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Rodrigues JS, Chenlo M, Bravo SB, Perez-Romero S, Suarez-Fariña M, Sobrino T, Sanz-Pamplona R, González-Prieto R, Blanco Freire MN, Nogueiras R, López M, Fugazzola L, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Alvarez CV. dsRNAi-mediated silencing of PIAS2beta specifically kills anaplastic carcinomas by mitotic catastrophe. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3736. [PMID: 38744818 PMCID: PMC11094195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The E3 SUMO ligase PIAS2 is expressed at high levels in differentiated papillary thyroid carcinomas but at low levels in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATC), an undifferentiated cancer with high mortality. We show here that depletion of the PIAS2 beta isoform with a transcribed double-stranded RNA-directed RNA interference (PIAS2b-dsRNAi) specifically inhibits growth of ATC cell lines and patient primary cultures in vitro and of orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (oPDX) in vivo. Critically, PIAS2b-dsRNAi does not affect growth of normal or non-anaplastic thyroid tumor cultures (differentiated carcinoma, benign lesions) or cell lines. PIAS2b-dsRNAi also has an anti-cancer effect on other anaplastic human cancers (pancreas, lung, and gastric). Mechanistically, PIAS2b is required for proper mitotic spindle and centrosome assembly, and it is a dosage-sensitive protein in ATC. PIAS2b depletion promotes mitotic catastrophe at prophase. High-throughput proteomics reveals the proteasome (PSMC5) and spindle cytoskeleton (TUBB3) to be direct targets of PIAS2b SUMOylation at mitotic initiation. These results identify PIAS2b-dsRNAi as a promising therapy for ATC and other aggressive anaplastic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Rodrigues
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana B Bravo
- Department of Proteomics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomas Sobrino
- Department of NeuroAging Group - Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IISA), ARAID Foundation, Aragon Government and CIBERESP, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Román González-Prieto
- Cell Dynamics and Signaling Department, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC - Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Narciso Blanco Freire
- Department of Surgery, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Molecular Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS); Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Foley B, Hopperstad K, Gamble J, Lynn SG, Thomas RS, Deisenroth C. Technical evaluation and standardization of the human thyroid microtissue assay. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:89-107. [PMID: 38310358 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The success and sustainability of U.S. EPA efforts to reduce, refine, and replace in vivo animal testing depends on the ability to translate toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data from in vitro and in silico new approach methods (NAMs) to human-relevant exposures and health outcomes. Organotypic culture models employing primary human cells enable consideration of human health effects and inter-individual variability but present significant challenges for test method standardization, transferability, and validation. Increasing confidence in the information provided by these in vitro NAMs requires setting appropriate performance standards and benchmarks, defined by the context of use, to consider human biology and mechanistic relevance without animal data. The human thyroid microtissue (hTMT) assay utilizes primary human thyrocytes to reproduce structural and functional features of the thyroid gland that enable testing for potential thyroid-disrupting chemicals. As a variable-donor assay platform, conventional principles for assay performance standardization need to be balanced with the ability to predict a range of human responses. The objectives of this study were to (1) define the technical parameters for optimal donor procurement, primary thyrocyte qualification, and performance in the hTMT assay, and (2) set benchmark ranges for reference chemical responses. Thyrocytes derived from a cohort of 32 demographically diverse euthyroid donors were characterized across a battery of endpoints to evaluate morphological and functional variability. Reference chemical responses were profiled to evaluate the range and chemical-specific variability of donor-dependent effects within the cohort. The data-informed minimum acceptance criteria for donor qualification and set benchmark parameters for method transfer proficiency testing and validation of assay performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Foley
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Kristen Hopperstad
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - John Gamble
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Scott G Lynn
- Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, USA
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Chad Deisenroth
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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3
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Jiang B, Wang C, Qu C, Jiang C, Zhang C, Chen Y, Chen F, Su L, Luo Y. Primary human thyrocytes maintained the function of thyroid hormone production and secretion in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2501-2512. [PMID: 37133653 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid cell lines are useful tools to study the physiology and pathology of the thyroid, however, they do not produce or secrete hormones in vitro. On the other hand, the detection of endogenous thyroid hormones in primary thyrocytes was often hindered by the dedifferentiation of thyrocytes ex vivo and the presence of large amounts of exogenous hormones in the culture medium. This study aimed to create a culture system that could maintain the function of thyrocytes to produce and secrete thyroid hormones in vitro. METHODS We established a Transwell culture system of primary human thyrocytes. Thyrocytes were seeded on a porous membrane in the inner chamber of the Transwell with top and bottom surfaces exposed to different culture components, mimicking the 'lumen-capillary' structure of the thyroid follicle. Moreover, to eliminate exogenous thyroid hormones from the culture medium, two alternatives were tried: a culture recipe using hormone-reduced serum and a serum-free culture recipe. RESULTS The results showed that primary human thyrocytes expressed thyroid-specific genes at higher levels in the Transwell system than in the monolayer culture. Hormones were detected in the Transwell system even in the absence of serum. The age of the donor was negatively related to the hormone production of thyrocytes in vitro. Intriguingly, primary human thyrocytes cultured without serum secreted higher levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) than free thyroxine (FT4). CONCLUSION This study confirmed that primary human thyrocytes could maintain the function of hormone production and secretion in the Transwell system, thus providing a useful tool to study thyroid function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Clinical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - C Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - C Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - F Chen
- General Surgery Center Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - L Su
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China.
