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Chen J, Zhang H, Li L, Zhang X, Zhao D, Wang L, Wang J, Yang P, Sun H, Liu K, Chen W, Li L, Lin F, Li Z, Chen YE, Zhang J, Pang D, Ouyang H, He Y, Fan J, Tang X. Lp-PLA 2 (Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A 2) Deficiency Lowers Cholesterol Levels and Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:e11-e28. [PMID: 36412196 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma Lp-PLA2 (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) activity is closely associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, whether and how Lp-PLA2 is directly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is still unclear. To examine the hypothesis that Lp-PLA2 could be a potential preventative target of atherosclerosis, we generated Lp-PLA2 knockout rabbits and investigated the pathophysiological functions of Lp-PLA2. METHODS Lp-PLA2 knockout rabbits were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 system to assess the role of Lp-PLA2 in plasma lipids regulation and identify its underlying molecular mechanisms. Homozygous knockout rabbits along with wild-type rabbits were fed a cholesterol-rich diet for up to 14 weeks and their atherosclerotic lesions were compared. Moreover, the effects of Lp-PLA2 deficiency on the key cellular behaviors in atherosclerosis were assessed in vitro. RESULTS When rabbits were fed a standard diet, Lp-PLA2 deficiency led to a significant reduction in plasma lipids. The decreased protein levels of SREBP2 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2) and HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase) in livers of homozygous knockout rabbits indicated that the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway was impaired with Lp-PLA2 deficiency. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that intracellular Lp-PLA2 efficiently enhanced SREBP2-related cholesterol biosynthesis signaling independently of INSIGs (insulin-induced genes). When fed a cholesterol-rich diet, homozygous knockout rabbits exhibited consistently lower level of hypercholesterolemia, and their aortic atherosclerosis lesions were significantly reduced by 60.2% compared with those of wild-type rabbits. The lesions of homozygous knockout rabbits were characterized by reduced macrophages and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Macrophages of homozygous knockout rabbits were insensitive to M1 polarization and showed reduced DiI-labeled lipoprotein uptake capacity compared with wild-type macrophages. Lp-PLA2 deficiency also inhibited the adhesion between monocytes and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Lp-PLA2 plays a causal role in regulating blood lipid homeostasis and Lp-PLA2 deficiency protects against dietary cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Lp-PLA2 could be a potential target for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Linquan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Lingyu Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Huan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Lin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Zhanjun Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (Y.E.C., J.Z.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (Y.E.C., J.Z.)
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.).,Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China (D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.).,Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China (D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Yuquan He
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.)
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.).,Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China (D.P., H.O., X.T.)
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Association Lp-PLA2 Gene Polymorphisms with Coronary Heart Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9775699. [PMID: 35818585 PMCID: PMC9271005 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9775699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The study evaluated the association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) gene polymorphisms and coronary heart disease (CHD), in order to explore the molecular genetics of CHD. Methods Groups of CHD patients (n = 283) and healthy controls (n = 261) were involved in this study. R92H, V279F, and A379V polymorphisms of LP-PLA2 gene were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing. These polymorphisms and their interaction were also analyzed as potential risk factors of CHD. Results In this study population, the genotypes of R92H (GG, GA, and AA), V279F (CC, AC, and AA) and A379V (GG, GA, and AA) were studied. There was a significantly difference in frequencies of R92H between CHD patients and controls (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant difference in frequencies of V279F and A379V existed between CHD patients and controls. Furthermore, R92H and A379V were in strong linkage disequilibrium. Conclusions These results suggested that R92H polymorphism might contribute to increased risk of CHD.
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Khan MI, Hariprasad G. Structural Modeling of Wild and Mutant Forms of Human Plasma Platelet Activating Factor-Acetyl Hydrolase Enzyme. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:1125-1139. [PMID: 33364808 PMCID: PMC7751442 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s274940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the structural features of wild and mutant forms of the pPAF-AH enzyme that are responsible for coronary artery disease. Methods Mutant variants of human pPAF-AH having either V279F, Q281R, or both were modelled and evaluated for stereo chemical and structural correctness. The 3D coordinates of substrate PAF were retrieved from the PubChem database was solvated and minimized on Discovery Studio, and docked to the wild and mutant enzyme models. The top docked pose complex was refined by MD simulation. Results pPAF-AH model comprises of 420 amino acids in a α/β-hydrolase fold that contains a substrate-binding hydrophobic channel with an active site pocket having a catalytic triad of Ser273, Asp296 and His351. Mutations at positions 279 and 281 are opposite one another on the middle of 12 residues long H5 helix that forms the hydrophobic core of the enzyme. V279F causes a tilt on the axis of the mutation bearing helix to avoid steric clashes with the hydrophobic residues on the β-sheets adjacent to it, inducing subtle conformational changes on the H5-β8 loop, β8 sheet, and the loop bearing Asp296. A cascade of conformational changes induces a change in the orientation of His351 resulting in loss of hydrogen bonded interaction with catalytic Ser273. Q281R causes a shortening of H5 and β8, which induces conformational changes of the loops bearing Ser273 and Asp296, respectively. Simultaneous conformational changes of secondary structural elements result in the flipping of His351 causing a break in the catalytic triad. Also, there is a compromise in the substrate-binding area and volume in the mutants resulting in loss of binding to its substrate. Conclusion Mutant enzymes show changes at the site of the mutation, secondary motif conformations and global structural conformations that adversely affect the active site, decrease substrate channel volume and decrease stability, thereby affecting enzymatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Khan MI, Hariprasad G. Human Secretary Phospholipase A2 Mutations and Their Clinical Implications. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:551-561. [PMID: 32982370 PMCID: PMC7502393 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s269557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) belong to a superfamily of enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acids of membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid. PLA2s are the rate limiting enzyme for the downstream synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes that are the main mediators of inflammation. The extracellular forms of this enzyme are also called the secretary phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and are distributed extensively in most of the tissues in the human body. Their integral role in inflammatory pathways has been the primary reason for the extensive research on this molecule. The catalytic mechanism of sPLA2 is initiated by a histidine/aspartic acid/calcium complex within the active site. Though they are known to have certain housekeeping functions, certain mutations of sPLA2 are known to be implicated in causation of certain pathologies leading to diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, benign fleck retina, neurodegeneration, and asthma. We present an overview of human sPLA2 and a comprehensive compilation of the mutations that result in various disease phenotypes. The study not only helps to have a holistic understanding of human sPLA2 mutations and their clinical implications, but is also a useful platform to initiate research pertaining to structure–function relationship of the mutations to develop effective therapies for management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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The Beneficial Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Lp-PLA2 Mass and Its Distribution between HDL and apoB-Containing Lipoproteins in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5850865. [PMID: 32256955 PMCID: PMC7085885 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5850865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a new specific vascular inflammation biomarker that is carried by the lipoproteins in the blood and plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Increased Lp-PLA2 levels and impaired Lp-PLA2 distribution across high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL lipoproteins have been reported in diabetic patients, which is associated with the increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA), as an antioxidant with potential cardioprotective properties, on the Lp-PLA2 mass and its distribution in diabetic patients. