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Garcia C, Velez LM, Ujagar N, Del Mundo Z, Nguyen T, Fox C, Mark A, Fisch KM, Lawson MA, Duleba AJ, Seldin MM, Nicholas DA. Lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic inflammation increases female serum gonadotropins and shifts the pituitary transcriptomic landscape. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1279878. [PMID: 38260148 PMCID: PMC10801245 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1279878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Female reproductive function depends on a choreographed sequence of hormonal secretion and action, where specific stresses such as inflammation exert profound disruptions. Specifically, acute LPS-induced inflammation inhibits gonadotropin production and secretion from the pituitary, thereby impacting the downstream production of sex hormones. These outcomes have only been observed in acute inflammatory stress and little is known about the mechanisms by which chronic inflammation affects reproduction. In this study we seek to understand the chronic effects of LPS on pituitary function and consequent luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone secretion. Methods A chronic inflammatory state was induced in female mice by twice weekly injections with LPS over 6 weeks. Serum gonadotropins were measured and bulk RNAseq was performed on the pituitaries from these mice, along with basic measurements of reproductive biology. Results Surprisingly, serum luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone was not inhibited and instead we found it was increased with repeated LPS treatments. Discussion Analysis of bulk RNA-sequencing of murine pituitary revealed paracrine activation of TGFβ pathways as a potential mechanism regulating FSH secretion in response to chronic LPS. These results provide a framework with which to begin dissecting the impacts of chronic inflammation on reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Leandro M. Velez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Naveena Ujagar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zena Del Mundo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thu Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea Fox
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prisma Health Upstate/University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, United States
| | - Adam Mark
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A. Lawson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Antoni J. Duleba
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marcus M. Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Dequina A. Nicholas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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2
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Götz V, Qiao S, Das D, Wartenberg P, Wyatt A, Wahl V, Gamayun I, Alasmi S, Fecher-Trost C, Meyer MR, Rad R, Kaltenbacher T, Kattler K, Lipp P, Becherer U, Mollard P, Candlish M, Boehm U. Ovulation is triggered by a cyclical modulation of gonadotropes into a hyperexcitable state. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112543. [PMID: 37224016 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are essential for fertility and provide a functional link between the brain and the gonads. To trigger ovulation, gonadotrope cells release massive amounts of luteinizing hormone (LH). The mechanism underlying this remains unclear. Here, we utilize a mouse model expressing a genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator exclusively in gonadotropes to dissect this mechanism in intact pituitaries. We demonstrate that female gonadotropes exclusively exhibit a state of hyperexcitability during the LH surge, resulting in spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients in these cells, which persist in the absence of any in vivo hormonal signals. L-type Ca2+ channels and transient receptor potential channel A1 (TRPA1) together with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels ensure this state of hyperexcitability. Consistent with this, virus-assisted triple knockout of Trpa1 and L-type Ca2+ subunits in gonadotropes leads to vaginal closure in cycling females. Our data provide insight into molecular mechanisms required for ovulation and reproductive success in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Götz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Sen Qiao
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Debajyoti Das
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Igor Gamayun
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Samer Alasmi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Claudia Fecher-Trost
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Peter Lipp
- Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Ute Becherer
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Patrice Mollard
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Michael Candlish
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg 66421, Germany.
