to the cells. Understanding the interaction between progastrin and the immune system is essential for developing future cancer strategies. To that end, the present review will approach the interlink between gastrointestinal cancers and progastrin by exploring the underlying molecular steps involved in the initiation, evolution, and progression of gastrointestinal cancers. Finally, this review will focus on the clinical applications of progastrin and investigate its possible use as a diagnostic and prognostic tumor circulating biomarker for disease progression and treatment effectiveness, as well as its potential role as an innovative cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodanthi Fioretzaki
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (R.F.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Charalampakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital of Piraeus, 18537 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Christofidis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Adam Mylonakis
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (R.F.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Stratigoula Sakellariou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (R.F.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
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Gastrin mediates cardioprotection through angiogenesis after myocardial infarction by activating the HIF-1α/VEGF signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15836. [PMID: 34349170 PMCID: PMC8339006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death in humans. Our previous studies showed that gastrin alleviated acute myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesize that gastrin might protect against heart injury after MI by promoting angiogenesis. An MI model was simulated by ligating the anterior descending coronary artery in adult male C57BL/6J mice. Gastrin was administered twice daily by intraperitoneal injection for 2 weeks after MI. We found that gastrin reduced mortality, improved myocardial function with reduced infarct size and promoted angiogenesis. Gastrin increased HIF-1α and VEGF expression. Downregulation of HIF-1α expression by siRNA reduced the proliferation, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results indicate that gastrin restores cardiac function after MI by promoting angiogenesis via the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway.
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3
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Kietzmann T, Mäkelä VH. The hypoxia response and nutritional peptides. Peptides 2021; 138:170507. [PMID: 33577839 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia controls metabolism at several levels, e.g., via mitochondrial ATP production, glucose uptake and glycolysis. Hence it is likely that hypoxia also affects the action and/or production of many peptide hormones linked to food intake and appetite control. Many of those are produced in the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine pancreas, adipose tissue, and selective areas in the brain which modulate and concert their actions. However, the complexity of the hypoxia response and the links to peptides/hormones involved in food intake and appetite control in the different organs are not well known. This review summarizes the role of the hypoxia response and its effects on major peptides linked to appetite regulation, nutrition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kietzmann
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Ville H Mäkelä
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Yang X, Yue R, Zhang J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen C, Wang X, Luo H, Wang WE, Chen X, Wang HJ, Jose PA, Wang H, Zeng C. Gastrin Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Activation of RISK (Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase) and SAFE (Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement) Pathways. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e005171. [PMID: 30005556 PMCID: PMC6064830 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the most predominant complications of ischemic heart disease. Gastrin has emerged as a regulator of cardiovascular function, playing a key protective role in hypoxia. Serum gastrin levels are increased in patients with myocardial infarction, but the pathophysiogical significance of this finding is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and how gastrin protects cardiac myocytes from IRI. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiments. The hearts in living rats or isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to ischemia followed by reperfusion to induce myocardial IRI. Gastrin, alone or with an antagonist, was administered before the induction of myocardial IRI. We found that gastrin improved myocardial function and reduced the expression of myocardial injury markers, infarct size, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by IRI. Gastrin increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), AKT (protein kinase B), and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), indicating its ability to activate the RISK (reperfusion injury salvage kinase) and SAFE (survivor activating factor enhancement) pathways. The presence of inhibitors of ERK1/2, AKT, or STAT3 abrogated the gastrin-mediated protection. The protective effect of gastrin was via CCK2R (cholecystokinin 2 receptor) because the CCK2R blocker CI988 prevented the gastrin-mediated protection of the heart with IRI. Moreover, we found a negative correlation between serum levels of cardiac troponin I and gastrin in patients with unstable angina pectoris undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, suggesting a protective effect of gastrin in human cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that gastrin can reduce myocardial IRI by activation of the RISK and SAFE pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongchuan Yue
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Eric Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiongwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center & Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Huixia Judy Wang
- Department of Statistics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kowalski-Chauvel A, Teissier G, Toulas C, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Seva C. By modulating α2β1 integrin signalling, gastrin increases adhesion oF AGS-GR gastric cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 362:498-503. [PMID: 29253536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is a major cause of recurrence of gastric cancer and integrins are key molecules involved in gastric cancer cells attachment to the peritoneum. The peptide hormone, gastrin, initially identified for its role in gastric acid secretion is also a growth factor for gastric mucosa. Gastrin has also been shown to contribute to gastric cancers progression. Here, we provide the first evidence that gastrin increases the adhesion of gastric cancer cells. Gastrin treatment induces the expression of α2 integrin subunit through a mechanism that involves the ERK pathway. We also observed in response to gastrin an increase in the amount of α2 integrin associated with β1subunit. In addition, gastrin-stimulated cell adhesion was blocked with an anti-α2β1 integrin neutralizing antibody. We also show that gastrin activates the integrin pathway via the phosphorylation of β1 integrin by a Src family kinase. This mechanism may contribute to the enhancement of cell adhesion observed in response to gastrin since we found an inhibition of gastrin-mediated cell adhesion when cells were treated with a Src inhibitor. By regulating one of the key step of the metastatic process gastrin might contribute to increase the aggressive behaviour of human gastric tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Kowalski-Chauvel
- INSERM UMR.1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT)/University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, team 11, Oncopole 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Teissier
- INSERM UMR.1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT)/University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, team 11, Oncopole 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Toulas
- INSERM UMR.1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT)/University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, team 11, Oncopole 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France; IUCT-oncopole Toulouse, France
| | - Elizabeth Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal
- INSERM UMR.1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT)/University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, team 11, Oncopole 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France; IUCT-oncopole Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Seva
- INSERM UMR.1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT)/University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, team 11, Oncopole 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse, France.
