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Marchetti MC, Cannarile L, Ronchetti S, Delfino DV, Riccardi C, Ayroldi E. L-GILZ binds and inhibits nuclear factor κB nuclear translocation in undifferentiated thyroid cancer cells. J Chemother 2020; 32:263-267. [PMID: 32067575 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2020.1728862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Proto-oncogene mutations and abnormal activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling are recurrently found in thyroid cancers. Some thyroid neoplasms respond to drugs that inhibit MAPK pathway activation. Previously, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of MAPK in thyroid cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation and upregulates L-GILZ (long glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper), a protein with anti-oncogenic and antiproliferative activity, and that L-GILZ is partially responsible for the antiproliferative activity of MAPK inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of MAPK in the anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line CAL-62 upregulated L-GILZ, which bound nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and inhibited its nuclear translocation. These data demonstrate a unique L-GILZ-mediated molecular mechanism that, by trapping NF-κB in the cytoplasm, contributes to the inhibition of proliferation induced by drugs targeting the MAPK transduction cascade. Enhanced knowledge of the mechanism of action of MAPK pathway-inhibiting drugs may improve their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Cannarile
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Domenico V Delfino
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emira Ayroldi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Ayroldi E, Petrillo MG, Marchetti MC, Cannarile L, Ronchetti S, Ricci E, Cari L, Avenia N, Moretti S, Puxeddu E, Riccardi C. Long glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper regulates human thyroid cancer cell proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:305. [PMID: 29467389 PMCID: PMC5833869 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (L-GILZ) has recently been implicated in cancer cell proliferation. Here, we investigated its role in human thyroid cancer cells. L-GILZ protein was highly expressed in well-differentiated cancer cells from thyroid cancer patients and differentiated thyroid cancer cell lines, but poorly expressed in anaplastic tumors. A fusion protein containing L-GILZ, when overexpressed in an L-GILZ-deficient 8505C cell line derived from undifferentiated human thyroid cancer tissue, inhibited cellular proliferation in vitro. In addition, when this protein was injected into nude mice, in which cells from line 8505C had been transplanted, xenograft growth was reduced. Since the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is frequently hyperactivated in thyroid cancer cells as a result of the BRAFV600E or Ras mutation, we sought to further investigate the role of L-GILZ in the MAPK pathway. To this end, we analyzed L-GILZ expression and function in cells treated with MAPK inhibitors. We used 8505C cells, which have the BRAFV600E mutation, or the CAL-62 cell line, which harbors a Ras mutation. The cells were treated with the BRAF-specific drug vemurafenib (PLX4032) or the MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, respectively. Treatment with these agents inhibited MAPK activation, reduced cell proliferation, and upregulated L-GILZ expression. L-GILZ silencing reversed the antiproliferative activity of the MAPK inhibitors, consistent with an antiproliferative role. Treatment with MAPK inhibitors led to the phosphorylation of the cAMP/response element-binding protein (CREB), and active CREB bound to the L-GILZ promoter, contributing to its transcription. We suggest that the CREB signaling pathway, frequently deregulated in thyroid tumors, is involved in L-GILZ upregulation and that L-GILZ regulates thyroid cancer cell proliferation, which may have potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Ayroldi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Petrillo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Cannarile
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Ricci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Cari
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicola Avenia
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Efisio Puxeddu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Zhang D, Wan L, Zhang J, Liu C, Sun H. Effect of BMAP-28 on human thyroid cancer TT cells is mediated by inducing apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2620-2626. [PMID: 26622900 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant endocrine tumor, with significant morbidity and mortality. Bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide 28 (BMAP-28) is a cathelicidin that is found in bovine neutrophils. In the present study, the effect and relative mechanism of BMAP-28 on the human thyroid cancer TT cell line in vitro and in vivo were investigated. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometry and a TT-xenograft mouse model were used in this study. The data obtained indicated that BMAP-28 significantly inhibited the proliferation of the TT cells in vitro. In addition, the Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assay detected that BMAP-28 induced apoptotic effects in the TT cells. Moreover, the expression of activated caspase-3 and -9 was upregulated at the transcriptional and translational levels. Simultaneously, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3 and MMP9 was downregulated following BMAP-28 treatment. Finally, BMAP-28 significantly prevented the tumor growth in the TT-xenograft mouse model. These results indicated that BMAP-28 could be a potential agent for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Zhang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin Univeristy, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jinnan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin Univeristy, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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Pillai S, Gopalan V, Smith RA, Lam AKY. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma—an update of its clinicopathological features and molecular biology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 94:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Bentzien F, Zuzow M, Heald N, Gibson A, Shi Y, Goon L, Yu P, Engst S, Zhang W, Huang D, Zhao L, Vysotskaia V, Chu F, Bautista R, Cancilla B, Lamb P, Joly AH, Yakes FM. In vitro and in vivo activity of cabozantinib (XL184), an inhibitor of RET, MET, and VEGFR2, in a model of medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2013; 23:1569-77. [PMID: 23705946 PMCID: PMC3868259 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A limited number of approved therapeutic options are available to metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) patients, and the response to conventional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy strategies is inadequate. Sporadic and inherited mutations in the tyrosine kinase RET result in oncogenic activation that is associated with the pathogenesis of MTC. Cabozantinib is a potent inhibitor of MET, RET, and vascular endothelial factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), as well as other tyrosine kinases that have been implicated in tumor development and progression. The object of this study was to determine the in vitro biochemical and cellular inhibitory profile of cabozantinib against RET, and in vivo antitumor efficacy using a xenograft model of MTC. METHODS Cabozantinib was evaluated in biochemical and cell-based assays that determined the potency of the compound against wild type and activating mutant forms of RET. Additionally, the pharmacodynamic modulation of RET and MET and in vivo antitumor activity of cabozantinib was examined in a MTC tumor model following subchronic oral administration. RESULTS In biochemical assays, cabozantinib inhibited multiple forms of oncogenic RET kinase activity, including M918T and Y791F mutants. Additionally, it inhibited proliferation of TT tumor cells that harbor a C634W activating mutation of RET that is most often associated with MEN2A and familial MTC. In these same cells grown as xenograft tumors in nude mice, oral administration of cabozantinib resulted in dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition that correlated with a reduction in circulating plasma calcitonin levels. Moreover, immunohistochemical analyses of tumors revealed that cabozantinib reduced levels of phosphorylated MET and RET, and decreased tumor cellularity, proliferation, and vascularization. CONCLUSIONS Cabozantinib is a potent inhibitor of RET and prevalent mutationally activated forms of RET known to be associated with MTC, and effectively inhibits the growth of a MTC tumor cell model in vitro and in vivo.