| | - Y Luo
- Frontier Research Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China.
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Álvarez-Sierra D, Rodríguez-Grande J, Gómez-Brey A, Bello I, Caubet E, González Ó, Zafón C, Iglesias C, Moreno P, Ruiz N, Marín-Sánchez A, Colobran R, Pujol-Borrell R. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of Graves' disease thyroid glands reveals the broad immunoregulatory potential of thyroid follicular and stromal cells and implies a major re-interpretation of the role of aberrant HLA class II expression in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2023; 139:103072. [PMID: 37336012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The study of the immune response in thyroid autoimmunity has been mostly focused on the autoantibodies and lymphocytes, but there are indications that intrinsic features of thyroid tissue cells may play a role in disrupting tolerance that needs further investigation. The overexpression of HLA and adhesion molecules by thyroid follicular cells (TFC) and our recent demonstration that PD-L1 is also moderately expressed by TFCs in autoimmune thyroid indicates that TFCs they may activate but also inhibit the autoimmune response. Intriguingly, we have recently found that in vitro cultured TFCs are able to suppress the proliferation of autologous lymphocyte T in a contact-dependent manner which is independent of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. To get a more comprehensive picture of TFC activating and inhibitory molecules/pathways driving the autoimmune response in the thyroid glands, preparations of TFCs and stromal cells from five Graves' disease (GD) and four control thyroid glands were compared by scRNA-seq. The results confirmed the previously described interferon type I and type II signatures in GD TFCs and showed unequivocally that they express the full array of genes that intervene in the processing and presentation of endogenous and exogeneous antigens. GD TFCs lack however expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 required for priming T cells. A moderate overexpression of CD40 by TFCs was confirmed. GD Fibroblasts showed widespread upregulation of cytokine genes. The results from this first single transcriptomic profiling of TFC and thyroid stromal cells provides a more granular view of the events occurring in GD. The new data point at an important contribution of stromal cells and prompt a major re-interpretation of the role of MHC over-expression by TFC, from deleterious to protective. Most importantly this re-interpretation could also apply to other tissues, like pancreatic beta cells, where MHC over-expression has been detected in diabetic pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez-Sierra
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain; Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain.
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Grande
- Microbiology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla - IDIVAL, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Aroa Gómez-Brey
- Transplant Coordination Department, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Campus Vall D'Hebron. Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Irene Bello
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Department, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Campus Vall D'Hebron, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Enric Caubet
- Department of General Surgery, Endocrine Surgery Division, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Óscar González
- Department of General Surgery, Endocrine Surgery Division, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Carles Zafón
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Carmela Iglesias
- Department of Histopathology, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Campus Vall D'Hebron Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Pablo Moreno
- Department of General Surgery, Endocrine Surgery Division, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB), Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Núria Ruiz
- Department of Histopathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB), Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Ana Marín-Sánchez
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain; Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Roger Colobran
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain; Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pujol-Borrell
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain; Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Campus Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron and the Other Institutions in the Campus Vall D'Hebron Is, Passeig Vall D'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Centre Cellex, C/ Natzaret, 115-117, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Gravina A, Tediashvili G, Rajalingam R, Quandt Z, Deisenroth C, Schrepfer S, Deuse T. Protection of cell therapeutics from antibody-mediated killing by CD64 overexpression. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:717-727. [PMID: 36593395 PMCID: PMC10188358 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapeutics for cancer therapy or regenerative medicine are susceptible to antibody-mediated killing, which diminishes their efficacy. Here we report a strategy to protect cells from antibody-mediated killing that relies on engineered overexpression of the IgG receptor CD64. We show that human and mouse iPSC-derived endothelial cells (iECs) overexpressing CD64 escape antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity from IgG antibodies in vitro and in ADCC-enabled mice. When CD64 expression was combined with hypoimmune genetic modifications known to protect against cellular immunity, B2M-/-CIITA-/- CD47/CD64-transgenic iECs were resistant to both IgG antibody-mediated and cellular immune killing in vitro and in humanized mice. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that CD64 or its intracellularly truncated analog CD64t effectively capture monomeric IgG and occupy their Fc, and the IgG bind and occupy their target antigens. In three applications of the approach, human CD64t-engineered thyroid epithelial cells, pancreatic beta cells and CAR T cells withstood clinically relevant levels of graft-directed antibodies and fully evaded antibody-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gravina