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, seventy diabetic patients were randomly allocated to ALA (1200 mg ALA as two 600 mg capsules/day) and placebo (two maltodextrin capsules/day) groups. The serum levels of total Lp-PLA2 mass, HDL-Lp-PLA2, oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1), lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and insulin were measured, and apolipoprotein B- (apoB-) associated Lp-PLA2 and homeostasis model of assessment index (HOMA-IR) were calculated at the baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. ALA significantly decreased the ox-LDL, total Lp-PLA2 mass, apoB-associated Lp-PLA2, and percent of apoB-associated Lp-PLA2 and triglyceride and increased the percent of HDL-Lp-PLA2 compared with the placebo group but had no significant effect on HDL-Lp-PLA2 mass, apo A1, lipid profiles, and glycemic indices. There was a positive correlation between the reduction in the ox-LDL level and total Lp-PLA2 mass in the ALA group. In conclusion, ALA may decrease the CVD risk by reducing the ox-LDL and Lp-PLA2 mass and improving the Lp-PLA2 distribution among lipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Xiang J, Yang J, Chen L, Chen Q, Yang H, Sun C, Zhou Q, Peng Z. Reinterpretation of common pathogenic variants in ClinVar revealed a high proportion of downgrades. Sci Rep 2020; 10:331. [PMID: 31942019 PMCID: PMC6962394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency disease-causing alleles exist, but their number is rather small. This study aimed to interpret and reclassify common pathogenic (P) and likely pathogenic (LP) variants in ClinVar and to identify indicators linked with reclassification. We analyzed P/LP variants without conflicting interpretations in ClinVar. Only variants with an allele frequency exceeding 0.5% in at least one ancestry in gnomAD were included. Variants were manually interpreted according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Of 326 variants retrieved, 217 variants in 173 genes were selected for curation. Overall, 87 (40%) variants were downgraded to benign, likely benign or variant of uncertain significance. Five variants (2%) were found to be more likely to be risk factors. Most of the reclassifications were of variants with a low rank, an older classification, a higher allele frequency, or which were collected through methods other than clinical testing. ClinVar provides a universal platform for users who intend to share the classification variants, resulting in the improved concordance of variant interpretation. P/LP variants with a high allele frequency should be used with caution. Ongoing improvements would further improve the practicability of ClinVar database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xiang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lisha Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 45000, China
| | - Chengcheng Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyu Peng
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
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Kono N, Arai H. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases: An overview and update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:922-931. [PMID: 30055287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) are unique members of the phospholipase A2 family that can hydrolyze the acetyl group of PAF, a signaling phospholipid that has roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes. Three types of PAF-AH have been identified in mammals, one plasma type and two intracellular types [PAF-AH (I) and PAF-AH (II)]. Plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) are monomeric enzymes that are structurally similar, while PAF-AH (I) is a multimeric enzyme with no homology to other PAF-AHs. PAF-AH (I) shows a strong preference for an acetyl group, whereas plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) also hydrolyze phospholipids with oxidatively modified fatty acids. Plasma PAF-AH has been implicated in several diseases including cardiovascular disease. PAF-AH (I) is required for spermatogenesis and is increasingly recognized as an oncogenic factor. PAF-AH (II) was recently shown to act as a bioactive lipid-producing enzyme in mast cells and thus could be a drug target for allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Widodo, Ramadhani AN, Nofitasari A, Puspitarini S, Priyandoko D, Saifur Rohman M, Lukitasari M. The V279F polymorphism might change protein character and immunogenicity in Lp-PLA2 protein. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yamaura S, Sakasegawa SI, Koguma E, Ueda S, Kayamori Y, Sugimori D, Karasawa K. Novel enzymatic method for assaying Lp-PLA 2 in serum. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 481:184-188. [PMID: 29550277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) can be used as an adjunct to traditional cardiovascular risk factors for identifying individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular events. This can be performed by quantification of the protein concentration using an ELISA platform or by measuring Lp-PLA2 activity using platelet-activating factor (PAF) analog as substrate. Here, an enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay method using 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (rac C16 PAF) was developed. METHODS The newly revealed substrate specificity of lysoplasmalogen-specific phospholipase D (lysophospholipase D (LysoPLD)) was exploited. Lp-PLA2 hydrolyzes 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 PAF) to 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LysoPAF). LysoPLD acted on LysoPAF, and the hydrolytically released choline was detected by choline oxidase. RESULTS Regression analysis of Lp-PLA2 activity measured by the enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay vs. two chemical Lp-PLA2 activity assays, i.e. LpPLA2 FS and PLAC® test, and ELISA, gave the following correlation coefficients: 0.990, 0.893 and 0.785, respectively (n = 30). CONCLUSION Advantages of this enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay compared with chemical Lp-PLA2 methods include the following; (i) only requires two reagents enabling a simple two-point linear calibration method with one calibrator (ii) no need for inhibitors of esterase-like activity in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yamaura
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | | | - Emisa Koguma
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ueda
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kayamori
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Ken Karasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
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Ma M, Zhai CX, Sun CX. Correlations Between LP-PLA2 Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility and Severity of Acute Pancreatitis in a Chinese Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:206-212. [PMID: 28332853 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Department of Emergency, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhai
- Department of Emergency, Laiwu City People's Hospital, Laiwu, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Kim M, Kim M, Yoo HJ, Jang HY, Lee SH, Lee JH. Effects of overweight and the PLA2G7 V279F polymorphism on the association of age with systolic blood pressure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173611. [PMID: 28334001 PMCID: PMC5363925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study aimed to determine the effects of the persistence of overweight for three years and the PLA2G7 V279F polymorphism, as well as the interaction between these factors, on the association of age with blood pressure (BP). Healthy middle-aged subjects with normotensive BP were divided into the normal-weight and overweight groups. The PLA2G7 V279F genotype, BP, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were determined. Lp-PLA2 activity was lower in the F allele subjects (n = 111) than in those with the VV genotype (n = 389). The overweight individuals with the F allele had lower Lp-PLA2 activity and ox-LDL at both baseline and after three years and lower systolic and diastolic BP and LDL cholesterol after three years compared with those with the VV phenotype. After three years, the overweight subjects with the VV phenotype exhibited greater increases in Lp-PLA2 activity, systolic BP, and ox-LDL than those with the F allele and normal-weight subjects with the VV phenotype. A multivariate analysis revealed that the PLA2G7 V279F genotype, baseline BMI, changes in Lp-PLA2 activity and ox-LDL remained independently and positively associated with changes in systolic BP. The simultaneous presence of the PLA2G7 279VV genotype and persistence of overweight synergistically increases the risk for hypertension, whereas lower Lp-PLA2 activity in PLA2G7 279F allele carriers might offer certain protection against hypertension, even in individuals who have been overweight for over three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Young Jang
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Measom ND, Down KD, Hirst DJ, Jamieson C, Manas ES, Patel VK, Somers DO. Investigation of a Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane as a Phenyl Replacement within an LpPLA 2 Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:43-48. [PMID: 28105273 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the incorporation of a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane moiety within two known LpPLA2 inhibitors to act as bioisosteric phenyl replacements. An efficient synthesis to the target compounds was enabled with a dichlorocarbene insertion into a bicyclo[1.1.0]butane system being the key transformation. Potency, physicochemical, and X-ray crystallographic data were obtained to compare the known inhibitors to their bioisosteric counterparts, which showed the isostere was well tolerated and positively impacted on the physicochemical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Measom
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Kenneth D. Down
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David J. Hirst
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Eric S. Manas
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, United States
| | - Vipulkumar K. Patel
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Don O. Somers
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
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Val279Phe variant of Lp-PLA2 is a risk factor for a subpopulation of Indonesia patients with acute myocardial infarction. Genes Dis 2016; 3:289-293. [PMID: 30258899 PMCID: PMC6147166 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a member of the phospholipase A2 superfamily, is an enzyme that hydrolyses phospholipids, is found in blood circulation as a sign of inflammation, and takes a role in atherogenesis. There is an epidemiologic relation between increased Lp-PLA2 levels and coronary heart disease. Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme that is produced by macrophages and takes a role as an independent predictor of a coronary event. A genetic variant of Val279Phe on the Lp-PLA2 gene has been reported with various results in Japan, China, Korea, and Caucasian populations. This study aims to analyse the influence of the Val279Phe genetic variant on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at Saiful Anwar Hospital, Indonesia. This study was conducted on 151 patients (111 AMI patients and 40 non-AMI patients). The genetic variant of Val279Phe was identified through a genotyping method. There were no significant differences in age, total cholesterol level, LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) level, and family history data between AMI and non-AMI patients. However, AMI patients had low HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), triglyceride levels, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension risk factors compared to non-AMI patients. The frequency of the GG genotype (279Val) was dominant in both AMI and non-AMI groups. Further analysis suggested that the GG genotype has a 2.9 times greater risk of AMI compared to the GT/TT genotype (279Phe). This study concluded that the Val279Phe genetic variant undoubtedly influenced AMI risk, which is a warrant for further development of early detection and improving strategy to prevent AMI in patients.