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IRF5 promotes the proliferation of human thyroid cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:21. [PMID: 22507190 PMCID: PMC3444366 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in the response to viral infection and in the stimulation of the immune system. Moreover, multiple studies have demonstrated that it negatively regulates cell growth and oncogenesis, favoring cell differentiation and apoptosis.Thyroid carcinoma represents 98% of all thyroid malignancies and has shown a steady increase in incidence in both the USA and western European countries. FINDINGS We investigated the expression, localization and function of IRF5 in thyroid cancer cells and found that it is highly expressed in both primary and immortalized thyroid carcinomas but not in normal thyrocytes. IRF5 levels were variably modulated by Interferon alpha but IRF5 only localized in the cytoplasmic compartment, thus failing to induce p21 expression as previously reported in different cell models. Furthermore, ectopic IRF5 increased both the proliferation rate and the clonogenic potential of malignant thyroid cells, protecting them from the cytotoxic effects of DNA-damaging agents. These results were directly attributable to IRF5, as demonstrated by the reduction in colony-forming ability of thyroid cancer cells after IRF5 silencing. An IRF5-dependent induction of endogenous B-Raf observed in all thyroid cancer cells might contribute to these unexpected effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, in thyroid malignancies, IRF5 displays tumor-promoting rather than tumor-suppressor activities.
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Bernheim A. Cytogenomics of cancers: from chromosome to sequence. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:309-22. [PMID: 20599448 PMCID: PMC5527907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of acquired chromosomal rearrangements in oncogenesis (cytogenomics) and tumor progression is now well established. These alterations are multiple and diverse and the products of these rearranged genes play an essential role in the transformation and growth of cancer cells. The validity of this assumption is demonstrated by the development of specific inhibitors or antibodies that eliminate tumoral cells by targeting some of these changes. Imatinib, an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase ABL, the prototype of these targeting drugs, is yielding complete remissions in most CML patients. Knowledge of chromosomal abnormalities is becoming an essential contribution to the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers but also for monitoring minimal residual disease or relapse. The concept of the "cytogenetic uniqueness" of each cancer has resulted in personalized treatment. This investigation will expound upon, besides the recurrent genomic alterations, the numerous products of perverted Darwinian selection at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Bernheim
- Laboratoire de Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, INSERM U985 and Molecular Pathology, Biopathology Department, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Paris-Villejuif Cedex, France.