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology (TSI) Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grigol Tediashvili
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology (TSI) Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zoe Quandt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chad Deisenroth
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology & Exposure, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sonja Schrepfer
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology (TSI) Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tobias Deuse
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology (TSI) Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Jun I, Cho H, Amos SE, Choi Y, Choi YS, Ryu CS, Lee SA, Han DW, Han HS, Yang JH, Jeong HW, Park H, Kim YJ. Thyroid-Friendly Soft Materials as 3D Cell Culture Tool for Stimulating Thyroid Cell Function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300236. [PMID: 36932895 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The disruption of thyroid hormones because of chemical exposure is a significant societal problem. Chemical evaluations of environmental and human health risks are conventionally based on animal experiments. However, owing to recent breakthroughs in biotechnology, the potential toxicity of chemicals can now be evaluated using 3D cell cultures. In this study, the interactive effects of thyroid-friendly soft (TS) microspheres on thyroid cell aggregates are elucidated and their potential as a reliable toxicity assessment tool is evaluated. Using state-of-the-art characterization methods coupled with cell-based analysis and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, it is shown that TS-microsphere-integrated thyroid cell aggregates exhibit improved thyroid function. Specifically, the responses of zebrafish embryos, which are used for thyroid toxicity analysis, and the TS-microsphere-integrated cell aggregates to methimazole (MMI), a known thyroid inhibitor, are compared. The results show that the thyroid hormone disruption response of the TS-microsphere-integrated thyroid cell aggregates to MMI is more sensitive compared with those of the zebrafish embryos and conventionally formed cell aggregates. This proof-of-concept approach can be used to control cellular function in the desired direction and hence evaluate thyroid function. Thus, the proposed TS-microsphere-integrated cell aggregates may yield new fundamental insights for advancing in vitro cell-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indong Jun
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST-EUROPE), 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hyunki Cho
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST-EUROPE), 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sebastian E Amos
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Youngjun Choi
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramics Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST-EUROPE), 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST-EUROPE), 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Office of Islands and Coastal Biology Research, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources (HNIBR), Mokpo, 58792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seop Han
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Yang
- Next & Bio Inc., Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Single Cell Multiomics Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Honghyun Park
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramics Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST-EUROPE), 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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7
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Hopperstad K, Truschel T, Wahlicht T, Stewart W, Eicher A, May T, Deisenroth C. Characterization of Novel Human Immortalized Thyroid Follicular Epithelial Cell Lines. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2021; 7:39-49. [PMID: 35663474 PMCID: PMC9157743 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2020.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Investigation of normal human thyroid function using in vitro culture systems is dependent on cells that recapitulate physiology of differentiated thyrocytes. Primary thyrocytes retain features of the native organ but have limited lifespan in culture. Immortalized thyrocytes offer an alternative if challenges maintaining phenotypic stability can be overcome to retain functional features of primary cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS CI-SCREEN immortalization technology was applied to normal human thyroid tissue to generate four cell line variants. The lines were characterized for transgene integration, biomarker expression, genomic stability, and proliferation rates. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)-dependent morphology, thyroglobulin production, thyroxine hormone synthesis, and viability were assessed using conventional 2D monolayer and 3D microtissue culture formats in huThyrEC or h7H medium. RESULTS Despite differential transgene profiles, the lines had similar biomarker expression patterns and proliferation rates. In 2D culture there was no thyroxine synthesis or changes in viability, but TSH-dependent thyroglobulin production was more significant for several lines in h7H than huThyrEC medium. Comparatively, in 3D microtissues, TSH-dependent thyroglobulin induction was greater for cell lines in h7H medium. Synthesis of thyroxine in one cell line was higher than background with TSH exposure, but not significantly different than control. DISCUSSION Immortalization of primary human thyrocytes yielded transgenic lines of epithelial origin. When evaluated in 2D or 3D culture formats, h7H medium supported thyroglobulin production to a greater magnitude than huThyrEC medium. One cell line cultured in 3D microtissue format marginally recapitulated T4 synthesis under continuous TSH exposure. CONCLUSION Select human thyroid cell lines exhibited morphological and functional features of primary thyrocytes and are a novel resource for in vitro disease modeling and toxicity testing that will enable reproducible culture models more representative of normal human thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Hopperstad
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | | | - Tom Wahlicht
- InSCREENeX GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wendy Stewart
