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Hormaechea-Agulla D, Gahete MD, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Gómez-Gómez E, Ibáñez-Costa A, L-López F, Rivero-Cortés E, Sarmento-Cabral A, Valero-Rosa J, Carrasco-Valiente J, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Ortega-Salas R, Moreno MM, Tsomaia N, Swanson SM, Culler MD, Requena MJ, Castaño JP, Luque RM. The oncogenic role of the In1-ghrelin splicing variant in prostate cancer aggressiveness. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:146. [PMID: 28851363 PMCID: PMC5576296 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Ghrelin-system is a complex, pleiotropic family composed of several peptides, including native-ghrelin and its In1-ghrelin splicing variant, and receptors (GHSR 1a/b), which are dysregulated in various endocrine-related tumors, where they associate to pathophysiological features, but the presence, functional role, and mechanisms of actions of In1-ghrelin splicing variant in prostate-cancer (PCa), is completely unexplored. Herein, we aimed to determine the presence of key ghrelin-system components (native-ghrelin, In1-ghrelin, GHSR1a/1b) and their potential pathophysiological role in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods In1-ghrelin and native-ghrelin expression was evaluated by qPCR in prostate tissues from patients with high PCa-risk (n = 52; fresh-tumoral biopsies), and healthy-prostates (n = 12; from cystoprostatectomies) and correlated with clinical parameters using Spearman-test. In addition, In1-ghrelin and native-ghrelin was measured in plasma from an additional cohort of PCa-patients with different risk levels (n = 30) and control-healthy patients (n = 20). In vivo functional (proliferation/migration) and mechanistic (gene expression/signaling-pathways) assays were performed in PCa-cell lines in response to In1-ghrelin and native-ghrelin treatment, overexpression and/or silencing. Finally, tumor progression was monitored in nude-mice injected with PCa-cells overexpressing In1-ghrelin, native-ghrelin and empty vector (control). Results In1-ghrelin, but not native-ghrelin, was overexpressed in high-risk PCa-samples compared to normal-prostate (NP), and this expression correlated with that of PSA. Conversely, GHSR1a/1b expression was virtually absent. Remarkably, plasmatic In1-ghrelin, but not native-ghrelin, levels were also higher in PCa-patients compared to healthy-controls. Furthermore, In1-ghrelin treatment/overexpression, and to a much lesser extent native-ghrelin, increased aggressiveness features (cell-proliferation, migration and PSA secretion) of NP and PCa cells. Consistently, nude-mice injected with PC-3-cells stably-transfected with In1-ghrelin, but not native-ghrelin, presented larger tumors. These effects were likely mediated by ERK1/2-signaling activation and involved altered expression of key oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes. Finally, In1-ghrelin silencing reduced cell-proliferation and PSA secretion from PCa cells. Conclusions Altogether, our results indicate that In1-ghrelin levels (in tissue) and circulating levels (in plasma) are increased in PCa where it can regulate key pathophysiological processes, thus suggesting that In1-ghrelin may represent a novel biomarker and a new therapeutic target in PCa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0713-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain.,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain.,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain.,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gómez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain.,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain.,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain.,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain.,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Valero-Rosa
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julia Carrasco-Valiente
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Ortega-Salas
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María M Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Steve M Swanson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - María J Requena
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain. .,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain. .,ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain.
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Yu EY, Li H, Higano CS, Agarwal N, Pal SK, Alva A, Heath EI, Lam ET, Gupta S, Lilly MB, Inoue Y, Chi KN, Vogelzang NJ, Quinn DI, Cheng HH, Plymate SR, Hussain M, Tangen CM, Thompson IM. SWOG S0925: A Randomized Phase II Study of Androgen Deprivation Combined With Cixutumumab Versus Androgen Deprivation Alone in Patients With New Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1601-8. [PMID: 25847934 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cixutumumab, formerly IMC-A12, is a recombinant human monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody that targets insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR). Cixutumumab was synergistic with castration in a hormone-sensitive prostate cancer xenograft model. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with new metastatic prostate cancer were randomly assigned within 30 days of initiating androgen deprivation (AD) to cixutumumab added to a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist with bicalutamide versus AD alone. With 180 patients and one-sided alpha of 0.10, there would be 90% power to detect an absolute 20% difference in undetectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA; ≤ 0.2 ng/mL) rate at 28 weeks (relative risk, 1.44); this end point was previously strongly correlated with survival. Secondary end points included the proportion of patients with PSA > 4.0 ng/mL, safety and tolerability, circulating tumor cell (CTC) levels, and seven plasma IGF-IR biomarkers. Fisher's exact test was used for the primary end point, and extended Mantel-Haenszel χ(2) test was used for three PSA response categories. RESULTS The trial accrued 210 eligible patients (105 randomly assigned to each arm). Patient characteristics were similar in both arms. Undetectable PSA rate was 42 (40.0%) of 105 for cixutumumab plus AD and 34 (32.3%) of 105 for AD alone (relative risk, 1.24; one-sided P = .16). Lower baseline CTCs (0 v 1 to 4 v ≥ 5/7.5 mL whole blood) were associated with higher rate of PSA response (three categories; P = .036) in 39 evaluable patients. IGF-IR biomarkers were not correlated with PSA outcome, and cixutumumab did not significantly change these biomarker levels. CONCLUSION Cixutumumab plus AD did not significantly increase the undetectable PSA rate in men with new metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. CTCs at baseline may carry prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Y Yu
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.
| | - Hongli Li
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Celestia S Higano
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ajjai Alva
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Elisabeth I Heath
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Elaine T Lam
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Shilpa Gupta
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Michael B Lilly
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yoshio Inoue
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Kim N Chi
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Nicholas J Vogelzang
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - David I Quinn
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Heather H Cheng
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Maha Hussain
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Evan Y. Yu, Hongli Li, Celestia S. Higano, Heather H. Cheng, and Catherine M. Tangen, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington; Stephen R. Plymate, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle; Yoshio Inoue, Multicare Regional Cancer Center, Tacoma, WA; Neeraj Agarwal, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Sumanta K. Pal, City of Hope, Duarte; David I. Quinn, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Ajjai Alva, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Elisabeth I. Heath, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Elaine T. Lam, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Shilpa Gupta, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida Morisani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Michael B. Lilly, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Kim N. Chi, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Nicholas J. Vogelzang, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV; and Ian M. Thompson Jr, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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