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Wang H, Liang W, Wang X, Zhan Y, Wang W, Yang L, Zhu Y. Notch mediates the glycolytic switch via PI3K/Akt signaling to support embryonic development. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:50. [PMID: 37365491 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy metabolism disorder or insufficient energy supply during incubation will affect the development and survival of avian embryos. Especially, β-oxidation could not provide the continuous necessary energy for avian embryonic development due to the increasing energy demand under hypoxic conditions during the mid-late embryonic stages. The role and mechanism of hypoxic glycolysis replacing β-oxidation as the main source of energy supply for avian embryonic development in the mid-late stages is unclear. RESULTS Here, we found that in ovo injection with glycolysis inhibitor or γ-secretase inhibitor both decreased the hepatic glycolysis level and impaired goose embryonic development. Intriguingly, the blockade of Notch signaling is also accompanied by the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling in the embryonic primary hepatocytes and embryonic liver. Notably, the decreased glycolysis and impaired embryonic growth induced by the blockade of Notch signaling were restored by activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Notch signaling regulates a key glycolytic switch in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner to supply energy for avian embryonic growth. Our study is the first to demonstrate the role of Notch signaling-induced glycolytic switching in embryonic development, and presents new insight into the energy supply patterns in embryogenesis under hypoxic conditions. In addition, it may also provide a natural hypoxia model for developmental biology studies such as immunology, genetics, virology, cancer, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenqi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yuchun Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Yellapragada V, Eskici N, Wang Y, Madhusudan S, Vaaralahti K, Tuuri T, Raivio T. Time and dose-dependent effects of FGF8-FGFR1 signaling in GnRH neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276003. [PMID: 35833364 PMCID: PMC9403748 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), acting through the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), has an important role in the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons (GnRH neurons). We hypothesized that FGF8 regulates differentiation of human GnRH neurons in a time- and dose-dependent manner via FGFR1. To investigate this further, human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated during 10 days of dual-SMAD inhibition into neural progenitor cells, followed either by treatment with FGF8 at different concentrations (25 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml) for 10 days or by treatment with 100 ng/ml FGF8 for different durations (2, 4, 6 or 10 days); cells were then matured through DAPT-induced inhibition of Notch signaling for 5 days into GnRH neurons. FGF8 induced expression of GNRH1 in a dose-dependent fashion and the duration of FGF8 exposure correlated positively with gene expression of GNRH1 (P<0.05, Rs=0.49). However, cells treated with 100 ng/ml FGF8 for 2 days induced the expression of genes, such as FOXG1, ETV5 and SPRY2, and continued FGF8 treatment induced the dynamic expression of several other genes. Moreover, during exposure to FGF8, FGFR1 localized to the cell surface and its specific inhibition with the FGFR1 inhibitor PD166866 reduced expression of GNRH1 (P<0.05). In neurons, FGFR1 also localized to the nucleus. Our results suggest that dose- and time-dependent FGF8 signaling via FGFR1 is indispensable for human GnRH neuron ontogeny. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: This article demonstrates the essential role FGF8–FGFR1 signaling has in the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-expressing neurons by using a human stem cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatram Yellapragada
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nazli Eskici
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yafei Wang
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shrinidhi Madhusudan
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, 00029 Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Akiyama T, Seidel CW, Gibson MC. The feedback regulator nord controls Dpp/BMP signaling via extracellular interaction with dally in the Drosophila wing. Dev Biol 2022; 488:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Di Schiavi E, Vistoli G, Moretti RM, Corrado I, Zuccarini G, Gervasoni S, Casati L, Bottai D, Merlo GR, Maggi R. Anosmin-1-Like Effect of UMODL1/Olfactorin on the Chemomigration of Mouse GnRH Neurons and Zebrafish Olfactory Axons Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836179. [PMID: 35223856 PMCID: PMC8874799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of development/migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is the main cause of Kallmann's syndrome (KS), an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadism, anosmia, and other developmental defects. Olfactorin is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the UMODL1 (uromodulin-like 1) gene expressed in the mouse olfactory region along the migratory route of GnRH neurons. It shares a combination of WAP and FNIII repeats, expressed in complementary domains, with anosmin-1, the product of the ANOS1 gene, identified as the causative of KS. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of olfactorin in vitro and in vivo models. The results show that olfactorin exerts an anosmin-1-like strong chemoattractant effect on mouse-immortalized GnRH neurons (GN11 cells) through the activation of the FGFR and MAPK pathways. In silico analysis of olfactorin and anosmin-1 reveals a satisfactory similarity at the N-terminal region for the overall arrangement of corresponding WAP and FNIII domains and marked similarities between WAP domains’ binding modes of interaction with the resolved FGFR1–FGF2 complex. Finally, in vivo experiments show that the down-modulation of the zebrafish z-umodl1 gene (orthologous of UMODL1) in both GnRH3:GFP and omp2k:gap-CFPrw034 transgenic zebrafish strains leads to a clear disorganization and altered fasciculation of the neurites of GnRH3:GFP neurons crossing at the anterior commissure and a significant increase in olfactory CFP + fibers with altered trajectory. Thus, our study shows olfactorin as an additional factor involved in the development of olfactory and GnRH systems and proposes UMODL1 as a gene worthy of diagnostic investigation in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences DISFEB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corrado
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Zuccarini
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Maggi,