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Andrew Eicher
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Tobias May
- InSCREENeX GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Chad Deisenroth
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
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Aydemirli MD, van Eendenburg JDH, van Wezel T, Oosting J, Corver WE, Kapiteijn E, Morreau H. Targeting EML4-ALK gene fusion variant 3 in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:377-389. [PMID: 33878728 PMCID: PMC8183637 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Finding targetable gene fusions can expand the limited treatment options in radioactive iodine-refractory (RAI-r) thyroid cancer. To that end, we established a novel cell line 'JVE404' derived from an advanced RAI-r papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patient, harboring an EML4-ALK gene fusion variant 3 (v3). Different EML4-ALK gene fusions can have different clinical repercussions. JVE404 cells were evaluated for cell viability and cell signaling in response to ALK inhibitors crizotinib, ceritinib and lorlatinib, in parallel to the patient's treatment. He received, after first-line lenvatinib, crizotinib (Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP) trial), and lorlatinib (compassionate use). In vitro treatment with crizotinib or ceritinib decreased viability in JVE404, but most potently and significantly only with lorlatinib. Western blot analysis showed a near total decrease of 99% and 89%, respectively, in pALK and pERK expression levels in JVE404 cells with lorlatinib, in contrast to remaining signal intensities of a half and a third of control, respectively, with crizotinib. The patient had a 6-month lasting stable disease on crizotinib, but progressive disease occurred, including the finding of cerebral metastases, at 8 months. With lorlatinib, partial response, including clinical cerebral activity, was already achieved at 11 weeks' use and ongoing partial response at 7 months. To our best knowledge, this is the first reported case describing a patient-specific targeted treatment with lorlatinib based on an EML4-ALK gene fusion v3 in a thyroid cancer patient, and own cancer cell line. Tumor-agnostic targeted therapy may provide valuable treatment options in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Derya Aydemirli
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Oosting
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E Corver
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Kapiteijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to H Morreau:
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Chenlo M, Aliyev E, Rodrigues JS, Vieiro-Balo P, Blanco Freire MN, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Alvarez CV. Sequential Colocalization of ERa, PR, and AR Hormone Receptors Using Confocal Microscopy Enables New Insights into Normal Breast and Prostate Tissue and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123591. [PMID: 33266334 PMCID: PMC7761237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary At present, platforms for multiplex immunohistochemistry (e.g., Opal) identify markers in distinct cell populations within a tissue section using multispectral fluorescence and optic microscopy. However, the optic resolution is not enough to colocalize markers at the subcellular level in the main epithelial or cancer population. We use confocal microscopy in multiplex detection of nuclear hormone receptors since they are an important part of the diagnosis and treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Moreover, we increased the quantitative dynamic range and resolution through increasing the signal/noise ration through reducing autofluorescence and increased longer antibody incubations. ColNu mIHCF identified distinct patterns of nuclear receptor colocalization in breast cancers. Furthermore, in prostate cancer all cancer epithelium was positive for ERa at the plasma membrane; and in normal prostate a small ERa+/p63+/AR− basal population suggest stem cell commitment to differentiation. ColNu mIHCF could be used for improving diagnosis and treatment in cancer. Abstract Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) use markers staining different cell populations applying widefield optical microscopy. Resolution is low not resolving subcellular co-localization. We sought to colocalize markers at subcellular level with antibodies validated for clinical diagnosis, including the single secondary antibody (combination of anti-rabbit/mouse-antibodies) used for diagnostic IHC with any primary antibody, and confocal microscopy. We explore colocalization in the nucleus (ColNu) of nuclear hormone receptors (ERa, PR, and AR) along with the baseline marker p63 in paired samples of breast and prostate tissues. We established ColNu mIHCF as a reliable technique easily implemented in a hospital setting. In ERa+ breast cancer, we identified different colocalization patterns (nuclear or cytoplasmatic) with PR and AR on the luminal epithelium. A triple-negative breast-cancer case expressed membrane-only ERa. A PR-only case was double positive PR/p63. In normal prostate, we identified an ERa+/p63+/AR-negative distinct population. All prostate cancer cases characteristically expressed ERa on the apical membrane of the AR+ epithelium. We confirmed this using ERa IHC and needle-core biopsies. ColNu mIHCF is feasible and already revealed a new marker for prostate cancer and identified sub-patterns in breast cancer. It could be useful for pathology as well as for functional studies in normal prostate and breast tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Moleculary Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Elvin Aliyev
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.A.); (P.V.-B.)
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Moleculary Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Paula Vieiro-Balo
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.A.); (P.V.-B.)
| | - Manuel N. Blanco Freire
- Department of Surgery, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.A.); (P.V.-B.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.C.-T.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Clara V. Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Moleculary Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.C.); (J.S.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.C.-T.); (C.V.A.)