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Ueshima H, Kadowaki T, Hisamatsu T, Fujiyoshi A, Miura K, Ohkubo T, Sekikawa A, Kadota A, Kadowaki S, Nakamura Y, Miyagawa N, Okamura T, Kita Y, Takashima N, Kashiwagi A, Maegawa H, Horie M, Yamamoto T, Kimura T, Kita T. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 is related to risk of subclinical atherosclerosis but is not supported by Mendelian randomization analysis in a general Japanese population. Atherosclerosis 2016; 246:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ma Y. Associations of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene polymorphisms with risk of ischemic stroke. Biomed Rep 2015; 4:246-250. [PMID: 26893847 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) has an important function in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the variation of polymorphisms (R92H and V279F) in PAF-AH and ischemic stroke. A total of 375 patients with ischemic stroke and 370 healthy controls were recruited into the study. Polymorphisms of V279F and R92H in PAF-AH were detected by polymerase chain reaction and DNA direct sequencing method. No significant association was observed between V279F and ischemic stroke. However, the RH+HH genotype, RH genotype and H allele of R92H were significantly associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (P=0.02, P=0.03 and P=0.02, respectively), In addition, these correlations remained following adjustment for confounding risk factors of stroke. Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that a significant association with R92H was identified in the large-artery atherosclerotic stroke subgroup. These findings indicated that variation of R92H in the PAF-AH gene may contribute to ischemic stroke susceptibility in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Masbuchin AN, Rohman MS, Putri JF, Cahyaningtyas M, Widodo. 279(Val→Phe) Polymorphism of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) resulted in changes of folding kinetics and recognition to substrate. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 59 Pt A:199-207. [PMID: 26595893 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PLA2G7 encodes Lp-PLA2 having role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by catalyzing its substrate, phosphatydilcholine (PC), to be pro-inflammatory substances. The increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) in Asian population has been related with this enzyme. 279(Val→Phe) variant was reported to have a protective role against CAD due to, in part, secretion defect or loss of enzymatic function. Therefore, We study folding kinetics and enzyme-substrate interaction in 279(Val→Phe) by using clinical and computational biology approach. METHODS Polymorphisms were detected by genotyping among 103 acute myocardial infarction patients and 37 controls. Folding Lp-PLA2 was simulated using GROMACS software by assessing helicity, hydrogen bond formation and stability. The interactions of Lp-PLA2 and its substrate were simulated using Pyrx software followed by molecular dynamics simulation using YASARA software. RESULT Polymorphism of 279(Val→Phe) was represented by the change of nucleotide from G to T of 994th PLA2G7 gene. The folding simulation suggested a decreased percentage of α-helix, hydrogen bond formation, hydrogen bond stability and hydrophobicity in 279(Val→Phe). The PC did not interact with active site of 279(Val→Phe) as paradoxically observed in 279 valine. 279(Val→Phe) polymorphism is likely to cause unstable binding to the substrate and decrease the enzymatic activity as observed in molecular dynamics simulations. The results of our computational biology study supported a protected effect of 279(Val→Phe) Polymorphism showed by the odd ratio for MI of 0.22 (CI 95% 0.035-1.37) in this study. CONCLUSION 279(Val→Phe) Polymorphism of Lp-PLA2 may lead to decrease the enzymatic activity via changes of folding kinetics and recognition to its substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainun Nizar Masbuchin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
| | - Mohammad Saifur Rohman
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Jayarani Fatimah Putri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Miryanti Cahyaningtyas
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Widodo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
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Maiolino G, Bisogni V, Rossitto G, Rossi GP. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 prognostic role in atherosclerotic complications. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:609-620. [PMID: 26516415 PMCID: PMC4620072 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis manifests itself clinically at advanced stages when plaques undergo hemorrhage and/or rupture with superimposed thrombosis, thus abruptly stopping blood supply. Identification of markers of plaque destabilization at a pre-clinical stage is, therefore, a major goal of cardiovascular research. Promising results along this line were provided by studies investigating the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), a member of phospholipase A2 proteins family that plays a key role in the metabolism of pro-inflammatory phospholipids, as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, and in the generation of pro-atherogenic metabolites, including lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized free fatty acids. We herein review the experimental and clinical studies supporting use of Lp-PLA2 activity for predicting cardiovascular events. To his end we considered not only Lp-PLA2 activity and mass, but also Lp-PLA2 gene variations and their association with incident coronary artery disease, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. Based on these evidences the major scientific societies have included in their guidelines the measurement of Lp-PLA2 activity among the biomarkers that are useful in risk stratification of adult asymptomatic patients at intermediate cardiovascular risk. The results of two recently published major clinical trials with the Lp-PLA2 inhibitor darapladib, which seem to challenge the pathogenic role of Lp-PLA2, will also be discussed.
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Maiolino G, Lenzini L, Pedon L, Cesari M, Seccia TM, Frigo AC, Rossitto G, Caroccia B, Rossi GP. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2015; 16:29-36. [PMID: 24732951 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that variations in the PLA2G7 gene encoding the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), an enzyme deemed to have proatherogenic activity, affect the Lp-PLA2 levels and predicts cardiovascular events. METHODS Using a prospective cohort study design, we investigated incident cardiovascular events as a function of the PLA2G7 gene for rs1805017, rs1805018, and rs1051931 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 643 randomly selected white patients from the GENICA Study, who at baseline underwent coronary angiography, measurement of Lp-PLA2 mass and activity. Cardiovascular event-free survival was compared across the genotypes by Cox regression, propensity score matching, and haplotype analysis. RESULTS The rs1805018 SNP did not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and was not further explored. The rs1805017 GG genotype had a lower Lp-PLA2 mass and a higher Lp-PLA2 activity, thus suggesting that this SNP is functional. Long-term follow-up (median 7.8 years) was obtained in 75% of the cohort and allowed recording of incident cardiovascular events in 25.8% of the patients. On Cox regression analysis, the common rs1805017 GG genotype predicted acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [hazard ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.99, P = 0.041]; this finding was confirmed on propensity score matching (82.6% AMI-free survival in GG vs. 94.4% in GA + AA, P = 0.003). The rs1805017 and rs1051931 G/G haplotype was also associated with AMI (52.7 vs. 42.2%, P = 0.026) and cardiovascular event incidence (49.5 vs. 41.7%, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION In high-risk coronary artery disease patients of European ancestry, the PLA2G7 rs1805017 GG genotype is associated with increased Lp-PLA2 plasma activity and AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Maiolino
- aDepartment of Medicine - DIMED - Internal Medicine 4 bDivisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale di Cittadella, Cittadella cDepartment of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Garg PK, McClelland RL, Jenny NS, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Rosenson RS, Siscovick DS, Jorgensen N, Cushman M. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in a multi-ethnic cohort: The multi ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:176-82. [PMID: 26004387 PMCID: PMC4504012 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prospective studies reporting a positive association of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mass and activity with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) have included primarily white individuals. We evaluated associations of Lp-PLA2 and first-time cardiovascular events in a healthy multi-ethnic cohort characterized by presence or absence of baseline subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were measured at baseline in 5456 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Individuals were characterized for presence of baseline subclinical disease (coronary artery calcium score > 0 or carotid intima-media thickness value > 80th percentile) and followed prospectively for development of CVD events (coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death). RESULTS 516 incident CVD events occurred over median follow-up of 10.2 years. In adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, each higher standard deviation of both Lp-PLA2 activity and mass was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events; hazard ratios (HR; 95% confidence intervals (CI)) 1.12 (1.01-1.26) for Lp-PLA2 activity and 1.10 (1.01-1.21) for mass. Associations did not differ by subclinical disease status (p-value for interaction 0.99 for Lp-PLA2 activity and 0.32 for Lp-PLA2 mass) and there was no confounding by subclinical atherosclerosis measures. Associations of Lp-PLA2 activity but not mass were weaker in Chinese participants but there were relatively few events among Chinese in race-stratified analysis. CONCLUSION In this multi-ethnic cohort, Lp-PLA2 was positively associated with CVD risk, regardless of the presence of coronary artery calcium or a thickened carotid-intimal media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen K Garg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Nancy S Jenny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Michael H Criqui
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of California in San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Neal Jorgensen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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20
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Effects of A379V variant of the Lp-PLA 2 gene on Lp-PLA 2 activity and markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function in Koreans. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 38:477-84. [PMID: 24682749 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-014-1074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A379V variant in the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA 2) gene is known to be functional, but there are contradicting data concerning the A379V polymorphism, Lp-PLA2 activity and cardiovascular disease risk. We determined the interplay between A379V SNP, Lp-PLA2 activity, and markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function with and without the effect of V279F variant. 3,220 unrelated and healthy Koreans (40-79 years) were genotyped for the Lp-PLA 2 polymorphism (A379V and V279F). Lp-PLA2 activity and markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function were measured. Lp-PLA2 activity was 3.9% higher in A/V subjects (n = 821) and 7.8% in V/V (n = 79) than in those with A/A (n = 2,320). Urinary levels of 8-epi-PGF2α were significantly lower in subjects with the A/V or the V/V genotype than in those with the A/A genotype (A/A; 1,426 ± 14, A/V; 1,371 ± 26, V/V; 1,199 ± 58 pg/mg creatinine, P = 0.003). Subjects with the 379 V/V genotype had lower serum concentrations of sICAM-1 and p-selectin compared to those with the A/A or the A/V genotype. When subjects were further stratified into subgroups based on the combination of A379V and V279F genotypes, there was no significant association between A379V genotypes and Lp-PLA2 activities in the 279 V/V group. However, the associations of the A379V SNP with levels of 8-epi-PGF2α, sICAM-1, and p-selectin remained in the subset analysis based on the V279F genotypes. This study showed a reduction in oxidative stress in subjects carrying 379V allele and the recessive effect of the A379V on the endothelial function. It is likely that the A379V polymorphism has a qualitative effect, probably by disrupting the affinity of Lp-PLA2 for platelet-activating factor substrate, towards a more anti-oxidative or anti-atherogenic form.