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Nieuwenhuis B, Eva R. Promoting axon regeneration in the central nervous system by increasing PI3-kinase signaling. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1172-1182. [PMID: 34782551 PMCID: PMC8643051 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research has focused on the PI3-kinase and PTEN signaling pathway with the aim to stimulate repair of the injured central nervous system. Axons in the central nervous system fail to regenerate, meaning that injuries or diseases that cause loss of axonal connectivity have life-changing consequences. In 2008, genetic deletion of PTEN was identified as a means of stimulating robust regeneration in the optic nerve. PTEN is a phosphatase that opposes the actions of PI3-kinase, a family of enzymes that function to generate the membrane phospholipid PIP3 from PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate from phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate). Deletion of PTEN therefore allows elevated signaling downstream of PI3-kinase, and was initially demonstrated to promote axon regeneration by signaling through mTOR. More recently, additional mechanisms have been identified that contribute to the neuron-intrinsic control of regenerative ability. This review describes neuronal signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase and PIP3, and considers them in relation to both developmental and regenerative axon growth. We briefly discuss the key neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that govern regenerative ability, and describe how these are affected by signaling through PI3-kinase. We highlight the recent finding of a developmental decline in the generation of PIP3 as a key reason for regenerative failure, and summarize the studies that target an increase in signaling downstream of PI3-kinase to facilitate regeneration in the adult central nervous system. Finally, we discuss obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to generate a robust strategy for repairing the injured central nervous system through manipulation of PI3-kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Eva
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Vastagh C, Csillag V, Solymosi N, Farkas I, Liposits Z. Gonadal Cycle-Dependent Expression of Genes Encoding Peptide-, Growth Factor-, and Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone Neurons of Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:594119. [PMID: 33551743 PMCID: PMC7863983 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.594119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising serum estradiol triggers the surge release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at late proestrus leading to ovulation. We hypothesized that proestrus evokes alterations in peptidergic signaling onto GnRH neurons inducing a differential expression of neuropeptide-, growth factor-, and orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes. Thus, we analyzed the transcriptome of GnRH neurons collected from intact, proestrous and metestrous GnRH-green fluorescent protein (GnRH-GFP) transgenic mice using Affymetrix microarray technique. Proestrus resulted in a differential expression of genes coding for peptide/neuropeptide receptors including Adipor1, Prokr1, Ednrb, Rtn4r, Nmbr, Acvr2b, Sctr, Npr3, Nmur1, Mc3r, Cckbr, and Amhr2. In this gene cluster, Adipor1 mRNA expression was upregulated and the others were downregulated. Expression of growth factor receptors and their related proteins was also altered showing upregulation of Fgfr1, Igf1r, Grb2, Grb10, and Ngfrap1 and downregulation of Egfr and Tgfbr2 genes. Gpr107, an orphan GPCR, was upregulated during proestrus, while others were significantly downregulated (Gpr1, Gpr87, Gpr18, Gpr62, Gpr125, Gpr183, Gpr4, and Gpr88). Further affected receptors included vomeronasal receptors (Vmn1r172, Vmn2r-ps54, and Vmn1r148) and platelet-activating factor receptor (Ptafr), all with marked downregulation. Patch-clamp recordings from mouse GnRH-GFP neurons carried out at metestrus confirmed that the differentially expressed IGF-1, secretin, and GPR107 receptors were operational, as their activation by specific ligands evoked an increase in the frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs). These findings show the contribution of certain novel peptides, growth factors, and ligands of orphan GPCRs to regulation of GnRH neurons and their preparation for the surge release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Csillag
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Luo G, Hou M, Wang B, Liu Z, Liu W, Han T, Zhang D, Zhou X, Jia W, Tan Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhang X. Tsga10 is essential for arrangement of mitochondrial sheath and male fertility in mice. Andrology 2021; 9:368-375. [PMID: 32790169 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility is a major issue in human reproduction health, yet known genetic factors are only responsible for a small fraction of cases. TSGA10 is a testis-specific protein that is highly conserved among different species. A previous study has reported a homozygous mutation in TSGA10 in a male infertile patient; however, function analysis of Tsga10 genes in knockout mice has not yet been undertaken. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present work was to analyse the function of TSGA10 protein in the spermatogenesis of Tsga10+/- mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tsga10+/- mice were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, in vitro fertilization (IVF), western blot, co-immunoprecipitation and other methods were used to the function analysis. RESULTS Heterozygous Tsga10 male mice created by CRISPR/Cas9 were infertile and presented significantly reduced sperm motility because of disordered mitochondrial sheath formation. Furthermore, TSGA10 can interact with GRP78 and NSUN2, which are associated with peri-implantation lethality and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) network. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We demonstrate that deficiency of Tsga10 gene can lead to male infertility in mice. TSGA10 is involved in the correct arrangement of mitochondrial sheath in spermatozoa. Future studies on TSGA10 include an in-depth exploration of the underlying mechanisms of TSGA10 in spermatogenesis, early embryonic development and GnRH network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meiqi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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FGFR Regulation of Dendrite Elaboration in Adult-born Granule Cells Depends on Intracellular Mediator and Proximity to the Soma. Neuroscience 2020; 453:148-167. [PMID: 33246055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) play crucial roles in promoting dendrite growth and branching during development. In mice, three FGFR genes, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and Fgfr3, remain expressed in the adult neurogenic niche of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, the function of FGFRs in the dendritic maturation of adult-born neurons remains largely unexplored. Here, using conditional alleles of Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and Fgfr3 as well as Fgfr1 alleles lacking binding sites for Phospholipase-Cγ (PLCγ) and FGF Receptor Substrate (FRS) proteins, we test the requirement for FGFRs in dendritogenesis of adult-born granule cells. We find that deleting all three receptors results in a small decrease in proximal dendrite elaboration. In contrast, specifically mutating Tyr766 in FGFR1 (a PLCγ binding site) in an Fgfr2;Fgfr3 deficient background results in a dramatic increase of overall dendrite elaboration, while blocking FGFR1-FRS signaling causes proximal dendrite deficits and, to a lesser extent than Tyr766 mutants, increases distal dendrite elaboration. These findings reveal unexpectedly complex roles for FGFRs and their intracellular mediators in regulating proximal and distal dendrite elaboration, with the most notable role in suppressing distal elaboration through the PLCγbinding site.