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10
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Primary 3D Culture of Human Thyroid Follicle-Like Structures in Platelet Lysate-Based Gel. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:564-570. [PMID: 32910397 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The results of 3D culturing of human thyroid follicle-like structures in a gel based on platelet lysate at the gel-air interface are presented. During culturing up to 4 months, no new follicle-like structures were formed and none were destroyed. During the first 2 months, most follicle-like structures increased in size; then, their grown decelerated, but they retained viability. Ki-67+ cells were observed in the majority of follicle-like structures. Most of them produced thyroglobulin. Follicle-like structures get closer, the number of contacts between them increased, and cluster appeared. Thus, the developed 3D culturing system in a gel based on platelet lysate is an adequate approach for maintaining structure and functional activity of human follicle-like structures in vitro for at least 2 months.
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11
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Deisenroth C, Soldatow VY, Ford J, Stewart W, Brinkman C, LeCluyse EL, MacMillan DK, Thomas RS. Development of an In Vitro Human Thyroid Microtissue Model for Chemical Screening. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:63-78. [PMID: 31808822 PMCID: PMC8061085 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for regulating a number of diverse physiological processes required for normal growth, development, and metabolism. The US EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) has identified several molecular thyroid targets relevant to hormone synthesis dynamics that have been adapted to high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to rapidly evaluate the ToxCast/Tox21 chemical inventories for potential thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs). The uncertainty surrounding the specificity of active chemicals identified in these screens and the relevance to phenotypic effects on in vivo human TH synthesis are notable data gaps for hazard identification of TDCs. The objective of this study was to develop a medium-throughput organotypic screening assay comprised of reconstructed human thyroid microtissues to quantitatively evaluate the disruptive effects of chemicals on TH production and secretion. Primary human thyroid cells procured from qualified euthyroid donors were analyzed for retention of NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1), Keratin 7 (KRT7), and Thyroglobulin (TG) protein expression by high-content image analysis to verify enrichment of follicular epithelial cells. A direct comparison of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) 96-well culture formats was employed to characterize the morphology, differential gene expression, TG production, and TH synthesis over the course of 20 days. The results indicate that modeling human thyroid cells in the 3D format was sufficient to restore TH synthesis not observed in the 2D culture format. Inhibition of TH synthesis in an optimized 3D culture format was demonstrated with reference chemicals for key molecular targets within the thyroid gland. Implementation of the assay may prove useful for interpreting phenotypic effects of candidate TDCs identified by HTS efforts currently underway in the EDSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Deisenroth
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | | | - Jermaine Ford
- Research Cores Unit, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Wendy Stewart
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Cassandra Brinkman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | | | - Denise K. MacMillan
- Research Cores Unit, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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12
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Pradilla Dieste A, Chenlo M, Perez-Romero S, Garcia-Rendueles ÁR, Suarez-Fariña M, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Bernabeu I, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Alvarez CV. GFRα 1-2-3-4 co-receptors for RET Are co-expressed in Pituitary Stem Cells but Individually Retained in Some Adenopituitary Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:631. [PMID: 33071961 PMCID: PMC7543094 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET tyrosine kinase receptor is expressed by the endocrine somatotroph cells of the pituitary where it has important functions regulating survival/apoptosis. However, RET is also expressed by the GPS pituitary stem cells localized in a niche between the adenopituitary and the intermediate lobe. To bind any of its four ligands, RET needs one of four co-receptors called GFRα1-4. It has been previously shown that GFRα1 is expressed by somatotroph cells and acromegaly tumors. GFRα2 was shown to be expressed by pituitary stem cells. GFRα4 was proposed as not expressed in the pituitary. Here we study the RNA and protein expression of the four GFRα co-receptors for RET in rat and human pituitary. The four co-receptors were abundantly expressed at the RNA level both in rat and human pituitary, although GFRα4 was the less abundant. Multiple immunofluorescence for each co-receptor and β-catenin, a marker of stem cell niche was performed. The four GFRα co-receptors were co-expressed by the GPS cells at the niche colocalizing with β-catenin. Isolated individual scattered cells positive for one or other receptor could be found through the adenopituitary with low β-catenin expression. Some of them co-express GFRα1 and PIT1. Immunohistochemistry in normal human pituitary confirmed the data. Our data suggest that the redundancy of GFRα co-expression is a self-supportive mechanism which ensures niche maintenance and proper differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pradilla Dieste
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángela R. Garcia-Rendueles
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bernabeu
- Department of Endocrinology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara V. Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Clara V. Alvarez