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Tremblay BL, Cormier H, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Vohl MC. Association between polymorphisms in phospholipase A2 genes and the plasma triglyceride response to an n-3 PUFA supplementation: a clinical trial. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:12. [PMID: 25889305 PMCID: PMC4342012 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish oil-derived long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduce plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. Genetic factors such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in genes involved in metabolic pathways of n-3 PUFA could be responsible for well-recognized heterogeneity in plasma TG response to n-3 PUFA supplementation. Previous studies have shown that genes in the glycerophospholipid metabolism such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) group II, IV, and VI, demonstrate changes in their expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after n-3 PUFA supplementation. METHODS A total of 208 subjects consumed 3 g/day of n-3 PUFA for 6 weeks. Plasma lipids were measured before and after the supplementation period. Five SNPs in PLA2G2A, six in PLA2G2C, eight in PLA2G2D, six in PLA2G2F, 22 in PLA2G4A, five in PLA2G6, and nine in PLA2G7 were genotyped. The MIXED Procedure for repeated measures adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and energy intake was used in order to test whether the genotype, supplementation or interaction (genotype by supplementation) were associated with plasma TG levels. RESULTS The n-3 PUFA supplementation had an independent effect on plasma TG levels. Genotype effects on plasma TG levels were observed for rs2301475 in PLA2G2C, rs818571 in PLA2G2F, and rs1569480 in PLA2G4A. Genotype x supplementation interaction effects on plasma TG levels were observed for rs1805018 in PLA2G7 as well as for rs10752979, rs10737277, rs7540602, and rs3820185 in PLA2G4A. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, SNPs in PLA2 genes may influence plasma TG levels during a supplementation with n-3 PUFA. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01343342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte L Tremblay
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Hubert Cormier
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- CHU de Québec Research Center - Endocrinology and Nephrology, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Quebec, QC, Canada.
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Patrick Couture
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,CHU de Québec Research Center - Endocrinology and Nephrology, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Quebec, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,CHU de Québec Research Center - Endocrinology and Nephrology, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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22
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Karasawa K. Naturally Occurring Missense Mutation in Plasma PAF-AH Among the Japanese Population. Enzymes 2015; 38:117-43. [PMID: 26612650 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the plasma PAF-AH enzyme, i.e., G994T, which causes the substitution of Val at amino acid 279 with Phe (V279F), has been found in the Japanese population. This enzyme preferentially degrades oxidatively modulated or truncated phospholipids; therefore, it has been suggested that this enzyme may prevent the accumulation of proinflammatory and proatherogenic oxidized phospholipids. This hypothesis is supported by the higher prevalence of the V279F mutation in patients with asthmatic and atherosclerotic diseases, as compared with healthy controls. This mutation is rare in the Caucasian population. The plasma PAF-AH mass and enzyme activity are distributed over a wide range in the plasma and they are positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, several clinical studies in the Caucasian population have suggested that this enzyme has the opposite role. This enzyme plays an active role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis via proinflammatory and proatherogenic lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized fatty acids produced through the oxidation of LDL by this enzyme. Thus, plasma PAF-AH is a unique enzyme with dual roles in human inflammatory diseases. In this chapter, on the basis of recent findings we describe the association between a naturally occurring missense mutation in plasma PAF-AH and human diseases especially including atherosclerosis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Karasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Karabina S, Ninio E. Plasma PAFAH/PLA2G7 Genetic Variability, Cardiovascular Disease, and Clinical Trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 38:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jung S, Kim M, Chae JS, Lee SH, Joo J, Lee JH. Carriage of the V279F homozygous genotype, a rare allele, within the gene encoding Lp-PLA2 leads to changes in circulating intermediate metabolites in individuals without metabolic syndrome. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1243-52. [PMID: 25078067 DOI: 10.5551/jat.23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Identifying differences in plasma metabolic profiling between Lp-PLA2 279VV and 279FF in individuals without metabolic syndrome (MetS) can be used to elucidate the roles of novel Lp-PLA2 activities in normal physiological processes. METHODS Non-MetS individuals with 279FF (n=36) and age-, sex- and BMI-matched VV subjects (n=36) were included in this analysis. RESULTS The FF subjects exhibited no appreciable enzyme activity. No significant differences were observed between the VV and FF subjects in the serum lipid profiles or hs-CRP, plasma ox-LDL, MDA or urinary 8-epi-PGF2α levels. The FF subjects also showed lower activities of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) (16:0) (p=0.003) and oleamide (p<0.001) and a higher activity of L-tryptophan (p=0.016) than the VV subjects. In addition, the Lp-PLA2 activity positively correlated with the lysoPC (16:0) and lysoPC (18:0) activities and negatively correlated with the PC (16:0/22:6) and L-tryptophan activities in the VV subjects. Furthermore, in the VV subjects, the lysoPC (16:0) and lysoPC (18:0) activities negatively correlated with the presence of PCs containing 14:0/20:2, 14:0/22:4 and 16:0/22:6, while the oleamide activity exhibited a strong positive correlation with lysoPCs and a negative correlation with PCs, whereas the relationship between oleamide and lysoPCs and PCs was weaker in the FF subjects. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that the natural absence of the plasma Lp-PLA2 activity due to carriage of the Lp-PLA2 279FF genotype may reduce the generation of lysoPC (16:0) and oleamide and thereby enhance the activity of plasma tryptophan in normal physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saem Jung
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University
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Zheng GH, Xiong SQ, Chen HY, Mei LJ, Wang T. Associations of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) gene polymorphisms with circulating PAF-AH levels and risk of coronary heart disease or blood stasis syndrome in the Chinese Han population. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7141-51. [PMID: 25034894 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The circulating level of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a novel biomarker to predict the presence of coronary heart disease. PAF-AH gene polymorphisms may be responsible for the variance of circulating PAF-AH levels in individuals. However, the association of PAF-AH gene polymorphisms with circulating PAF-AH levels and the susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unsolved. Blood stasis syndrome (BSS) of CHD is the most common type of TCM syndromes, and a previous study discovered its relationship with the elevated circulating PAF-AH levels. However, the association of gene polymorphisms and CHD with BSS is unclear at present. In this study, four polymorphisms (R92H, I198T, A379V, V279F) of the PAF-AH gene were genotyped in 570 CHD patients, of which 299 had BSS. In addition, 317 unaffected individuals from the same hospitals served as controls. Plasma PAF-AH levels were measured in 155 controls and 271 CHD patients selected randomly, including 139 CHD patients with BSS. In the Chinese Han population, plasma PAF-AH levels in CHD patients with BSS or without BSS were significantly higher (12.9 ± 6.5 and 11.1 ± 5.0 μM, respectively) than in controls (9.3 ± 5.2 μM); this difference still remained significant after adjustment for traditional risk factors or the inflammatory factors. The R92H polymorphism was highly related to the plasma PAF-AH levels and the risk of CHD, especially among patients with BSS, even with the adjustment for the effects of traditional factors. The I198T polymorphism was highly associated with risk of CHD with BSS, but was associated with neither the risk of CHD with no BSS nor with elevated plasma PAF-AH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Zheng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China,