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9
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Nieuwenhuis B, Barber AC, Evans RS, Pearson CS, Fuchs J, MacQueen AR, van Erp S, Haenzi B, Hulshof LA, Osborne A, Conceicao R, Khatib TZ, Deshpande SS, Cave J, Ffrench‐Constant C, Smith PD, Okkenhaug K, Eickholt BJ, Martin KR, Fawcett JW, Eva R. PI 3-kinase delta enhances axonal PIP 3 to support axon regeneration in the adult CNS. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11674. [PMID: 32558386 PMCID: PMC7411663 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons support axon regeneration into adulthood, whereas central nervous system (CNS) neurons lose regenerative ability after development. To better understand this decline whilst aiming to improve regeneration, we focused on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its product phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3 ). We demonstrate that adult PNS neurons utilise two catalytic subunits of PI3K for axon regeneration: p110α and p110δ. However, in the CNS, axonal PIP3 decreases with development at the time when axon transport declines and regenerative competence is lost. Overexpressing p110α in CNS neurons had no effect; however, expression of p110δ restored axonal PIP3 and increased regenerative axon transport. p110δ expression enhanced CNS regeneration in both rat and human neurons and in transgenic mice, functioning in the same way as the hyperactivating H1047R mutation of p110α. Furthermore, viral delivery of p110δ promoted robust regeneration after optic nerve injury. These findings establish a deficit of axonal PIP3 as a key reason for intrinsic regeneration failure and demonstrate that native p110δ facilitates axon regeneration by functioning in a hyperactive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Barber
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rachel S Evans
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Craig S Pearson
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Amy R MacQueen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Susan van Erp
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lianne A Hulshof
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Raquel Conceicao
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tasneem Z Khatib
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sarita S Deshpande
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joshua Cave
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Keith R Martin
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- OphthalmologyDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre of Reconstructive NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental MedicineCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Richard Eva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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10
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Functional Heterogeneity of Mouse and Human Brain OPCs: Relevance for Preclinical Studies in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061681. [PMID: 32498223 PMCID: PMC7355819 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides giving rise to oligodendrocytes (the only myelin-forming cell in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in physiological conditions), Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) are responsible for spontaneous remyelination after a demyelinating lesion. They are present along the mouse and human CNS, both during development and in adulthood, yet how OPC physiological behavior is modified throughout life is not fully understood. The activity of adult human OPCs is still particularly unexplored. Significantly, most of the molecules involved in OPC-mediated remyelination are also involved in their development, a phenomenon that may be clinically relevant. In the present article, we have compared the intrinsic properties of OPCs isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal, postnatal and adult mice, as well as those recovered from neurosurgical adult human cerebral cortex tissue. By analyzing intact OPCs for the first time with 1H High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, we show that these cells behave distinctly and that they have different metabolic patterns in function for their stage of maturity. Moreover, their response to Fibroblast Growth Gactor-2 (FGF-2) and anosmin-1 (two molecules that have known effects on OPC biology during development and that are overexpressed in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)) differs in relation to their developmental stage and in the function of the species. Our data reveal that the behavior of adult human and mouse OPCs differs in a very dynamic way that should be very relevant when testing drugs and for the proper design of effective pharmacological and/or cell therapies for MS.
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11
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Linscott ML, Chung WCJ. Epigenomic control of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurone development and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12860. [PMID: 32452569 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive success depends on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones to stimulate gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary and activate gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Genetic screening studies in patients diagnosed with Kallmann syndrome (KS), a congenital form of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CHH), identified several causal mutations, including those in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system. This signalling pathway regulates neuroendocrine progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification and cell survival. Indeed, the GnRH neurone system was absent or abrogated in transgenic mice with reduced (ie, hypomorphic) Fgf8 and/or Fgf receptor (Fgfr) 1 expression, respectively. Moreover, we found that GnRH neurones were absent in the embryonic olfactory placode of Fgf8 hypomorphic mice, the putative birthplace of GnRH neurones. These observations, together with those made in human KS/CHH patients, indicate that the FGF8/FGFR1 signalling system is a requirement for the ontogenesis of the GnRH neuronal system and function. In this review, we discuss how epigenetic factors control the expression of genes such as Fgf8 that are known to be critical for GnRH neurone ontogenesis, fate specification, and the pathogenesis of KS/CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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12
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Dunkel H, Chaverra M, Bradley R, Lefcort F. FGF
signaling is required for chemokinesis and ventral migration of trunk neural crest cells. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1077-1097. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haley Dunkel
- Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceMontana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Martha Chaverra
- Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceMontana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Roger Bradley
- Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceMontana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Frances Lefcort
- Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceMontana State University Bozeman Montana USA
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13
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Anosmin-1 activates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and its related signaling pathway for olfactory bulb angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:188. [PMID: 31932617 PMCID: PMC6957483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosmin-1 is a secreted glycoprotein encoded by the ANOS1 gene, and its loss of function causes Kallmann syndrome (KS), which is characterized by anosmia and hypogonadism due to olfactory bulb (OB) dysfunction. However, the physiological function of anosmin-1 remains to be elucidated. In KS, disordered angiogenesis is observed in OB, resulting in its hypoplasia. In this study, we examined the involvement of anosmin-1 in angiogenic processes. Anosmin-1 was detected on the vessel-like structure in OB of chick embryos, and promoted the outgrowth of vascular sprouts as shown by assays of OB tissue culture. Cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation of endothelial cells were induced by treatment with anosmin-1 as well as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and further enhanced by treatment with both of them. We newly identified that anosmin-1 activated VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) by binding directly to it, and its downstream signaling molecules, phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) and protein kinase C (PKC). These results suggest that anosmin-1 plays a key role in the angiogenesis of developing OB through the VEGFR2–PLCγ1–PKC axis by enhancing the VEGF function.