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13
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Faidra Angelerou MG, Markus R, Paraskevopoulou V, Foralosso R, Clarke P, Alvarez CV, Chenlo M, Johnson L, Rutland C, Allen S, Brasnett C, Seddon A, Zelzer M, Marlow M. Mechanistic investigations into the encapsulation and release of small molecules and proteins from a supramolecular nucleoside gel in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2019; 317:118-129. [PMID: 31678096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular gels have recently emerged as promising biomaterials for the delivery of a wide range of bioactive molecules, from small hydrophobic drugs to large biomolecules such as proteins. Although it has been demonstrated that each encapsulated molecule has a different release profile from the hydrogel, so far diffusion and steric impediment have been identified as the only mechanisms for the release of molecules from supramolecular gels. Erosion of a supramolecular gel has not yet been reported to contribute to the release profiles of encapsulated molecules. Here, we use a novel nucleoside-based supramolecular gel as a drug delivery system for proteins with different properties and a hydrophobic dye and describe for the first time how these materials interact, encapsulate and eventually release bioactive molecules through an erosion-based process. Through fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy as well as small angle X-ray scattering, we show that the encapsulated molecules directly interact with the hydrogel fibres - rather than being physically entrapped in the gel network. The ability of these materials to protect proteins against enzymatic degradation is also demonstrated here for the first time. In addition, the released proteins were proven to be functional in vitro. Real-time fluorescence microscopy together with macroscopic release studies confirm that erosion is the key release mechanism. In vivo, the gel completely degrades after two weeks and no signs of inflammation are detected, demonstrating its in vivo safety. By establishing the contribution of erosion as a key driving force behind the release of bioactive molecules from supramolecular gels, this work provides mechanistic insight into the way molecules with different properties are encapsulated and released from a nucleoside-based supramolecular gel and sets the basis for the design of more tailored supramolecular gels for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Markus
- SLIM Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | - Philip Clarke
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Catrin Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | | | | | - Annela Seddon
- HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK; Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | | | - Maria Marlow
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK.
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14
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Huang Y, Yamanouchi K, Sakai Y, Kuba S, Sakimura C, Morita M, Kanetaka K, Takatsuki M, Eguchi S. Fabrication of Functional Cell Sheets with Human Thyrocytes from Non-Tumorous Thyroid Tissue. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:491-499. [PMID: 31624704 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered cell sheet transplantation has been considered an alternative physiological therapy for endocrine disorders. In this study, we attempted to fabricate functional human thyroid cell sheets using the engineering technology by culturing primary thyrocytes in free-feeder monolayers and assessed their proliferation and function in two different media. Methods The non-tumorous tissues (approximately 2 g) were dissected during surgery. Primary human thyroid cells were isolated by mechanical dispersion and treatment with isolation solution. The cells were cultured on tissue culture dishes or temperature-responsive culture dishes to induce the formation of detached cell sheets. Results Primary thyroid cells isolated from nine patients were positive for thyroid transcription factor 1, thyroglobulin (TG) and cytokeratin 7. Cell sheets with follicles were fabricated by cells incubated in both Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and hepatocyte-defined medium (HDM) culture medium. The diameter and thickness of sheets fabricated in HDM were larger and thicker than those fabricated from DMEM. Furthermore, the cells incubated in HDM secreted higher levels of fT3 and fT4 than those incubated in DMEM. The thyroid peroxidase and TG mRNA of cells maintained in HDM were higher than those in cells maintained in DMEM. Conclusion HDM appears suitable as a culture medium for maintaining primary thyrocytes and fabricating functional cell sheets. These in vitro findings may contribute to the development of appropriate culture conditions for human thyrocytes as well as engineered functional cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Kosho Yamanouchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Sayaka Kuba
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Chika Sakimura
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Michi Morita
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Kengo Kanetaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Mitsuhisa Takatsuki
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501 Japan
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15
