1
|
Li X, Li H, Yan Y, Xu H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Gao R. Metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer with negative serum stimulated Tg but positive post-therapeutic 131I-SPECT/CT scintigraphy: a single-center retrospective study. Endocrine 2023; 82:117-125. [PMID: 37209260 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to describe the characteristics of patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) who had positive 131I-scintigraphy but negative stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg), and to evaluate their short-term response to radioiodine therapy (RAI). METHODS A total of 2250 consecutive postoperative DTC patients, who underwent RAI treatment from July 2019 to June 2022, were analyzed retrospectively. The target group was defined as stimulated Tg < 2 ng/mL with TgAb < 100 IU/mL but with post-therapeutic 131I-SPECT/CT metastases. The characteristics of these patients were analyzed and the metastatic profiles were compared with TgAb positive or sTg positive ones. A cross-sectional efficacy was evaluated 6-12 months after the RAI therapy and the treatment course until the end of the study was recorded. RESULTS 105 (4.67%) DTC patients were post-therapeutic 131I-SPECT/CT positive and sTg negative (target group). Metastatic profiles were found significant differences between sTg negative and sTg positive ones (P < 0.001). Excellent response (ER) was achieved in 72.4% of the target group between 6-12 months of cross-sectional efficacy assessment, compared with only 12.8% in sTg positive ones (P < 0.001). The majority of the target group didn't require aggressive treatment in short-term follow-up compared with sTg positive group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The percentage of DTCs with negative sTg but positive post-therapeutic 131I-SPECT/CT was relatively low, but still significant. Moreover, the majority of these patients showed an ER to RAI and may not require the next course of therapy. Long-term follow-up is still necessary to assess recurrence and adapt surveillance in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yan
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuanbo Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Itonaga T, Hasegawa Y, Higuchi S, Satoh M, Sawada H, Shimura K, Takahashi I, Takubo N, Nagasaki K. Knowns and unknowns about congenital hypothyroidism: 2022 update. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 32:11-25. [PMID: 36761498 PMCID: PMC9887299 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several excellent guidelines and expert opinions on congenital hypothyroidism (CH) are currently available. Nonetheless, these guidelines do not address several issues related to CH in detail. In this review, the authors chose the following seven clinical issues that they felt were especially deserving of closer scrutiny in the hope that drawing attention to them through discussion would help pediatric endocrinologists and promote further interest in the treatment of CH. 1. How high should the levothyroxine (L-T4) dose be for initial treatment of severe and permanent CH? 2. What is the optimal method for monitoring treatment of severe CH? 3. At what level does maternal iodine intake during pregnancy affect fetal and neonatal thyroid function? 4. Does serum thyroglobulin differ between patients with a dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) variants and those with excess iodine? 5. Who qualifies for a genetic diagnosis? 6. What is the best index for distinguishing transient and permanent CH? 7. Is there any cancer risk associated with CH? The authors discussed these topics and jointly edited the manuscript to improve the understanding of CH and related issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Itonaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of
Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan
Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Higuchi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism,
Children’s Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Satoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Omori Medical
Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sawada
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine,
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University Graduate School of
Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Takubo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo
University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and
Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Young C, Morishita Y, Kim K, Kabil OO, Clarke OB, Di Jeso B, Arvan P. Defective Thyroglobulin: Cell Biology of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13605. [PMID: 36362390 PMCID: PMC9657758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary functional units of the thyroid gland are follicles of various sizes comprised of a monolayer of epithelial cells (thyrocytes) surrounding an apical extracellular cavity known as the follicle lumen. In the normal thyroid gland, the follicle lumen is filled with secreted protein (referred to as colloid), comprised nearly exclusively of thyroglobulin with a half-life ranging from days to weeks. At the cellular boundary of the follicle lumen, secreted thyroglobulin becomes iodinated, resulting from the coordinated activities of enzymes localized to the thyrocyte apical plasma membrane. Thyroglobulin appearance in evolution is essentially synchronous with the appearance of the follicular architecture of the vertebrate thyroid gland. Thyroglobulin is the most highly expressed thyroid gene and represents the most abundantly expressed thyroid protein. Wildtype thyroglobulin protein is a large and complex glycoprotein that folds in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to homodimerization and export via the classical secretory pathway to the follicle lumen. However, of the hundreds of human thyroglobulin genetic variants, most exhibit increased susceptibility to misfolding with defective export from the endoplasmic reticulum, triggering hypothyroidism as well as thyroidal endoplasmic reticulum stress. The human disease of hypothyroidism with defective thyroglobulin (either homozygous, or compound heterozygous) can be experimentally modeled in thyrocyte cell culture, or in whole animals, such as mice that are readily amenable to genetic manipulation. From a combination of approaches, it can be demonstrated that in the setting of thyroglobulin misfolding, thyrocytes under chronic continuous ER stress exhibit increased susceptibility to cell death, with interesting cell biological and pathophysiological consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Crystal Young
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kookjoo Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Omer O. Kabil
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Oliver B. Clarke