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3
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Crespo D, Skaftnesmo KO, Kjærner-Semb E, Yilmaz O, Norberg B, Olausson S, Vogelsang P, Bogerd J, Kleppe L, Edvardsen RB, Andersson E, Wargelius A, Hansen TJ, Fjelldal PG, Schulz RW. Pituitary Gonadotropin Gene Expression During Induced Onset of Postsmolt Maturation in Male Atlantic Salmon: In Vivo and Tissue Culture Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:826920. [PMID: 35370944 PMCID: PMC8964956 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.826920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Precocious male maturation causes reduced welfare and increased production costs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. The pituitary produces and releases follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh), the gonadotropin triggering puberty in male salmonids. However, little is known about how Fsh production is regulated in Atlantic salmon. We examined, in vivo and ex vivo, transcriptional changes of gonadotropin-related genes accompanying the initial steps of testis maturation, in pituitaries of males exposed to photoperiod and temperature conditions promoting maturation (constant light and 16°C). Pituitary fshb, lhb and gnrhr2bba transcripts increased in vivo in maturing males (gonado-somatic index > 0.1%). RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis using pituitaries from genetically similar males carrying the same genetic predisposition to mature, but differing by responding or not responding to stimulatory environmental conditions, revealed 144 differentially expressed genes, ~2/3rds being up-regulated in responders, including fshb and other pituitary hormones, steroid-related and other puberty-associated transcripts. Functional enrichment analyses confirmed gene involvement in hormone/steroid production and gonad development. In ex vivo studies, whole pituitaries were exposed to a selection of hormones and growth factors. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) up-regulated gnrhr2bba and lhb, while fshb was up-regulated by Gnrh but down-regulated by 11-KT in pituitaries from immature males. Also pituitaries from maturing males responded to Gnrh and sex steroids by increased gnrhr2bba and lhb transcript levels, but fshb expression remained unchanged. Growth factors (inhibin A, activin A and insulin-like growth factor 1) did not change gnrhr2bba, lhb or fshb transcript levels in pituitaries either from immature or maturing males. Additional pituitary ex vivo studies on candidates identified by RNAseq showed that these transcripts were preferentially regulated by Gnrh and sex steroids, but not by growth factors, and that Gnrh/sex steroids were less effective when incubating pituitaries from maturing males. Our results suggest that a yet to be characterized mechanism up-regulating fshb expression in the salmon pituitary is activated in response to stimulatory environmental conditions prior to morphological signs of testis maturation, and that the transcriptional program associated with this mechanism becomes unresponsive or less responsive to most stimulators ex vivo once males had entered pubertal developmental in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Crespo
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Diego Crespo,
| | - Kai Ove Skaftnesmo
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Kjærner-Semb
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ozlem Yilmaz
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Birgitta Norberg
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Sara Olausson
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Petra Vogelsang
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Bogerd
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lene Kleppe
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf B. Edvardsen
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Andersson
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Wargelius
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom J. Hansen
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Rüdiger W. Schulz
- Research Group Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division Developmental Biology, Department Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Walcher L, Kistenmacher AK, Sommer C, Böhlen S, Ziemann C, Dehmel S, Braun A, Tretbar US, Klöß S, Schambach A, Morgan M, Löffler D, Kämpf C, Blumert C, Reiche K, Beckmann J, König U, Standfest B, Thoma M, Makert GR, Ulbert S, Kossatz-Böhlert U, Köhl U, Dünkel A, Fricke S. Low Energy Electron Irradiation Is a Potent Alternative to Gamma Irradiation for the Inactivation of (CAR-)NK-92 Cells in ATMP Manufacturing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684052. [PMID: 34149724 PMCID: PMC8212864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With increasing clinical use of NK-92 cells and their CAR-modified derivatives in cancer immunotherapy, there is a growing demand for efficient production processes of these “off-the-shelf” therapeutics. In order to ensure safety and prevent the occurrence of secondary tumors, (CAR-)NK-92 cell proliferation has to be inactivated before transfusion. This is commonly achieved by gamma irradiation. Recently, we showed proof of concept that low energy electron irradiation (LEEI) is a new method for NK-92 inactivation. LEEI has several advantages over gamma irradiation, including a faster reaction time, a more reproducible dose rate and much less requirements on radiation shielding. Here, LEEI was further evaluated as a promising alternative to gamma irradiation yielding cells with highly maintained cytotoxic effector function. Methods Effectiveness and efficiency of LEEI and gamma irradiation were analyzed using NK-92 and CD123-directed CAR-NK-92 cells. LEE-irradiated cells were extensively characterized and compared to gamma-irradiated cells via flow cytometry, cytotoxicity assays, and comet assays, amongst others. Results Our results show that both irradiation methods caused a progressive decrease in cell viability and are, therefore, suitable for inhibition of cell proliferation. Notably, the NK-mediated specific lysis of tumor cells was maintained at stable levels for three days post-irradiation, with a trend towards higher activities after LEEI treatment as compared to gamma irradiation. Both gamma irradiation as well as LEEI led to substantial DNA damage and an accumulation of irradiated cells in the G2/M cell cycle phases. In addition, transcriptomic analysis of irradiated cells revealed approximately 12-fold more differentially expressed genes two hours after gamma irradiation, compared to LEEI. Analysis of surface molecules revealed an irradiation-induced decrease in surface expression of CD56, but no changes in the levels of the activating receptors NKp46, NKG2D, or NKp30. Conclusions The presented data show that LEEI inactivates (CAR-)NK-92 cells as efficiently as gamma irradiation, but with less impact on the overall gene expression. Due to logistic advantages, LEEI might provide a superior alternative for the manufacture of (CAR-)NK-92 cells for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Walcher
