1
|
Pallotti F, Senofonte G, Conflitti AC, Giancotti A, Anzuini A, Delli Paoli E, Di Chiano S, Faja F, Gatta V, Mondo A, Mosconi M, Rizzo F, Spiniello L, Lombardo F, Paoli D. Safety of gender affirming treatment in assigned female at birth transgender people and association of androgen and estrogen β receptor polymorphisms with clinical outcomes. Endocrine 2023; 81:621-630. [PMID: 37326767 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gender affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) with androgens in assigned female at birth (AFAB) people with Gender Incongruence (GI) can induce and maintain variable phenotypical changes, but individual response may be genetically determined. To clarify the role of AR and ERβ polymorphisms we prospectively evaluated AFAB subjects undergoing virilizing GAHT. METHODS Fifty-two AFAB people with confirmed GI were evaluated before (T0) and after 6 (T6) and 12 months (T12) of testosterone enanthate 250 mg i.m. every 28 days. Hormone profile (testosterone, estradiol), biochemical (blood count, glyco-metabolic profile) and clinical parameters (Ferriman-Gallwey score, pelvic organs) were evaluated at each time-point, as well as number of CAG and CA repeats for AR and ERβ, respectively. RESULTS All subjects have successfully achieved testosterone levels within normal male ranges and improved their degree of virilization, in absence of significant side effects. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells were significantly increased after treatment, but within normal ranges. Ultrasound monitoring of pelvic organs showed their significant reduction already after 6 months of GATH, in absence of remarkable abnormalities. Furthermore, a lower number of CAG repeats was associated with a higher Ferriman-Gallwey score post treatment and a higher number of CA repeats was associated with uterine volume reduction. CONCLUSION We confirmed safety and efficacy of testosterone treatment on all measured parameters. This preliminary data hints a future role of genetic polymorphisms to tailor GAHT in GI people, but evaluation on a larger cohort is necessary as the reduced sample size could limit data generalization at this stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", 94100, Enna, Italy.
| | - Giulia Senofonte
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Conflitti
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giancotti
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Urologic Science, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Anzuini
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Delli Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Chiano
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Faja
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mondo
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Urologic Science, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mosconi
- Gender Identity Development Service, Hospital S. Camillo-Forlanini, 00152, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzo
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spiniello
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Urologic Science, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Munari EV, Amer M, Amodeo A, Bollino R, Federici S, Goggi G, Giovanelli L, Persani L, Cangiano B, Bonomi M. The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1201313. [PMID: 37455904 PMCID: PMC10338218 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of diagnosing hypogonadism and hypotestosteronemia shows us the many steps that were necessary to achieve our current knowledge and the ability to improve these patients' well-being. Moreover, so far, criteria for diagnosing hypotestosteronemia varies according to the underlying condition, and according to the consensus or guideline adopted. Furthermore, besides the many signs and symptoms, there are several complications associated with low testosterone levels such as osteoporosis, metabolic alterations, as well as cardiovascular disorders. However, data are often conflicting regarding the severity, timing or even the real clinical relevance of these complications, although these studies often lack essential information such as gonadotropin levels or the underlying cause of hypogonadism. The present review focus on the complications of male hypogonadism according to the cause of testosterone deficiency, highlighting the lack of information found in many studies investigating its effects. We thereby stress the necessity to always perform a complete evaluation of the type of hypogonadism (including at least gonadotropins and secondary causes) when investigating the effects of low testosterone levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Amer
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amodeo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Bollino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Federici
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Goggi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miao N, Zeng Z, Lee T, Guo Q, Zheng W, Cai W, Chen W, Wang J, Sun T. Integrative epigenome profiling of 47XXY provides insights into whole genomic DNA hypermethylation and active chromatin accessibility. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1128739. [PMID: 37051325 PMCID: PMC10083376 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1128739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47XXY) is a disorder characterized by sex chromosomal aneuploidy, which may lead to changes in epigenetic regulations of gene expression. To define epigenetic architectures in 47XXY, we annotated DNA methylation in euploid males (46XY) and females (46XX), and 47XXY individuals using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and integrated chromatin accessbilty, and detected abnormal hypermethylation in 47XXY. Furthermore, we detected altered chromatin accessibility in 47XXY, in particular in chromosome X, using Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) in cultured amniotic cells. Our results construct the whole genome-wide DNA methylation map in 47XXY, and provide new insights into the early epigenomic dysregulation resulting from an extra chromosome X in 47XXY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qiwei Guo
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwei Zheng
- Quanzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanhua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Sun,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Klinefelter Syndrome and Testicular Sperm Retrieval Outcomes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030647. [PMID: 36980920 PMCID: PMC10048758 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS), caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome, is the most prevalent chromosomal sexual anomaly, with an estimated incidence of 1:500/1000 per male live birth (karyotype 47,XXY). High stature, tiny testicles, small penis, gynecomastia, feminine body proportions and hair, visceral obesity, and testicular failure are all symptoms of KS. Endocrine (osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, autoimmune disorders, cancer, neurocognitive disabilities, and infertility are also outcomes of KS. Causal theories are discussed in addition to hormonal characteristics and testicular histology. The retrieval of spermatozoa from the testicles for subsequent use in assisted reproduction treatments is discussed in the final sections. Despite testicular atrophy, reproductive treatments allow excellent results, with rates of 40–60% of spermatozoa recovery, 60% of clinical pregnancy, and 50% of newborns. This is followed by a review on the predictive factors for successful sperm retrieval. The risks of passing on the genetic defect to children are also discussed. Although the risk is low (0.63%) when compared to the general population (0.5–1%), patients should be informed about embryo selection through pre-implantation genetic testing (avoids clinical termination of pregnancy). Finally, readers are directed to a number of reviews where they can enhance their understanding of comprehensive diagnosis, clinical care, and fertility preservation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Transcriptomic differences between fibrotic and non-fibrotic testicular tissue reveal possible key players in Klinefelter syndrome-related testicular fibrosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21518. [PMID: 36513788 PMCID: PMC9748020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS; 47,XXY) affects 1-2 in 1000 males. Most men with KS suffer from an early germ cell loss and testicular fibrosis from puberty onwards. Mechanisms responsible for these processes remain unknown. Previous genomics studies on testis tissue from men with KS focused on germ cell loss, while a transcriptomic analysis focused on testicular fibrosis has not yet been performed. This study aimed to identify factors involved in the fibrotic remodelling of KS testes by analysing the transcriptome of fibrotic and non-fibrotic testicular tissue. RNA sequencing was performed to compare the genes expressed in testicular samples with (KS and testis atrophy) and without (Sertoli cell-only syndrome and fertile controls) fibrosis (n = 5, each). Additionally, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between KS and testis atrophy samples were studied to reveal KS-specific fibrotic genes. DEGs were considered significant when p < 0.01 and log2FC > 2. Next, downstream analyses (GO and KEGG) were performed. Lastly, RNA in situ hybridization was performed to validate the results. The first analysis (fibrotic vs non-fibrotic) resulted in 734 significant DEGs (167 up- and 567 down-regulated). Genes involved in the extracellular structure organization (e.g. VCAM1) were found up-regulated. KEGG analysis showed an up-regulation of genes involved in the TGF-β pathway. The KS vs testis atrophy analysis resulted in 539 significant DEGs (59 up- and 480 down-regulated). Chronic inflammatory response genes were found up-regulated. The overlap of X-linked DEGs from the two analyses revealed three genes: matrix-remodelling associated 5 (MXRA5), doublecortin (DCX) and variable charge X-Linked 3B (VCX3B). RNA in situ hybridization showed an overexpression of VCAM1, MXRA5 and DCX within the fibrotic group compared with the non-fibrotic group. To summarize, this study revealed DEGs between fibrotic and non-fibrotic testis tissue, including VCAM1. In addition, X-linked fibrotic genes were revealed, e.g. MXRA5, DCX and VCX3B. Their potential role in KS-related testicular fibrosis needs further study.