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bruno Di Jeso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kollati Y, Akella RRD, Naushad SM, Patel RK, Reddy GB, Dirisala VR. Molecular insights into the role of genetic determinants of congenital hypothyroidism. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e29. [PMID: 34638176 PMCID: PMC8510868 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we have demonstrated the association of certain variants of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and thyroglobulin (TG) genes with congenital hypothyroidism. Herein, we explored the mechanistic basis for this association using different in silico tools. The mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) plays key roles in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In TSHR variants (rs2268477, rs7144481, and rs17630128), the binding affinity of microRNAs (miRs) (hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-376a-2-5p, hsa-miR-3935, hsa-miR-4280, and hsa-miR-6858-3p) to the 3'-UTR is disrupted, affecting post-transcriptional gene regulation. TPO and TG are the two key proteins necessary for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones in the presence of iodide and H2O2. Reduced stability of these proteins leads to aberrant biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Compared to the wild-type TPO protein, the p.S398T variant was found to exhibit less stability and significant rearrangements of intra-atomic bonds affecting the stoichiometry and substrate binding (binding energies, ΔG of wild-type vs. mutant: ‒15 vs. ‒13.8 kcal/mol; and dissociation constant, Kd of wild-type vs. mutant: 7.2E-12 vs. 7.0E-11 M). The missense mutations p.G653D and p.R1999W on the TG protein showed altered ΔG (0.24 kcal/mol and 0.79 kcal/mol, respectively). In conclusion, an in silico analysis of TSHR genetic variants in the 3'-UTR showed that they alter the binding affinities of different miRs. The TPO protein structure and mutant protein complex (p.S398T) are less stable, with potentially deleterious effects. A structural and energy analysis showed that TG mutations (p.G653D and p.R1999W) reduce the stability of the TG protein and affect its structure-functional relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yedukondalu Kollati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India
| | - Radha Rama Devi Akella
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500009, India.,Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Shaik Mohammad Naushad
- Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Rajesh K Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genetic Group of Gujarat Diagnostic Centre, Mehsana, Gujarat 384002, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pio MG, Siffo S, Scheps KG, Molina MF, Adrover E, Abelleyro MM, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. Curating the gnomAD database: Report of novel variants in the thyrogobulin gene using in silico bioinformatics algorithms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 534:111359. [PMID: 34119605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG) is a large glycosylated protein of 2767 amino acids, secreted by the thyrocytes into the follicular lumen. It plays an essential role in the process of thyroid hormone synthesis. TG gene variants lead to permanent congenital hypothyroidism. In the present work, we report a detailed population and bioinformatic prediction analyses of the TG variants indexed in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). The results showed a clear predominance of nonsense variants in the European (Finnish), European (Non-Finnish) and Ashkenazi Jewish ethnic groups, whereas the splice site variants predominate in South Asian and African/African-American populations. In total, 282 novel TG variants were described (47 missense involving the wild-type cysteine residues, 177 missense located in the ChEL domain and 58 splice site variants) which were not reported in the literature and that would have deleterious effects in prediction programs. In the gnomAD population, the estimated prevalence of heterozygous carriers of the potentially damaging variants was 1:320. In conclusion, we provide an updated and curated reference source for the diagnosis of thyroid disease, mainly to congenital hypothyroidism due to TG deficiency. The identification and characterization of TG variants is undoubtedly a valuable approach to study the TG structure/function relations and an important tool for clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Gomes Pio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofia Siffo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karen G Scheps
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maricel F Molina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiela Adrover
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel M Abelleyro
- CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kostopoulou E, Miliordos K, Spiliotis B. Genetics of primary congenital hypothyroidism-a review. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:225-236. [PMID: 33400193 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital primary hypothyroidism (CH) is a state of inadequate thyroid hormone production detected at birth, caused either by absent, underdeveloped or ectopic thyroid gland (dysgenesis), or by defected thyroid hormone biosynthesis (dyshormonogenesis). A genetic component has been identified in many cases of CH. This review summarizes the clinical and biochemical features of the genetic causes of primary CH. METHODS A literature review was conducted of gene defects causing congenital hypothyroidism. RESULTS Mutations in five genes have predominantly been implicated in thyroid dysgenesis (TSHR, FOXE1, NKX2-1, PAX8, and NKX2-5), the primary cause of CH (85%), and mutations in seven genes in thyroid dyshormonogenesis (SLC5A5, TPO, DUOX2, DUOXA2, SLC6A4, Tg, and DEHAL1). These genes encode for proteins that regulate genes expressed during the differentiation of the thyroid, such as TPO and Tg genes, or genes that regulate iodide organification, thyroglobulin synthesis, iodide transport, and iodotyrosine deiodination. Besides thyroid dysgenesis and dyshormonogenesis, additional causes of congenital hypothyroidism, such as iodothyronine transporter defects and resistance to thyroid hormones, have also been associated with genetic mutations. CONCLUSION The identification of the underlying genetic defects of CH is important for genetic counseling of families with an affected member, for identifying additional clinical characteristics or the risk for thyroid neoplasia and for diagnostic and management purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kostopoulou
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics|, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Miliordos
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics|, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Bessie Spiliotis
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics|, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Citterio CE, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. Structure and genetic variants of thyroglobulin: Pathophysiological implications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111227. [PMID: 33689781 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG) plays a main role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (TH), and, thus, it is involved in a wide range of vital functions throughout the life cycle of all vertebrates. Deficiency of TH production due to TG genetic variants causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH), with devastating consequences such as intellectual disability and impaired growth if untreated. To this day, 229 variations in the human TG gene have been identified while the 3D structure of TG has recently appeared. Although TG deficiency is thought to be of autosomal recessive inheritance, the introduction of massive sequencing platforms led to the identification of a variety of monoallelic TG variants (combined with mutations in other thyroid gene products) opening new questions regarding the possibility of oligogenic inheritance of the disease. In this review we discuss remarkable advances in the understanding of the TG architecture and the pathophysiology of CH associated with TG defects, providing new insights for the management of congenital disorders as well as counseling benefits for