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14
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Cho HJ, Shan Y, Whittington NC, Wray S. Nasal Placode Development, GnRH Neuronal Migration and Kallmann Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31355196 PMCID: PMC6637222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons is important for a functional reproduction system in vertebrates. Disruption of GnRH results in hypogonadism and if accompanied by anosmia is termed Kallmann Syndrome (KS). From their origin in the nasal placode, GnRH neurons migrate along the olfactory-derived vomeronasal axons to the nasal forebrain junction and then turn caudally into the developing forebrain. Although research on the origin of GnRH neurons, their migration and genes associated with KS has identified multiple factors that influence development of this system, several aspects still remain unclear. This review discusses development of the olfactory system, factors that regulate GnRH neuron formation and development of the olfactory system, migration of the GnRH neurons from the nose into the brain, and mutations in humans with KS that result from disruption of normal GnRH/olfactory systems development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Cho
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niteace C Whittington
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Gonadoliberin – Synthesis, Secretion, Molecular Mechanisms and Targets of Action. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2019. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2019-4.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Decapeptide gonadoliberin (GnRH) is the most important regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis that controls the synthesis and secretion of the luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones by gonadotrophs in the adenohypophysis. GnRH is produced by the specialized hypothalamic neurons using the site-specific proteolysis of the precursor protein and is secreted into the portal pituitary system, where it binds to the specific receptors. These receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors, and they are located on the surface of gonadotrophs and mediate the regulatory effects of GnRH on the gonadotropins production. The result of GnRH binding to them is the activation of phospholipase C and the calcium-dependent pathways, the stimulation of different forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as the activation of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and the triggering of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways in the gonadotrophs. The gonadotropins, kisspeptin, sex steroid hormones, insulin, melatonin and a number of transcription factors have an important role in the regulation of GnRH1 gene expression, which encodes the GnRH precursor, as well as the synthesis and secretion of GnRH. The functional activity of GnRH-producing neurons depends on their migration to the hypothalamic region at the early stages of ontogenesis, which is controlled by anosmin, ephrins, and lactosamine-rich surface glycoconjugate. Dysregulation of the migration of GnRH-producing neurons and the impaired production and secretion of GnRH, lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and other dysfunctions of the reproductive system. This review is devoted to the current state of the problem of regulating the synthesis and secretion of GnRH, the mechanisms of migration of hypothalamic GnRH-producing neurons at the early stages of brain development, the functional activity of the GnRH-producing neurons in the adult hypothalamus and the molecular mechanisms of GnRH action on the pituitary gonadotrophs. New experimental data are analyzed, which significantly change the current understanding of the functioning of GnRH-producing neurons and the secretion of GnRH, which is very important for the development of effective approaches for correcting the functions of the HPG axis.
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16
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Hong S, Hu P, Roessler E, Hu T, Muenke M. Loss-of-function mutations in FGF8 can be independent risk factors for holoprosencephaly. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1989-1998. [PMID: 29584859 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of next generation sequencing has been shown to accelerate gene discovery in human disease. However, our confidence in the correct disease-associations of rare variants continues to depend on functional analysis. Here, we employ a sensitive assay of human FGF8 variants in zebrafish to demonstrate that the spectrum of isoforms of FGF8 produced by alternative splicing can provide key insights into the genetic susceptibility to human malformations. In addition, we describe novel mutations in the FGF core structure that have both subtle and profound effects on ligand posttranslational processing and biological activity. Finally, we solve a case of apparent digenic inheritance of novel variants in SHH and FGF8, two genes known to functionally coregulate each other in the developing forebrain, as a simpler case of FGF8 diminished function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkook Hong
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
| | - Tommy Hu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
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17
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Olson HM, Nechiporuk AV. Nothing to Be Sniffed At: Anosmin1 Tunes Fgf Diffusivity. Dev Cell 2018; 46:674-676. [PMID: 30253166 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix plays both positive and negative roles in growth factor diffusion, a process critical for organ formation. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Wang et al. (2018) identify the extracellular matrix protein Anosmin1 as a key regulator of Fgf diffusion during sensory organ formation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Olson
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, The Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97219, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, The Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97219, USA.