Collapse
|
6
|
Piot A, Plotton I, Boutroy S, Bacchetta J, Ailloud S, Lejeune H, Chapurlat RD, Szulc P, Confavreux CB. Klinefelter Bone Microarchitecture Evolution with Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:35-46. [PMID: 35152305 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) patients, defined by a 47 XXY karyotype, have increased risk of fragility fractures. We have assessed bone microarchitecture by high resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) at the radius and tibia in young KS patients, naïve from testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Areal bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total testosterone (tT) was measured at baseline. Bone measurements have been repeated after 30 months of TRT. We enrolled 24 KS patients and 72 age-matched controls. KS patients were (mean ± SD) 23.7 ± 7.8 year-old. KS patients had significantly lower relative appendicular lean mass index (RALM) and lower aBMD at spine and hip than controls. Ten patients (42%) had low tT level (≤ 10.4 nmol/L). At baseline, we observed at radius a marked cortical (Ct) impairment reflected by lower Ct.area, Ct.perimeter, and Ct.vBMD than controls. At tibia, in addition to cortical fragility, we also found significant alterations of trabecular (Tb) compartment with lower trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and Tb.vBMD as compared to controls. After 30 months of TRT, 18 (75%) KS patients were reassessed. Spine aBMD and RALM significantly increased. At radius, both cortical (Ct.Pm, Ct.Ar, Ct.vBMD, Ct.Th) and trabecular (Tb.vBMD) parameters significantly improved. At tibia, the improvement was found only in the cortical compartment. Young TRT naïve KS patients have inadequate bone microarchitecture at both the radius and tibia, which can improve on TRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Piot
- Département de Rhumatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - I Plotton
- Hormonologie et Endocrinologie Moleculaire et Maladies Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Départment de Médecine de la Reproduction, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR 1208, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - S Boutroy
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - J Bacchetta
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Service de Néphrologie Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - S Ailloud
- Département de Rhumatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - H Lejeune
- Départment de Médecine de la Reproduction, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR 1208, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - R D Chapurlat
- Département de Rhumatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P Szulc
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - C B Confavreux
- Département de Rhumatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Service de Rhumatologie Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Metabolic and Nutritional Aspects in Paediatric Patients with Klinefelter Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102107. [PMID: 35631248 PMCID: PMC9147015 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome is the most common sex chromosomal aneuploidy in males. It is well known that patients with this syndrome have greater mortality and morbidity compared to the general population due to cardiovascular diseases and endocrine metabolism disorders. This augmented risk is due both to hypogonadism and to the syndrome itself. Therefore, correct hormonal replacement therapy and early primary prevention are crucial to these patients. Even though different studies are available on this topic in adult patients, only a few authors have focused on the paediatric population. Thus, in this narrative review, we report the current knowledge of metabolic and nutritional aspects in children with Klinefelter syndrome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Communicating the diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome to children and adolescents: when, how, and who? J Community Genet 2022; 13:271-280. [PMID: 35247190 PMCID: PMC9270507 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-022-00585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent sex chromosome aneuploidy in males. KS diagnosis disclosure has an important impact on diagnosis acceptance and the increase in prenatal diagnostic procedures raises questions regarding communication to children/adolescents. Limited data are currently available on this issue. The aim of the study was to investigate aspects like the best timing (when), topics (how), and healthcare professional (who), which, in the opinion of both KS patients and parents, may be considered the best for diagnosis communication to KS children/adolescents. We also analyzed how participants received the communication in real life and evaluated the differences between the responses given by parents who receive KS diagnosis before or after KS patient birth regarding disclosure of KS communication. KS adult patients, KS mothers, and KS fathers, not belonging to the same family, completed a questionnaire containing quantitative measures (5 points Likert scale), open-ended questions, and multiple choice questions. Parental responses were divided according to the timing at which the communication occurred: prenatal age diagnosis (PRE-D) or postnatal age diagnosis (POST-D). A total of 41 KS adults and 77 KS parents (53 PRE-D, 24 POST-D) were recruited. Most KS patients and most POST-D parents consider that communication should be provided before 14 years of age; most PRE-D parents consider 14–18 years of age the best period for communication. We suggest that communication should occur preferably before 18 years of age by a multidisciplinary team (endocrinologists, psychologists, geneticists, and parents) and that the information should deal not only fertility and hormonal aspects but also metabolic and cognitive features.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pallotti F, Senofonte G, Konstantinidou F, Di Chiano S, Faja F, Rizzo F, Cargnelutti F, Krausz C, Paoli D, Lenzi A, Stuppia L, Gatta V, Lombardo F. Epigenetic Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment: A Pilot Study of the ESR2 Promoter’s Methylation in AFAB People. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020459. [PMID: 35203670 PMCID: PMC8962414 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virilization of gender-incongruent subjects to whom were assigned the female gender at birth (AFAB) is achieved through testosterone administration. Inter-individual differences in the timing and acquisition of phenotypic characteristics, even if the same hormone preparations and regimens are used, are frequently observed. Polymorphisms of sex hormone receptors and methylation of their gene promoters, as well of several imprinted genes as H19, may underlie the differential response to treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the possible relationship between the CpG methylation profile of the estrogen receptor 2 gene (ESR2) and H19 promoters and their influence on phenotype modifications in a cohort of AFAB people at baseline (T0) and after 6 mo (T6) and 12 mo (T12) of testosterone therapy (testosterone enanthate, 250 mg i.m. every 28 d). A total of 13 AFAB subjects (mean age 29.3 ± 12.6) were recruited. The percentage of methylation of the ESR2 promoter significantly increased at T6 (adj. p = 0.001) and T12 (adj. p = 0.05), while no difference was detected for H19 (p = 0.237). Methylation levels were not associated with androgen receptor (AR)/estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) polymorphisms nor hormone levels at baseline and after six months of treatment. On the other hand, total testosterone level and patient age resulted in being significantly associated with ESR2 methylation after twelve months of treatment. Finally, the difference in ESR2 promoter methylation between T6 and baseline was significantly associated with the number of CA repeats of the ERβ receptor, adjusted vs. all considered variables (R2 = 0.62, adj. R2 = 0.35). No associations were found with CAG repeats of the AR, age, and estradiol and testosterone levels. Despite the small sample size, we can hypothesize that treatment with exogenous testosterone can modify the ESR2 methylation pattern. Our data also indicated that epigenetic changes may be regulated, suggesting that the modulation of estrogen signaling is relevant shortly after the beginning of the treatment up to T6, with no further significant modification at T12. Furthermore, estrogen receptor methylation appears to be associated with the age of the subjects and exogenous testosterone administration, representing a marker of androgenic treatment. Nonetheless, it will be necessary to increase the number of subjects to evaluate how epigenetic regulation might play a relevant role in the modulation of phenotypical changes after testosterone treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Giulia Senofonte
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Fani Konstantinidou
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.K.); (L.S.)
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Chiano
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabiana Faja
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Flavio Rizzo
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Cargnelutti
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Donatella Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.K.); (L.S.)
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.K.); (L.S.)