- Department for GMP Process Development/ATMP Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kistenmacher
- Department for GMP Process Development/ATMP Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Department for Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böhlen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Department for Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Department for Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Department for Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Department for Preclinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uta Sandy Tretbar
- Department for GMP Process Development/ATMP Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Klöß
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dennis Löffler
- Department for Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Kämpf
- Department for Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Conny Blumert
- Department for Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Department for Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Beckmann
- Division for Medical and Biotechnological Applications, Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology (FEP), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulla König
- Division for Medical and Biotechnological Applications, Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology (FEP), Dresden, Germany
| | - Bastian Standfest
- Department for Laboratory Automation and Biomanufacturing Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (IPA), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Thoma
- Department for Laboratory Automation and Biomanufacturing Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (IPA), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gustavo R Makert
- Department for Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department for Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Kossatz-Böhlert
- Department for GMP Process Development/ATMP Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Dünkel
- Department for GMP Process Development/ATMP Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Department for GMP Process Development/ATMP Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
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Advances in the Regulation of Mammalian Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041134. [PMID: 33921032 PMCID: PMC8071398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reproduction of mammals is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Follicle stimulating hormone, as one of the gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary gland, plays an immeasurable role. This article mainly reviews the molecular basis and classical signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and secretion of follicle stimulating hormone, and summarizes its internal molecular mechanism, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the research of mammalian reproduction regulation and the application of follicle stimulating hormone in production practice. Abstract Mammalian reproduction is mainly driven and regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, is a key regulator that ultimately affects animal fertility. As a dimeric glycoprotein hormone, the biological specificity of FSH is mainly determined by the β subunit. As research techniques are being continuously innovated, studies are exploring the underlying molecular mechanism regulating the secretion of mammalian FSH. This article will review the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways systematically regulating FSH synthesis and will present the latest hypothesis about the nuclear cross-talk among the various endocrine-induced pathways for transcriptional regulation of the FSH β subunit. This article will provide novel ideas and potential targets for the improved use of FSH in livestock breeding and therapeutic development.
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Esparza LA, Terasaka T, Lawson MA, Kauffman AS. Androgen Suppresses In Vivo and In Vitro LH Pulse Secretion and Neural Kiss1 and Tac2 Gene Expression in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5930836. [PMID: 33075809 PMCID: PMC7671291 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Androgens can affect the reproductive axis of both sexes. In healthy women, as in men, elevated exogenous androgens decrease gonad function and lower gonadotropin levels; such circumstances occur with anabolic steroid abuse or in transgender men (genetic XX individuals) taking androgen supplements. The neuroendocrine mechanisms by which endogenous or exogenous androgens regulate gonadotropin release, including aspects of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, remain unknown. Because animal models are valuable for interrogating neural and pituitary mechanisms, we studied effects of androgens in the normal male physiological range on in vivo LH secretion parameters in female mice and in vitro LH secretion patterns from isolated female pituitaries. We also assessed androgen effects on hypothalamic and gonadotrope gene expression in female mice, which may contribute to altered LH secretion profiles. We used a nonaromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to isolate effects occurring specifically via androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Compared with control females, DHT-treated females exhibited markedly reduced in vivo LH pulsatility, with decreases in pulse frequency, amplitude, peak, and basal LH levels. Correlating with reduced LH pulsatility, DHT-treated females also exhibited suppressed arcuate nucleus Kiss1 and Tac2 expression. Separate from these neural effects, we determined in vitro that the female pituitary is directly inhibited by AR signaling, resulting in lower basal LH levels and reduced LH secretory responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses, along with lower gonadotropin gene expression. Thus, in normal adult females, male levels of androgen acting via AR can strongly inhibit the reproductive axis at both the neural and pituitary levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes A Esparza