families with a history of TG abnormalities. Moreover, we summarize relevant aspects of TH synthesis within TG and offer an updated analysis of animal and cellular models of TG deficiency for pathophysiological studies of thyroid dyshormonogenesis while highlighting perspectives for new investigations. All in all, even though there has been sustained progress in understanding the role of TG in thyroid pathophysiology during the past 50 years, functional characterization of TG variants remains an important area of study for future advancement in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pio MG, Molina MF, Siffo S, Chiesa A, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. A novel mutation in intron 11 donor splice site, responsible of a rare genotype in thyroglobulin gene by altering the pre-mRNA splincing process. Cell expression and bioinformatic analysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111124. [PMID: 33321114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG) is a homodimeric glycoprotein synthesized by the thyroid gland. To date, two hundred twenty-seven variations of the TG gene have been identified in humans. Thyroid dyshormonogenesis due to TG gene mutations have an estimated incidence of approximately 1 in 100,000 newborns. The clinical spectrum ranges from euthyroid to mild or severe hypothyroidism. The purpose of the present study was to identify and characterize new variants in the TG gene. We report an Argentine patient with congenital hypothyroidism, enlarged thyroid gland and low levels of serum TG. Sequencing of DNA, expression of chimeric minigenes as well as bioinformatics analysis were performed. DNA sequencing identified the presence of compound heterozygous mutations in the TG gene: the maternal mutation consists of a c.3001+5G > A, whereas the paternal mutation consists of p.Arg296*. Minigen analysis of the variant c.3001+5A performed in HeLa, CV1 and Hek293T cell lines, showed a total lack of transcript expression. So, in order to validate that the loss of expression was caused by such variation, site-directed mutagenesis was performed on the mutated clone, which previously had a pSPL3 vector change, to give rise to a wild-type clone c.3001+5G, endorsing that the mutation c.3001+5G > A is the cause of the total lack of expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the c.3001+5G > A mutation causes a rare genotype, altering the splicing of the pre-mRNA. This work contributes to elucidating the molecular bases of TG defects associated with congenital hypothyroidism and expands our knowledge in relation to the pathologic roles of the position 5 in the donor splice site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Gomes Pio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maricel F Molina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofia Siffo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Chiesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas, CEDIE-CONICET, División Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoon JH, Hong AR, Kim HK, Kang HC. Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Arising from Dyshormonogenetic Goiter: c.3070T>C and Novel c.7070T>C Mutation in the Thyroglobulin Gene. Thyroid 2020; 30:1676-1680. [PMID: 32633627 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Concomitant thyroid cancer in patients with congenital thyroid dyshormonogenesis (TD) is extremely rare and few cases of differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with TD have been reported thus far. In this study, we describe anaplastic thyroid cancer in a 46-year-old woman with TD who had two germline thyroglobulin (TG) gene mutation, c.3790T>C (p, Cys1264Arg) in exon 17 and a novel c.7070T>C (p.Leu2357Pro) in exon 41 of the TG gene. Two affected younger sisters were also found to have the same TG mutation but not anaplastic thyroid cancer. Any thyroid nodular lesions that develop in patients with TD should be investigated carefully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hee Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - A Ram Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Targovnik HM, Scheps KG, Rivolta CM. Defects in protein folding in congenital hypothyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 501:110638. [PMID: 31751626 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common endocrine disease in children and one of the most common preventable causes of both cognitive and motor deficits. CH is a heterogeneous group of thyroid disorders in which inadequate production of thyroid hormone occurs due to defects in proteins involved in the gland organogenesis (dysembryogenesis) or in multiple steps of thyroid hormone biosynthesis (dyshormonogenesis). Dysembryogenesis is associated with genes responsible for the development or growth of thyroid cells: such as NKX2-1, FOXE1, PAX8, NKX2-5, TSHR, TBX1, CDCA8, HOXD3 and HOXB3 resulting in agenesis, hypoplasia or ectopia of thyroid gland. Nevertheless, the etiology of the dysembryogenesis remains unknown for most cases. In contrast, the majority of patients with dyshormonogenesis has been linked to mutations in the SLC5A5, SLC26A4, SLC26A7, TPO, DUOX1, DUOX2, DUOXA1, DUOXA2, IYD or TG genes, which usually originate goiter. About 800 genetic mutations have been reported to cause CH in patients so far, including missense, nonsense, in-frame deletion and splice-site variations. Many of these mutations are implicated in specific domains, cysteine residues or glycosylation sites, affecting the maturation of nascent proteins that go through the secretory pathway. Consequently, misfolded proteins are permanently entrapped in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery. Despite of all these remarkable advances in the field of the CH pathogenesis, several points on the development of this disease remain to be elucidated. The continuous study of thyroid gene mutations with the application of new technologies will be useful for the understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms related to CH. In this review we summarize the present status of knowledge on the disorders in the protein folding caused by thyroid genes mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Karen G Scheps
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Siffo S, Adrover E, Citterio CE, Miras MB, Balbi VA, Chiesa A, Weill J, Sobrero G, González VG, Papendieck P, Martinez EB, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. Molecular analysis of thyroglobulin mutations found in patients with goiter and hypothyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:1-16. [PMID: 29275168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid dyshormonogenesis due to thyroglobulin (TG) gene mutations have an estimated incidence of approximately 1 in 100,000 newborns. The clinical spectrum ranges from euthyroid to mild or severe hypothyroidism. Up to now, one hundred seventeen deleterious mutations in the TG gene have been identified and characterized. The purpose of the present study was to identify and characterize new mutations in the TG gene. We report eight patients from seven unrelated families with goiter, hypothyroidism and low levels of serum TG. All patients underwent clinical, biochemical and image evaluation. Sequencing of DNA, genotyping, as well as bioinformatics analysis were performed. Molecular analyses revealed three novel inactivating TG mutations: c.5560G>T [p.E1835*], c.7084G>C [p.A2343P] and c.7093T>C [p.W2346R], and four previously reported mutations: c.378C>A [p.Y107*], c.886C>T [p.R277*], c.1351C>T [p.R432*] and c.7007G>A [p.R2317Q]. Two patients carried homozygous mutations (p.R277*/p.R277*, p.W2346R/p.W2346R), four were compound heterozygous mutations (p.Y107*/p.R277* (two unrelated patients), p.R432*/p.A2343P, p.Y107*/p.R2317Q) and two siblings from another family had a single p.E1835* mutated allele. Additionally, we include the analysis of 48 patients from 31 unrelated families with TG mutations identified in our present and previous studies. Our observation shows that mutations in both TG alleles were found in 27 families (9 as homozygote and 18 as heterozygote compound), whereas in the remaining four families only one mutated allele was detected. The majority of the detected mutations occur in exons 4, 7, 38 and 40. 28 different mutations were identified, 33 of the 96 TG alleles encoded the change p.R277*. In conclusion, our results confirm the genetic heterogeneity of TG defects and the pathophysiological importance of the predicted TG misfolding and therefore thyroid hormone formation as a consequence of truncated TG proteins and/or missense mutations located within its ACHE-like domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Siffo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiela Adrover