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology—Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.S.); (S.D.C.); (F.F.); (F.R.); (F.C.); (D.P.); (A.L.); (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kabilan A, Skakkebæk A, Chang S, Gravholt CH. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Transdermal and Injection Testosterone Therapy in Klinefelter Syndrome: A Real-Life Study. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab062. [PMID: 34056502 PMCID: PMC8143670 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most frequent sex chromosome disorder in males. Due to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, treatment with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is commonly indicated. There are no international guidelines for the most appropriate TRT in KS. Objective We aimed to evaluate how different routes of testosterone administration impact testosterone-responsive variables, as well as the development of later metabolic diseases and other complications. Methods We conducted a retrospective study covering 5 years from 2015 to 2020. Data on TRT, biochemical parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), medications, comorbidity, and karyotyping were derived from electronic patient records and The Danish Cytogenetic Register. Results A total of 147 KS males were included: 81 received injection TRT, 61 received transdermal TRT, and 5 did not receive TRT. Testosterone levels were similar in the 2 TRT groups (P = 0.9), while luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were higher in the group receiving transdermal TRT (P = 0.002). Levels of cholesterol, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, hemoglobin, hematocrit, liver parameters, prostate-specific antigen, and spine and hip BMD were similar in the 2 treatment groups (Ps > 0.05). Conclusion TRT, irrespective of route of administration, affects androgen-responsive variables similarly in males with KS. Neither long-acting injection nor transdermal gel seem to reduce the risk of metabolic diseases significantly. These results should encourage clinicians in seeking the route of administration resulting in the highest degree of adhesion to treatment based on individual patient preferences. Implementation of shared decision-making with patients may be important when choosing TRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apiraa Kabilan
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Internal Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, 6000 Kolding, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Internal Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, 6000 Kolding, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Genetics of Azoospermia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063264. [PMID: 33806855 PMCID: PMC8004677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoospermia affects 1% of men, and it can be due to: (i) hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, (ii) primary quantitative spermatogenic disturbances, (iii) urogenital duct obstruction. Known genetic factors contribute to all these categories, and genetic testing is part of the routine diagnostic workup of azoospermic men. The diagnostic yield of genetic tests in azoospermia is different in the different etiological categories, with the highest in Congenital Bilateral Absence of Vas Deferens (90%) and the lowest in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA) due to primary testicular failure (~30%). Whole-Exome Sequencing allowed the discovery of an increasing number of monogenic defects of NOA with a current list of 38 candidate genes. These genes are of potential clinical relevance for future gene panel-based screening. We classified these genes according to the associated-testicular histology underlying the NOA phenotype. The validation and the discovery of novel NOA genes will radically improve patient management. Interestingly, approximately 37% of candidate genes are shared in human male and female gonadal failure, implying that genetic counselling should be extended also to female family members of NOA patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma Y, Ma L, Cao Y, Zhai J. Construction of a ceRNA-based lncRNA-mRNA network to identify functional lncRNAs in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8481-8496. [PMID: 33714202 PMCID: PMC8034915 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of childbearing age. Recent studies suggest important roles for lncRNAs in PCOS development. Based on the hypothesis that lncRNAs are able to regulate mRNA functions by competitive binding to shared miRNAs, the present work sought to construct a PCOS-related lncRNA-mRNA network (PCLMN) to identify key lncRNAs with dysregulated expression and potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance. A global background network was constructed after retrieving lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA pairs from the lncRNASNP2, miRTarBase and StarBase databases. Based on gene expression profiles from ovarian granulosa cells from PCOS patients and controls in the GEO’s GSE95728 dataset, the PCLMN was then constructed by applying hypergeometric testing. Using topological analysis, we identified 3 lncRNAs (LINC00667, AC073172.1 and H19) ranking within the top-ten gene lists for all three centrality measures. We then explored their subcellular localization, performed functional module analyses, and identified 4 sex hormone-related transcription factors as potential regulators of their expression. Significant associations with inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related processes and pathways were revealed for the key lncRNAs in our PCMLN. Further studies verifying the mRNA/lncRNA relationships identified herein are needed to clarify their clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linna Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yurong Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Skakkebæk A, Wallentin M, Gravholt CH. Klinefelter syndrome or testicular dysgenesis: Genetics, endocrinology, and neuropsychology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:445-462. [PMID: 34238477 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) is a frequent chromosomal disorder among males, often presenting with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, small firm testicles, metabolic disorders, neurocognitive challenges, and increased height. Neurologic disorders such as epilepsy, seizures, and tremor as well as psychiatric disorders are also seen more frequently. The neurocognitive deficits seen are present in many areas of cognition, typically affecting general cognitive abilities, language, and executive functioning. Also, social dysfunction is frequent. Dyslexia is present in more than half of all males. Brain imaging studies generally show a typical pattern, with many nuclei and brain areas being smaller than among controls. However, it has not been possible to link the brain alterations found in imaging studies with the neurocognitive profile. The genetics underlying the phenotypic traits found among males with Klinefelter syndrome still remains to be elucidated; however, recent studies have described pervasive changes in the methylome and transcriptome and new and interesting candidate genes have been pinpointed, but their involvement in the phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome has not been proven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Wallentin
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Højbjerg Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Deebel NA, Bradshaw AW, Sadri-Ardekani H. Infertility considerations in klinefelter syndrome: From origin to management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101480. [PMID: 33358481 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is defined as the presence of one or more extra "X" chromosome in a male patient. It affects approximately 1 in 600 newborn males and the most common chromosomal abnormality, leading to male hypogonadism and infertility. There is a lack of data supporting best practices for KS patients' care. In this paper we review controversial issues in KS research ranging from mechanisms of variation in KS phenotype to abnormalities resulting in reduced sperm production to successful sperm retrieval disparities after testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Translation to live birth and offspring health is also examined. Finally, medical therapies used to optimize the hormonal status and chances of fertility in KS patients are reviewed. We will also discuss the experimental spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) treatments, which are considered the future for TESE negative patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Deebel
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aaron W Bradshaw
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zitzmann M, Aksglaede L, Corona G, Isidori AM, Juul A, T'Sjoen G, Kliesch S, D'Hauwers K, Toppari J, Słowikowska-Hilczer J, Tüttelmann F, Ferlin A. European academy of andrology guidelines on Klinefelter Syndrome Endorsing Organization: European Society of Endocrinology. Andrology 2020; 9:145-167. [PMID: 32959490 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about Klinefelter syndrome (KS) has increased substantially since its first description almost 80 years ago. A variety of treatment options concerning the spectrum of symptoms associated with KS exists, also regarding aspects beyond testicular dysfunction. Nevertheless, the diagnostic rate is still low in relation to prevalence and no international guidelines are available for KS. OBJECTIVE To create the first European Academy of Andrology (EAA) guidelines on KS. METHODS An expert group of academicians appointed by the EAA generated a consensus guideline according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. RESULTS Clinical features are highly variable among patients with KS, although common characteristics are severely attenuated spermatogenesis and Leydig cell impairment, resulting in azoospermia and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. In addition, various manifestations of neurocognitive and psychosocial phenotypes have been described as well as an increased prevalence of adverse cardiovascular, metabolic and bone-related conditions which might explain the increased morbidity/mortality in KS. Moreover, compared to the general male population, a higher prevalence of dental, coagulation and autoimmune disorders is likely to exist in patients with KS. Both genetic and epigenetic effects due to the supernumerary X chromosome as well as testosterone deficiency contribute to this pathological pattern. The majority of patients with KS is diagnosed during adulthood, but symptoms can already become obvious during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The paediatric and juvenile patients with KS require specific attention regarding their development and fertility. CONCLUSION These guidelines provide recommendations and suggestions to care for patients with KS in various developmental stages ranging from childhood and adolescence to adulthood. This advice is based on recent research data and respective evaluations as well as validations performed by a group of experts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zitzmann
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lise Aksglaede
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Medical Department, Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore Bellaria Hospital, Azienda Usl, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Advanced Endocrine Diagnostics Unit, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anders Juul
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy T'Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology and Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathleen D'Hauwers
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrated Physiology and Pharmacology and Centre for Population Health Research, University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cho HH. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of Klinefelter syndrome. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2020. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2020.63.9.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome is the most common congenital chromosomal syndrome in men. Clinical manifestations of Klinefelter syndrome vary greatly depending on the level of expression of the added X chromosome, the sensitivity of the androgen receptor, and the testosterone level. On average, the likelihood of a lifetime diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome patients is less than 40%, and more than 60% of patients are unaware of their condition. Klinefelter syndrome patients in infancy sometimes have speech impairment; however, there are more cases without symptoms. In the early stages of puberty, there are many normal puberty development cases, but after mid-puberty, secondary sexual characteristics stop progressing. In adulthood, it is often diagnosed as a non-obstructive azoospermia disease. After middle-age, an increase in various metabolic disorders due to testosterone reduction appears as the main symptom. Testosterone treatment can promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics from puberty. Diagnosing a patient with Klinefelter syndrome due to infertility in adulthood may cause a psychological shock; therefore, a psychotherapeutic approach is also essential. Klinefelter syndrome is a disease that requires lifelong management, and in most cases the quality of life of patients and their families can be improved with appropriate therapeutic intervention. Because there are many cases without symptoms, it is important to screen suspected patients through active chromosomal testing.