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Rao K, Sethi K, Ischia J, Gibson L, Galea L, Xiao L, Yim M, Chang M, Papa N, Bolton D, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, Patel O. Protective effect of zinc preconditioning against renal ischemia reperfusion injury is dose dependent. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180028. [PMID: 28686686 PMCID: PMC5501469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Two promising preconditioning methods for the kidney, intermittent arterial clamping (IC) and treatment with the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride, have never been directly compared. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of the chemically related transition metal Zn2+ against renal IRI is unclear. Although Co2+ ions have been shown to protect the kidney via hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), the effect of Zn2+ ions on the induction of HIF1α, HIF2α and HIF3α has not been investigated previously. Materials and methods The efficacy of different preconditioning techniques was assessed using a Sprague-Dawley rat model of renal IRI. Induction of HIF proteins following Zn2+ treatment of the human kidney cell lines HK-2 (immortalized normal tubular cells) and ACHN (renal cancer) was measured using Western Blot. Results Following 40 minutes of renal ischemia in rats, cobalt preconditioning offered greater protection against renal IRI than IC as evidenced by lower peak serum creatinine and urea concentrations. ZnCl2 (10 mg/kg) significantly lowered the creatinine and urea concentrations compared to saline-treated control rats following a clinically relevant 60 minutes of ischemia. Zn2+ induced expression of HIF1α and HIF2α but not HIF3α in HK-2 and ACHN cells. Conclusion ZnCl2 preconditioning protects against renal IRI in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are warranted to determine the possible mechanisms involved, and to assess the benefit of ZnCl2 preconditioning for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Rao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kapil Sethi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Ischia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Gibson
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence Galea
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Mildred Yim
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Mike Chang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Papa
- Department of Urology Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham S. Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Oneel Patel
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Rath S, Das L, Kokate SB, Ghosh N, Dixit P, Rout N, Singh SP, Chattopadhyay S, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Swamy MM, Kundu TK, Crowe SE, Bhattacharyya A. Inhibition of histone/lysine acetyltransferase activity kills CoCl 2-treated and hypoxia-exposed gastric cancer cells and reduces their invasiveness. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 82:28-40. [PMID: 27890795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia enhances immortality and metastatic properties of solid tumors. Deregulation of histone acetylation has been associated with several metastatic cancers but its effect on hypoxic responses of cancer cells is not known. This study aimed at understanding the effectiveness of the hydrazinocurcumin, CTK7A, an inhibitor of p300 lysine/histone acetyltransferase (KAT/HAT) activity, in inducing apoptosis of gastric cancer cells (GCCs) exposed to cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a hypoxia-mimetic chemical, or 1% O2. Here, we show that CTK7A-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation in CoCl2-exposed and invasive gastric cancer cells (GCCs) leads to p38 MAPK-mediated Noxa expression and thereafter, mitochondrial apoptotic events. Noxa induction in normal immortalized gastric epithelial cells after CTK7A and hypoxia-exposure is remarkably less in comparison to similarly-treated GCCs. Moreover, hypoxia-exposed GCCs, which have acquired invasive properties, become apoptotic after CTK7A treatment to a significantly higher extent than normoxic cells. Thus, we show the potential of CTK7A in sensitizing hypoxic and metastatic GCCs to apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvasmita Rath
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Lopamudra Das
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Shrikant Babanrao Kokate
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Nilabh Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Pragyesh Dixit
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Niranjan Rout
- Oncopathology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre, Cuttack, 753007, Odisha, India
| | - Shivaram P Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, 753007, Odisha, India
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Mahadeva M Swamy
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, JNCASR, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, JNCASR, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheila E Crowe
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India.