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Chenlo M, Rodriguez-Gomez IA, Serramito R, Garcia-Rendueles AR, Villar-Taibo R, Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Perez-Romero S, Suarez-Fariña M, Garcia-Allut A, Cabezas-Agricola JM, Rodriguez-Garcia J, Lear PV, Alvarez-San Martin RM, Alvarez-Escola C, Bernabeu I, Alvarez CV. Unmasking a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target from the GDNF-RET/PIT1/p14ARF/p53 pathway in acromegaly. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:537-552. [PMID: 30975543 PMCID: PMC6562173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acromegaly is produced by excess growth hormone secreted by a pituitary adenoma of somatotroph cells (ACRO). First-line therapy, surgery and adjuvant therapy with somatostatin analogs, fails in 25% of patients. There is no predictive factor of resistance to therapy. New therapies are investigated using few dispersed tumor cells in acute primary cultures in standard conditions where the cells do not grow, or using rat pituitary cell lines that do not maintain the full somatotroph phenotype. The RET/PIT1/p14ARF/p53 pathway regulates apoptosis in normal pituitary somatotrophs whereas the RET/GDNF pathway regulates survival, controlling PIT1 levels and blocking p14ARF (ARF) and p53 expression. Methods We investigated these two RET pathways in a prospective series of 32 ACRO and 63 non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA), studying quantitative RNA and protein gene expression for molecular-clinical correlations and how the RET pathway might be implicated in therapeutic success. Clinical data was collected during post-surgical follow-up. We also established new'humanized’ pituitary cultures, allowing 20 repeated passages and maintaining the pituitary secretory phenotype, and tested five multikinase inhibitors (TKI: Vandetanib, Lenvatinib, Sunitinib, Cabozantinib and Sorafenib) potentially able to act on the GDNF-induced RET dimerization/survival pathway. Antibody arrays investigated intracellular molecular pathways. Findings In ACRO, there was specific enrichment of all genes in both RET pathways, especially GDNF. ARF and GFRA4 gene expression were found to be opposing predictors of response to first-line therapy. ARF cut-off levels, calculated categorizing by GNAS mutation, were predictive of good response (above) or resistance (below) to therapy months later. Sorafenib, through AMPK, blocked the GDNF/AKT survival action without altering the RET apoptotic pathway. Interpretation Tumor ARF mRNA expression measured at the time of the surgery is a prognosis factor in acromegaly. The RET inhibitor, Sorafenib, is proposed as a potential treatment for resistant ACRO. Fund This project was supported by national grants from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Instituto Investigación Carlos III, with participation of European FEDER funds, to IB (PI150056) and CVA (BFU2016-76973-R). It was also supported initially by a grant from the Investigator Initiated Research (IIR) Program (WI177773) and by a non-restricted Research Grant from Pfizer Foundation to IB. Some of the pituitary acromegaly samples were collected in the framework of the Spanish National Registry of Acromegaly (REMAH), partially supported by an unrestricted grant from Novartis to the Spanish Endocrine Association (SEEN). CVA is also supported from a grant of Medical Research Council UK MR/M018539/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria A Rodriguez-Gomez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital HM Modelo, A Coruña, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramon Serramito
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angela R Garcia-Rendueles
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rocío Villar-Taibo
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Allut
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose M Cabezas-Agricola
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Rodriguez-Garcia
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pamela V Lear
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ignacio Bernabeu
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Wang Y, Li W, Phay JE, Shen R, Pellegata NS, Saji M, Ringel MD, de la Chapelle A, He H. Primary Cell Culture Systems for Human Thyroid Studies. Thyroid 2016; 26:1131-40. [PMID: 27296473 PMCID: PMC4976228 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell models are key instruments for in vitro studies of the thyroid. Permanent thyroid cell lines that are widely used in laboratory research typically originate from tumors. For many purposes, it is desirable to compare tumor cells with cells originating from normal tissue. However, such cultures grow slowly, have a highly limited life-span, and are known to lose their thyroid characteristics. The aim of the present study was to type coding and noncoding thyroid markers in different culture systems in an attempt to determine the optimal conditions for in vitro experimentation. METHODS Human primary thyroid cells were isolated from histologically non-tumorous tissues. Two alternative media (6H and h7H) were used. The morphology and behavior of the ensuing monolayer (two-dimensional) cultures was monitored by microscopy. The expression of key thyroid-related genes (n = 9) was monitored by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on days 8, 21, and 43 after initiation. As a pilot study, the same markers were studied in a three-dimensional hanging-drop culture system. RESULTS In the cultures with 6H or h7H medium, the primary thyroid cells displayed growth in numbers and size. Most cells retained the main morphological characteristics of thyroid cells throughout the first two weeks of culture, and fibroblast-like cells appeared around day 19. By day 21, most thyroid gene markers were retained, but by day 43, several markers were no longer present. The lncRNA transcripts PTCSC2 (spliced) and PTCSC3 were the first to disappear. There were no fundamental differences between the two media in the early period of culture. In the three-dimensional system, most thyroid markers were retained by day 21. CONCLUSION Cultures of thyroid cells retain many thyroid characteristics up to day 21. Thereafter, fibroblast-like dedifferentiated cells begin to dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Wang
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wei Li
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John E. Phay
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rulong Shen
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Natalia S. Pellegata
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institut für Pathologie, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Huiling He