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta B Miras
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Santísima Trinidad, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana A Balbi
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Chiesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas, CEDIE-CONICET, División Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jacques Weill
- Clinique de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gabriela Sobrero
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Santísima Trinidad, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica G González
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia Papendieck
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas, CEDIE-CONICET, División Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Bueno Martinez
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular-Departamento de Medicina, IBMCC and IBSAL, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio Gonzalez-Sarmiento
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular-Departamento de Medicina, IBMCC and IBSAL, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zou M, Alzahrani AS, Al-Odaib A, Alqahtani MA, Babiker O, Al-Rijjal RA, BinEssa HA, Kattan WE, Al-Enezi AF, Al Qarni A, Al-Faham MSA, Baitei EY, Alsagheir A, Meyer BF, Shi Y. Molecular Analysis of Congenital Hypothyroidism in Saudi Arabia: SLC26A7 Mutation Is a Novel Defect in Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1889-1898. [PMID: 29546359 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder, affecting one in 3000 to 4000 newborns. Since the introduction of a newborn screening program in 1988, more than 300 cases have been identified. The underlying genetic defects have not been systematically studied. OBJECTIVE To identify the mutation spectrum of CH-causing genes. METHODS Fifty-five patients from 47 families were studied by next-generation exome sequencing. RESULTS Mutations were identified in 52.7% of patients (29 of 55) in the following 11 genes: TG, TPO, DUOX2, SLC26A4, SLC26A7, TSHB, TSHR, NKX2-1, PAX8, CDCA8, and HOXB3. Among 30 patients with thyroid dyshormonogenesis, biallelic TG mutations were found in 12 patients (40%), followed by biallelic mutations in TPO (6.7%), SLC26A7 (6.7%), and DUOX2 (3.3%). Monoallelic SLC26A4 mutations were found in two patients, one of them coexisting with two tandem biallelic deletions in SLC26A7. In 25 patients with thyroid dysgenesis, biallelic mutations in TSHR were found in six patients (24%). Biallelic mutations in TSHB, PAX 8, NKX2-1, or HOXB3 were found once in four different patients. A monoallelic CDCA8 mutation was found in one patient. Most mutations were novel, including three TG, two TSHR, and one each in DUOX2, TPO, SLC26A7, TSHB, NKX2-1, PAX8, CDCA8, and HOXB3. SLC26A7 and HOXB3 were novel genes associated with thyroid dyshormonogenesis and dysgenesis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS TG and TSHR mutations are the most common genetic defects in Saudi patients with CH. The prevalence of other disease-causing mutations is low, reflecting the consanguineous nature of the population. SLC26A7 mutations appear to be associated with thyroid dyshormonogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Zou
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Odaib
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Omer Babiker
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A Al-Rijjal
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda A BinEssa
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa E Kattan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar F Al-Enezi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al Qarni
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar S A Al-Faham
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Y Baitei
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Alsagheir
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian F Meyer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yufei Shi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nikitski A, Saenko V, Shimamura M, Nakashima M, Matsuse M, Suzuki K, Rogounovitch T, Bogdanova T, Shibusawa N, Yamada M, Nagayama Y, Yamashita S, Mitsutake N. Targeted Foxe1 Overexpression in Mouse Thyroid Causes the Development of Multinodular Goiter But Does Not Promote Carcinogenesis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2182-95. [PMID: 26982637 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the forkhead box E1 gene (FOXE1) locus, which are strongly associated with the risk for thyroid cancer. In addition, our recent work has demonstrated FOXE1 overexpression in papillary thyroid carcinomas. To assess possible contribution of Foxe1 to thyroid carcinogenesis, transgenic mice overexpressing Foxe1 in their thyroids under thyroglobulin promoter (Tg-Foxe1) were generated. Additionally, Tg-Foxe1 mice were exposed to x-rays at the age of 5 weeks or crossed with Pten(+/-) mice to examine the combined effect of Foxe1 overexpression with radiation or activated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway, respectively. In 5- to 8-week-old Tg-Foxe1 mice, severe hypothyroidism was observed, and mouse thyroids exhibited hypoplasia of the parenchyma. Adult 48-week-old mice were almost recovered from hypothyroidism, their thyroids were enlarged, and featured colloid microcysts and multiple benign nodules of macrofollicular-papilloid growth pattern, but no malignancy was found. Exposure of transgenic mice to 1 or 8 Gy of x-rays and Pten haploinsufficiency promoted hyperplastic nodule formation also without carcinogenic effect. These results indicate that Foxe1 overexpression is not directly involved in the development of thyroid cancer and that proper Foxe1 dosage is essential for achieving normal structure and function of the thyroid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyaksandr Nikitski
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Vladimir Saenko
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsuse
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tatiana Rogounovitch
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetiana Bogdanova