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark A Lawson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Correspondence: Dr. Alexander S. Kauffman, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Leichtag Building, Room 3A-15, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0674, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail:
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7
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Baskaran S, Finelli R, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Reactive oxygen species in male reproduction: A boon or a bane? Andrologia 2020; 53:e13577. [PMID: 32271474 DOI: 10.1111/and.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals derived from oxygen during normal cellular metabolism. ROS play a crucial role in the physiological processes and signalling pathways associated with male fertility. At physiological concentrations, ROS act as molecular mediators of signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. They also trigger the morphological changes required for sperm maturation, such as DNA compaction and flagellar modification. Furthermore, ROS modulate crucial processes involved in the attainment of sperm fertilising ability such as capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion. Conversely, oxidative stress prevails when the concentration of ROS overwhelms the body's antioxidant defence. Various endogenous and exogenous factors enhance the synthesis of ROS resulting in the disruption of structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa through the induction of apoptotic pathway and oxidation of molecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Therefore, maintenance of a balanced redox state is critical for normal male reproductive functions. This article discusses the dual role of ROS in male reproduction, highlighting the physiological role as well as their pathological implications on male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saradha Baskaran
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Renata Finelli
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ralf Henkel
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Kim T, Li D, Terasaka T, Nicholas DA, Knight VS, Yang JJ, Lawson MA. SRXN1 Is Necessary for Resolution of GnRH-Induced Oxidative Stress and Induction of Gonadotropin Gene Expression. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2543-2555. [PMID: 31504396 PMCID: PMC6779075 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad reproductive endocrine axis is the episodic secretion of the pituitary gonadotropin hormones LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary gonadotropes. Hormone secretion is dictated by pulsatile stimulation, with GnRH released by hypothalamic neurons that bind and activate the G protein-coupled GnRH receptor expressed by gonadotropes. Hormone secretion and synthesis of gonadotropins are influenced by the amplitude and frequency of GnRH stimulation; variation in either affects the proportion of LH and FSH secreted and the differential regulation of hormone subunit gene expression. Therefore, proper decoding of GnRH signals is essential for appropriate gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. The GnRH receptor robustly activates downstream signaling cascades to facilitate exocytosis and stimulate gene expression and protein synthesis. It is necessary to rapidly quench signaling to preserve sensitivity and adaptability to changing pulse patterns. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by receptor-activated oxidases fulfill the role of rapid signaling intermediates that facilitate robust and transient signaling. However, excess ROS can be detrimental and, unchecked, can confuse signal interpretation. We demonstrate that sulfiredoxin (SRXN1), an ATP-dependent reductase, is essential for normal responses to GnRH receptor signaling and plays a central role in resolution of ROS induced by GnRH stimulation. SRXN1 expression is mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent, and knockdown reduces Lhb and Fshb glycoprotein hormone subunit mRNA and promoter activity. Loss of SRXN1 leads to increased basal and GnRH-stimulated ROS levels. We conclude that SRXN1 is essential for normal responses to GnRH stimulation and plays an important role in ROS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeshin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Danmei Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dequina A Nicholas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vashti S Knight
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joyce J Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark A Lawson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Correspondence: Mark A. Lawson, PhD, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego Mail Code 0674, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093. E-mail:
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9
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Dang AK, Chaplin NL, Murtazina DA, Boehm U, Clay CM, Amberg GC. Subplasmalemmal hydrogen peroxide triggers calcium influx in gonadotropes. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16028-16042. [PMID: 30154243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation of its eponymous receptor on the surface of endocrine anterior pituitary gonadotrope cells (gonadotropes) initiates multiple signaling cascades that culminate in the secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, which have critical roles in fertility and reproduction. Enhanced luteinizing hormone biosynthesis, a necessary event for ovulation, requires a signaling pathway characterized by calcium influx through L-type calcium channels and subsequent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). We previously reported that highly localized subplasmalemmal calcium microdomains produced by L-type calcium channels (calcium sparklets) play an essential part in GnRH-dependent ERK activation. Similar to calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are ubiquitous intracellular signaling molecules whose subcellular localization determines their specificity. To investigate the potential influence of oxidant signaling in gonadotropes, here we examined the impact of ROS generation on L-type calcium channel function. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed that GnRH induces spatially restricted sites of ROS generation in gonadotrope-derived αT3-1 cells. Furthermore, GnRH-dependent stimulation of L-type calcium channels required intracellular hydrogen peroxide signaling in these cells and in primary mouse gonadotropes. NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial ROS generation were each necessary for GnRH-mediated stimulation of L-type calcium channels. Congruently, GnRH increased oxidation within subplasmalemmal mitochondria, and L-type calcium channel activity correlated strongly with the presence of adjacent mitochondria. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence that NADPH oxidase activity and mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide signaling play a fundamental role in GnRH-dependent stimulation of L-type calcium channels in anterior pituitary gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- An K Dang