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8
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Zeiger MA. Distinguishing molecular markers in thyroid tumors: a tribute to Dr. Orlo Clark. World J Surg 2010; 33:375-7. [PMID: 18784955 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Zeiger
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 606, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Lee KY, Huang SM, Li S, Kim JM. Identification of differentially expressed genes in papillary thyroid cancers. Yonsei Med J 2009; 50:60-7. [PMID: 19259350 PMCID: PMC2649849 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Techniques designed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumors have become important in modern pathology. Genefishing technique using the annealing control primer (ACP) system has recently been developed to screen for DEG transcripts. We tried to identify DEGs involved in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) by using Genefishing technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized a new differential display method, designated with Genefishing technique, to analyze DEGs in 21 cases of PTCs. RESULTS Comparing the gene expression profiles between PTC and normal thyroid, we detected 17 genes that were differentially expressed in PTCs and performed cloning with sequencing in 10 genes. We confirmed the expression patterns of 2 DEGs by RT-PCR assay and identified the same results in 17 out of 21 (81%) PTCs. The 2 DEGs over-expressed in PTCs were identified as DC-STAMP and type I collagen A1. They are novel genes identified first in PTCs. CONCLUSION We confirmed 2 DEGs in PTCs as DC-STAMP and type I collagen A1 by using Genefishing technique. Although the detailed functions of those 2 genes and their products remain to be determined, the genes will provide insights into mechanisms of carcinogenesis or tumor progression in PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Mei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shengjin Li
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Brams
- From Endocrine Surgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts
| | - John P. Wei
- From Endocrine Surgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts
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Rekhi B, Badhe RR, Desouza MA, Chaukar D, D'Cruz AK, Arya S, Kane SV. A unique RET EXON 11 (G691S) polymorphism in an Indian patient with a collision tumor of the thyroid. Diagn Pathol 2007; 2:39. [PMID: 17939859 PMCID: PMC2164940 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-2-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Collision tumors of the thyroid are rare, with occasional reports dealing with their genetic analysis. Case presentation A 59 year old lady presented with a neck mass, associated with hoarseness of voice of 5 years duration. Radiological examination revealed nodular masses in the left lobe of her thyroid, along with one in the isthmus, extending into the right lobe and associated with enlarged neck nodes. FNAC from the left thyroid showed features of medullary carcinoma. On total thyroidectomy, 2 distinct tumor nodules were identified in the left lobe with another in the isthmus, showing features of medullary carcinoma (MTC), papillary carcinoma and follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, respectively, accompanied with nodal metastasis. Subsequently, she underwent radioablation. RET gene analysis of the patient, her 2 daughters and a grandson revealed a unique G691S polymorphism on Exon 11. Conclusion This unique case of a collision tumor of thyroid, including component of an MTC deals with the value of RET gene analysis and therapeutic implications in the index case and in family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Rekhi
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Sheu SY, Schwertheim S, Worm K, Grabellus F, Schmid KW. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: lack of BRAF mutation but occurrence of RET/PTC rearrangements. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:779-87. [PMID: 17464312 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a rare tumour with a characteristic morphology as well as a strong preponderance for younger female patients. The T1799A missense mutation in exon 15 of the BRAF gene and RET/PTC rearrangement have been identified as the dominant genetic tumour initiation events in the pathogenesis of PTC leading to a constitutive activation of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway. In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of diffuse sclerosing variant of PTC, the prevalence of BRAF mutation and RET/PTC were determined by RT-polymerase chain reaction and DNA-sequence analysis in tumour samples of seven patients with this variant (all female, age range 15-61 years, mean 33.3 years) without prior radiation exposure. None of these cases showed a BRAF mutation. RET/PTC1 (two out of seven) and RET/PTC3 (one out of seven), which have been shown in large PTC series to comprise together more than 90% of RET/PTC types, were found in <50% of the cases investigated. All seven samples expressed the RET tyrosine kinase domain but lacked its extracellular domain potentially suggesting the existence of rare types of RET/PTC rearrangement in the four remained cases of diffuse sclerosing variant of PTC. Regarding this subtype, our study confirmed the paradigm of a mutual exclusivity between RET/PTC and BRAF in PTC. Additionally, this rare variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma may represent a tumour type susceptible to RET-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien-Yi Sheu
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
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Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Kukulska A, Jarzab B, Paschke R. Perspectives and limitations of microarray-based gene expression profiling of thyroid tumors. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:322-38. [PMID: 17353294 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology has become a powerful tool to analyze the gene expression of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. Microarray-based gene expression profiles are available for malignant thyroid tumors (i.e., follicular thyroid carcinoma, and papillary thyroid carcinoma), and for benign thyroid tumors (such as autonomously functioning thyroid nodules and cold thyroid nodules). In general, the two main foci of microarray investigations are improved understanding of the pathophysiology/molecular etiology of thyroid neoplasia and the detection of genetic markers that could improve the differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Their results revealed new features, not known from one-gene studies. Simultaneously, the increasing number of microarray analyses of different thyroid pathologies raises the demand to efficiently compare the data. However, the use of different microarray platforms complicates cross-analysis. In addition, there are other important differences between these studies: 1) some studies use intraindividual comparisons, whereas other studies perform interindividual comparisons; 2) the reference tissue is defined as strictly nonnodular healthy tissue or also contains benign lesions such as goiter, follicular adenoma, and hyperplastic nodules in some studies; and 3) the widely used Affymetrix GeneChip platform comprises several GeneChip generations that are only partially compatible. Moreover, the different studies are characterized by strong differences in data analysis methods, which vary from simple empiric filters to sophisticated statistic algorithms. Therefore, this review summarizes and compares the different published reports in the context of their study design. It also illustrates perspectives and solutions for data set integration and meta-analysis, as well as the possibilities to combine array analysis with other genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- III. Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Führer D. Molecular determination of benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:763-773. [PMID: 30754153 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.6.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular studies have revolutionized our understanding of the pathogenesis of thyroid tumors and particular advances have been made in three areas. First, toxic thyroid nodules, which originate from constitutive activation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor/Gs α signaling and represent the dominant cause of thyrotoxicosis in regions with iodine deficiency. Second, papillary thyroid cancer, the most frequent thyroid malignancy, which is characterized by a common fingerprint of constitutive mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Importantly, this is caused by distinct genetic alterations in radiation-induced (RET/PTC, NTRK and AKAP9/BRAF rearrangements) and sporadic tumors (BRAF and RAS point mutation) and, recently, there exciting in vitro have emerged explaining the structural basis for this. These findings suggest a scenario in which the fate of a thyroid tumor is determined by the specific genetic defect at the beginning. Third, application of microarray analysis in nodular pathologies in which the oncogenic pathway is less clear, notably follicular neoplasia, has led to the identification of a number of promising genetic markers (TFF-3, Gal-3, PLAB, CCND2 and PCKD2) for the diagnostic distinction of follicular adenoma and carcinoma. In addition to the diagnostic perspective, the identification of molecular fingerprints of thyroid tumors opens novel avenues for an improved therapeutic approach; for example, selective antagonism of cell signaling in treatment-refractory thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Führer
- a University of Leipzig, III. Medical Department, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent molecular studies have described a number of abnormalities associated with the progression and dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma. These distinct molecular events are often associated with specific stages of tumor development. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in thyroid cancer pathogenesis may help to translate these discoveries toward improvements in patient care. METHODS We reviewed the literature on the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer and compared clinical, histopathologic, and genetic features important in defining the disease process. RESULTS The progression of thyroid cancer from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinoma represents a biological continuum. Specific genetic events serve as early initiating and late triggering events. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas occupy an intermediate position in this progression model. CONCLUSIONS With sophisticated genetic tools generating a wealth of information, we have gained better insight into the mechanisms driving thyroid tumor progression. Recognition of these features is crucial to the management of patients with thyroid cancer. Novel treatments are being designed based on our enhanced understanding of this disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepal N Patel
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Kim DW, Jo YS, Jung HS, Chung HK, Song JH, Park KC, Park SH, Hwang JH, Rha SY, Kweon GR, Lee SJ, Jo KW, Shong M. An orally administered multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SU11248, is a novel potent inhibitor of thyroid oncogenic RET/papillary thyroid cancer kinases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:4070-6. [PMID: 16849418 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The oncogenic RET/PTC tyrosine kinase causes papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The use of inhibitors specific for RET/PTC may be useful for targeted therapy of PTC. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacies of the recently developed kinase inhibitors SU11248, SU5416, and SU6668 in inhibition of RET/PTC. DESIGN SU11248, SU5416, and SU6668 were synthesized, and their inhibitory potencies were evaluated using an in vitro RET/PTC kinase assay. The inhibitory effects of the compounds on RET/PTC were evaluated by quantifying the autophosphorylation of RET/PTC, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 activation, and the morphological reversal of RET/PTC-transformed cells. RESULTS An in vitro kinase assay revealed that SU5416, SU6668, and SU11248 inhibited phosphorylation of the synthetic tyrosine kinase substrate peptide E4Y by RET/PTC3 in a dose-dependent manner with IC(50) of approximately 944 nm for SU5416, 562 nm for SU6668, and 224 nm for SU11248. Thus, SU11248 effectively inhibits the kinase activity of RET/PTC3. RET/PTC-mediated Y705 phosphorylation of STAT3 was inhibited by addition of SU11248, and the inhibitory effects of SU11248 on the tyrosine phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of STAT3 were very closely correlated with decreased autophosphorylation of RET/PTC. SU11248 caused a complete morphological reversion of transformed NIH-RET/PTC3 cells and inhibited the growth of TPC-1 cells that have an endogenous RET/PTC1. CONCLUSION SU11248 is a highly effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the RET/PTC oncogenic kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 640 Daesadong Chungku, Daejon 301-721, Korea