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Holst-Albrechtsen S, Kjaergaard M, Huynh ANT, Sorensen JK, Hosbond S, Nybo M. Can lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 be used as a predictor of long-term outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Curr Cardiol Rev 2014; 9:310-5. [PMID: 24313641 PMCID: PMC3941095 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x09666131202143349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Lp-PLA2 seems to play a crucial role in the formation of plaques and acute inflammation, and plasma Lp-PLA2 could therefore potentially be used as a predictor of long-term outcome in ACS patients. To evaluate this, data concerning Lp-PLA2 as a predictor in ACS patients was gathered through a systematic literature review, and studies on this issue were extracted from relevant databases, incl. PubMed and Cochrane. A total of 14 articles were retrieved, but after thorough evaluation and elimination of irrelevant articles only seven studies were eligible for the literature review. All studies except two showed significant correlation between Lp-PLA2 and CV events in ACS patients. Only one study found an independent value to predict CV events 30 days after ACS. Altogether, there was inconsistency in the findings regarding the potential use of Lp-PLA2 and a lack of knowledge on several issues. Lp-PLA2 seems to give valuable information on which ACS patients are prone to new events and also provides important information on plaque size. However, more focused studies concerning genetic variations, time-window impact, patients with and without CV risk factors (e.g. diabetes), and treatment effects are needed. In conclusion, Lp-PLA2 offers new insight in the pathophysiological development of ACS, but until the aforementioned issues are addressed the biomarker will mainly be of interest in a research setting, not as a predictive parameter in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mads Nybo
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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Maeda T, Takeuchi K, Xiaoling P, P Zankov D, Takashima N, Fujiyoshi A, Kadowaki T, Miura K, Ueshima H, Ogita H. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 regulates macrophage apoptosis via the Akt and caspase-7 pathways. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:839-53. [PMID: 24717759 DOI: 10.5551/jat.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Mutations in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) are related to atherosclerosis. However, the molecular effects of Lp-PLA2 on atherosclerosis have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study attempted to elucidate this issue. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from randomly selected healthy male volunteers according to each Lp-PLA2 genotype (wild-type Lp-PLA2 [Lp-PLA2 (V/V)], the heterozygous V279F mutation [LpPLA2 (V/F)] and the homozygous V279F mutation [Lp-PLA2 (F/F)]) and differentiated into macrophages. The level of apoptosis in the macrophages following incubation without serum was measured using the annexin V/propidium iodide double staining method, and the underlying mechanisms were further examined using a culture cell line. RESULTS The average plasma Lp-PLA2 concentration [Lp-PLA2 (V/V): 129.4 ng/mL, Lp-PLA2 (V/F): 70.7 ng/mL, Lp-PLA2 (F/F): 0.4 ng/mL] and activity [Lp-PLA2 (V/V): 164.3 nmol/min/mL, LpPLA2 (V/F): 100.9 nmol/min/mL, Lp-PLA2 (F/F): 11.6 nmol/min/mL] were significantly different between each genotype, although the basic clinical characteristics were similar. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher among the Lp-PLA2 (F/F) macrophages compared with that observed in the Lp-PLA2 (V/V) macrophages. This induction of apoptosis was independent of the actions of acetylated low-density lipoproteins. In addition, the transfection of the expression plasmid of V279F mutant Lp-PLA2 into Cos-7 cells or monocyte/macrophage-like U937 cells promoted apoptosis. The knockdown of Lp-PLA2 also increased the number of apoptotic cells. Among the cells expressing mutant Lp-PLA2, the caspase-7 activity was increased, while the activated Akt level was decreased. CONCLUSIONS The V279F mutation of Lp-PLA2 positively regulates the induction of apoptosis in macrophages and Cos-7 cells. An increase in the caspase-7 activity and a reduction in the activated Akt level are likely to be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinaga Maeda
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science
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Liu X, Zhu RX, Tian YL, Li Q, Li L, Deng SM, He ZY. Association of PLA2G7 gene polymorphisms with ischemic stroke in northern Chinese Han population. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:404-8. [PMID: 24463064 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), encoded by the PLA2G7 gene, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation. This study is aimed at evaluating the potential association of V279F and A379V in PLA2G7 gene with ischemic stroke where inflammatory process is involved. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 386 patients with ischemic stroke and 386 healthy controls were included in the study. The single nucleotide polymorphisms, V279F and A379V, were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction method. RESULTS The frequencies of VV+AV genotype, AV genotype and V allele of A379V in the patients with ischemic stroke were significantly higher than those in the controls (P=0.02, P=0.03, P=0.02, respectively). These correlations still remained after adjusting for confounding risk factors of stroke. Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that a significant association with A379V was found in large-artery atherosclerotic stroke subgroup. In addition, no significant association was observed between V279F and ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION The study indicated that the A379V variant in PLA2G7 gene might contribute to ischemic stroke susceptibility in northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui-Xia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi-Li Tian
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Qu Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu-Min Deng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, China.
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Xu L, Zhou J, Huang S, Huang Y, LE Y, Jiang D, Wang F, Yang X, Xu W, Huang X, Dong C, Zhang L, Ye M, Lian J, Duan S. An association study between genetic polymorphisms related to lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) and coronary heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:742-750. [PMID: 23404648 PMCID: PMC3570076 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity or levels in American and European individuals. A total of 290 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, 198 non-CHD patients and 331 unrelated healthy volunteers were recruited for the present case-control study of Han Chinese. Four SNPs (rs964184 of ZNF259, rs7528419 of CELSR2 and rs7756935 and rs1805017 of PLA2G7) were shown to be significantly associated with CHD. The rs964184-G allele of the ZNF259 gene was identified as a risk factor of CHD in females (odds ratio (OR) =1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.00–2.22, P=0.05). The rs7528419-G allele of the CELSR2 gene was protective against CHD in males (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.25–0.93, P=0.04). The other two alleles (rs7756935-C and rs1805017-A) of the PLA2G7 gene acted as protective factors against CHD in females (rs7756935-C: OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.35–1.00, P=0.05; rs1805017-A: OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.28–0.93, P=0.03). Moreover, rs1805017 of the PLA2G7 gene was associated with the severity of CHD only in females (r2=0.02, P=0.04). We identified four Lp-PLA2-associated SNPs significantly associated with CHD in a Han Chinese population. Specifically, rs7528419 was protective factor against CHD in males, while the other two SNPs (rs7756935 and rs1805017 of the PLA2G7 gene) were protective factors against CHD in females and rs964184 of the ZNF259 gene was regarded as a risk factor for CHD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Xu
- School of Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211
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Gregson J, Stirnadel-Farrant HA, Doobaree IU, Koro C. Variation of lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 across demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of the literature. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:11-21. [PMID: 22784637 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein association phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA(2)), an enzyme which has been found in atherosclerotic plaque is currently under investigation in large Phase III clinical trials of vascular disease prevention. We assessed in a variety of different population settings variation of Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity across gender, ethnicity, diabetes, kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. We also assessed correlations with measures of circulating lipids, systemic inflammation and adiposity. METHODS Systematic review of studies measuring Lp-PLA(2) and at least one of the relevant characteristics in >50 participants. RESULTS We identified a total of 77 studies involving 102,499 participants meeting the inclusion criteria. Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity were consistently approximately 10% higher in males than females and 15% higher in Caucasians than African Americans or Hispanics. There were no clear associations of Lp-PLA(2) mass or activity with type II diabetes, markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) or with body mass index. Correlations of Lp-PLA(2) mass or activity with low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were moderate and positive, whilst correlations with high density lipoprotein cholesterol were negative and moderate to weak. There was no clear differences in associations with any of the above characteristics in groups defined based upon prevalent cardiovascular disease or its risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Despite considerable variability in absolute levels of Lp-PLA(2) across studies, the variability of Lp-PLA(2) across gender, ethnicity, and levels of circulating lipids and markers of systemic inflammation are more consistent and appear not to vary importantly across categories defined by CVD or its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gregson
- Department of Public Healthy and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, United Kingdom.