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Departments of Radiation Medical Sciences (A.N., M.M., K.S., S.Y., N.M.), Radiation Molecular Epidemiology (V.S., S.Y.), Molecular Medicine (M.S., Y.N.), Global Health, Medicine and Welfare (T.R.), and Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology (M.N.), Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.); and Nagasaki University Research Centre for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (N.M.), Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System (T.B.), State Institution V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine; and Department of Medicine and Molecular Science (N.S., M.Y.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sparling DP, Fabian K, Harik L, Jobanputra V, Anyane-Yeboa K, Oberfield SE, Fennoy I. Congenital hypothyroidism and thyroid dyshormonogenesis: a case report of siblings with a newly identified mutation in thyroperoxidase. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:627-31. [PMID: 26894573 PMCID: PMC4853235 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dyshormonogenesis continues to be a significant cause of congenital hypothyroidism. Over time, forms of thyroid dyshormonogenesis can result in goiter, which can lead to difficult management decisions as the pathologic changes can both mimic or lead to thyroid cancer. METHODS Herein we describe the cases of two brothers diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism, with initial findings consistent with thyroid dyshormonogenesis. One brother eventually developed multinodular goiter with complex pathology on biopsy, resulting in thyroidectomy. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing revealed the brothers carry a novel frameshift mutation in thyroperoxidase; the mutation, while not previously described, was likely both deleterious and pathogenic. Conlcusions: These cases highlight the complex pathology that can occur within thyroid dyshormonogenesis, with similar appearance to possible thyroid cancer, leading to complex management decisions. They also highlight the role that a genetic diagnosis can play in interpreting the impact of dyshormonogenesis on nodular thyroid development, and the need for long-term follow-up in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Sparling
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-1544
| | - Kendra Fabian
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lara Harik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwame Anyane-Yeboa
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon E. Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilene Fennoy
- Corresponding author: Ilene Fennoy, MD, MPH, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th St, PH-5E-522, New York, NY 10032, USA, Phone: +212-305-6559; Fax: +212-305-4778,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zou M, Baitei EY, Al-Rijjal RA, Parhar RS, Al-Mohanna FA, Kimura S, Pritchard C, BinEssa H, Alanazi AA, Alzahrani AS, Akhtar M, Assiri AM, Meyer BF, Shi Y. KRAS(G12D)-mediated oncogenic transformation of thyroid follicular cells requires long-term TSH stimulation and is regulated by SPRY1. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1269-77. [PMID: 26146959 PMCID: PMC6289253 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS(G12D) can cause lung cancer rapidly, but is not sufficient to induce thyroid cancer. It is not clear whether long-term serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation can promote KRAS(G12D)-mediated thyroid follicular cell transformation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of long-term TSH stimulation in KRAS(G12D) knock-in mice and the role of Sprouty1 (SPRY1) in KRAS(G12D)-mediated signaling. We used TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice for thyroid-specific expression of KRAS(G12D) under the endogenous KRAS promoter. Twenty TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice were given anti-thyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU, 0.1% w/v) in drinking water to induce serum TSH and 20 mice were without PTU treatment. Equal number of wild-type littermates (TPO-KRAS(WT)) was given the same treatment. The expression of SPRY1, a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, was analyzed in both KRAS(G12D)-and BRAF(V600E)-induced thyroid cancers. Without PTU treatment, only mild thyroid enlargement and hyperplasia were observed in TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice. With PTU treatment, significant thyroid enlargement and hyperplasia occurred in both TPO-KRAS(G12D) and TPO-KRAS(WT) littermates. Thyroids from TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice were six times larger than TPO-KRAS(WT) littermates. Distinct thyroid histology was found between TPO-KRAS(G12D) and TPO-KRAS(WT) mice: thyroid from TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice showed hyperplasia with well-maintained follicular architecture whereas in TPO-KRAS(WT) mice this structure was replaced by papillary hyperplasia. Among 10 TPO-KRAS(G12D) mice monitored for 14 months, two developed follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), one with pulmonary metastasis. Differential SPRY1 expression was demonstrated: increased in FTC and reduced in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The increased SPRY1 expression in FTC promoted TSH-RAS signaling through PI3K/AKT pathway whereas downregulation of SPRY1 by BRAF(V600E) in PTC resulted in both MAPK and PI3K/AKT activation. We conclude that chronic TSH stimulation can enhance KRAS(G12D)-mediated oncogenesis, leading to FTC. SPRY1 may function as a molecular switch to control MAPK signaling and its downregulation by BRAF(V600E) favors PTC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Zou
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Y Baitei
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A Al-Rijjal
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit S Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan A Al-Mohanna
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Huda BinEssa
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah A Alanazi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Akhtar
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Assiri
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian F Meyer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yufei Shi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Citterio CE, Morales CM, Bouhours-Nouet N, Machiavelli GA, Bueno E, Gatelais F, Coutant R, González-Sarmiento R, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. Novel compound heterozygous Thyroglobulin mutations c.745+1G>A/c.7036+2T>A associated with congenital goiter and hypothyroidism in a Vietnamese family. Identification of a new cryptic 5' splice site in the exon 6. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 404:102-12. [PMID: 25633667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several patients were identified with dyshormonogenesis caused by mutations in the thyroglobulin (TG) gene. These defects are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and affected individuals are either homozygous or compound heterozygous for the mutations. The aim of the present study was to identify new TG mutations in a patient of Vietnamese origin affected by congenital hypothyroidism, goiter and low levels of serum TG. DNA sequencing identified the presence of compound heterozygous mutations in the TG gene: the maternal mutation consists of a novel c.745+1G>A (g.IVS6 + 1G>A), whereas the hypothetical paternal mutation consists of a novel c.7036+2T>A (g.IVS40 + 2T>A). The father was not available for segregation analysis. Ex-vivo splicing assays and subsequent RT-PCR analyses were performed on mRNA isolated from the eukaryotic-cells transfected with normal and mutant expression vectors. Minigene analysis of the c.745+1G>A mutant showed that the exon 6 is skipped during pre-mRNA splicing or partially included by use of a cryptic 5' splice site located to 55 nucleotides upstream of the authentic exon 6/intron 6 junction site. The functional analysis of c.7036+2T>A mutation showed a complete skipping of exon 40. The theoretical consequences of splice site mutations, predicted with the bioinformatics tool NNSplice, Fsplice, SPL, SPLM and MaxEntScan programs were investigated and evaluated in relation with the experimental evidence. These analyses predicted that both mutant alleles would result in the abolition of the authentic splice donor sites. The c.745+1G>A mutation originates two putative truncated proteins of 200 and 1142 amino acids, whereas c.7036+2T>A mutation results in a putative truncated protein of 2277 amino acids. In conclusion, we show that the c.745+1G>A mutation promotes the activation of a new cryptic donor splice site in the exon 6 of the TG gene. The functional consequences of these mutations could be structural changes in the protein molecule that alter the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM, CONICET-UBA), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular (FFyB-UBA), C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Morales