Collapse
|
17
|
Vena W, Pizzocaro A, Indirli R, Amer M, Maffezzoni F, Delbarba A, Leonardi L, Balzarini L, Ulivieri FM, Ferlin A, Mantovani G, Lania AG, Ferrante E, Mazziotti G. Prevalence and determinants of radiological vertebral fractures in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Andrology 2020; 8:1699-1704. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vena
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCS Rozzano Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Alessandro Pizzocaro
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCS Rozzano Italy
| | - Rita Indirli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan Milan Italy
- Endocrinology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Myriam Amer
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCS Rozzano Italy
| | - Filippo Maffezzoni
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit Department of Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - Andrea Delbarba
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit Department of Medicine ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leonardi
- Department of Radiology Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCS Rozzano Italy
| | - Luca Balzarini
- Department of Radiology Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCS Rozzano Italy
| | - Fabio M. Ulivieri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan Milan Italy
- Endocrinology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Andrea G. Lania
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCS Rozzano Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Emanuele Ferrante
- Endocrinology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Gherardo Mazziotti
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCS Rozzano Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University of Milan Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Skakkebaek A, Viuff M, Nielsen MM, Gravholt CH. Epigenetics and genomics in Klinefelter syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:216-225. [PMID: 32484281 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the first description of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) was published in 1942 in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, large inter-individual variability in the phenotypic presentation has been demonstrated. However, our understanding of the global impact of the additional X chromosome on the genome remains an enigma. Evidence from the existing literature of KS indicates that not just one single genetic mechanism can explain the phenotype and the variable expressivity, but several mechanisms may be at play concurrently. In this review, we describe different genetic mechanisms and recent advances in the understanding of the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome of KS and the link to the phenotype and clinical heterogeneity. Future studies are needed to unite clinical data, genomic data, and basic research attempting to understand the genetics behind KS. Unraveling the genetics of KS will be of clinical relevance as it may enable the use of polygenic risk scores to predict future disease susceptibility and enable clinical risk stratification of KS patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Skakkebaek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Viuff
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Morten M Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rocca MS, Ferrarini M, Msaki A, Vinanzi C, Ghezzi M, De Rocco Ponce M, Foresta C, Ferlin A. Comparison of NGS panel and Sanger sequencing for genotyping CAG repeats in the
AR
gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1207. [PMID: 32216057 PMCID: PMC7284049 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The androgen receptor (AR) is a nuclear receptor, encoded by the AR gene on the X chromosome. Within the first exon of the AR gene, two short tandem repeats (STR), CAG and GGC, are a source of polymorphism in the population. Therefore, high‐throughput methods for screening AR, such as next‐generation sequencing (NGS), are sought after; however, data generated by NGS are limited by the availability of bioinformatics tools. Here, we evaluated the accuracy of the bioinformatics tool HipSTR in detecting and quantify CAG repeats within the AR gene. Method The AR gene of 228 infertile men was sequenced using NGSgene panel. Data generated were analyzed with HipSTR to detect CAG repeats. The accuracy was compared with the results obtained with Sanger. Results We found that HipSTR was more accurate than Sanger in genotyping normal karyotype men (46,XY), however, it was more likely to misidentify homozygote genotypes in men with Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY). Conclusion Our findings show that the bioinformatics tool HipSTR is 100% accurate in detecting and assessing AR CAG repeats in infertile men (46,XY) as well as in men with low‐level mosaicism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Santa Rocca
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrarini
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Aichi Msaki
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Cinzia Vinanzi
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Marco Ghezzi
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Maurizio De Rocco Ponce
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Brescia Brescia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spaziani M, Radicioni AF. Metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in Klinefelter syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:334-343. [PMID: 32452627 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS), which normally presents with a 47,XXY karyotype, is the most common sex chromosome disorder in males. It is also the most common genetic cause of male infertility. KS subjects are typically tall, with small and firm testes, gynecomastia, broad hips, and sparse body hair, although a less evident presentation is also possible. KS is also characterized by a high prevalence of hypogonadism, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this article is to systematically review metabolic and the cardiovascular risk factors in KS patients. Hypogonadism has an important role in the pathogenesis of the changes in body composition (particularly visceral obesity) and hence of insulin resistance and MetS, but the association between KS and MetS may go beyond hypogonadism alone. From childhood, KS patients may show an increase in visceral fat with a reduction in lean body mass and an increase in glucose and impaired fat metabolism. Their increased incidence of congenital anomalies, epicardial adipose tissue, and thromboembolic disease suggests they have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. There is conflicting evidence on the effects of testosterone therapy on body composition and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Spaziani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio F Radicioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wistuba J, Beumer C, Brehm R, Gromoll J. 41,XX Y * male mice: An animal model for Klinefelter syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:267-278. [PMID: 32432406 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) is the most frequent male chromosomal aneuploidy resulting in a highly heterogeneous clinical phenotype associated with hormonal dysbalance, increased rate of co-morbidities, and reduced lifespan. Two hallmarks of KS-affecting testicular functions are consistently observed: Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and germ cell (GC) loss resulting in infertility. Although KS is being studied for decades, the underlying mechanisms for the observed pathophysiology are still unclear. Due to ethical restrictions, studies in humans are limited, and consequently, suitable animal models are needed to address the consequences of a supernumerary X chromosome. Mouse strains with comparable aneuploidies have been generated and yielded highly relevant insights into KS. We briefly describe the establishment of the KS mouse models, summarize the knowledge gained by their use, compare findings from the mouse models to those obtained in clinical studies, and also reflect on limitations of the currently used models derived from the B6Ei.Lt-Y* mouse strain, in which the Y chromosome is altered and its centromere position changed into a more distal location provoking meiotic non-disjunction. Breeding such as XY* males to XX females, the target 41,XXY *, and 41,XXY males are generated. Here, we summarize features of both models but report in particular findings from our 41,XXY * mice including some novel data on Sertoli cell characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Wistuba
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cristin Beumer
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Functional Histology and Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Gromoll