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31
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Rosenson RS, Stafforini DM. Modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1767-82. [PMID: 22665167 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), also known as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), is a unique member of the phospholipase A(2) superfamily. This enzyme is characterized by its ability to specifically hydrolyze PAF as well as glycerophospholipids containing short, truncated, and/or oxidized fatty acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. In humans, Lp-PLA(2) circulates in active form as a complex with low- and high-density lipoproteins. Clinical studies have reported that plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass are strongly associated with atherogenic lipids and vascular risk. These observations led to the hypothesis that Lp-PLA(2) activity and/or mass levels could be used as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and that inhibition of the activity could offer an attractive therapeutic strategy. Darapladib, a compound that inhibits Lp-PLA(2) activity, is anti-atherogenic in mice and other animals, and it decreases atherosclerotic plaque expansion in humans. However, disagreement continues to exist regarding the validity of Lp-PLA(2) as an independent marker of atherosclerosis and a scientifically justified target for intervention. Circulating Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity are associated with vascular risk, but the strength of the association is reduced after adjustment for basal concentrations of the lipoprotein carriers with which the enzyme associates. Genetic studies in humans harboring an inactivating mutation at this locus indicate that loss of Lp-PLA(2) function is a risk factor for inflammatory and vascular conditions in Japanese cohorts. Consistently, overexpression of Lp-PLA(2) has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties in animal models. This thematic review critically discusses results from laboratory and animal studies, analyzes genetic evidence, reviews clinical work demonstrating associations between Lp-PLA(2) and vascular disease, and summarizes results from animal and human clinical trials in which administration of darapladib was tested as a strategy for the management of atherosclerosis.
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Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Wolfert RL, Koenig W. Relationship of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ mass and activity with incident vascular events among primary prevention patients allocated to placebo or to statin therapy: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Clin Chem 2012; 58:877-86. [PMID: 22419750 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.180281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) levels are associated with cardiovascular events, Lp-PLA(2) is physically linked to LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Whether measures of Lp-PLA(2) mass or activity continue to predict risk after LDL-C reduction by statin therapy is uncertain. METHODS Lp-PLA(2) mass concentration and activity were evaluated at baseline and after treatment in the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial comparing rosuvastatin 20 mg to placebo among 17 802 men and women without cardiovascular disease or diabetes at study entry. The relationships of Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity with risk of future vascular events were evaluated in the placebo and rosuvastatin groups. RESULTS Before randomization, levels of Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity correlated moderately with each other and with LDL-C. The magnitude of these correlations increased after statin therapy. Rosuvastatin reduced Lp-PLA(2) mass by 33.8%, Lp-PLA(2) activity by 33.2%, and LDL-C by 48.7% (all P < 0.0001). Among those study participants allocated to placebo, increasing quartiles of Lp-PLA(2) activity (P(trend) = 0.04) but not Lp-PLA(2) mass (P(trend) = 0.92) were associated with incident cardiovascular events after adjustment for LDL-C and conventional risk factors. Comparable analyses conducted among those allocated to rosuvastatin revealed no significant relationship between Lp-PLA(2) levels and subsequent vascular events. The ability of rosuvastatin to reduce vascular events was not significantly modified by baseline Lp-PLA(2) level. CONCLUSIONS Among JUPITER trial participants allocated to placebo, levels of Lp-PLA(2) activity, but not mass, were associated with cardiovascular risk. However, Lp-PLA(2) no longer predicted risk or modified clinical outcomes when participants were treated with rosuvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ridker
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Li L, Qi L, Lv N, Gao Q, Cheng Y, Wei Y, Ye J, Yan X, Dang A. Association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population. Ann Hum Genet 2011; 75:605-11. [PMID: 21834908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) gene (PLA2G7) in atherosclerosis remains controversial. We investigated the frequency of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PLA2G7 (rs16874954 and rs1051931) and their association with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a cohort of CAD patients (n= 806) and age-matched healthy controls (n= 482) in the Chinese Han population. The VF and FF genotype of rs16874954 was significantly more frequent in the CAD patients (13.5%) than in the controls (9.3%, P= 0.024). The association remained after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, history of diabetes, positive family history of CAD, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride (OR = 1.922; 95% CI [1.146-3.224]; P= 0.013). There was no significant difference in the frequency of any genotype of rs1051931 between the two groups. However, the frequency of the allele V379 was significantly greater in CAD patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) than in those without a history of MI (18.7% and 14.8%, P= 0.038). We conclude that there is significant association between the rs16874954 mutation and CAD in the Chinese Han population. The expression of rs1051931 variant in CAD patients may entail increased risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Editorial: why inhibition of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 has the potential to improve patient outcomes. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 25:299-301. [PMID: 20485161 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32833aaa94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a risk factor as strong as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Therapies targeting Lp-PLA2 in plasma and plaque are now being developed. This article will review these data. RECENT FINDINGS Lp-PLA2 is intimately involved in the development of atherosclerosis and is found in vulnerable human plaques. Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that Lp-PLA2 is related to the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and vascular death.Darapladib is a novel oral compound that selectively inhibits Lp-PLA2 in plasma and in human plaques. Darapladib has also been shown to halt necrotic core progression in coronary arteries over a 12-month period and to have few adverse effects. SUMMARY Two large phase III trials are randomizing 26,000 patients to darapladib or placebo with chronic coronary heart disease or following an acute coronary syndrome. The primary composite outcomes are cardiovascular death, MI or stroke and results should be available in 2012. Darapladib has the potential to improve patient outcomes in addition to evidence-based treatments by modulating mechanisms of disease that have not been addressed by current therapies.