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM, CONICET-UBA), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular (FFyB-UBA), C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natacha Bouhours-Nouet
- Unité Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique and Centre des Maladies Rares de la Réceptivité Hormonale, CHU-Angers, 49933 Angers CEDEX 9, France
| | - Gloria A Machiavelli
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM, CONICET-UBA), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular (FFyB-UBA), C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Bueno
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, España
| | - Frédérique Gatelais
- Unité Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique and Centre des Maladies Rares de la Réceptivité Hormonale, CHU-Angers, 49933 Angers CEDEX 9, France
| | - Regis Coutant
- Unité Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique and Centre des Maladies Rares de la Réceptivité Hormonale, CHU-Angers, 49933 Angers CEDEX 9, France
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, España
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM, CONICET-UBA), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular (FFyB-UBA), C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, España
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM, CONICET-UBA), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular (FFyB-UBA), C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, España.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaykhaei MA, Heidari Z, Mehrazin A. Large thyroid cyst in a patient with congenital hypothyroidism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 58:958-61. [PMID: 25627053 DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone biosynthetic defects are rare causes of congenital hypothyroidism. Although, initial presentations are usually diffuse goiter and hypothyroidism, subsequently they may develop thyroid nodules and or thyroid cancer. We describe a case of hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis whose one of the previously solid nodules degenerates into a large cyst. A 22-year-old male was referred to our clinic for evaluation of enlarging thyroid nodule. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in infancy, however due to poor compliance to treatment TSH values were elevated most of the times. When he was fifteen the first nodule was detected which was a solid cold nodule. Fine needle aspiration was in favor of benign follicular nodule. Seven years later we found a large multi nodular thyroid with a predominant large cyst corresponding to the previously detected solid nodule. 21cc straw colored fluid was aspirated. Cytology was reported as benign cystic nodule. The patient underwent thyroidectomy and pathology confirmed a benign thyroid cyst. Although underreported thyroid dyshormonogenesis may progress to cystic degeneration. Taking into account the risk of malignancy and eventually cyst formation, we recommend more frequent evaluation in the face of nodule formation in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehrazin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fröhlich E, Wahl R. The current role of targeted therapies to induce radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:665-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
19
|
Popławska-Kita A, Telejko B, Siewko K, Kościuszko-Zdrodowska M, Wawrusewicz-Kurylonek N, Krętowski A, Hryniewicka J, Dzięcioł J, Bauer W, Milewski R, Szelachowska M, Górska M. Decreased Expression of Thyroglobulin and Sodium Iodide Symporter Genes in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:690704. [PMID: 24723949 PMCID: PMC3960735 DOI: 10.1155/2014/690704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. The aim of the study was to compare the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (Tg), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF α ), and interleukin-1 β genes in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and healthy individuals. Subjects and Methods. Thyroid cells were obtained from 39 patients with HT and 15 controls by an ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Results. The patients with HT had lower Tg and NIS mRNA (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, resp.), as well as higher TNF α mRNA expression (P = 0.049) than the controls. In the HT group Tg mRNA expression correlated positively with NIS mRNA expression (R = 0.739, P = 0.0001) and thyroid volume (R = 0.465, P = 0.0005), as well as negatively with TNF α mRNA expression (R = -0.490, P = 0.001) and anti-peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) level (R = -0.482, P = 0.0002), whereas NIS mRNA expression correlated positively with thyroid volume (R = 0.319, P = 0.02), as well as negatively with TNF α mRNA expression (R = -0.529, P = 0.0006) and TPOAb level (R = -0.422, P = 0.001). Conclusions. Our results suggest that decreased Tg and NIS expression in thyroid cells may result in reduced active iodide transport and reduced thyroid volume in patients with HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Popławska-Kita
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Telejko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Kościuszko-Zdrodowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Wawrusewicz-Kurylonek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Hryniewicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Janusz Dzięcioł
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Witold Bauer
- Centre for Clinical Research, Medical University of Bialystok, J. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-276, Poland
| | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szelachowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Citterio CE, Rossetti LC, Souchon PF, Morales C, Thouvard-Viprey M, Salmon-Musial AS, Mauran PLA, Doco-Fenzy M, González-Sarmiento R, Rivolta CM, De Brasi CD, Targovnik HM. Novel mutational mechanism in the thyroglobulin gene: imperfect DNA inversion as a cause for hereditary hypothyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:220-9. [PMID: 23933148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform genetic analysis in three brothers of Turkish origin born from consanguineus parents and affected by congenital hypothyroidism, goiter and low levels of serum TG. The combination of sequencing of DNA, PCR mapping, quantitative real-time PCR, inverse-PCR (I-PCR), multiplex PCR and bioinformatics analysis were used in order to detect TG mutations. We demonstrated that the three affected siblings are homozygous for a DNA inversion of 16,962bp in the TG gene associated with two deleted regions at both sides of the inversion limits. The inversion region includes the first 9bp of exon 48, 1015bp of intron 47, 191bp of exon 47, 1523bp of intron 46, 135bp of exon 46 and the last 14,089bp of intron 45. The proximal deletion corresponds to 27bp of TG intron 45, while the distal deletion spans the last 230bp of TG exon 48 and the first 588bp of intergenic region downstream TG end. The parents were heterozygous carriers of the complex rearrangement. In conclusion, a novel large imperfect DNA inversion within the TG gene was identified by the strategy of I-PCR. This aberration was not detectable by normal sequencing of the exons and exon/intron boundaries. Remarkably, the finding represents the first description of a TG deficiency disease caused by a DNA inversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM, CONICET-UBA), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular (FFyB-UBA), C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Citterio CE, Machiavelli GA, Miras MB, Gruñeiro-Papendieck L, Lachlan K, Sobrero G, Chiesa A, Walker J, Muñoz L, Testa G, Belforte FS, González-Sarmiento R, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. New insights into thyroglobulin gene: molecular analysis of seven novel mutations associated with goiter and hypothyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:277-91. [PMID: 23164529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thyroglobulin (TG) gene is organized in 48 exons, spanning over 270 kb on human chromosome 8q24. Up to now, 62 inactivating mutations in the TG gene have been identified in patients with congenital goiter and endemic or non-endemic simple goiter. The purpose of the present study was to identify and characterize new mutations in the TG gene. We report 13 patients from seven unrelated families with goiter, hypothyroidism and low levels of serum TG. All patients underwent clinical, biochemical and imaging evaluation. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, endonuclease restriction analysis, sequencing of DNA, genotyping, population screening, and bioinformatics studies were performed. Molecular analyses revealed seven novel inactivating TG mutations: c.378C>A [p.Y107X], c.2359C>T [p.R768X], c.2736delG [p.R893fsX946], c.3842G>A [p.C1262Y], c.5466delA [p.K1803fsX1833], c.6000C>G [p.C1981W] and c.6605C>G [p.P2183R] and three previously reported mutations: c.886C>T [p.R277X], c.6701C>A [p.A2215D] and c.7006C>T [p.R2317X]. Six patients from two families were homozygous for p.R277X mutation, four were compound heterozygous mutations (p.Y107X/p.C1262Y, p.R893fsX946/p.A2215D, p.K1803fsX1832/p.R2317X), one carried three identified mutations (p.R277X/p.C1981W-p.P2183R) together with a hypothetical micro deletion and the remaining two siblings from another family with typical phenotype had a single p.R768X mutated allele. In conclusion, our results confirm the genetic heterogeneity of TG defects and the pathophysiological importance of altered TG folding as a consequency of truncated TG proteins and missense mutations located in ACHE-like domain or that replace cysteine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hermanns P, Refetoff S, Sriphrapradang C, Pohlenz J, Okamato J, Slyper L, Slyper AH. A clinically euthyroid child with a large goiter due to a thyroglobulin gene defect: clinical features and genetic studies. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:119-23. [PMID: 23457313 PMCID: PMC4061902 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year old child born to consanguineous parents presented with an extremely large goiter, a low free T4 level and free T4 index, and normal TSH concentration. The findings of undetectable thyroglobulin (TG) and low free T4, and an elevated free T3/free T4 ratio suggested the possibility of a defect in TG synthesis. Noteworthy aspects of this case were the extremely elevated thyroidal radioiodide uptake despite a normal TSH concentration and the fact that the reduction in the size of her goiter only occurred when her TSH was suppressed below the normal range. Gene sequencing revealed that the patient was homozygous for a donor splice site mutation in intron 30 (IVS30+1G>C). Isolation of RNA obtained from the thyroid gland by fine needle aspiration and sequencing of the TG cDNA confirmed the prediction that exon 30 was skipped, resulting in an in-frame loss of 46 amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Hermanns
- Johannes Gutenberg Children's Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
De Jaco A, Dubi N, Camp S, Taylor P. Congenital hypothyroidism mutations affect common folding and trafficking in the α/β-hydrolase fold proteins. FEBS J 2012; 279:4293-305. [PMID: 23035660 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins is composed of structurally related members that, despite great diversity in their catalytic, recognition, adhesion and chaperone functions, share a common fold governed by homologous residues and conserved disulfide bridges. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms within the α/β-hydrolase fold domain in various family members have been found for congenital endocrine, metabolic and nervous system disorders. By examining the amino acid sequence from the various proteins, mutations were found to be prevalent in conserved residues within the α/β-hydrolase fold of the homologous proteins. This is the case for the thyroglobulin mutations linked to congenital hypothyroidism. To address whether correct folding of the common domain is required for protein export, we inserted the thyroglobulin mutations at homologous positions in two correlated but simpler α/β-hydrolase fold proteins known to be exported to the cell surface: neuroligin3 and acetylcholinesterase. Here we show that these mutations in the cholinesterase homologous region alter the folding properties of the α/β-hydrolase fold domain, which are reflected in defects in protein trafficking, folding and function, and ultimately result in retention of the partially processed proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Accordingly, mutations at conserved residues may be transferred amongst homologous proteins to produce common processing defects despite disparate functions, protein complexity and tissue-specific expression of the homologous proteins. More importantly, a similar assembly of the α/β-hydrolase fold domain tertiary structure among homologous members of the superfamily is required for correct trafficking of the proteins to their final destination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Jaco