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Weber F, Teresi RE, Broelsch CE, Frilling A, Eng C. A limited set of human MicroRNA is deregulated in follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3584-91. [PMID: 16822819 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the pathogenesis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and its relation to follicular adenoma (FA) remains unclear, detailed understanding of FTC carcinogenesis would facilitate addressing the scientific and clinical challenges, given that there are morphological and molecular similarities between FTC and the frequently occurring FA. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small, noncoding RNAs implicated in development and cancer and may lend novel clues to FTC genesis. For the latter process, a deregulated miRNA can orchestrate the aberrant expression of several hundred target genes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify deregulated miRNAs in FTC. DESIGN We used two high-density expression arrays to identify miRNAs and their target genes that are differentially expressed between FTC and FA. Validation was done by quantitative RT-PCR. We further functionally characterized the effect of deregulated miRNAs in vitro using HEK293T, FTC133, and K5 cell lines. PATIENTS In total, 45 primary thyroid samples (23 FTC, 20 FA, four normal control thyroid) were analyzed. RESULTS Two specific miRNAs, miR-197 and miR-346, were significantly overexpressed in FTC. In vitro overexpression of either miRNA induced proliferation, whereas inhibition led to growth arrest. Overexpression of miR-197 and miR-346 repressed the expression of their predicted target genes in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our observations show that miR-197 and miR-346 contribute to FTC carcinogenesis. Both miRNAs and their target genes might potentially provide for novel molecular markers and act as novel targets for treatment by interference, which could potentially normalize the deregulated profile of many downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Weber
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Giordano TJ, Kuick R, Thomas DG, Misek DE, Vinco M, Sanders D, Zhu Z, Ciampi R, Roh M, Shedden K, Gauger P, Doherty G, Thompson NW, Hanash S, Koenig RJ, Nikiforov YE. Molecular classification of papillary thyroid carcinoma: distinct BRAF, RAS, and RET/PTC mutation-specific gene expression profiles discovered by DNA microarray analysis. Oncogene 2005; 24:6646-56. [PMID: 16007166 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer poses a significant clinical challenge, and our understanding of its pathogenesis is incomplete. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, transcriptional profiles of four normal thyroids and 51 papillary carcinomas (PCs) were generated using DNA microarrays. The tumors were genotyped for their common activating mutations: BRAF V600E point mutation, RET/PTC1 and 3 rearrangement and point mutations of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS. Principal component analysis based on the entire expression data set separated the PCs into three groups that were found to reflect tumor morphology and mutational status. By combining expression profiles with mutational status, we defined distinct expression profiles for the BRAF, RET/PTC and RAS mutation groups. Using small numbers of genes, a simple classifier was able to classify correctly the mutational status of all 40 tumors with known mutations. One tumor without a detectable mutation was predicted by the classifier to have a RET/PTC rearrangement and was shown to contain one by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Among the mutation-specific expression signatures were genes whose differential expression was a direct consequence of the mutation, as well as genes involved in a variety of biological processes including immune response and signal transduction. Expression of one mutation-specific differentially expressed gene, TPO, was validated at the protein level using immunohistochemistry and tissue arrays containing an independent set of tumors. The results demonstrate that mutational status is the primary determinant of gene expression variation within these tumors, a finding that may have clinical and diagnostic significance and predicts success for therapies designed to prevent the consequences of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, UH 2G332/0054, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109-0054, USA.
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19
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Krohn K, Führer D, Bayer Y, Eszlinger M, Brauer V, Neumann S, Paschke R. Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:504-24. [PMID: 15615818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2004-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the etiology of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter (MNG) with respect to the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and molecular pathology. In reconstructing the line of events from early thyroid hyperplasia to MNG we will argue the predominant neoplastic character of nodular structures, the nature of known somatic mutations, and the importance of mutagenesis. Furthermore, we outline direct and indirect consequences of these somatic mutations for thyroid pathophysiology and summarize information concerning a possible genetic background of euthyroid goiter. Finally, we discuss uncertainties and open questions in differential diagnosis and therapy of euthyroid and toxic MNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Krohn
- Universität Leipzig, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Ph.-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Chevillard S, Ugolin N, Vielh P, Ory K, Levalois C, Elliott D, Clayman GL, El-Naggar AK. Gene expression profiling of differentiated thyroid neoplasms: diagnostic and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:6586-97. [PMID: 15475448 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to identify novel genes that can be targeted as diagnostic and clinical markers of differentiated thyroid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression analysis using microarray platform was performed on 6 pathologically normal thyroid samples and 12 primary follicular and papillary thyroid neoplasms. Microarrays containing probes for 5,760 human full-length cDNAs were used for hybridization with total RNA from normal and tumor thyroid samples labeled with Cy3-dUTP and Cy5-dUTP, respectively. Scanned array images were recorded, and data analysis was performed. Selected sets of differentially expressed genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR for verification. RESULTS We identified 155 genes that differentiate histologically normal thyroid tissues from benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. Of these 75 genes were differentiated between follicular neoplasms (adenoma and carcinoma) and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Purely follicular neoplasms (adenomas and carcinomas) shared many genetic profiles, and only 43 genes were distinctly different between these tumors. Hierarchical cluster analysis also differentiated conventional papillary carcinoma from its follicular variant and follicular tumors. The differentially expressed genes were composed of members of cell differentiation, adhesion, immune response, and proliferation associated pathways. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of selected genes corroborated the microarray expression results. CONCLUSIONS Our study show the following: (1) differences in gene expression between tumor and nontumor bearing normal thyroid tissue can be identified, (2) a set of genes differentiate follicular neoplasm from follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, (3) follicular adenoma and carcinoma share many of the differentiated genes, and (4) gene expression differences identify conventional papillary carcinoma from the follicular variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Chevillard