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Nathan L Chaplin
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Dilyara A Murtazina
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Colin M Clay
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Gregory C Amberg
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
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10
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Das N, Kumar TR. Molecular regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis, secretion and action. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R131-R155. [PMID: 29437880 PMCID: PMC5851872 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plays fundamental roles in male and female fertility. FSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein expressed by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary. The hormone-specific FSHβ-subunit is non-covalently associated with the common α-subunit that is also present in the luteinizing hormone (LH), another gonadotrophic hormone secreted by gonadotrophs and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by thyrotrophs. Several decades of research led to the purification, structural characterization and physiological regulation of FSH in a variety of species including humans. With the advent of molecular tools, availability of immortalized gonadotroph cell lines and genetically modified mouse models, our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of FSH regulation has tremendously expanded. Several key players that regulate FSH synthesis, sorting, secretion and action in gonads and extragonadal tissues have been identified in a physiological setting. Novel post-transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms have also been identified that provide additional layers of regulation mediating FSH homeostasis. Recombinant human FSH analogs hold promise for a variety of clinical applications, whereas blocking antibodies against FSH may prove efficacious for preventing age-dependent bone loss and adiposity. It is anticipated that several exciting new discoveries uncovering all aspects of FSH biology will soon be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Das
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, U.S.A
| | - T. Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, U.S.A
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, U.S.A
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, U.S.A
- Author for Correspondence: T. Rajendra Kumar, PhD, Edgar L. and Patricia M. Makowski Professor, Associate Vice-Chair of Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8613, Research Complex 2, Room # 15-3000B, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel: 303-724-8689,
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11
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Li S, Mbong EF, John DT, Terasaka T, Li D, Lawson MA. Induction of Stress Signaling In Vitro and Suppression of Gonadotropin Secretion by Free Fatty Acids in Female Mouse Gonadotropes. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1074-1087. [PMID: 29315384 PMCID: PMC5793794 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An emerging body of evidence supports the concept that the pituitary is a site for integration of multiple physiological and metabolic signals that inform and modulate endocrine pathways. Multiple endocrine mediators of energy balance and adiposity are known to impinge on the neuroendocrine axis regulating reproduction. Observations in humans show that obesity is correlated with decreased gonadotropin secretion, and studies have also suggested that pituitary sensitivity to stimulation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is decreased in obese individuals. Free fatty acids are a potential mediator of adiposity and energy balance, but their impact as an endocrine modulator of pituitary function has not been closely examined. We evaluated the impact of free fatty acids on a pituitary gonadotrope cell line and in primary pituitary cultures of female mice. We show that increasing physiologically relevant doses of the monounsaturated ω-9 fatty acid oleate induces cellular stress and increases production of reactive oxygen species in a mouse gonadotrope cell line. In contrast, the unsaturated ω-3 α-linolenic and ω-6 linoleic fatty acids do not have this effect. Additionally, oleate can activate immediate-early gene expression independent of GnRH stimulation but has a negative impact on GnRH induction and expression of the gonadotropin subunit gene Lhb. Further, oleate suppresses gonadotropin secretion in response to pulsatile stimulation by GnRH. These results indicate that free fatty acids can directly alter gonadotropin gene expression and secretion in response to GnRH and may provide a link between energy sensing and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Dongguan Eighth People’s Hospital, Dongguan 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ekaette F. Mbong
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Denise T. John
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Danmei Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Mark A. Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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12