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18
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McLean CK, Narayan S, Lin SY, Rai N, Chung Y, Hipolito MS, Cascella NG, Nurnberger JI, Ishizuka K, Sawa AS, Nwulia EA. Lithium-associated transcriptional regulation of CRMP1 in patient-derived olfactory neurons and symptom changes in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:81. [PMID: 29666369 PMCID: PMC5904136 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that lithium used in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) affects molecular targets that are involved in neuronal growth, survival, and maturation, but it remains unclear if neuronal alterations in any of these molecules predict specific symptom changes in BD patients undergoing lithium monotherapy. The goals of this study were to (a) determine which molecular changes in the olfactory neurons of symptomatic patients receiving lithium are associated with antimanic or antidepressant response, and (b) uncover novel intraneuronal regulatory mechanisms of lithium therapy. Twenty-two treatment-naïve non-smoking patients, with symptomatic BD underwent nasal biopsies for collection of olfactory tissues, prior to their treatment and following a 6-week course of lithium monotherapy. Sixteen healthy controls were also biopsied. Combining laser capture microdissection with real-time polymerase chain reaction, we investigated baseline and treatment-associated transcriptional changes in candidate molecular targets of lithium action in the olfactory neuroepithelium. Baseline mRNA levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and collapsin response mediator protein 1 (CRMP1) genes were significantly associated with BD status and with severity of mood symptoms. Among BD subjects, treatment-associated downregulation of CRMP1 expression was most predictive of decreases in both manic and depressive symptoms. This study provides a novel insight into the relevance of CRMP1, a key molecule in semaphorin-3A signaling during neurodevelopment, in the molecular mechanism of action of lithium, and in the pathophysiology of BD. It supports the use of human-derived olfactory neuronal tissues in the evaluation of treatment response of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlee K. McLean
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Soumya Narayan
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sandra Y. Lin
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Narayan Rai
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Youjin Chung
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - MariaMananita S. Hipolito
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Nicola G. Cascella
- grid.415690.fDepartment of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health Systems, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- 0000 0001 0790 959Xgrid.411377.7Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Akira S. Sawa
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Evaristus A. Nwulia
- 0000 0001 0547 4545grid.257127.4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
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19
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Choi R, Goldstein BJ. Olfactory epithelium: Cells, clinical disorders, and insights from an adult stem cell niche. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 3:35-42. [PMID: 29492466 PMCID: PMC5824112 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders causing a loss of the sense of smell remain a therapeutic challenge. Basic research has, however, greatly expanded our knowledge of the organization and function of the olfactory system. This review describes advances in our understanding of the cellular components of the peripheral olfactory system, specifically the olfactory epithelium in the nose. The article discusses recent findings regarding the mechanisms involved in regeneration and cellular renewal from basal stem cells in the adult olfactory epithelium, considering the strategies involved in embryonic olfactory development and insights from research on other stem cell niches. In the context of clinical conditions causing anosmia, the current view of adult olfactory neurogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and failures in these processes is considered, along with current and future treatment strategies. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Choi
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
| | - Bradley J. Goldstein
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
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20
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Poliandri A, Miller D, Howard S, Nobles M, Ruiz-Babot G, Harmer S, Tinker A, McKay T, Guasti L, Dunkel L. Generation of kisspeptin-responsive GnRH neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 447:12-22. [PMID: 28232089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GnRH neurons are fundamental for reproduction in all vertebrates, integrating all reproductive inputs. The inaccessibility of human GnRH-neurons has been a major impediment to studying the central control of reproduction and its disorders. Here, we report the efficient generation of kisspeptin responsive GnRH-secreting neurons by directed differentiation of human Embryonic Stem Cells and induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells derived from a Kallman Syndrome patient and a healthy family member. The protocol involves the generation of intermediate Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs) through long-term Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibition, followed by terminal specification of these NPCs in media containing Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 and a NOTCH inhibitor. The resulting GnRH-expressing and -secreting neurons display a neuroendocrine gene expression pattern and present spontaneous calcium transients that can be stimulated by kisspeptin. These in vitro generated GnRH expressing cells provide a new resource for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and function of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Poliandri
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Duncan Miller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sasha Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Muriel Nobles
- The Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stephen Harmer
- The Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- The Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tristan McKay
- School of Healthcare Science, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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21
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Ohtaka K, Fujisawa Y, Takada F, Hasegawa Y, Miyoshi T, Hasegawa T, Miyoshi H, Kameda H, Kurokawa-Seo M, Fukami M, Ogata T. FGFR1
Analyses in Four Patients with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism with Split-Hand/Foot Malformation: Implications for the Promoter Region. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:503-506. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohnosuke Ohtaka
- Department of Pediatrics; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu 431-3192 Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu 431-3192 Japan
| | - Fumio Takada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics; Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Sagamihara 252-0375 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center; Tokyo 183-8561 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center; Tokyo 183-8561 Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyoshi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - Hiraku Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - Misuzu Kurokawa-Seo
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences; Kyoto Sangyo University; Kyoto 603-8555 Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu 431-3192 Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo 157-8535 Japan
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22