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Commissariat á L'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Département du Radiobiologie et Radiopathologie, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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21
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Melillo RM, Castellone MD, Guarino V, De Falco V, Cirafici AM, Salvatore G, Caiazzo F, Basolo F, Giannini R, Kruhoffer M, Orntoft T, Fusco A, Santoro M. The RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF linear signaling cascade mediates the motile and mitogenic phenotype of thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1068-81. [PMID: 15761501 PMCID: PMC1062891 DOI: 10.1172/jci22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), rearrangements of the RET receptor (RET/PTC) and activating mutations in the BRAF or RAS oncogenes are mutually exclusive. Here we show that the 3 proteins function along a linear oncogenic signaling cascade in which RET/PTC induces RAS-dependent BRAF activation and RAS- and BRAF-dependent ERK activation. Adoptive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF axis induced cell proliferation and Matrigel invasion of thyroid follicular cells. Gene expression profiling revealed that the 3 oncogenes activate a common transcriptional program in thyroid cells that includes upregulation of the CXCL1 and CXCL10 chemokines, which in turn stimulate proliferation and invasion. Thus, motile and mitogenic properties are intrinsic to transformed thyroid cells and are governed by an epistatic oncogenic signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Marina Melillo
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR G. Salvatore, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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22
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Weber F, Aldred MA, Morrison CD, Plass C, Frilling A, Broelsch CE, Waite KA, Eng C. Silencing of the maternally imprinted tumor suppressor ARHI contributes to follicular thyroid carcinogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1149-55. [PMID: 15546898 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The two most common subtypes of thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma, have been extensively studied, but our fundamental understanding of the molecular events in thyroid epithelial oncogenesis is still limited. Unreported data from our previous published global gene expression analysis revealed that the tumor suppressor gene aplysia ras homolog I (ARHI) is frequently underexpressed in FTCs. In this study, we elucidated the frequency and mechanism of ARHI silencing in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasia. We demonstrated that underexpression of ARHI occurs principally in FTCs (P = 0.0018), including its oncocytic variant (11 of 13), even at minimally invasive stage but not classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (two of seven) or follicular adenoma (FA) (three of 14). FTCs show strong allelic imbalance with reduction in copy number/loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 69%, compared with less than 10% for FAs. In combination with our LOH data, bisulfite sequencing in a subset of samples revealed that FA displays a symmetric methylation pattern, likely representing one unmethylated allele and one presumptively imprinted allele, whereas FTC shows a virtually complete methylation pattern, representing LOH of the nonimprinted allele with only the hypermethylated allele remaining. Furthermore, we showed that pharmacologic inhibition of histone deacetylation but not demethylation could reactivate ARHI expression in the FTC133 FTC cell line. Therefore, our data suggest that silencing of the putative maternally imprinted tumor suppressor gene ARHI, primarily by large genomic deletion in conjunction with hypermethylation of the genomically imprinted allele, serves as a key early event in follicular thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Weber
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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23
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Melillo RM, Cirafici AM, De Falco V, Bellantoni M, Chiappetta G, Fusco A, Carlomagno F, Picascia A, Tramontano D, Tallini G, Santoro M. The oncogenic activity of RET point mutants for follicular thyroid cells may account for the occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients affected by familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:511-21. [PMID: 15277225 PMCID: PMC1618571 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Activating germ-line point mutations in the RET receptor are responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2-associated medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), whereas somatic RET rearrangements are prevalent in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Some rare kindreds, carrying point mutations in RET, are affected by both cancer types, suggesting that, under specific circumstances, point mutations in RET can drive the generation of PTC. Here we describe a family whose siblings, affected by both PTC and MTC, carried a germ-line point mutation in the RET extracellular domain, converting cysteine 634 into serine. We tested on thyroid follicular cells the transforming activity of RET(C634S), RET(K603Q), another mutant identified in a kindred with both PTC and MTC, RET(C634R) a commonly isolated allele in MEN2A, RET(M918T) responsible for MEN2B and also identified in kindreds with both PTC and MTC, and RET/PTC1 the rearranged oncogene that characterizes bona fide PTC in patients without MTC. We show that the various RET point mutants, but not wild-type RET, scored constitutive kinase activity and exerted mitogenic effects for thyroid PC Cl 3 cells, albeit at significantly lower levels compared to RET/PTC1. The low mitogenic activity of RET point mutants paralleled their reduced kinase activity compared to RET/PTC. Furthermore, RET point mutants maintained a protein domain, the intracellular juxtamembrane domain, that exerted negative effects on the mitogenic activity. In conclusion, RET point mutants can behave as dominant oncogenes for thyroid follicular cells. Their transforming activity, however, is rather modest, providing a possible explanation for the rare association of MTC with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Marina Melillo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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24
