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Valk-Weeber RL, Deelman-Driessen C, Dijkhuizen L, Eshuis-de Ruiter T, van Leeuwen SS. In Depth Analysis of the Contribution of Specific Glycoproteins to the Overall Bovine Whey N-Linked Glycoprofile. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6544-6553. [PMID: 32438810 PMCID: PMC7304067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The N-linked glycoprofile of bovine whey is the combined result of individual protein glycoprofiles. In this work, we provide in-depth structural information on the glycan structures of known whey glycoproteins, namely, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, α-lactalbumin, immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and glycosylation-dependent cellular adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1, PP3). The majority (∼95%) of N-glycans present in the overall whey glycoprofile were attributed to three proteins: lactoferrin, IgG, and GlyCAM-1. We identified specific signature glycans for these main proteins; lactoferrin contributes oligomannose-type glycans, while IgG carries fucosylated di-antennary glycans with Gal-β(1,4)-GlcNAc (LacNAc) motifs. GlyCAM-1 is the sole whey glycoprotein carrying tri- and tetra-antennary structures, with a high degree of fucosylation and sialylation. Signature glycans can be used to recognize individual proteins in the overall whey glycoprofile as well as for protein concentration estimations. Application of the whey glycoprofile analysis to colostrum samples revealed dynamic protein concentration changes for IgG, lactoferrin, and GlyCAM-1 over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivca L. Valk-Weeber
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Cecile Deelman-Driessen
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- E-mail:
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2
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Hine BC, Hunt PW, Colditz IG. Production and active transport of immunoglobulins within the ruminant mammary gland. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 211:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Johnstone CN, Smith YE, Cao Y, Burrows AD, Cross RSN, Ling X, Redvers RP, Doherty JP, Eckhardt BL, Natoli AL, Restall CM, Lucas E, Pearson HB, Deb S, Britt KL, Rizzitelli A, Li J, Harmey JH, Pouliot N, Anderson RL. Functional and molecular characterisation of EO771.LMB tumours, a new C57BL/6-mouse-derived model of spontaneously metastatic mammary cancer. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:237-51. [PMID: 25633981 PMCID: PMC4348562 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation of basic research into improved therapies for breast cancer patients requires relevant preclinical models that incorporate spontaneous metastasis. We have completed a functional and molecular characterisation of a new isogenic C57BL/6 mouse model of breast cancer metastasis, comparing and contrasting it with the established BALB/c 4T1 model. Metastatic EO771.LMB tumours were derived from poorly metastatic parental EO771 mammary tumours. Functional differences were evaluated using both in vitro assays and spontaneous metastasis assays in mice. Results were compared to non-metastatic 67NR and metastatic 4T1.2 tumours of the 4T1 model. Protein and transcript levels of markers of human breast cancer molecular subtypes were measured in the four tumour lines, as well as p53 (Tp53) tumour-suppressor gene status and responses to tamoxifen in vivo and in vitro. Array-based expression profiling of whole tumours identified genes and pathways that were deregulated in metastatic tumours. EO771.LMB cells metastasised spontaneously to lung in C57BL/6 mice and displayed increased invasive capacity compared with parental EO771. By immunohistochemical assessment, EO771 and EO771.LMB were basal-like, as was the 4T1.2 tumour, whereas 67NR had a luminal phenotype. Primary tumours from all lines were negative for progesterone receptor, Erb-b2/Neu and cytokeratin 5/6, but positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Only 67NR displayed nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positivity. EO771 and EO771.LMB expressed mutant p53, whereas 67NR and 4T1.2 were p53-null. Integrated molecular analysis of both the EO771/EO771.LMB and 67NR/4T1.2 pairs indicated that upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), parathyroid hormone-like hormone (Pthlh) and S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100a8) and downregulation of the thrombospondin receptor (Cd36) might be causally involved in metastatic dissemination of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Johnstone
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yvonne E Smith
- Angiogenesis and Metastasis Research, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yuan Cao
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Allan D Burrows
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Ryan S N Cross
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Xiawei Ling
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Richard P Redvers
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Judy P Doherty
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Bedrich L Eckhardt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anthony L Natoli
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Christina M Restall
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Erin Lucas
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Helen B Pearson
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 2010, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rizzitelli
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Jason Li
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Judith H Harmey
- Angiogenesis and Metastasis Research, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Normand Pouliot
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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4