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zitzmann M, Rohayem J. Gonadal dysfunction and beyond: Clinical challenges in children, adolescents, and adults with 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:302-312. [PMID: 32415901 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent sex chromosomal aneuploidy. The karyotype 47,XXY originates from either paternal or maternal meiotic nondisjunction during gametogenesis. KS males are very likely to exhibit marked gonadal dysfunctions, presenting both in severely attenuated spermatogenesis as well as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. In addition, neurocognitive and psychosocial impairments, as well as cardiovascular, metabolic and bone disorders are often found in KS and might explain for an increased morbidity/mortality. All conditions in KS are likely to be induced by both gene overdosage effects resulting from supernumerary X-chromosomal genes as well as testosterone deficiency. Notwithstanding, the clinical features are highly variable between KS men. Symptoms can become obvious at infancy, childhood, or adolescence. However, the majority of KS subjects is diagnosed during adulthood. KS adolescents require specific attention regarding pubertal development, in order to exploit their remaining fertility potential and allow for timely and tailored testosterone replacement. The chances for sperm retrieval might decline with age and could be hampered by testosterone replacement; therefore, cryostorage of spermatozoa is an option during adolescence, before the decompensation of endocrine and exocrine testicular functions becomes more overt. Sperm from semen or surgically retrieved, in combination with intracytoplasmic sperm injection enables KS males to become biological fathers of healthy children. The aim of this article is to present the current knowledge on KS, to guide clinical care and to highlight research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zitzmann
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical Andrology, University Clinics Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Rohayem
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical Andrology, University Clinics Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Willems M, Gies I, Van Saen D. Germ cell loss in Klinefelter syndrome: When and why? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:356-370. [PMID: 32412180 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a quite common disorder with an incidence of 1-2 in 1,000 new-born males. Most patients are diagnosed in the light of a clinical checkup when consulting a fertility clinic with an unfulfilled child wish. Infertility in KS patients is caused by a massive germ cell loss, leading to azoospermia in more than 90% of the adult patients. Most seminiferous tubules in the adult KS testis are degenerated or hyalinized and testicular fibrosis can be observed, starting from puberty. However, focal spermatogenesis can be found in the testis of some patients. This offers the opportunity to extract spermatozoa from the testis by testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Nevertheless, TESE is only successful in about half of the KS adults seeking to father children. The reason for the germ cell loss remains unclear. To date, it is still debated whether the testicular tissue changes and the germ cell loss seen in KS is directly caused by an altered X-linked gene expression, the altered somatic environment, or a deficiency in the germ cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the germ cell loss in KS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margo Willems
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Gies
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Saen
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kinjo K, Yoshida T, Kobori Y, Okada H, Suzuki E, Ogata T, Miyado M, Fukami M. Random X chromosome inactivation in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Mol Cell Pediatr 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 31974854 PMCID: PMC6979883 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-020-0093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an indispensable process in the development of human female embryos. Reportedly, XCI occurs when a blastocyst contains 10–12 embryonic progenitor cells. To date, it remains unclear whether XCI ratios are normally preserved in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients with 47,XXY karyotype. Methods We examined XCI ratios in 18 KS patients through DNA methylation analysis for the polymorphic trinucleotide locus in the AR gene. The results of the KS patients were compared to previous data from healthy young women. Results XCI ratios in KS patients followed a normal distribution. Skewed XCI was observed in two patients, one of whom exhibited extremely skewed XCI. The frequencies of skewed and extremely skewed XCI in the KS cohort were comparable to those in healthy women. Conclusion This study confirmed the rarity of skewed XCI in KS patients. These results indicate that the presence of a supernumerary X chromosome during the cleavage and early blastocyst stages does not affect the developmental tempo of embryos. Our data deserve further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kinjo
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kobori
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vockel M, Riera-Escamilla A, Tüttelmann F, Krausz C. The X chromosome and male infertility. Hum Genet 2019; 140:203-215. [PMID: 31875237 PMCID: PMC7864851 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The X chromosome is a key player in germ cell development, as has been highlighted for males in previous studies revealing that the mammalian X chromosome is enriched in genes expressed in early spermatogenesis. In this review, we focus on the X chromosome’s unique biology as associated with human male infertility. Male infertility is most commonly caused by spermatogenic defects to which X chromosome dosage is closely linked; for example, any supernumerary X chromosome as in Klinefelter syndrome will lead to male infertility. Furthermore, because males normally only have a single X chromosome and because X-linked genetic anomalies are generally only present in a single copy in males, any loss-of-function mutations in single-copy X-chromosomal genes cannot be compensated by a normal allele. These features make X-linked genes particularly attractive for studying male spermatogenic failure. However, to date, only very few genetic causes have been identified as being definitively responsible for male infertility in humans. Although genetic studies of germ cell-enriched X-chromosomal genes in mice suggest a role of certain human orthologs in infertile men, these genes in mice and humans have striking evolutionary differences. Furthermore, the complexity and highly repetitive structure of the X chromosome hinder the mutational analysis of X-linked genes in humans. Therefore, we conclude that additional methodological approaches are urgently warranted to advance our understanding of the genetics of X-linked male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vockel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Antoni Riera-Escamilla
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB- Sant Pau), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB- Sant Pau), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Viale PIeraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Androgen Receptor Polymorphism and Female Sexual Function and Desire. J Sex Med 2019; 15:1537-1546. [PMID: 30415810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of testosterone depends on the exposure of and the sensitivity of the androgen receptor (AR). It has been shown that a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the AR gene has an impact on AR functional capacity in men. However, large studies are lacking on the impact of this polymorphism on female sexual function. AIM To determine whether the CAG repeat length was associated with different aspects of women's sexual function and dysfunction, including desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, sexual pain, and sexually related personal distress. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 529 healthy women, aged 19-65 years. Participants completed a questionnaire to provide demographic and sexual data. The CAG repeat length was analyzed in a blood sample. The correlations between CAG repeat lengths and different aspects of sexual function were calculated. Independent Student t-tests were performed to evaluate differences in the mean number of CAG repeats in the short and long allele and of the biallelic mean length determined by simple calculation and X-inactivation analysis, respectively, between women with sexual problems and women without sexual problems. P values <.05 were considered statistically significant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We used the Female Sexual Function Index, with 6 subdomains, to distinguish between women without and women with impaired sexual function; low sexual desire; impaired arousal, lubrication, or orgasm; diminished satisfaction; or pain during sex. The Female Sexual Distress Scale was used to measure sexually related personal distress. RESULTS Overall, we found that increasing numbers of CAG repeats were correlated to increased sexual function. We found that women with problems achieving orgasm had a significantly lower number of CAG repeats than women that reported no problems reaching orgasm. We found no associations between CAG repeat lengths and other aspects of female sexual dysfunction, including hypoactive sexual desire disorder. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The results could indicate an impact of the AR on women's sexual function, including the ability to reach orgasm. STRENGTH & LIMITATIONS This is a large study using validated sexual questionnaires. A limitation is the cross-sectional design. Owing to the study design, this study is explorative and hypothesis generating. CONCLUSION In this large cross-sectional study, we demonstrated that CAG repeat length is positively correlated to sexual function and that women with a reduced ability to reach orgasm had smaller numbers of CAG repeats in the AR gene than women with no orgasmic problems. These findings indicated that androgens and ARs might play a role in women's sexual function. Wåhlin-Jacobsen S, Flanagan JN, Pedersen AT, Kristensen E, Arver S, Giraldi A. Androgen Receptor Polymorphism and Female Sexual Function and Desire. J Sex Med 2018;15:1537-1546.