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Carlomagno F, Guida T, Anaganti S, Vecchio G, Fusco A, Ryan AJ, Billaud M, Santoro M. Disease associated mutations at valine 804 in the RET receptor tyrosine kinase confer resistance to selective kinase inhibitors. Oncogene 2004; 23:6056-63. [PMID: 15184865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the pyrazolopyrimidines PP1 and PP2 and the 4-anilinoquinazoline ZD6474 display a strong inhibitory activity (IC(50)< or =100 nM) towards constitutively active oncogenic RET kinases. Here, we show that most oncogenic MEN2-associated RET kinase mutants are highly susceptible to PP1, PP2 and ZD6474 inhibition. In contrast, MEN2-associated swap of bulky hydrophobic leucine or methionine residues for valine 804 in the RET kinase domain causes resistance to the three compounds. Substitution of valine 804 with the small amino- acid glycine renders the RET kinase even more susceptible to inhibition (ZD6474 IC(50): 20 nM) than the wild-type kinase. Our data identify valine 804 of RET as a structural determinant mediating resistance to pyrazolopyrimidines and 4-anilinoquinazolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, University 'Federico II', c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, via S. Pansini 5, Napoli, Italia
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25
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Vitagliano D, Carlomagno F, Motti ML, Viglietto G, Nikiforov YE, Nikiforova MN, Hershman JM, Ryan AJ, Fusco A, Melillo RM, Santoro M. Regulation of p27Kip1 Protein Levels Contributes to Mitogenic Effects of the RET/PTC Kinase in Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3823-9. [PMID: 15172989 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We show that treatment of a panel of thyroid carcinoma cell lines naturally harboring the RET/PTC1 oncogene, with the RET kinase inhibitors PP1 and ZD6474, results in reversible G(1) arrest. This is accompanied by interruption of Shc and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, reduced levels of G(1) cyclins, and increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 because of a reduced protein turnover. MAP/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 inhibition by U0126 caused G(1) cyclins down-regulation and p27Kip1 up-regulation as well. Forced expression of RET/PTC in normal thyroid follicular cells caused a MAPK- and proteasome-dependent down-regulation of p27Kip1. Reduction of p27Kip1 protein levels by antisense oligonucleotides abrogated the G(1) arrest induced by RET/PTC blockade. Therefore, in thyroid cancer, RET/PTC-mediated MAPK activation contributes to p27Kip1 deregulation. This pathway is implicated in cell cycle progression and in response to small molecule kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Vitagliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, University 'Federico II' c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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26
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Castellone MD, Celetti A, Guarino V, Cirafici AM, Basolo F, Giannini R, Medico E, Kruhoffer M, Orntoft TF, Curcio F, Fusco A, Melillo RM, Santoro M. Autocrine stimulation by osteopontin plays a pivotal role in the expression of the mitogenic and invasive phenotype of RET/PTC-transformed thyroid cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:2188-96. [PMID: 14981541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinomas are characterized by rearrangements of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase generating RET/PTC oncogenes. Here we show that osteopontin (OPN), a secreted glycoprotein, is a major RET/PTC-induced transcriptional target in PC Cl 3 thyroid follicular cells. OPN upregulation depended on the integrity of the RET/PTC kinase and tyrosines Y1015 and Y1062, two major RET/PTC autophosphorylation sites. RET/PTC also induced a strong overexpression of CD44, a cell surface signalling receptor for OPN. Upregulation of CD44 was dependent on RET/PTC Y1062, as well. Constitutive OPN overexpression or treatment with exogenous recombinant OPN sharply increased proliferation, Matrigel invasion and spreading in collagen gels of RET/PTC-transformed PC Cl 3 cells. These effects were impaired by the treatment of PC Cl 3-RET/PTC cells with OPN- and CD44-locking antibodies. Thus, RET/PTC signalling triggers an autocrine loop involving OPN and CD44 that sustains proliferation and invasion of transfomed PC Cl 3 thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Castellone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, University Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Naples, Italy
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27
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Matsuo SE, Martins L, Leoni SG, Hajjar D, Ricarte-Filho JCM, Ebina KN, Kimura ET. Marcadores biológicos de tumores tiroidianos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 48:114-25. [PMID: 15611824 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302004000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Um marcador biológico ideal deve ser específico e sensível para identificar o tipo tumoral e caracterizar o estágio da progressão neoplásica. Os tumores de tiróide originam-se de dois tipos celulares: 1) carcinoma medular originário de células parafoliculares; e 2) as neoplasias de células epiteliais foliculares, que incluem bócio, adenomas, carcinomas diferenciados (carcinoma papilífero e carcinoma folicular) e carcinoma indiferenciado (carcinoma anaplásico). O comportamento biológico distinto faz com que cada tipo tumoral necessite de uma conduta terapêutica específica. O conhecimento acumulado ao longo destes anos, utilizando métodos de biologia molecular e, mais recentemente, a genômica, identificou mutações específicas de câncer de tiróide e, atualmente, entendemos muito das alterações que ocorrem na expressão de fatores de crescimento, seus receptores e proteínas sinalizadoras intracelular nas neoplasias tiroidianas. Contudo, apesar desses, até o momento não dispomos de um marcador eficiente que auxilie no diagnóstico e prognóstico e, conseqüentemente, para indicação de uma terapêutica mais adequada. Nesta revisão, discutiremos os principais aspectos relacionados à tumorigênese tiroidiana, avaliando o potencial destes fatores como marcador em neoplasia folicular de tiróide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia E Matsuo
- Departamento de Histologia & Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP
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28