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Wang X, Zhu Y, Sun C, Wang T, Shen Y, Cai W, Sun J, Chi L, Wang H, Song N, Niu C, Shen J, Cong W, Zhu Z, Xuan Y, Li X, Jin L. Feedback Activation of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling via the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Skin Fibroblasts. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:32. [PMID: 28217097 PMCID: PMC5289949 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complex process requiring the coordinated behavior of many cell types, especially in the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a member of the FGF family that promotes fibroblast migration, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. The present RNA sequencing study showed that the expression levels of several canonical Wnt pathway genes, including Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt11, T-cell factor 7 (TCF7), and Frizzled 8 (FZD8) were modified by bFGF stimulation in fibroblasts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis also showed that Wnt pathway was activated under bFGF treatment. Furthermore, treatment of fibroblasts with lithium chloride or IWR-1, an inducer and inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, respectively, promoted and inhibited cell migration. Also, levels of cytosolic glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta phosphorylated at serine9 (pGSK3β Ser9) and nuclear β-catenin were increased upon exposure to bFGF. Molecular and biochemical assays indicated that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling activated the GSK3β/β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), suggesting that PI3K and JNK act at the upstream of β-catenin. In contrast, knock-down of β-catenin delayed fibroblast cell migration even under bFGF stimulation. RNA sequencing analysis of β-catenin knock-down fibroblasts demonstrated that β-catenin positively regulated the transcription of bFGF and FGF21. Moreover, FGF21 treatment activated AKT and JNK, and accelerated fibroblast migration to a similar extent as bFGF does. In addition, ELISA analysis demonstrated that both of bFGF and FGF21 were auto secretion factor and be regulated by Wnt pathway stimulators. Taken together, our analyses define a feedback regulatory loop between bFGF (FGF21) and Wnt signaling acting through β-catenin in skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Haining Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Haining, China
| | - Congcong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanhui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Lisha Chi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, China
| | - Na Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Weitao Cong
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Litai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
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23
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases is required throughout embryonic and postnatal development and also regulates multiple homeostatic functions in the adult. Here, Brewer et al. review the mechanisms of Fgf signaling by focusing on genetic strategies that enable in vivo analysis. The fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases is required throughout embryonic and postnatal development and also regulates multiple homeostatic functions in the adult. Aberrant Fgf signaling causes many congenital disorders and underlies multiple forms of cancer. Understanding the mechanisms that govern Fgf signaling is therefore important to appreciate many aspects of Fgf biology and disease. Here we review the mechanisms of Fgf signaling by focusing on genetic strategies that enable in vivo analysis. These studies support an important role for Erk1/2 as a mediator of Fgf signaling in many biological processes but have also provided strong evidence for additional signaling pathways in transmitting Fgf signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Brewer
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Pierre Mazot
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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24
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Regulation of FGF signaling: Recent insights from studying positive and negative modulators. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:101-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is composed of the tuberal and anterodorsal hypothalamus, together with the median eminence/neurohypophysis. It centrally governs wide-ranging physiological processes, including homeostasis of energy balance, circadian rhythms and stress responses, as well as growth and reproductive behaviours. Homeostasis is maintained by integrating sensory inputs and effecting responses via autonomic, endocrine and behavioural outputs, over diverse time-scales and throughout the lifecourse of an individual. Here, we summarize studies that begin to reveal how different territories and cell types within the neuroendocrine hypothalamus are assembled in an integrated manner to enable function, thus supporting the organism's ability to survive and thrive. We discuss how signaling pathways and transcription factors dictate the appearance and regionalization of the hypothalamic primordium, the maintenance of progenitor cells, and their specification and differentiation into neurons. We comment on recent studies that harness such programmes for the directed differentiation of human ES/iPS cells. We summarize how developmental plasticity is maintained even into adulthood and how integration between the hypothalamus and peripheral body is established in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. Analysis of model organisms, including mouse, chick and zebrafish, provides a picture of how complex, yet elegantly coordinated, developmental programmes build glial and neuronal cells around the third ventricle of the brain. Such conserved processes enable the hypothalamus to mediate its function as a central integrating and response-control mediator for the homeostatic processes that are critical to life. Early indications suggest that deregulation of these events may underlie multifaceted pathological conditions and dysfunctional physiology in humans, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burbridge
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Stewart
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Qiao S, Nordström K, Muijs L, Gasparoni G, Tierling S, Krause E, Walter J, Boehm U. Molecular Plasticity of Male and Female Murine Gonadotropes Revealed by mRNA Sequencing. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1082-93. [PMID: 26677881 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are of particular importance within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis because they provide a means of communication and thus a functional link between the brain and the gonads. Recent results indicate that female gonadotropes may be organized in the form of a network that shows plasticity and adapts to the altered endocrine conditions of different physiological states. However, little is known about functional changes on the molecular level within gonadotropes during these different conditions. In this study we capitalize on a binary genetic strategy in order to fluorescently label murine gonadotrope cells. Using this mouse model allows to produce an enriched gonadotrope population using fluorescence activated cell sorting to perform mRNA sequencing. By using this strategy, we analyze and compare the expression profile of murine gonadotropes in different genders and developmental and hormonal stages. We find that gonadotropes taken from juvenile males and females, from cycling females at diestrus and at proestrus, from lactating females, and from adult males each have unique gene expression patterns with approximately 100 to approximately 500 genes expressed only in one particular stage. We also demonstrate extensive gene-expression profile changes with up to approximately 2200 differentially expressed genes when comparing female and male development, juveniles and adults, and cycling females. Differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the GnRH signaling, calcium signaling, and MAPK signaling pathways by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Our data provide an unprecedented molecular view of the primary gonadotropes and reveal a high degree of molecular plasticity within the gonadotrope population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karl Nordström
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Leon Muijs