Collapse
|
27
|
Vers un rapprochement du syndrome de Klinefelter et de la psychopathie en psychiatrie légale. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Giagulli VA, Campone B, Castellana M, Salzano C, Fisher AD, de Angelis C, Pivonello R, Colao A, Pasquali D, Maggi M, Triggiani V, On Behalf Of The Klinefelter ItaliaN Group King. Neuropsychiatric Aspects in Men with Klinefelter Syndrome. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:109-115. [PMID: 29972105 PMCID: PMC7360906 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666180703160250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy (47, XXY) and cause of male hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. It is characterized by an extreme clinical heterogeneity in presentation, including infertility, hypogonadism, language delay, metabolic comorbidities, and neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders. Since testosterone is known to have organizational, neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects on brain, the condition of primary hypogonadism could play a role. Moreover, given that KS subjects have an additional X, genes on the extra-chromosome could also exert a significant impact. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the available literature on the relationship between KS and neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS To extend to the best of published literature on the topic, appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in Pubmed. Finally, references of original articles and reviews were examined. RESULTS Both morphological and functional studies focusing on the brain showed that there were important differences in brain structure of KS subjects. Different psychiatric disorders such as Schizophrenia, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression and anxiety were frequently reported in KS patients according to a broad spectrum of phenotypes. T supplementation (TRT) was not able to improve the psychotic disorders in KS men with or without overt hypogonadism. CONCLUSION Although the risk of psychosis, depression and autism is increased in subjects with KS, no definitive evidence has been found in studies aiming at identifying the relationship between aneuploidy, T deficit and the risk of psychiatric and cognitive disorders in subjects affected by KS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Campone
- Psychiatric Unit Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Salzano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universita "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Daphne Fisher
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universita "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universita "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universita "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Pasquali
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences and Aging, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Santi D, De Vincentis S, Scaltriti S, Rochira V. Relative hyperestrogenism in Klinefelter Syndrome: results from a meta-analysis. Endocrine 2019; 64:209-219. [PMID: 30701446 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is classically described as characterized by hyperestrogenism, although solid evidence is lacking. This study aims to test the hypothesis that men with KS have higher serum estradiol than normal controls. DESIGN Meta-analysis of all studies extracted by MEDLINE from 1942 to 31 January 2018. All studies reporting serum estradiol measurement were considered, among them only case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. METHODS Meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA statement using RevMan. RESULTS Out of 4120 articles, 23 case-control studies, 14 case series, and 19 case reports reported data on serum estradiol. A total of 707 KS and 1019 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Serum estradiol was slightly, but significantly higher in KS than controls (mean difference 4.25 pg/mL; CI: 0.41, 8.10 pg/mL; p = 0.030). This difference was lost considering only studies using estradiol assays with good accuracy (5.48 pg/mL, CI: -2.11, 13.07 pg/mL; p = 0.160). Serum testosterone and estradiol/testosterone ratio were significantly lower and higher in KS than controls, respectively. Data from KS case series and case reports confirmed that serum estradiol is within the normal ranges. CONCLUSIONS Serum estradiol is not increased in KS although slightly higher than controls. However, the meta-analysis that included only studies using a serum estradiol assay with good accuracy showed no difference in serum estradiol between KS and controls. The traditional belief that KS is associated with elevated serum estradiol should be reconsidered. This meta-analysis shows that men with KS have relative hyperestrogenism (increased estradiol/testosterone ratio) compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Vincentis
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Scaltriti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Accardo G, Amoresano Paglionico V, Di Fraia R, Cittadini A, Salzano A, Esposito D, De Bellis A, Pasquali D. Management of cardiovascular complications in Klinefelter syndrome patients. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:145-152. [PMID: 30793993 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1584036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47, XXY, shows increased mortality when compared with mortality rates among the general population. Cardiovascular, hemostatic, metabolic diseases are implicated. Moreover, cardiac congenital anomalies in KS can contribute to the increase in mortality. AREAS COVERED In this study, we have systematically reviewed the relationships between KS and the cardiovascular system and the management of cardiovascular complication. In summary, patients with KS display increased cardiovascular risk profile, characterized by increased prevalence of metabolic alterations including dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), and abnormalities in biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. KS subjects are characterized by subclinical abnormalities in endothelial function and in left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, which - when associated with chronotropic incompetence - may negatively influence cardiopulmonary performance. Moreover, KS patients appear to be at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, due to thromboembolic events with high prevalence of recurrent venous ulcers, venous insufficiency, recurrent venous and arterial thromboembolism leading to deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. EXPERT OPINION Considering the unequivocal finding of increased mortality of KS patients, we suggest a periodic cardiovascular follow up in specialized centers with multidisciplinary care teams that comprise endocrinologists and cardiologists dedicated to KS syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Accardo
- a Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurologic , Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Vanda Amoresano Paglionico
- a Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurologic , Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Rosa Di Fraia
- a Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurologic , Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Cittadini
- b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University School of Medicine , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Salzano
- b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University School of Medicine , Naples , Italy
| | - Daniela Esposito
- a Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurologic , Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples , Naples , Italy
- c Department of Endocrinology Institute of Medicine , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Annamaria De Bellis
- a Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurologic , Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Daniela Pasquali
- a Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurologic , Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples , Naples , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Simsek L, Zamani AG, Taskapu HH, Yildirim MS. A rare case in literature: Isochromosome Xq in Klinefelter syndrome. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13253. [PMID: 30746732 DOI: 10.1111/and.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klinefelter syndrome(KS), affecting 1 in 500-1,000 newborn males, is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy among males with primary hypogonadism. Isochromosome Xq on the other hand is a rare variant of Klinefelter syndrome, accounting approximately 0.3% of all KS and associated with normal height and androgenisation compared to classical KS. Here, we present a case of isochromosome Xq variant of KS with similar clinical and cytogenetic findings with the few cases reported before. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 25-year-old male patient referred to our clinic with complaint of infertility. He is the son of a consanguineous couple who are first cousins and there was no family history of reproductive difficulty. In physical examination synophrys, prominent ear and small testicles noted. The patient's spermiogram showed azoospermia and scrotal USG revealed testicular atrophy. RESULTS Karyotype analysis using G-banding resulted as 47,X,i(X)(q10),Y, and STR analysis showed no deletion in AZF and SRY loci of interest. CONCLUSION Although several isochromosome Xq variant of KS cases can be found in literature, it is our duty to emphasise the importance of karyotyping for patients with reproductive difficulty who may not have all features of classical Klinefelter syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levent Simsek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Gul Zamani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Hakkı Taskapu
- Department of Urology, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Selman Yildirim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sexual Identity Disorder and Psychosis in Klinefelter Syndrome: A Synthesis of Literature and a Case Report. J Nerv Ment Dis 2019; 207:121-125. [PMID: 30672880 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) 47, XXY is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality causing hypogonadism in humans. This chromosomal abnormality of number in its classical form called homogeneous (supernumerary X) is generally the result of a meiosis accident. Several studies have suggested that individuals with KS are at greater risk of developing various psychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. The diagnosis is made based on subnormal testosterone with high pituitary gonadotropins and confirmed by determining the karyotype on a blood simple. We did a literature review using an electronic search in three databases: Pubmed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PsychInfo. We found that since 1989, seven case reports with KS and mental disorders with similar and different characteristics of our case illustration of a patient with KS and psychosis were published.