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Song K, Nelson MR, Aponte J, Manas ES, Bacanu SA, Yuan X, Kong X, Cardon L, Mooser VE, Whittaker JC, Waterworth DM. Sequencing of Lp-PLA2-encoding PLA2G7 gene in 2000 Europeans reveals several rare loss-of-function mutations. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 12:425-31. [PMID: 21606947 PMCID: PMC3449231 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity have been shown to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and an inhibitor of this enzyme is under development for the treatment of that condition. A Val279Phe null allele in this gene, that may influence patient eligibility for treatment, is relatively common in East Asians but has not been observed in Europeans. We investigated the existence and functional effects of low frequency alleles in a Western European population by re-sequencing the exons of PLA2G7 in 2000 samples. In all, 19 non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) were found, 14 in fewer than four subjects (minor allele frequency <0.1%). Lp-PLA2 activity was significantly lower in rare nsSNP carriers compared with non-carriers (167.8±63.2 vs 204.6±41.8, P=0.01) and seven variants had enzyme activities consistent with a null allele. The cumulative frequency of these null alleles was 0.25%, so <1 in 10 000 Europeans would be expected to be homozygous, and thus not potentially benefit from treatment with an Lp-PLA2 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Song
- Department of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Merion, PA, USA
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Jang Y, Waterworth D, Lee JE, Song K, Kim S, Kim HS, Park KW, Cho HJ, Oh IY, Park JE, Lee BS, Ku HJ, Shin DJ, Lee JH, Jee SH, Han BG, Jang HY, Cho EY, Vallance P, Whittaker J, Cardon L, Mooser V. Carriage of the V279F null allele within the gene encoding Lp-PLA₂ is protective from coronary artery disease in South Korean males. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18208. [PMID: 21490708 PMCID: PMC3071750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Asia-specific PLA2G7 994G-T transversion leads to V279F substitution within the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 (Lp-PLA2) and to absence of enzyme activity in plasma. This variant offers a unique natural experiment to assess the role of Lp-PLA2 in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans. Given conflicting results from mostly small studies, a large two-stage case-control study was warranted. Methodology/Principal Findings PLA2G7 V279F genotypes were initially compared in 2890 male cases diagnosed with CAD before age 60 with 3128 male controls without CAD at age 50 and above and subsequently in a second independent male dataset of 877 CAD cases and 1230 controls. In the first dataset, the prevalence of the 279F null allele was 11.5% in cases and 12.8% in controls. After adjustment for age, body mass index, diabetes, smoking, glucose and lipid levels, the OR (95% CI) for CAD for this allele was 0.80 (0.66–0.97, p = 0.02). The results were very similar in the second dataset, despite lower power, with an allele frequency of 11.2% in cases and 12.5% in controls, leading to a combined OR of 0.80 (0.69–0.92), p = 0.002. The magnitude and direction of this genetic effect were fully consistent with large epidemiological studies on plasma Lp-PLA2 activity and CAD risk. Conclusions Natural deficiency in Lp-PLA2 activity due to carriage of PLA2G7 279F allele protects from CAD in Korean men. These results provide evidence for a causal relationship between Lp-PLA2 and CAD, and support pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme as an innovative way to prevent CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei, South Korea
| | - Dawn Waterworth
- Genetics Division, Medicine Discovery and Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America and Greenford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kijoung Song
- Genetics Division, Medicine Discovery and Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America and Greenford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jai Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Young Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Euy Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Samsung Medical Center, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bok-Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Samsung Medical Center, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Ku
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Samsung Medical Center, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jik Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei, South Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Patrick Vallance
- Medicine Discovery and Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America and Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - John Whittaker
- Genetics Division, Medicine Discovery and Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America and Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Lon Cardon
- Genetics Division, Medicine Discovery and Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America and Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, Medicine Discovery and Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America and Greenford, United Kingdom
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Mallat Z, Lambeau G, Tedgui A. Lipoprotein-associated and secreted phospholipases A₂ in cardiovascular disease: roles as biological effectors and biomarkers. Circulation 2010; 122:2183-200. [PMID: 21098459 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.936393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- INSERM, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, UMR, Paris, France
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Wang Q, Hao Y, Mo X, Wang L, Lu X, Huang J, Cao J, Li H, Gu D. PLA2G7 gene polymorphisms and coronary heart disease risk: A meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2010; 126:498-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zheng GH, Chen HY, Xiong SQ, Chu JF. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 gene V279F polymorphisms and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4089-99. [PMID: 21107710 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LP-PLA2) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD). The polymorphism of LP-PLA2 gene caused LP-PLA2 enzyme activity depressing or lost. But there is not a definite conclusion for the association of between the LP-PLA2 gene polymorphism and CHD risk. To assess the relationship between LP-PLA2 gene V279F polymorphism and CHD, a comprehensive Meta-analysis was performed. All the case-control studies evaluating the association of between the LP-PLA2 gene V279F polymorphism and CHD risk were identified. Seven case-control studies involving 3,614 patients with CHD and 4,334 controls were included. The crude odds ratios (ORs) of meta-analysis under the different gene model were not significant. But in the stratified analysis by study size, ethnicity, cases definition, and source of controls under the additive model, the association was evident in ethnicity for Japanese group (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.22-1.56), cases definition for MI (OR=1.22, 95%CI=1.01-1.49), source of controls for the based-hospital (OR=1.42, 95%CI=1.24-1.59). These data suggested that the V279F polymorphism in LP-PLA2 gene may contribute to CHD development. But there is necessary that more well-designed large studies are required for the validation of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Zheng
- The Centre of Evidence Based Medicine, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No 1 Huatuo road, Shangjie University Town, Fuzhou, China.
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Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ activity and mass in relation to vascular disease and nonvascular mortality. J Intern Med 2010; 268:348-58. [PMID: 21050287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether associations of circulating lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂) with vascular disease are independent of other risk factors. METHODS Lp-PLA₂ activity and mass, lipids and other characteristics were measured at baseline in 19,037 individuals at high risk of vascular disease in a randomized trial of simvastatin with 5-year average follow-up. RESULTS Lp-PLA₂ activity and mass were correlated with each other (r = 0.56), lipids and other vascular risk factors. The moderate association of Lp-PLA₂ activity with occlusive coronary events (n = 2531) in analyses adjusted for nonlipid factors (hazard ratio per 1 SD [HR] 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.15) became nonsignificant after further adjustment for apolipoproteins (HR 1.02, 0.97-1.06). Such adjustment also attenuated HRs with Lp-PLA₂ mass from 1.08 (1.03-1.12) to 1.05 (1.01-1.09). By contrast, the HR with apolipoprotein-B100 of 1.15 (1.10-1.19) was only slightly attenuated to 1.14 (1.09-1.19) after further adjustment for apolipoprotein A₁ and Lp-PLA₂. Age- and sex-adjusted HRs for other cardiac events (n = 1007) with either Lp-PLA₂ activity or mass were about 1.20, but HRs reduced after adjustment for nonlipid factors (activity: 1.11, 1.04-1.18; mass: 1.08, 1.02-1.15). Adjusted HRs for ischaemic stroke (n = 900) were weak and nonsignificant and for nonvascular mortality (n = 1040) were 1.01 (0.94-1.09) with activity and 1.12 (1.05-1.19) with mass. Simvastatin reduced Lp-PLA₂ levels by about one-quarter, but simvastatin's vascular protection did not vary with baseline Lp-PLA₂ concentration. CONCLUSIONS Associations of Lp-PLA₂ with occlusive coronary events depend considerably on lipid levels, whereas those with other cardiac events appear to reflect confounding from cardiovascular medication and prior vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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PLA2G7 genotype, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, and coronary heart disease risk in 10 494 cases and 15 624 controls of European Ancestry. Circulation 2010; 121:2284-93. [PMID: 20479152 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.923383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2)(Lp-PLA2) activity is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), making Lp-PLA2 a potential therapeutic target. PLA2G7 variants associated with Lp-PLA2 activity could evaluate whether this relationship is causal. METHODS AND RESULTS A meta-analysis including a total of 12 studies (5 prospective, 4 case-control, 1 case-only, and 2 cross-sectional studies; n=26 118) was undertaken to examine the association of the following: (1) Lp-PLA2 activity versus cardiovascular biomarkers and risk factors and CHD events (2 prospective studies; n=4884); (2) PLA2G7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and Lp-PLA2 activity (3 prospective, 2 case-control, 2 cross-sectional studies; up to n=6094); and (3) PLA2G7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and angiographic coronary artery disease (2 case-control, 1 case-only study; n=4971 cases) and CHD events (5 prospective, 2 case-control studies; n=5523). Lp-PLA2 activity correlated with several CHD risk markers. Hazard ratios for CHD events for the top versus bottom quartile of Lp-PLA2 activity were 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 1.99) and 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.51) after adjustment for baseline traits. Of 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rs1051931 (A379V) showed the strongest association with Lp-PLA2 activity, with VV subjects having 7.2% higher activity than AAs. Genotype was not associated with risk markers, angiographic coronary disease (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.80 to 1.32), or CHD events (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.17). CONCLUSIONS Unlike Lp-PLA2 activity, PLA2G7 variants associated with modest effects on Lp-PLA2 activity were not associated with cardiovascular risk markers, coronary atheroma, or CHD. Larger association studies, identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with larger effects, or randomized trials of specific Lp-PLA2 inhibitors are needed to confirm or refute a contributory role for Lp-PLA2 in CHD.