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Xuan Y, Chi L, Tian H, Cai W, Sun C, Wang T, Zhou X, Shao M, Zhu Y, Niu C, Sun Y, Cong W, Zhu Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Jin L. The activation of the NF-κB-JNK pathway is independent of the PI3K-Rac1-JNK pathway involved in the bFGF-regulated human fibroblast cell migration. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:28-37. [PMID: 26829882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin wound healing is a complex process that repairs multiple organ-tissues. Fibroblasts are key players of skin cells, whose migration is important during wound healing process. bFGF has shown a great efficacy to promote cell migration, but the precise mechanism by which bFGF regulates cell migration remains elusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to find bFGF-regulated gene pools and further identify target molecules that participated in human fibroblast cell migration. METHODS Skin primary fibroblasts and rat skin wound model were used to demonstrate the novel mechanism of bFGF regulating cell migration to accelerate wound healing. Cell migration was determined using the wound healing scratch assay. The differentially expressed genes and numerous biochemical pathways after bFGF treatment were identified by RNA-Seq analysis, and differentially expressed genes were further verified by qRT-PCR. siRNA duplex target to interfering the expression of PI3-kinase (p110α) was transformed into NIH/3T3 cells. Western blotting analysis was used to determine marker protein expressions. The invasive activity of fibroblasts was measured using 3D spheroid cell invasion assay. RESULTS RNA-Seq analysis identified numerous biochemical pathways including the NF-κB pathway under the control of FGF signaling. bFGF negatively regulates the phosphorylation of IκB-α, the most well studied NF-κB signaling regulator while bFGF induces JNK phosphorylation. Application of Bay11-7082, a representative NF-κB inhibitor promoted cell migration, invasion and enhanced the JNKs phosphorylation. However, inhibition of JNKs blocked cell migration when NF-κB is inhibited. Moreover, application of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 together with Bay11-7082 maintained normal cell migration and knocking-down PI3K (p110α) by a specific siRNA inhibited JNKs phosphorylation while maintaining normal IκBα phosphorylation, indicating that PI3K and NF-κB signaling independently regulate JNKs activation. In addition, administration of bFGF or Bay11-7082 promoted rat skin wound repair and accelerated the invasion of fibroblasts. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the mode of action of bFGF and identifies that the NF-κB-JNKs pathway is independent of the PI3K-JNKs pathway to accelerate fibroblast migration. In addition, bFGF and the relief of inflammation could be a favorable therapeutic approach for skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhu Xuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lisha Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wanhui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Congcong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chao Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yusheng Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Weitao Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of neuroscience, Department of histology and embryology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Litai Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Esteban PF, Martínez-Hernández J, Gruart A, Luján R, Delgado-García JM, de Castro F. Anosmin-1 over-expression regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, migration and myelin sheath thickness. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1365-85. [PMID: 25662897 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During development of the central nervous system, anosmin-1 (A1) works as a chemotropic cue contributing to axonal outgrowth and collateralization, as well as modulating the migration of different cell types, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) being the main receptor involved in all these events. To further understand the role of A1 during development, we have analysed the over-expression of human A1 in a transgenic mouse line. Compared with control mice during development and in early adulthood, A1 over-expressing transgenic mice showed an enhanced oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) proliferation and a higher number of OPCs in the subventricular zone and in the corpus callosum (CC). The migratory capacity of OPCs from the transgenic mice is increased in vitro due to a higher basal activation of ERK1/2 mediated through FGFR1 and they also produced more myelin basic protein (MBP). In vivo, the over-expression of A1 resulted in an elevated number of mature oligodendrocytes with higher levels of MBP mRNA and protein, as well as increased levels of activation of the ERK1/2 proteins, while electron microscopy revealed thicker myelin sheaths around the axons of the CC in adulthood. Also in the mature CC, the nodes of Ranvier were significantly longer and the conduction velocity of the nerve impulse in vivo was significantly increased in the CC of A1 over-expressing transgenic mice. Altogether, these data confirmed the involvement of A1 in oligodendrogliogenesis and its relevance for myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro F Esteban
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, CRIB-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 14, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Agnès Gruart
- División de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. De Utrera, Km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, CRIB-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 14, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - José María Delgado-García
- División de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. De Utrera, Km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Forni PE, Wray S. GnRH, anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--where are we? Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:165-77. [PMID: 25306902 PMCID: PMC4703044 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons originate the nasal placode and migrate into the brain during prenatal development. Once within the brain, these cells become integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, essential for reproductive function. Disruption of this system causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). HH associated with anosmia is clinically defined as Kallman syndrome (KS). Recent work examining the developing nasal region has shed new light on cellular composition, cell interactions and molecular cues responsible for the development of this system in different species. This review discusses some developmental aspects, animal models and current advancements in our understanding of pathologies affecting GnRH. In addition we discuss how development of neural crest derivatives such as the glia of the olfactory system and craniofacial structures control GnRH development and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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30
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Beymer M, Negrón AL, Yu G, Wu S, Mayer C, Lin RZ, Boehm U, Acosta-Martínez M. Kisspeptin cell-specific PI3K signaling regulates hypothalamic kisspeptin expression and participates in the regulation of female fertility. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E969-82. [PMID: 25269483 PMCID: PMC4254985 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00385.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons integrate and translate cues from the internal and external environments that regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and maintain fertility in mammals. However, the intracellular signaling pathways utilized to translate such information into changes in kisspeptin expression, release, and ultimately activation of the kisspeptin-receptive GnRH network have not yet been identified. PI3K is an important signaling node common to many peripheral factors known to regulate kisspeptin expression and GnRH release. We investigated whether PI3K signaling regulates hypothalamic kisspeptin expression, pubertal development, and adult fertility in mice. We generated mice with a kisspeptin cell-specific deletion of the PI3K catalytic subunits p110α and p110β (kiss-p110α/β-KO). Using in situ hybridization, we examined Kiss1 mRNA expression in gonad-intact, gonadectomized (Gdx), and Gdx + steroid-replaced mice. Kiss1 cell number in the anteroventral periventricular hypothalamus (AVPV) was significantly reduced in intact females but not in males. In contrast, compared with WT and regardless of steroid hormone status, Kiss1 cell number was lower in the arcuate (ARC) of kiss-p110α/β-KO males, but it was unaffected in females. Both intact Kiss-p110α/β-KO males and females had reduced ARC kisspeptin-immunoreactive (IR) fibers compared with WT animals. Adult kiss-p110α/β-KO males had significantly lower circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, whereas pubertal development and fertility were unaffected in males. Kiss-p110α/β-KO females exhibited a reduction in fertility despite normal pubertal development, LH levels, and estrous cyclicity. Our data show that PI3K signaling is important for the regulation of hypothalamic kisspeptin expression and contributes to normal fertility in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Beymer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York; Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Ariel L Negrón