Collapse
|
33
|
Martin S, Cordeiro L, Richardson P, Davis S, Tartaglia N. The Association of Motor Skills and Adaptive Functioning in XXY/Klinefelter and XXYY Syndromes. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2019; 39:446-459. [PMID: 30592247 PMCID: PMC7425033 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2018.1541040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Klinefelter (XXY) and XXYY syndromes are genetic disorders in males characterized by additional sex chromosomes compared to the typical male karyotype of 46, XY. Both conditions have been previously associated with motor delays and motor skills deficits. We aimed to describe and compare motor skills in males with XXY and XXYY syndromes, and to analyze associations with age, cognitive abilities, and adaptive functioning. Methods: Sixty-four males with XXY and 46 males with XXYY, ages 4-20 were evaluated using the Beery Test of Visual Motor Integration and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - 2nd Edition assessments, Vineland-2 adaptive scales, and cognitive testing. Results: Motor coordination impairments were found in 39% of the males with XXY and 73% of the males with XXYY. Both groups showed strengths in visual perceptual skills. Males with XXYY had lower mean scores compared to males with XXY across all assessments. Fine motor dexterity and coordination deficits were common. There was a positive correlation between VMI scores and adaptive functioning. Conclusion: Occupational and physical therapists should be aware of the motor phenotype in XXY and XXYY both to aid in diagnosis of unidentified cases and to guide intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Martin
- a Occupational Therapy Department , Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora , Colorado , USA.,b Department of Occupational Therapy , San Jose State University , San Jose , California , USA
| | - Lisa Cordeiro
- c Department of Pediatrics , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Pamela Richardson
- b Department of Occupational Therapy , San Jose State University , San Jose , California , USA
| | - Shanlee Davis
- c Department of Pediatrics , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Nicole Tartaglia
- a Occupational Therapy Department , Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora , Colorado , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Flannigan R, Patel P, Paduch DA. Klinefelter Syndrome. The Effects of Early Androgen Therapy on Competence and Behavioral Phenotype. Sex Med Rev 2018; 6:595-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
35
|
Kanakis GA, Nieschlag E. Klinefelter syndrome: more than hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018; 86:135-144. [PMID: 29382506 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent chromosome disorder in males (1:650 newborn males), defined by 47,XXY karyotype. The classical phenotype is that of a tall male with relatively long legs, small, firm testes and gynecomastia. Azoospermia and infertility are almost inevitably present, but may be overcome by TESE and ICSI. Nevertheless, a broad spectrum of phenotypes has been described and more than 70% of the actually existing KS men may remain undiagnosed throughout their lifespan. Accordingly, hypogonadism is usually not evident until early adulthood and progresses with ageing. KS patients present a series of comorbidities that increase morbidity and mortality by 40%. Such disturbances are the impaired metabolic profile (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance) and a tendency to thrombosis, which all favor cardiovascular disease. They also present susceptibility for specific neoplasias (breast cancer, extragonadal germ cell tumors), autoimmune diseases as well as osteoporosis and bone fractures. Moreover, KS has been associated with verbal processing and attention deficits as well as social skill impairments, leading KS individuals to academic and professional achievements inferior to those of their peers of comparable socio-economic status. Nevertheless, the majority fall within the average range regarding their intellectual abilities and adaptive functioning. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the mainstay of treatment in hypogonadal KS patients; however, randomized trials are needed to determine optimal therapeutic regimens and follow-up schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Kanakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Athens Naval & VA Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eberhard Nieschlag
- University Hospital of Muenster, Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Domagkstraße 11, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gravholt CH, Chang S, Wallentin M, Fedder J, Moore P, Skakkebæk A. Klinefelter Syndrome: Integrating Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Endocrinology. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:389-423. [PMID: 29438472 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although first identified over 70 years ago, Klinefelter syndrome (KS) continues to pose substantial diagnostic challenges, as many patients are still misdiagnosed, or remain undiagnosed. In fact, as few as 25% of patients with KS are accurately diagnosed and most of these diagnoses are not made until adulthood. Classic characteristics of KS include small testes, infertility, hypergonadothropic hypogonadism, and cognitive impairment. However, the pathophysiology behind KS is not well understood, although genetic effects are also thought to play a role. For example, recent developments in genetics and genomics point to a fundamental change in our understanding of KS, with global epigenetic and RNA expression changes playing a central role for the phenotype. KS is also associated with more general health markers, including higher morbidity and mortality rates and lower socioeconomic status (which likely affect both morbidity and mortality). In addition, hypogonadism is associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and extragonadal germ cell tumors. Medical treatment typically focuses on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), although the effects of this therapy have not been studied rigorously, and future studies need to evaluate the effects of TRT on metabolic risk and neurocognitive outcomes. This review presents a comprehensive interdisciplinary examination of recent developments in genetic, endocrine, and neurocognitive science, including the study of animal models. It provides a number of recommendations for improving the effectiveness of research and clinical practice, including neonatal KS screening programs, and a multidisciplinary approach to KS treatment from childhood until senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Simon Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Esbjerg Sygehus, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Wallentin
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science, and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Fedder
- Centre of Andrology and Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Philip Moore
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington DC
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zanella G, Tornese G, Mascheroni E, Faleschini E, Ventura A, Barbi E. A Klinefelter boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: too much or too little androgens? Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:43. [PMID: 29615074 PMCID: PMC5883637 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The simultaneous occurrence of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an exceptional event: there are just three case reports (two children and a 51 years old man) describing males affected by both KS and 21OHD (21-hydroxylase deficiency) CAH, the first causing androgen deficiency, the latter leading to androgen excess. Case report We report the 4th case of association of KS and CAH in a young man with CAH with good androgen control and with normal secondary sex characteristics, whose Klinefelter syndrome was diagnosed because of reduced testicular volume. He was the first reported case of association of KS and CAH who started androgen replacement therapy in the pubertal age and whose pubertal development was described and followed up step by step. Conclusion In a boy with CAH and small testicular volume, it’s important to consider that hypogonadism may be masked by the adrenal androgens excess and a karyotype should be performed once testicular adrenal rests have been ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Zanella
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell' Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy. .,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell' Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mascheroni
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell' Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy.,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Faleschini
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell' Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ventura
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell' Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy.,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell' Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy.,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim A, Fujimoto M, Hwa V, Backeljauw P, Dauber A. Adrenal Insufficiency, Sex Reversal, and Angelman Syndrome due to Uniparental Disomy Unmasking a Mutation in CYP11A1. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:205-210. [PMID: 29566378 PMCID: PMC5906135 DOI: 10.1159/000487638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder causing primary adrenal insufficiency with or without a 46,XY disorder of sexual development (DSD). Herein, we report a case of the combination of primary adrenal insufficiency, a DSD (testes with female external genitalia in a setting of a 47,XXY karyotype), and Angelman syndrome. METHODS Comprehensive genetic analyses were performed, including a single nucleotide polymorphism microarray and whole-exome sequencing. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the pathogenicity of the novel mutation that was identified by whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS The patient was found to have segmental uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 15 explaining her diagnosis of Angelman syndrome. Whole-exome sequencing further revealed a novel homozygous intronic variant in CYP11A1, the gene encoding P450scc, found within the region of UPD. In vitro studies confirmed that this variant led to decreased efficiency of CYP11A1 splicing. CONCLUSION We report the first case of the combination of 2 rare genetic disorders, Angelman syndrome, and P450scc deficiency. After 20 years of diagnostic efforts, significant advances in genetic diagnostic technology allowed us to determine that these 2 disorders originate from a unified genetic etiology, segmental UPD unmasking a novel recessive mutation in CYP11A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Philippe Backeljauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Dauber
- *Andrew Dauber, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7012, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA), E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Calogero AE, Giagulli VA, Mongioì LM, Triggiani V, Radicioni AF, Jannini EA, Pasquali D. Klinefelter syndrome: cardiovascular abnormalities and metabolic disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:705-712. [PMID: 28258556 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is one of the most common genetic causes of male infertility. This condition is associated with much comorbidity and with a lower life expectancy. The aim of this review is to explore more in depth cardiovascular and metabolic disorders associated to KS. KS patients have an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease (standardized mortality ratio, SMR, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.6-3.0), but it is not clear whether the cause of the death is of thrombotic or hemorrhagic nature. Cardiovascular congenital anomalies (SMR, 7.3; 95% CI, 2.4-17.1) and the development of thrombosis or leg ulcers (SMR, 7.9; 95% CI, 2.9-17.2) are also more frequent in these subjects. Moreover, cardiovascular abnormalities may be at least partially reversed by testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). KS patients have also an increased probability of endocrine and/or metabolic disease, especially obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effects of TRT on these abnormalities are not entirely clear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - V A Giagulli
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - L M Mongioì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - V Triggiani
- Outpatient Clinic for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Conversano Hospital, Conversano, Italy
| | - A F Radicioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Pasquali
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Flannigan R, Schlegel PN. Genetic diagnostics of male infertility in clinical practice. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 44:26-37. [PMID: 28601348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of couples are infertile. Male factors contribute to infertility in over 50% of cases. Identifiable genetic abnormalities contribute to 15%-20% of the most severe forms of male infertility, azoospermia. In this chapter, we explore known genetic causes of male infertility such as Klinefelter syndrome, XYY men, Kallmann syndrome, y-microdeletions, Robertsonian translocations, autosomal inversions, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, x-linked and autosomal gene mutations, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator abnormalities. We also briefly comment on novel biomarkers for male infertility.