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Sato T, Tran TH, Peck AR, Liu C, Ertel A, Lin J, Neilson LM, Rui H. Global profiling of prolactin-modulated transcripts in breast cancer in vivo. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:59. [PMID: 23758962 PMCID: PMC3691730 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolactin (PRL) is essential for normal mammary gland development. PRL promotes mammary tumor formation in rodents and elevated serum prolactin is associated with increased risk of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in women. On the other hand, PRL may also exert pro-differentiation effects and act to suppress invasive features of established breast cancer. Previously published limited global transcript profiling analyses of prolactin-regulated gene expression in human breast cancer cells have exclusively been performed in vitro. The present study aimed to shed new light on how PRL modulates estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer through global transcript profiling of a human breast cancer xenograft model in vivo. Methods The prolactin-responsive human T47D breast cancer cell line was xenotransplanted into nude mice and global transcript profiling was carried out following treatment with or without human PRL for 48 h. A subset of PRL-modulated transcripts was further validated using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results The in vivo analyses identified 130 PRL-modulated transcripts, 75 upregulated and 55 downregulated, based on fold change >1.6 and P-value <0.05. From this initial panel of transcripts, a subset of 18 transcripts with established breast cancer-relevance were selected and validated by qRT-PCR. Some but not all of the transcripts were also PRL-modulated in vitro. The selected PRL-modulated transcripts were tested for dependence on Stat5, Jak1 or Jak2 activation, and for co-regulation by 17β-estradiol (E2). The protein encoded by one of the PRL-regulated transcripts, PTHrP, was examined in a panel of 92 human breast cancers and found by in situ quantitative immunofluorescence analysis to be highly positively correlated with nuclear localized and tyrosine phosphorylated Stat5. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that PRL-upregulated genes were enriched in pathways involved in differentiation. Finally, a gene signature based on PRL-upregulated genes was associated with prolonged relapse-free and metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. Conclusions This global analysis identified and validated a panel of PRL-modulated transcripts in an ER-positive human breast cancer xenotransplant model, which may have value as markers of relapse-free and metastasis-free survival. Gene products identified in the present study may facilitate ongoing deciphering of the pleiotropic effects of PRL on human breast cancer.
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Hernandez LL, Gregerson KA, Horseman ND. Mammary gland serotonin regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein and other bone-related signals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1009-15. [PMID: 22318950 PMCID: PMC3774078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00666.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cells drive bone demineralization during lactation and metastatic cancers. A shared mechanism among these physiological and pathological states is endocrine secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which acts through osteoblasts to stimulate osteoclastic bone demineralization. The regulation of PTHrP has not been accounted for fully by any conventional mammotropic stimuli or tumor growth factors. Serotonin (5-HT) synthesis within breast epithelial cells is induced during lactation and in advancing breast cancer. Here we report that serotonin deficiency (knockout of tryptophan hydroxylase-1) results in a reduction of mammary PTHrP expression during lactation, which is rescued by restoring 5-HT synthesis. 5-HT induced PTHrP expression in lactogen-primed mammary epithelial cells from either mouse or cow. In human breast cancer cells 5-HT induced both PTHrP and the metastasis-associated transcription factor Runx2/Cbfa1. Based on receptor expression and pharmacological evidence, the 5-HT2 receptor type was implicated as being critical for induction of PTHrP and Runx2. These results connect 5-HT synthesis to the induction of bone-regulating factors in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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6
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Identification and characterization of a resident vascular stem/progenitor cell population in preexisting blood vessels. EMBO J 2011; 31:842-55. [PMID: 22179698 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenesis, the in-situ assembly of angioblast or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), may persist into adult life, contributing to new blood vessel formation. However, EPCs are scattered throughout newly developed blood vessels and cannot be solely responsible for vascularization. Here, we identify an endothelial progenitor/stem-like population located at the inner surface of preexisting blood vessels using the Hoechst method in which stem cell populations are identified as side populations. This population is dormant in the steady state but possesses colony-forming ability, produces large numbers of endothelial cells (ECs) and when transplanted into ischaemic lesions, restores blood flow completely and reconstitutes de-novo long-term surviving blood vessels. Moreover, although surface markers of this population are very similar to conventional ECs, and they reside in the capillary endothelium sub-population, the gene expression profile is completely different. Our results suggest that this heterogeneity of stem-like ECs will lead to the identification of new targets for vascular regeneration therapy.