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Rewiring of the apoptotic TGF-β-SMAD/NFκB pathway through an oncogenic function of p27 in human papillary thyroid cancer. Oncogene 2016; 36:652-666. [PMID: 27452523 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent thyroid cancer, is characterized by low proliferation but no apoptosis, presenting frequent lymph-node metastasis. Papillary thyroid carcinoma overexpress transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). In human cells, TGF-β has two opposing actions: antitumoral through pro-apoptotic and cytostatic activities, and pro-tumoral promoting growth and metastasis. The switch converting TGF-β from a tumor-suppressor to tumor-promoter has not been identified. In the current study, we have quantified a parallel upregulation of TGF-β and nuclear p27, a CDK2 inhibitor, in samples from PTC. We established primary cultures from follicular epithelium in human homeostatic conditions (h7H medium). TGF-β-dependent cytostasis occurred in normal and cancer cells through p15/CDKN2B induction. However, TGF-β induced apoptosis in normal and benign but not in carcinoma cultures. In normal thyroid cells, TGF-β/SMAD repressed the p27/CDKN1B gene, activating CDK2-dependent SMAD3 phosphorylation to induce p50 NFκB-dependent BAX upregulation and apoptosis. In thyroid cancer cells, oncogene activation prevented TGF-β/SMAD-dependent p27 repression, and CDK2/SMAD3 phosphorylation, leading to p65 NFκB upregulation which repressed BAX, induced cyclin D1 and promoted TGF-β-dependent growth. In PTC samples from patients, upregulation of TGF-β, p27, p65 and cyclin D1 mRNA were significantly correlated, while the expression of the isoform BAX-β, exclusively transcribed in apoptotic cells, was negatively correlated. Additionally, combined ERK and p65 NFκB inhibitors reduced p27 expression and potentiated apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells while not affecting survival in normal thyroid cells. Our results therefore suggest that the oncoprotein p27 reorganizes the effects of TGF-β in thyroid cancer, explaining the slow proliferation but lack of apoptosis and metastatic behavior of PTC.
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18
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Szumska J, Qatato M, Rehders M, Führer D, Biebermann H, Grandy DK, Köhrle J, Brix K. Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Localization at the Apical Plasma Membrane Domain of Fisher Rat Thyroid Epithelial Cells Is Confined to Cilia. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:30-41. [PMID: 26601071 PMCID: PMC4640295 DOI: 10.1159/000434717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) is one member of the Taar family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) accepting various biogenic amines as ligands. It has been proposed that Taar1 mediates rapid, membrane-initiated effects of thyronamines, the endogenous decarboxylated and deiodinated relatives of the classical thyroid hormones T4 and T3. OBJECTIVES Although the physiological actions of thyronamines in general and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) in particular are incompletely understood, studies published to date suggest that synthetic T1AM-activated Taar1 signaling antagonizes thyromimetic effects exerted by T3. However, the location of Taar1 is currently unknown. METHODS To fill this gap in our knowledge we employed immunofluorescence microscopy and a polyclonal antibody to detect Taar1 protein expression in thyroid tissue from Fisher rats, wild-type and taar1-deficient mice, and in the polarized FRT cells. RESULTS With this approach we found that Taar1 is expressed in the membranes of subcellular compartments of the secretory pathway and on the apical plasma membrane of FRT cells. Three-dimensional analyses further revealed Taar1 immunoreactivity in cilial extensions of postconfluent FRT cell cultures that had formed follicle-like structures. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest Taar1 transport along the secretory pathway and its accumulation in the primary cilium of thyrocytes. These findings are of significance considering the increasing interest in the role of cilia in harboring functional GPCR. We hypothesize that thyronamines can reach and activate Taar1 in thyroid follicular epithelia by acting from within the thyroid follicle lumen, their potential site of synthesis, as part of a nonclassical mechanism of thyroid autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David K. Grandy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oreg., USA
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- *Dr. Klaudia Brix, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, DE-28759 Bremen (Germany), E-Mail
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Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C, García MC. Energy Balance Regulating Neuropeptides Are Expressed through Pregnancy and Regulated by Interleukin-6 Deficiency in Mouse Placenta. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:537603. [PMID: 24744782 PMCID: PMC3972931 DOI: 10.1155/2014/537603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta produces a number of signaling molecules including metabolic and reproductive hormones as well as several inflammatory mediators. Among them, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a well-known immune and metabolic regulator, acts peripherally modulating metabolic function and centrally increasing energy expenditure and reducing body fat. IL-6 interacts with key hypothalamic neuropeptidergic systems controlling energy homeostasis such as those producing the orexigenic/anabolic: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and anorectic/catabolic neuropeptides: proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART). Human and rat placenta have been identified as source of these neuropeptides, but their expression and regulation in murine placental tissues remain unknown. Therefore, placental mRNA levels of IL-6, NPY, AgRP, POMC, and CART at different pregnancy stages (gestational days 13, 15, and 18) were analyzed by real time PCR, as were the effect of IL-6 deficiency (IL-6 knockout mice) on their placental expression. Our results showed that placenta-derived neuropeptides were regulated by gestational age and IL-6 throughout the second half of mouse pregnancy. These data suggest that IL-6 may participate in the fine tune control of energy balance during pregnancy by extending its action as a metabolic signal to the main organ at the fetomaternal interface: the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María C. García
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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