Collapse
|
41
|
Variation in the β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine receptor genes is associated with different dimensions of human sociality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5300-5305. [PMID: 28461468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700712114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the number and quality of social relationships have substantial impacts on health, well-being, and longevity, and, at least in animals, on reproductive fitness. Although it is widely recognized that these outcomes are mediated by a number of neuropeptides, the roles these play remain debated. We suggest that an overemphasis on one neuropeptide (oxytocin), combined with a failure to distinguish between different social domains, has obscured the complexity involved. We use variation in 33 SNPs for the receptor genes for six well-known social neuropeptides in relation to three separate domains of sociality (social disposition, dyadic relationships, and social networks) to show that three neuropeptides (β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine) play particularly important roles, with each being associated predominantly with a different social domain. However, endorphins and dopamine have a much wider compass than oxytocin (whose effects are confined to romantic/reproductive relationships and often do not survive control for other neuropeptides). In contrast, vasopressin, serotonin, and testosterone play only limited roles.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bonomi M, Rochira V, Pasquali D, Balercia G, Jannini EA, Ferlin A. Klinefelter syndrome (KS): genetics, clinical phenotype and hypogonadism. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:123-134. [PMID: 27644703 PMCID: PMC5269463 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is characterized by an extreme heterogeneity in its clinical and genetic presentation. The relationship between clinical phenotype and genetic background has been partially disclosed; nevertheless, physicians are aware that several aspects concerning this issue are far to be fully understood. By improving our knowledge on the role of some genetic aspects as well as on the KS, patients' interindividual differences in terms of health status will result in a better management of this chromosomal disease. The aim of this review is to provide an update on both genetic and clinical phenotype and their interrelationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - V Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
- Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
| | - D Pasquali
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Balercia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rohayem J, Nieschlag E, Zitzmann M, Kliesch S. Testicular function during puberty and young adulthood in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome with and without spermatozoa in seminal fluid. Andrology 2016; 4:1178-1186. [PMID: 27611179 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Klinefelter's syndrome experience progressive testicular degeneration resulting in impaired endocrine function and azoospermia. What proportion of adolescents develop testosterone deficiency during puberty and how many have spermatozoa in their semen is unclear to date. We aimed to investigate testicular function during puberty and young adulthood in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and to assess testosterone effects in target tissues. The clinical data of 281 patients with non-mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome aged 10-25 years without previous testosterone replacement were reviewed. In late pubertal adolescents, semen analyses were evaluated, and testicular volumes, hormone and haemoglobin (Hb) levels, the number of CAG repeats and final height data were compared to those of 233 age-matched controls with pubertal gynaecomastia. Spontaneous pubertal virilisation to Tanner stages IV-V occurred. Serum T levels ≥10 nmol/L were reached in 62% of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and in 85% of controls at ages 15-25 (TKFS : 12.2 ± 5.4 vs. TC : 16.6 ± 7.2 nmol/L). LHKFS levels were elevated >10 U/L in 84%, and normal in all controls (LHKFS : 18.6 ± 12.2 vs. LHC : 3.5 ± 1.6 U/L). In nine of 130 (7%) adolescents with Klinefelter's syndrome, spermatozoa (oligozoospermia) were found in semen; all had T levels >7 nmol/L and eight of nine had LH levels ≤18 U/L, while their hormone levels, number of CAG repeats and testicular volumes were not different from those of adolescents with azoospermia. Controls had normal sperm concentrations in 73% (46/63). Semen volumesKFS were normal in 55% vs. 78% in controls; HbKFS was normal in 89% (HbC : 97%). Mean final heightKFS was 185 ± 8 cm vs. 181 ± 7 cm in controls. Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism develops during early puberty in adolescents with Klinefelter's syndrome and remains compensated in over 60% during ages 15-25, with sufficient testosterone secretion for spontaneous accomplishment of pubertal development. Spermatozoa in semen are rare and associated with T levels >7 nmol/L. Parameters reflecting androgen deficiency in target tissues may help to optimise timing of testosterone substitution, which should preferably not be initiated before fertility status has been clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rohayem
- Department of Clinical Andrology, Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - E Nieschlag
- Department of Clinical Andrology, Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - M Zitzmann
- Department of Clinical Andrology, Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Kliesch
- Department of Clinical Andrology, Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Davis S, Howell S, Wilson R, Tanda T, Ross J, Zeitler P, Tartaglia N. Advances in the Interdisciplinary Care of Children with Klinefelter Syndrome. Adv Pediatr 2016; 63:15-46. [PMID: 27426894 PMCID: PMC5340500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanlee Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue B265, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Susan Howell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Developmental Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca Wilson
- Developmental Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tanea Tanda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Developmental Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Judy Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, 833 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Pediatric Endocrinology, Nemours A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Philip Zeitler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue B265, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicole Tartaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Developmental Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nieschlag E, Ferlin A, Gravholt CH, Gromoll J, Köhler B, Lejeune H, Rogol AD, Wistuba J. The Klinefelter syndrome: current management and research challenges. Andrology 2016; 4:545-9. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Nieschlag
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - C. H. Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - J. Gromoll
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - B. Köhler
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology; Charité University; Berlin Germany
| | - H. Lejeune
- Service de Médecine de la Reproduction; Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant; Université Claude-Bernard; Lyon France
| | - A. D. Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics; School of Medicine; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA USA
| | - J. Wistuba
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Spermatogenesis in humans and its affecting factors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:10-26. [PMID: 27143445 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is an extraordinary complex process. The differentiation of spermatogonia into spermatozoa requires the participation of several cell types, hormones, paracrine factors, genes and epigenetic regulators. Recent researches in animals and humans have furthered our understanding of the male gamete differentiation, and led to clinical tools for the better management of male infertility. There is still much to be learned about this intricate process. In this review, the critical steps of human spermatogenesis are discussed together with its main affecting factors.
Collapse
|
48
|
Rogol AD, Skakkebaek NE. Sperm retrieval in adolescent males with Klinefelter syndrome: medical and ethical issues. Transl Pediatr 2016; 5:104-6. [PMID: 27186531 PMCID: PMC4855199 DOI: 10.21037/tp.2016.04.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Rogol
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA ; 2 Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebaek
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA ; 2 Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nahata L, Yu RN, Paltiel HJ, Chow JS, Logvinenko T, Rosoklija I, Cohen LE. Sperm Retrieval in Adolescents and Young Adults with Klinefelter Syndrome: A Prospective, Pilot Study. J Pediatr 2016; 170:260-5.e1-2. [PMID: 26746120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess sperm retrieval rates in adolescents and young adults with Klinefelter syndrome, with the ultimate goal of improving fertility in this population. Secondary aims were to evaluate other clinical characteristics of the cohort and identify predictors of sperm retrieval. STUDY DESIGN Patients 12-25 years of age with Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) were recruited at the Boston Children's Hospital. Physical examination, biochemical evaluation, scrotal ultrasonography, and semen analysis were performed. Neurocognitive data were collected. Microdissection sperm extraction (unilateral micro-testicular sperm extraction) was offered to individuals with no sperm in their ejaculates. Given the small sample size, analysis was primarily descriptive. RESULTS Fifteen patients were enrolled. None had sperm in their ejaculates. Ten patients underwent unilateral micro-testicular sperm extraction. Sperm retrieval rate was 50%. From a neurocognitive standpoint, subjects reported problems with peers, conduct, and overall difficulties. Incidentally, one-third of the patients were found to have testicular microlithiasis and 17% of subjects with renal ultrasound imaging had bilateral renal medullary nephrocalcinosis. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that sperm retrieval rates in adolescents and young adults with Klinefelter syndrome are comparable with those reported in older men. However, larger studies are needed to confirm our findings. The clinical significance of the scrotal and renal ultrasound findings merits further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01817296.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Nahata
- Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
| | - Richard N Yu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jeanne S Chow
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tanya Logvinenko
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ilina Rosoklija
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Laurie E Cohen
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bird RJ, Hurren BJ. Anatomical and clinical aspects of Klinefelter's syndrome. Clin Anat 2016; 29:606-19. [PMID: 26823086 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter's syndrome, the most common sex disorder associated with chromosomal aberrations, is characterized by a plethora of clinical features. Parameters for diagnosis of the syndrome are constantly expanding as new anatomical and hormonal abnormalities are noted, yet Klinefelter's remains underdiagnosed and underreported. This review outlines the key anatomical characteristics associated with the syndrome, which are currently used for clinical diagnosis, or may provide means for improving diagnosis in the future. Clin. Anat. 29:606-619, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Bird
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Bradley J Hurren
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|