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Guiqin Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Samuel Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Christian Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Richard Z Lin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York; Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Stony Brook, New York; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maricedes Acosta-Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York;
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Medina-Rodríguez EM, Bribián A, de Castro F, Esteban PF. ERK1/2 signaling is essential for the chemoattraction exerted by human FGF2 and human anosmin-1 on newborn rat and mouse OPCs via FGFR1. Glia 2013; 62:374-86. [PMID: 24375670 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) is essential for many cellular processes including proliferation and migration, as well as differentiation events such as myelination. Anosmin-1 is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that interacts with the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) to exert its biological actions through this receptor, although the intracellular pathways underlying anosmin-1 signaling remain largely unknown. This protein is defective in the X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome (KS) and has a prominent role in the migration of neuronal and oligodendroglial precursors. We have shown that anosmin-1 exerts a chemotactic effect via FGFR1 on neuronal precursors from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the essential role of the ERK1/2 signaling. We report here the positive chemotactic effect of FGF2 and anosmin-1 on rat and mouse postnatal OPCs via FGFR1. The same effect was observed with the truncated N-terminal region of anosmin-1 (A1Nt). The introduction in anosmin-1 of the missense mutation F517L found in patients suffering from KS annulled the chemotactic activity; however, the mutant form carrying the disease-causing mutation E514K also found in KS patients, behaved as the wild-type protein. The chemoattraction exhibited by FGF2 and anosmin-1 on OPCs was blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126, suggesting that the activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway following interaction with the FGFR1 is necessary for FGF2 and anosmin-1 to exert their chemotactic effect. In fact, both proteins were able to induce the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 kinases after the activation of the FGFR1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda, s/n, E-45071-Toledo, Spain
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Garcia-Gonzalez D, Murcia-Belmonte V, Clemente D, De Castro F. Olfactory system and demyelination. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1424-34. [PMID: 23904351 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the central nervous system, the olfactory system represents one of the most exciting scenarios since it presents relevant examples of long-life sustained neurogenesis and continuous axonal outgrowth from the olfactory epithelium with the subsequent plasticity phenomena in the olfactory bulb. The olfactory nerve is composed of nonmyelinated axons with interesting ontogenetic interpretations. However, the centripetal projections from the olfactory bulb are myelinated axons which project to more caudal areas along the lateral olfactory tract. In consequence, demyelination has not been considered as a possible cause of the olfactory symptoms in those diseases in which this sense is impaired. One prototypical example of an olfactory disease is Kallmann syndrome, in which different mutations give rise to combined anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, together with different satellite symptoms. Anosmin-1 is the extracellular matrix glycoprotein altered in the X-linked form of this disease, which participates in cell adhesion and migration, and axonal outgrowth in the olfactory system and in other regions of the central nervous system. Recently, we have described a new patho-physiological role of this protein in the absence of spontaneous remyelination in multiple sclerosis. In the present review, we hypothesize about how both main and satellite neurological symptoms of Kallmann syndrome may be explained by alterations in the myelination. We revisit the relationship between the olfactory system and myelin highlighting that minor histological changes should not be forgotten as putative causes of olfactory malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Garcia-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
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Stevenson EL, Corella KM, Chung WCJ. Ontogenesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons: a model for hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:89. [PMID: 23882261 PMCID: PMC3712253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is the anatomical framework responsible for reproductive competence and species propagation. Essential to the coordinated actions of this three-tiered biological system is the fact that the regulatory inputs ultimately converge on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system, which in rodents primarily resides in the preoptic/hypothalamic region. In this short review we will focus on: (1) the general embryonic temporal and spatial development of the rodent GnRH neuronal system, (2) the origin(s) of GnRH neurons, and (3) which transcription - and growth factors have been found to be critical for GnRH neuronal ontogenesis and cellular fate-specification. Moreover, we ask the question whether the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in GnRH neuronal development may also play a role in the development of other hypophyseal secreting neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Stevenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Kristina M. Corella
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C. J. Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Wilson C. J. Chung, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, 222 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA e-mail:
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Morelli A, Comeglio P, Sarchielli E, Cellai I, Vignozzi L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M. Negative effects of high glucose exposure in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:684659. [PMID: 24489542 PMCID: PMC3893744 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are often associated with male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, suggesting that hypothalamic defects involving GnRH neurons may impair the reproductive function. Among metabolic factors hyperglycemia has been implicated in the control of the reproductive axis at central level, both in humans and in animal models. To date, little is known about the direct effects of pathological high glucose concentrations on human GnRH neurons. In this study, we investigated the high glucose effects in the human GnRH-secreting FNC-B4 cells. Gene expression profiling by qRT-PCR, confirmed that FNC-B4 cells express GnRH and several genes relevant for GnRH neuron function (KISS1R, KISS1, sex steroid and leptin receptors, FGFR1, neuropilin 2, and semaphorins), along with glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4). High glucose exposure (22 mM; 40 mM) significantly reduced gene and protein expression of GnRH, KISS1R, KISS1, and leptin receptor, as compared to normal glucose (5 mM). Consistent with previous studies, leptin treatment significantly induced GnRH mRNA expression at 5 mM glucose, but not in the presence of high glucose concentrations. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a deleterious direct contribution of high glucose on human GnRH neurons, thus providing new insights into pathogenic mechanisms linking metabolic disorders to reproductive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella B. Vannelli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle Basi Molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione (CIRMAR), 20122 Milan, Italy
- *Mario Maggi:
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