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thyroglobulin gene mutation with cold nodule on thyroid scintigraphy. Case Rep Endocrinol 2012; 2012:280319. [PMID: 22934199 PMCID: PMC3420384 DOI: 10.1155/2012/280319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroglobulin gene mutation is a rare cause of congenital hypothyroidism, but thyroglobulin gene mutations are thought to be associated with thyroid cancer development. A 21-year-old Japanese man treated with levothyroxine for congenital hypothyroidism had an enlarged thyroid gland with undetectable serum thyroglobulin despite elevated serum TSH level. The patient was diagnosed with thyroglobulin gene mutation, with compound heterozygosity for Gly304Cys missense mutation and Arg432X nonsense mutation. Ultrasonography showed a hypovascular large tumor in the left lobe that appeared as a cold nodule on thyroid scintigraphy. He underwent total thyroidectomy, but pathological study did not reveal findings of thyroid carcinoma, but rather a hyperplastic nodule with hemorrhage. Strong cytoplasmic thyroglobulin immunostaining was observed, but sodium iodide symporter immunostaining was hardly detected in the hyperplastic nodule. The clinical characteristics of patients with thyroglobulin gene mutations are diverse, and some patients are diagnosed by chance on examination of goiter in adults. The presence of thyroid tumors that appear as cold nodules on thyroid scintigraphy should consider the potential for thyroid carcinoma, if the patient has relatively low serum thyroglobulin concentration in relation to the degree of TSH without thyroglobulin autoantibody.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chertok Shacham E, Ishay A, Irit E, Pohlenz J, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y. Minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma developed in dyshormonogenetic multinodular goiter due to thyroid peroxidase gene mutation. Thyroid 2012; 22:542-6. [PMID: 22435912 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of thyroid carcinoma in patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) caused by dyshormonogenesis is very rare, and has only been reported in one patient harboring mutations in the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene. PATIENT FINDINGS We report on a 29-year follow-up of two consanguineous siblings with CH due to total iodide organification defect who also had sensorineural hearing loss. Molecular analysis revealed a novel biallelic mutation of the TPO gene in which phenylalanine substitutes serine at codon 292 (c.875C>T, p.S292F) in exon 8. Despite early initiation, adequate doses of levothyroxine treatment and consequently normal thyrotropin (TSH) levels, the proposita developed a huge multinodular goiter (MNG) and underwent total thyroidectomy due to tracheal compression. Pathological examination revealed a unifocal follicular thyroid carcinoma without vascular invasion in the left lobe of the thyroid gland. SUMMARY Our finding of follicular thyroid carcinoma arising from dyshormonogenetic MNG in a patient without elevated serum TSH levels indicates that genetic and environmental factors other than TSH level might be involved in the development of thyroid carcinoma in dyshormonogenetic MNG. CONCLUSIONS Despite the rare occurrence of thyroid carcinoma in dyshormonogenetic MNG, we recommend long-term follow-up and regular neck ultrasound imaging to prevent delayed diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ramos JCRR, Lacerda Filho LD, DeMartini ADAC, Silveira RBD, Pereira RM, Sandrini Neto R, França SN. Clinical and laboratory features of children and adolescents with congenital hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis in southern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:201-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the phenotype of patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) due to dyshormonogenesis, and to hypothesize on the degree of genetic defect. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with dyshormonogenesis were subdivided into G1 (radioactive iodine uptake, RAIU > 15%; n = 62) and G2 (RAIU < 15%; n = 32). Thyroglobulin (TG) was measured in all patients; perchlorate discharge test (PDT) was performed in G1; and saliva-to-plasma radioiodine ratio (I- S/P) in G2. RESULTS: Levels of TSH, TT4, and FT4 before treatment and upon diagnosis confirmation were significantly different in both groups, but not between groups. In G1, 27 patients developed goiter; 17 had positive PDT (14%-71% discharge), 11 had TG < 2.5 ng/dL (one with high TSH), and one developed thyroid carcinoma. In G2, four patients developed goiter, and three had low I- S/P. CONCLUSION: These data suggest an iodide organification defect in 17 cases; an iodide transport defect (NIS defect) in three, probable TSH resistance in 10, and a TG synthesis defect in two cases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Alzahrani AS, Zou M, Baitei EY, Parhar RS, Al-Kahtani N, Raef H, Almahfouz A, Amartey JK, Al-Rijjal R, Hammami R, Meyer BF, Al-Mohanna FA, Shi Y. Molecular characterization of a novel p.R118C mutation in the insulin receptor gene from patients with severe insulin resistance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:540-7. [PMID: 22017372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations of the insulin receptor gene (INSR) can cause genetic syndromes associated with severe insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyse INSR mutations in Saudi patients with severe insulin resistance. DESIGN Ten patients with Type A insulin resistance syndrome from five unrelated Saudi families were investigated. The entire coding region of INSR was sequenced. The founder effect was assessed by microsatellite haplotype analysis. The functional effect of the mutation was investigated by in vitro functional assays. RESULTS A novel biallelic c.433 C>T (p.R118C) mutation was detected in all patients. The c.433 C>T (p.R118C) sequence variation was not found in 100 population controls. The arginine residue at position 118 is located in the ligand-binding domain of INSR and is highly conserved across species. Microsatellite haplotype analysis of these patients indicated that p.R118C was a founder mutation created approximately 2900 years ago. The wild-type and mutant (R118C) INSR were cloned and expressed in CHO cells for functional analysis. Specific insulin binding to the mutant receptor was reduced by 83% as compared to wild-type (WT), although the mutant receptor was processed and expressed on the cell surface. Insulin-mediated receptor autophosphorylation was also significantly reduced in CHO(R118C) cells. CONCLUSIONS Biallelic c.433 C>T (p.R118C) mutation of INSR causes significant damage to insulin binding and insulin-mediated signal transduction. p.R118C is a founder mutation frequently present in the Saudi patients with severe insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Targovnik HM, Edouard T, Varela V, Tauber M, Citterio CE, González-Sarmiento R, Rivolta CM. Two novel mutations in the thyroglobulin gene as cause of congenital hypothyroidism: identification a cryptic donor splice site in the exon 19. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:313-21. [PMID: 21958696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG) is a homodimeric glycoprotein synthesized by the thyroid gland. To date, 52 mutations of the TG gene have been identified in humans. The purpose of the present study was to identify and characterize new mutations in the TG gene. We report a French patient with congenital hypothyroidism, mild enlarged thyroid gland and low levels of serum TG. Sequencing of DNA, genotyping, expression of chimeric minigenes as well as bioinformatics analysis were performed. DNA sequencing identified the presence of compound heterozygous mutations in the TG gene: the paternal mutation consists of a c.3788-3789insT or c.3788dupT, whereas the maternal mutation consists of g.IVS19+3_+4delAT. Minigene analysis of the g.IVS19+3_+4delAT mutant showed that the exon 19 is skipped during pre-mRNA splicing or partially included by use of cryptic 5' splice site located to 100 nucleotides downstream of the wild type exon-intron junction. The c.3788-3789insT mutation results in a putative truncated protein of 1245 amino acids, whereas g.IVS19+3_4delAT mutation originates two putative truncated proteins of 1330 and 1349 amino acids. In conclusion, we show that the g.IVS19+3_+4delAT mutation promotes the activation of a cryptic donor splice site in the exon 19 of the TG gene. These results open up new perspectives in the knowledge of the mechanism of splicing for the TG pre-mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Targovnik
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Cátedra de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|