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Marshall KM, Laval M, Estacio O, Hudson DF, Kalitsis P, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, Patel O. Activation by zinc of the human gastrin gene promoter in colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Metallomics 2015; 7:1390-8. [PMID: 26404630 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of growth factors can contribute to the development and progression of cancer, and gastrins in particular have been implicated in accelerating the development of gastrointestinal cancers. Previously our group showed that hypoxia, cobalt chloride (a hypoxia mimetic) and zinc chloride could activate the expression of the gastrin gene in vitro. To characterise activation of the gastrin promoter by zinc ions further in vivo, TALEN technology was used to engineer a luciferase reporter construct into the endogenous human gastrin gene promoter in SW480 colon cancer cells. Gastrin promoter activity in the resultant Gast(luc) SW480 colon cancer cells was then measured by bioluminescence in cell culture and in tumour xenografts in SCID mice. Activation of intracellular signalling pathways was assessed by Western blotting. Activation of the gastrin promoter by zinc ions was concentration dependent in vitro and in vivo. Zinc ions significantly stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (MAPK pathway) but not of Akt (PI3K pathway). We conclude that the endogenous gastrin promoter is responsive to zinc ions, likely via activation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Marshall
- The Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Langie SAS, Koppen G, Desaulniers D, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Azqueta A, Bisson WH, Brown DG, Brunborg G, Charles AK, Chen T, Colacci A, Darroudi F, Forte S, Gonzalez L, Hamid RA, Knudsen LE, Leyns L, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Memeo L, Mondello C, Mothersill C, Olsen AK, Pavanello S, Raju J, Rojas E, Roy R, Ryan EP, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Van Schooten FJ, Valverde M, Woodrick J, Zhang L, van Larebeke N, Kirsch-Volders M, Collins AR. Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S61-88. [PMID: 26106144 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is a prerequisite for the development of cancer. It occurs when genome maintenance systems fail to safeguard the genome's integrity, whether as a consequence of inherited defects or induced via exposure to environmental agents (chemicals, biological agents and radiation). Thus, genome instability can be defined as an enhanced tendency for the genome to acquire mutations; ranging from changes to the nucleotide sequence to chromosomal gain, rearrangements or loss. This review raises the hypothesis that in addition to known human carcinogens, exposure to low dose of other chemicals present in our modern society could contribute to carcinogenesis by indirectly affecting genome stability. The selected chemicals with their mechanisms of action proposed to indirectly contribute to genome instability are: heavy metals (DNA repair, epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, telomere length), acrylamide (DNA repair, chromosome segregation), bisphenol A (epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation), benomyl (chromosome segregation), quinones (epigenetic modification) and nano-sized particles (epigenetic pathways, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation, telomere length). The purpose of this review is to describe the crucial aspects of genome instability, to outline the ways in which environmental chemicals can affect this cancer hallmark and to identify candidate chemicals for further study. The overall aim is to make scientists aware of the increasing need to unravel the underlying mechanisms via which chemicals at low doses can induce genome instability and thus promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Daniel Desaulniers
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelia K Charles
- Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Luc Leyns
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | | | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200MD, PO Box 61, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nik van Larebeke
- Laboratory for Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Study Centre for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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10
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Li XF, Huang QY, Liu SP. Changes in FABP1 and gastrin receptor expression in the testes of rats that have undergone electrical injury. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2155-2158. [PMID: 26136952 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular trauma may occur due to accidental electrical injury. The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in the levels of fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) and gastrin receptor (gastrin R) in the testes following electrical injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, fatal electrocution (220 V, 50 Hz, 60 sec) and electrical injury (220 V, 50 Hz, 60 sec) groups (n=8 per group). The animals in the fatal electrocution and electrical injury groups were deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital prior to each treatment, in which the current was delivered via an anode connected to the left foreleg and a cathode to the right hindleg. The rats that survived were subsequently sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Control animals received cervical dislocation alone. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the protein expression of FABP1 and gastrin R in the testes. Sections were evaluated by digital image analysis. The expression levels of FABP1 and gastrin R were significantly increased following electrical injury, supported by an increase in the integrated optical density (IOD) when compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in FABP1 and gastrin R expression levels between the fatal electrocution and control groups. In summary, the protein expression levels of FABP1 and gastrin R were found to be significantly altered by electrical injury, suggesting that these two proteins may be important in underlying mechanisms of testicular injury during electrical injury. The findings indicate that such alterations would be reflected in abnormal testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fang Li
- Library of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Yong Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Shui-Ping Liu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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11