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Knauf JA, Ouyang B, Croyle M, Kimura E, Fagin JA. Acute expression of RET/PTC induces isozyme-specific activation and subsequent downregulation of PKCɛ in PCCL3 thyroid cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:6830-8. [PMID: 14534528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) have an isozyme-specific reduction of protein kinase C (PKC)epsilon, which occurs through a post-transcriptional mechanism. Here, we test whether the oncoprotein RET/PTC could be responsible for this effect, since RET/PTC rearrangements are quite prevalent in PTC and RET/PTC activates PLCgamma, an upstream modulator of PKCs. At 3 h after induction of RET/PTC1 or RET/PTC3 expression, there was evidence of PKCepsilon activation. Activation was restricted to PKCepsilon, as acute expression of RET/PTC did not change the subcellular distribution of other PKC isozymes expressed in PCCL3 cells. Prolonged RET/PTC expression (2-6 days) produced an isozyme-specific change in PKCepsilon subcellular localization and a decrease in total PKCepsilon levels. The expression of RET/PTC3(Y541F), which does not interact with PLCgamma, but signals normally through other RET effectors, had no effect on PKCepsilon distribution at any of the time points examined. However, downregulation of total PKCepsilon levels was only partially prevented by expression of RET/PTC(Y541F). Cells with decreased PKCepsilon following prolonged expression of RET/PTC were relatively resistant to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Based on our previous observation that PCCL3 cells expressing a dominant-negative PKCepsilon are also markedly resistant to apoptosis, we propose that selective downregulation of PKCepsilon following prolonged RET/PTC activation promotes cell survival and clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Knauf
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Mail Location 0547, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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29
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Andreozzi F, Melillo RM, Carlomagno F, Oriente F, Miele C, Fiory F, Santopietro S, Castellone MD, Beguinot F, Santoro M, Formisano P. Protein kinase Calpha activation by RET: evidence for a negative feedback mechanism controlling RET tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 2003; 22:2942-9. [PMID: 12771945 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in signaling of the RET tyrosine kinase receptor. By using a chimeric receptor (E/R) in which RET kinase can be tightly controlled by the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF), we have found that RET triggering induces a strong increase of PKCalpha, PKCdelta and PKCzeta activity and that PKCalpha, not PKCdelta and PKCzeta, forms a ligand-dependent protein complex with E/R. We have identified tyrosine 1062 in the RET carboxyl-terminal tail as the docking site for PKCalpha. Block of PKC activity by bisindolylmaleimide or chronic phorbol esters treatment decreased EGF-induced serine/threonine phosphorylation of E/R, while it caused a similarly sized increase of EGF-induced E/R tyrosine kinase activity and mitogenic signaling. Conversely, acute phorbol esters treatment, which promotes PKC activity, increased the levels of E/R serine/threonine phosphorylation and significantly decreased its phosphotyrosine content. A threefold reduction of tyrosine phosphorylation levels of the constitutively active RET/MEN2A oncoprotein was observed upon coexpression with PKCalpha. We conclude that RET binds to and activates PKCalpha. PKCalpha, in turn, causes RET phosphorylation and downregulates RET tyrosine kinase and downstream signaling, thus functioning as a negative feedback loop to modulate RET activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare 'L Califano', Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', via S Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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30
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Acharya S, Sarafoglou K, LaQuaglia M, Lindsley S, Gerald W, Wollner N, Tan C, Sklar C. Thyroid neoplasms after therapeutic radiation for malignancies during childhood or adolescence. Cancer 2003; 97:2397-403. [PMID: 12733137 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicate that the risk of developing a thyroid neoplasm clearly is increased after high-dose, therapeutic radiation therapy during childhood. To better understand the time course, natural history, and histopathology of thyroid lesions that develop after high-dose irradiation, the authors undertook a retrospective study of all survivors of childhood and adolescent malignancies who were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and who developed a clinically apparent thyroid neoplasm. METHODS The authors searched the data base of the Department of Pediatrics, the hospital-based tumor registry, and the hospital medical records database for patients with thyroid neoplasms. RESULTS Thirty-three patients were identified who developed a thyroid neoplasm after therapeutic radiation. Primary diagnoses were Hodgkin disease (n = 18 patients), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 10 patients), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 2 patients), acute myeloid leukemia (n = 1 patient), Wilms tumor (n = 1 patient), and neuroblastoma (n = 1 patient). The median age at the time of diagnosis of the primary malignancy was 12.0 years (range, 3.7-18.3 years), the median radiation dose to the thyroid gland was 2400 centigrays (cGy; range, 1000-4200 cGy), and the median interval from the time of radiation therapy until the recognition of thyroid disease was 13.0 years (range, 6.2-30.1 years). Thirteen of 33 thyroid lesions (39%) were malignant (11 papillary carcinomas and 2 follicular carcinomas). Age at diagnosis, gender ratio, and time elapsed since initial treatment did not differ between patients with malignant and benign lesions, but the median radiation dose to the thyroid was lower in patients who had malignant disease compared with patients who had benign disease (2000 cGy vs. 2950 cGy; P = 0.03). Disease was confined to the neck in all patients who had malignant thyroid lesions; after a median follow-up of 6.5 years (range, 0.9-12 years), none of the patients developed progressive or recurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study suggest that a high proportion of clinically apparent thyroid neoplasms that develop after therapeutic radiation for a childhood malignancy are malignant. However, most of these thyroid malignancies do not appear to behave in an aggressive fashion. Because thyroid neoplasms may not become evident for decades after radiation therapy, all individuals who are at risk require life-long follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Acharya
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Cornell-Weil Medical School, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Esta revisão apresenta aspectos de utilidade prática da tumorigênese tiroideana. O mais importante é a possibilidade de se fazer o diagnóstico genético precoce dos indivíduos portadores de mutações do gene RET em famílias com carcinoma medular de tiróide e neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2. Além disso, discutem-se dados relativos à patogênese molecular dos carcinomas diferenciados da tiróide, relacionados aos rearranjos entre RET e outros genes no caso do carcinoma papilífero (RET/PTC) e entre PAX-8 e PPARg1 no carcinoma folicular da tiróide. A seguir, analisam-se as mutações que causam ganho de função no receptor de TSH, causadoras dos nódulos autônomos. Finalmente, apresenta-se o emprego do RNA mensageiro da tiroglobulina no seguimento de pacientes com câncer de tiróide.
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