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7
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Hettinga K, van Valenberg H, de Vries S, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk T, van Arendonk J, Vervoort J. The host defense proteome of human and bovine milk. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19433. [PMID: 21556375 PMCID: PMC3083434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is the single source of nutrients for the newborn mammal. The composition of
milk of different mammals has been adapted during evolution of the species to
fulfill the needs of the offspring. Milk not only provides nutrients, but it
also serves as a medium for transfer of host defense components to the
offspring. The host defense proteins in the milk of different mammalian species
are expected to reveal signatures of evolution. The aim of this study is
therefore to study the difference in the host defense proteome of human and
bovine milk. We analyzed human and bovine milk using a shot-gun proteomics
approach focusing on host defense-related proteins. In total, 268 proteins in
human milk and 269 proteins in bovine milk were identified. Of these, 44 from
human milk and 51 from bovine milk are related to the host defense system. Of
these proteins, 33 were found in both species but with significantly different
quantities. High concentrations of proteins involved in the mucosal immune
system, immunoglobulin A, CD14, lactoferrin, and lysozyme, were present in human
milk. The human newborn is known to be deficient for at least two of these
proteins (immunoglobulin A and CD14). On the other hand, antimicrobial proteins
(5 cathelicidins and lactoperoxidase) were abundant in bovine milk. The high
concentration of lactoperoxidase is probably linked to the high amount of
thiocyanate in the plant-based diet of cows. This first detailed analysis of
host defense proteins in human and bovine milk is an important step in
understanding the function of milk in the development of the immune system of
these two mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Albini A, Indraccolo S, Noonan DM, Pfeffer U. Functional genomics of endothelial cells treated with anti-angiogenic or angiopreventive drugs. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:419-39. [PMID: 20383568 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a highly regulated physiological process that has been studied in considerable detail given its importance in several chronic pathologies. Many endogenous factors and hormones intervene in the regulation of angiogensis and classical as well as targeted drugs have been developed for its control. Angiogenesis inhibition has come off the bench and entered into clinical application for cancer therapy, particularly for metastatic disease. While the clinical benefit is currently in terms of months, preclinical data suggest that novel drugs and drug combinations could lead to substantial improvement. The many targets of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors reflect the complexity of the process; in contrast, current clinical therapies mainly target the vascular endothelial growth factor system. Cancer chemopreventive compounds can retard tumor insurgence and delay or prevent metastasis and many of these molecules hinder angiogenesis, a mechanism that we termed angioprevention. Angiopreventive drugs appear to prevalently act through the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic player NFkappaB, thus contrasting inflammation dependent angiogenesis. Relatively little is known concerning the effects of these angiogenesis inhibitors on gene expression of endothelial cells, the main target of many of these molecules. Here we provide an exhaustive list of anti-angiogenic molecules, and summarize their effects, where known, on the transcriptome and functional genomics of endothelial cells. The regulation of specific genes can be crucial to preventive or therapeutic intervention. Further, novel targets might help to circumvent resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. The studies we review are relevant not only to cancer but also to other chronic degenerative diseases involving endothelial cells, such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and retinopaties, as well as vessel aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- MultiMedica Castellanza (VA) and Oncology Research, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy.