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Effects of V279F in the Lp-PLA(2) gene on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in Koreans. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:486-93. [PMID: 20080080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), V279F, in the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) gene is known to influence enzyme activity. It is unclear whether Lp-PLA(2) exerts pro- or antiatherogenic effects in humans. We investigated the interplay between V279F, Lp-PLA(2) activity, oxidative stress and inflammation. METHODS We genotyped 2914 healthy Koreans (43-79years) for the Lp-PLA(2) V279F and measured anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, fatty acid composition, lipid peroxides, inflammatory markers and Lp-PLA(2) levels. RESULTS Lp-PLA(2) activity was 24% lower in V/F subjects (n=641) than in those with the V/V genotype (n=2227). Enzyme activity was undetectable in F/F subjects. Lp-PLA(2) activity was positively correlated with LDL-cholesterol (r=0.134, P<0.001), ox-LDL (r=0.064, P<0.01), 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) (r=0.198, P<0.001), free fatty acid (r=0.082, P<0.001), and fibrinogen (r=0.112, P<0.01) levels. Additionally, ox-LDL, 8-epi-PGF(2alpha), free fatty acid, and fibrinogen levels were positively correlated with hs-CRP. V279F was associated with LDL-cholesterol and arachidonic acid (AA) in serum phospholipid. F/F subjects had lower LDL-cholesterol than V/V subjects (V/V: 120.9+/-0.69, V/F: 119.4+/-1.26, F/F: 109.2+/-4.84mg/dl, P=0.025). A significant association between the F/F genotype and increasing AA in serum phospholipids was found in subjects with high LDL-cholesterol (> or =130mg/dl) (P=0.003) but not in those with low LDL-cholesterol (<130mg/dl). F/F subjects in the high LDL-cholesterol group had CRP concentrations about three times higher than those with V/V or V/F genotypes (V/V: 1.25+/-0.09, V/F: 0.97+/-0.12, F/F: 3.20+/-0.88mg/dl, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The recessive effects of Lp-PLA(2) V279F on LDL-cholesterol and significant correlations between Lp-PLA(2) activity and LDL-cholesterol, 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) and fibrinogen support a pro-oxidative or pro-atherogenic role for this enzyme. Paradoxically, the combination of the complete deficiency of Lp-PLA(2) activity and high LDL-cholesterol enhanced lipid peroxidation and inflammation.
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Functional Consequences of Mutations and Polymorphisms in the Coding Region of the PAF Acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) Gene. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2009; 2:94-117. [PMID: 27713227 PMCID: PMC3978535 DOI: 10.3390/ph2030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past several years a number of alterations in the PAF-AH/PLA2G7/LpPLA2 gene have been described. These include inactivating mutations, polymorphisms in the coding region, and other genetic changes located in promoter and intronic regions of the gene. The consequences associated with these genetic variations have been evaluated from different perspectives, including in vitro biochemical and molecular studies and clinical analyses in human subjects. This review highlights the current state of the field and suggests new approaches that can be used to evaluate functional consequences associated with mutations and polymorphisms in the PAF-AH gene.
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Effects of G994T in the Lp-PLA2 gene on the plasma oxidized LDL level and carotid intima-media thickness in Japanese: the Shimane study. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:742-7. [PMID: 19373214 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), G994T, in the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) gene is known to have a potent influence on the activity of the enzyme. As this enzyme hydrolyzes oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which is an important player in atherogenesis, the present study evaluated effects of the G994T genotype on the oxLDL level as well as on intima media thickness (IMT) in vivo. METHODS Participants of a health examination (1,307 in total) were recruited from two rural communities in Shimane, Japan. Genotyping was performed by an allele-specific PCR and the TaqMan method. The oxLDL level was determined by an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS The minor allele (994T) frequency (0.19) in the studied populations was consistent with previous reports on Japanese. The 994T allele increased the plasma oxLDL/LDL ratio in a recessive manner, whereas 994T had a codominant effect on the Lp-PLA(2) activity. A multivariate analysis revealed that age and the G994T genotype had independent effects on the oxLDL/LDL level. By contrast, the G994T genotype was not associated with IMT. All of these results were reproducible in the two independent populations studied. CONCLUSIONS G994T influenced plasma LDL oxidation. Further studies on the effect of this polymorphism in cardiovascular diseases are warranted.
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Tiwari A. Current and emerging paradigms in the therapeutic management of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 12:1523-46. [PMID: 19007321 DOI: 10.1517/14728220802544061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis lies in abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism leading to pathological interactions with vessel walls and the release of inflammatory components, which further aggravate the disease condition. OBJECTIVE To elucidate current and emerging trends in drug discovery towards the development of new entities regulating lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory components to combat the progression of atherosclerosis. METHODS Research/review articles in the public domain and press releases were employed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION With the recent failure of torcetrapib and succinobucol, drug discovery and development efforts towards the treatment of atherosclerosis have received a big jolt and have been slowed down to a certain extent [corrected]. But this could be a starting point for several new mechanisms that are emerging to discover new drugs to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Tiwari
- Jubilant Biosys Ltd., CardioMetabolic Disorder Group, Drug Discovery Unit-Biology, #96, 2nd Stage, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore-560022, Karnatka, India.
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Lee SH, Shin DJ, Jang Y. Personalized Medicine in Coronary Artery Disease: Insights From Genomic Research. Korean Circ J 2009; 39:129-37. [PMID: 19949601 PMCID: PMC2771813 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2009.39.4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior clinical studies have demonstrated that a family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with future cardiovascular events. Although there are several Mendelian disorders that are associated with CAD, most common forms of CAD are believed to be multifactorial and the result of many genes with small individual effects. The identification of these genes and their variation would be very helpful for the prediction, prevention, and management of CAD; linkage analysis or candidate gene case-control studies have been largely unsuccessful. On the contrary, recent advances in genomic techniques have generated a large amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based information. The link between CAD and inflammation and biological pathways has been highlighted. In particular, several genome-wide association studies have replicated a novel gene marker on chromosome 9p21. The information gained from genomic studies, in combination with clinical data, is expected to refine personalized approaches to assess risk and guide management for CAD. Genetic risk scores derived from several functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotypes in multiple genes may improve the prediction of CAD. Despite the complexity of CAD genetics, steady progress is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hak Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Genome Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Jik Shin
- Cardiovascular Genome Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cardiovascular Genome Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hoffmann MM, Winkler K, Renner W, Winkelmann BR, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Boehm BO, März W. Genetic variants and haplotypes of lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 and their influence on cardiovascular disease (The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study). J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:41-8. [PMID: 18983494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, it is still unclear whether LpPLA2 is simply a marker or has a causal role as either a pro- or anti-atherogenic factor. METHODS We analyzed the association of five polymorphisms (-1357G>A, -403T>C, Arg92His, Ile198Thr, Ala379Val) and related haplotypes at the PLA2G7 locus with angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD), plasma LpPLA2 activity, and long-term survival in 3234 patients scheduled for coronary angiography. RESULTS The promoter variant -403C and His(92) were associated with a decrease and Val(379) with an increase in plasma LpPLA2 activity. Both coding variants revealed a clear gene-dose effect. Interestingly, the rare Thr(198) allele, which was not associated with any change in plasma LpPLA2 activity, was more frequent in subjects without CAD (P = 0.009), with an adjusted odds ratio for CAD of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.49-0.96; P = 0.029). None of the analyzed variants showed any robust association with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSION Irrespective of the significant association between some variants with plasma LpPLA2 activity, it is still unclear whether these polymorphisms or haplotypes are associated with the risk and outcome of cardiovascular disease in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hoffmann
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Hou L, Chen S, Yu H, Lu X, Chen J, Wang L, Huang J, Fan Z, Gu D. Associations of PLA2G7 gene polymorphisms with plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and coronary heart disease in a Chinese Han population: the Beijing atherosclerosis study. Hum Genet 2008; 125:11-20. [PMID: 19034521 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human PLA2G7 gene encodes lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PLA2G7 gene were genotyped in 827 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), of which 512 were patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and 947 age- and gender-matched controls in a Chinese Han population. Plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity was measured in 416 randomly selected controls and 689 randomly selected CHD patients, including 423 MI patients. Lp-PLA(2) activity in CHD and MI cases was significantly higher (233.42+/-57.66 and 234.27+/-59.51 nmol ml(-1) min(-1), respectively) than in controls (211.47+/-58.61 nmol ml(-1) min(-1)). After adjusting for traditional risk factors by logistic regression, the odds ratios for CHD and MI per 1 standard deviation increment of Lp-PLA(2) activity were 1.27 (95% CI, 1.07-1.50) and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.05-1.54), respectively. Both single SNP analysis and haplotype analysis showed that the V279F and I198T polymorphisms were significantly associated with the reduced Lp-PLA(2) activity, but neither was associated with increased CHD risk. Both univariate and multivariate analyses, adjusting effects of conventional factors, indicated that the rs13210554 T allele increased the risk of MI in this Chinese Han population. In summary, an independent association of increased plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity with CHD and MI existed in this Chinese Han Population. Although V279F and I198T mutations significantly decreased the activity of Lp-PLA(2), only the promoter rs13210554 polymorphism was associated with MI. Lp-PLA(2) activity appears to influence the CHD and MI risk in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hou
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine and Division of Population Genetics, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, 100037 Beijing, China
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