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Laval M, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A, Marshall KM. Increased gastrin gene expression provides a physiological advantage to mice under hypoxic conditions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G76-84. [PMID: 25394662 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, or a low concentration of O2, is encountered in humans undertaking activities such as mountain climbing and scuba diving and is important pathophysiologically as a limiting factor in tumor growth. Although data on the interplay between hypoxia and gastrins are limited, gastrin expression is upregulated by hypoxia in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, and gastrins counterbalance hypoxia by stimulating angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine if higher concentrations of the gastrin precursor progastrin are protective against hypoxia in vivo. hGAS mice, which overexpress progastrin in the liver, and mice of the corresponding wild-type FVB/N strain were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia. Iron status was assessed by measurement of serum iron parameters, real-time PCR for mRNAs encoding critical iron regulatory proteins, and Perls' stain and atomic absorption spectrometry for tissue iron concentrations. FVB/N mice lost weight at a faster rate and had higher sickness scores than hGAS mice exposed to hypoxia. Serum iron levels were lower in hGAS than FVB/N mice and decreased further when the animals were exposed to hypoxia. The concentration of iron in the liver was strikingly lower in hGAS than FVB/N mice. We conclude that increased circulating concentrations of progastrin provide a physiological advantage against systemic hypoxia in mice, possibly by increasing the availability of iron stores. This is the first report of an association between progastrin overexpression, hypoxia, and iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Laval
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Westwood DA, Patel O, Baldwin GS. Gastrin mediates resistance to hypoxia-induced cell death in xenografts of the human colorectal cancer cell line LoVo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2471-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Xiao L, Kovac S, Chang M, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, Patel O. Zinc ions upregulate the hormone gastrin via an E-box motif in the proximal gastrin promoter. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:29-42. [PMID: 24363439 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin and its precursors act as growth factors for the normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal mucosa. As the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride upregulates the gastrin gene, the effect of other metal ions on gastrin promoter activity was investigated. Gastrin mRNA was measured by real-time PCR, gastrin peptides by RIA, and gastrin promoter activity by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Exposure to Zn(2)(+) ions increased gastrin mRNA concentrations in the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum stimulation of 55 ± 14-fold at 100 μM (P<0.05). Significant stimulation was also observed with Cd(2)(+) and Cu(2)(+), but not with Ca(2)(+), Mg(2)(+), Ni(2)(+), or Fe(3)(+) ions. Activation of MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways is necessary but not sufficient for gastrin induction by Zn(2)(+). Deletional mutation of the gastrin promoter identified an 11 bp DNA sequence, which contained an E-box motif, as necessary for Zn(2)(+)-dependent gastrin induction. The fact that E-box binding transcription factors play a crucial role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with our observation that Zn(2)(+) ions upregulate the gastrin gene in AGS cells by an E-box-dependent mechanism, suggests that Zn(2)(+) ions may induce an EMT, and that gastrin may be involved in the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes the past year's literature, basic science and clinical, regarding the neural, paracrine, hormonal, and intracellular regulation of gastric acid secretion. RECENT FINDINGS Gastric acid facilitates the digestion of protein as well as the absorption of iron, calcium, vitamin B(12), and certain medications (e.g. thyroxin). It also kills ingested microorganisms and prevents bacterial overgrowth, enteric infection, and possibly spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Stimulants of acid secretion include histamine, gastrin, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Inhibitors include somatostatin, nefstatin-1, interleukin-11, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Helicobacter pylori stimulates or inhibits acid secretion depending upon the time course of infection and the area of the stomach predominantly infected. Acute infection activates calcitonin gene-related peptide sensory neurons coupled to inhibition of histamine and acid secretion. Serum chromogranin A, a marker for neuroendocrine tumors, is elevated in patients taking proton pump inhibitors. SUMMARY Progress continues in our understanding of the regulation of gastric acid secretion in health and disease, as well as the function of gastric neuroendocrine cells. The recognition that gastrin is not only a secretagogue but also a trophic hormone has led to new research into the role of gastrin and its receptor (cholecystokinin-2 receptor) in carcinogenesis and the development of cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonists.
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15
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Matters GL, Clawson GA. A Speculative Role for Stromal Gastrin Signaling in Development and Dissemination of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Suppl 4:003. [PMID: 25346875 PMCID: PMC4208305 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7092.s4-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The peptide growth factor gastrin and its receptor, the G-protein coupled cholecystokinin receptor type B (CCKBR), play an integral role in the growth and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Gastrin immunoreactivity is found in the fetal pancreas but its expression is not detected in normal pancreas after birth, except when it is re-expressed in malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail L Matters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gary A Clawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA ; Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation and Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
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