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Perotti C, Liu R, Parusel CT, Böcher N, Schultz J, Bork P, Pfitzner E, Groner B, Shemanko CS. Heat shock protein-90-alpha, a prolactin-STAT5 target gene identified in breast cancer cells, is involved in apoptosis regulation. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R94. [PMID: 19014541 PMCID: PMC2656886 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prolactin-Janus-kinase-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (JAK2-STAT5) pathway is essential for the development and functional differentiation of the mammary gland. The pathway also has important roles in mammary tumourigenesis. Prolactin regulated target genes are not yet well defined in tumour cells, and we undertook, to the best of our knowledge, the first large genetic screen of breast cancer cells treated with or without exogenous prolactin. We hypothesise that the identification of these genes should yield insights into the mechanisms by which prolactin participates in cancer formation or progression, and possibly how it regulates normal mammary gland development. METHODS We used subtractive hybridisation to identify a number of prolactin-regulated genes in the human mammary carcinoma cell line SKBR3. Northern blotting analysis and luciferase assays identified the gene encoding heat shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90A) as a prolactin-JAK2-STAT5 target gene, whose function was characterised using apoptosis assays. RESULTS We identified a number of new prolactin-regulated genes in breast cancer cells. Focusing on HSP90A, we determined that prolactin increased HSP90A mRNA in cancerous human breast SKBR3 cells and that STAT5B preferentially activated the HSP90A promoter in reporter gene assays. Both prolactin and its downstream protein effector, HSP90alpha, promote survival, as shown by apoptosis assays and by the addition of the HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), in both untransformed HC11 mammary epithelial cells and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. The constitutive expression of HSP90A, however, sensitised differentiated HC11 cells to starvation-induced wild-type p53-independent apoptosis. Interestingly, in SKBR3 breast cancer cells, HSP90alpha promoted survival in the presence of serum but appeared to have little effect during starvation. CONCLUSIONS In addition to identifying new prolactin-regulated genes in breast cancer cells, we found that prolactin-JAK2-STAT5 induces expression of the HSP90A gene, which encodes the master chaperone of cancer. This identifies one mechanism by which prolactin contributes to breast cancer. Increased expression of HSP90A in breast cancer is correlated with increased cell survival and poor prognosis and HSP90alpha inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials as a breast cancer treatment. Our results also indicate that HSP90alpha promotes survival depending on the cellular conditions and state of cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perotti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Lefèvre CM, Digby MR, Whitley JC, Strahm Y, Nicholas KR. Lactation transcriptomics in the Australian marsupial, Macropus eugenii: transcript sequencing and quantification. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:417. [PMID: 17997866 PMCID: PMC2204018 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactation is an important aspect of mammalian biology and, amongst mammals, marsupials show one of the most complex lactation cycles. Marsupials, such as the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) give birth to a relatively immature newborn and progressive changes in milk composition and milk production regulate early stage development of the young. RESULTS In order to investigate gene expression in the marsupial mammary gland during lactation, a comprehensive set of cDNA libraries was derived from lactating tissues throughout the lactation cycle of the tammar wallaby. A total of 14,837 express sequence tags were produced by cDNA sequencing. Sequence analysis and sequence assembly were used to construct a comprehensive catalogue of mammary transcripts. Sequence data from pregnant and early or late lactating specific cDNA libraries and, data from early or late lactation massively parallel sequencing strategies were combined to analyse the variation of milk protein gene expression during the lactation cycle. CONCLUSION Results show a steady increase in expression of genes coding for secreted protein during the lactation cycle that is associated with high proportion of transcripts coding for milk proteins. In addition, genes involved in immune function, translation and energy or anabolic metabolism are expressed across the lactation cycle. A number of potential new milk proteins or mammary gland remodelling markers, including noncoding RNAs have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe M Lefèvre
- CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Boyd C, Náray-Fejes-Tóth A. Steroid-mediated regulation of the epithelial sodium channel subunits in mammary epithelial cells. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3958-67. [PMID: 17510235 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a key mediator of sodium transport in epithelia; however, little is known about ENaC expression in mammary epithelia. Using real-time PCR, we demonstrated the expression of the ENaC subunit mRNAs in mouse and human mammary cell lines and in vivo mouse mammary tissue. We determined the effects of glucocorticoids, progesterone, and prolactin on ENaC expression in four mammary cell lines. Dexamethasone induced all detectable ENaC subunits in noncancerous cell lines, HC11 and MCF10A. Interestingly, in cancerous cell lines (T-47D and MCF-7), both beta- and gamma- but not alphaENaC mRNAs were induced by dexamethasone. Progesterone induced ENaC mRNA only in T-47D cells, and prolactin had no effects. gammaENaC was rapidly induced by steroids, whereas induction of alpha- and betaENaC was slower; moreover, the induction of the beta-subunit required de novo protein synthesis. Dexamethasone treatment did not affect ENaC mRNA stability. Western blot analysis revealed immunoreactive bands corresponding to different forms of alpha-, beta-, and gammaENaC; dexamethasone significantly increased the intensity of alphaENaC (85 kDa) and betaENaC (90 kDa). We also showed an in vivo reduction in alphaENaC levels in the mammary tissue of lactating mice as compared with controls, whereas beta- and gammaENaC mRNA levels were significantly increased. Furthermore, dexamethasone in vivo significantly increased alpha-, beta-, and gammaENaC mRNA expression. Our data indicate that both mouse and human mammary cells express all ENaC subunits, and they are regulated by steroid hormones in a temporal and cell-specific manner both in culture and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Boyd
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Borwell Building 744W, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Matsuda M, Imaoka T, Vomachka AJ, Gudelsky GA, Hou Z, Mistry M, Bailey JP, Nieport KM, Walther DJ, Bader M, Horseman ND. Serotonin Regulates Mammary Gland Development via an Autocrine-Paracrine Loop. Dev Cell 2004; 6:193-203. [PMID: 14960274 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(04)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland development is controlled by a dynamic interplay between endocrine hormones and locally produced factors. Biogenic monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and others) are an important class of bioregulatory molecules that have not been shown to participate in mammary development. Here we show that mammary glands stimulated by prolactin (PRL) express genes essential for serotonin biosynthesis (tryptophan hydroxylase [TPH] and aromatic amine decarboxylase). TPH mRNA was elevated during pregnancy and lactation, and serotonin was detected in the mammary epithelium and in milk. TPH was induced by PRL in mammosphere cultures and by milk stasis in nursing dams, suggesting that the gene is controlled by milk filling in the alveoli. Serotonin suppressed beta-casein gene expression and caused shrinkage of mammary alveoli. Conversely, TPH1 gene disruption or antiserotonergic drugs resulted in enhanced secretory features and alveolar dilation. Thus, autocrine-paracrine serotonin signaling is an important regulator of mammary homeostasis and early involution.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases/genetics
- Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases/metabolism
- Autocrine Communication/drug effects
- Autocrine Communication/physiology
- Caseins/genetics
- Caseins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dialysis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Fenclonine/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Histology
- Humans
- Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lactalbumin/genetics
- Lactalbumin/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Human/growth & development
- Methysergide/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Milk/metabolism
- Milk Proteins/genetics
- Milk Proteins/metabolism
- Mucins/genetics
- Mucins/metabolism
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Paracrine Communication/drug effects
- Paracrine Communication/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Prolactin/deficiency
- Prolactin/genetics
- Prolactin/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serotonin/physiology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase/genetics
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Matsuda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Gass S, Harris J, Ormandy C, Brisken C. Using gene expression arrays to elucidate transcriptional profiles underlying prolactin function. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2003; 8:269-85. [PMID: 14973373 DOI: 10.1023/b:jomg.0000010029.85796.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin is an ancient hormone, with different functions in many species. The binding of prolactin to its receptor, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, results in the activation of different intracellular signaling pathways, such as JAK2/STAT5, MAP kinase, and PI3K/AKT. How prolactin elicits so many different biological responses remains unclear. Recently, microarray technology has been applied to identify prolactin target genes in different systems. Here, we attempt to summarize and compare the available data. Our comparison of the genes reported to be transcriptionally regulated by prolactin indicates that there are few genes in common between the different tissues. Among the organs studied, mammary and prostate glands displayed the largest number of overlaps in putative prolactin target genes. Some of the candidates have been implicated in tumorigenesis. The relevance and validation of microarray data, as well as comparison of the results obtained by different groups, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gass
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, National Center of Competence in Research Molecular Oncology, Epalinges s/Lausanne, Switzerland
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