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Terasaka T, Adakama ME, Li S, Kim T, Terasaka E, Li D, Lawson MA. Reactive Oxygen Species Link Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Signaling Cascades in the Gonadotrope. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:286. [PMID: 29163358 PMCID: PMC5671645 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological rhythms lie at the center of regulatory schemes that control many aspects of living systems. At the cellular level, meaningful responses to external stimuli depend on propagation and quenching of a signal to maintain vigilance for subsequent stimulation or changes that serve to shape and modulate the response. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad endocrine axis that controls reproductive development and function relies on control through rhythmic stimulation. Central to this axis is the pulsatile stimulation of the gonadotropes by hypothalamic neurons through episodic release of the neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Alterations in pulsatile stimulation of the gonadotropes result in differential synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins LH and FSH and changes in the expression of their respective hormone subunit genes. The requirement to amplify signals arising from activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor and to rapidly quench the resultant signal to preserve an adaptive response suggests the need for rapid activation and feedback control operating at the level of intracellular signaling. Emerging data suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can fulfill this role in the GnRH receptor signaling through activation of MAP kinase signaling cascades, control of negative feedback, and participation in the secretory process. Results obtained in gonadotrope cell lines or other cell models indicate that ROS can participate in each of these regulatory cascades. We discuss the potential advantage of reactive oxygen signaling for modulating the gonadotrope response to GnRH stimulation and the potential mechanisms for this action. These observations suggest further targets of study for regulation in the gonadotrope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mary E. Adakama
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Dongguan Eighth People’s Hospital Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Taeshin Kim
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eri Terasaka
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Danmei Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A. Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark A. Lawson,
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13
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Qiao S, Nordström K, Muijs L, Gasparoni G, Tierling S, Krause E, Walter J, Boehm U. Molecular Plasticity of Male and Female Murine Gonadotropes Revealed by mRNA Sequencing. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1082-93. [PMID: 26677881 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are of particular importance within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis because they provide a means of communication and thus a functional link between the brain and the gonads. Recent results indicate that female gonadotropes may be organized in the form of a network that shows plasticity and adapts to the altered endocrine conditions of different physiological states. However, little is known about functional changes on the molecular level within gonadotropes during these different conditions. In this study we capitalize on a binary genetic strategy in order to fluorescently label murine gonadotrope cells. Using this mouse model allows to produce an enriched gonadotrope population using fluorescence activated cell sorting to perform mRNA sequencing. By using this strategy, we analyze and compare the expression profile of murine gonadotropes in different genders and developmental and hormonal stages. We find that gonadotropes taken from juvenile males and females, from cycling females at diestrus and at proestrus, from lactating females, and from adult males each have unique gene expression patterns with approximately 100 to approximately 500 genes expressed only in one particular stage. We also demonstrate extensive gene-expression profile changes with up to approximately 2200 differentially expressed genes when comparing female and male development, juveniles and adults, and cycling females. Differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the GnRH signaling, calcium signaling, and MAPK signaling pathways by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Our data provide an unprecedented molecular view of the primary gonadotropes and reveal a high degree of molecular plasticity within the gonadotrope population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karl Nordström
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Leon Muijs
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.Q., L.M., U.B.) and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (E.K.), University of Saarland School of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße D-66421 Homburg, Germany; and Department of Genetics (K.N., G.G., S.T., J.W.), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Toma K, Otsuka F, Oguni K, Terasaka T, Komatsubara M, Tsukamoto-Yamauchi N, Inagaki K, Makino H. BMP-6 modulates somatostatin effects on luteinizing hormone production by gonadrotrope cells. Peptides 2016; 76:96-101. [PMID: 26779985 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of somatostatin analogs and roles of BMP-6 in the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion were investigated using mouse gonadotrope LβT2 cells. LH mRNA expression and LH secretion induced by GnRH were suppressed by treatments with somatostatin analogs, including octreotide and pasireotide, in LβT2 cells. Of note, the inhibitory effects of somatostatin analogs on LH secretion were enhanced by the action of BMP-6. BMP-6 increased the expression levels of somatostatin receptor (SSTR)5, suggesting that BMP-6 upregulates SSTR activity that leads to reduction of GnRH-induced LH secretion. In addition, GnRH-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs including ERK, but not P38 or SAPK, was suppressed by pasireotide in the presence of BMP-6. Given that each inhibitor of ERK, JNK or P38 signaling suppressed GnRH-induced LH transcription, MAPKs are individually involved in the induction of LH production by LβT2 cells. Somatostatin analogs also impaired BMP-6-induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation by suppressing BMPRs and augmenting Smad6/7 expression. Collectively, the results indicate that somatostatin analogs have dual effects on the modulation of GnRH-induced MAPK signaling and BMP activity. The pituitary BMP system may play a regulatory role in GnRH-induced LH secretion by tuning the responsiveness to somatostatin analogs in gonadotrope cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishio Toma
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kohei Oguni
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Motoshi Komatsubara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Tsukamoto-Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inagaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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