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Luo N, Shi X, Xia Y, Gao L, Li X, Jiang Y. Risk factors for tumor enlargement in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine 2024; 85:1041-1049. [PMID: 38600392 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current management guidelines for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) do not specify how to screen for growing tumors. We sought to explore the possible risk factors for tumor enlargement in patients with low-risk PTMC under active surveillance (AS). METHODS We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for high quality studies up to January 10th, 2024. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies, and Review Manager 5.4 was used to analyze possible risk factors and calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) via the inverse-variance calculation method. RESULTS Eleven studies were included in our meta-analysis. Among the 8880 participants, 464 experienced tumor growth, and the incidence of tumor growth varied from 3.4% to 19.4%. The results of the meta-analysis showed that tumor enlargement was associated with younger age (pooled RR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.85-2.90, p < 0.00001; 8 studies), and higher serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (pooled RR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.19-4.37, p = 0.01; 6 studies), and could be related to pregnancy (pooled RR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.17-5.52, p = 0.02; 2 studies). However, these following factors showed no significant association with tumor growth: sex (pooled RR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.63-1.84, p = 0.79; 7 studies), tumor size at diagnosis (pooled RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.63-1.85, p = 0.77; 5 studies), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) (pooled RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.93-2.60, p = 0.09; 2 studies). CONCLUSION Our analysis identified that younger age and higher serum TSH levels were higher risk factors for tumor enlargement in low-risk PTMC patients. Pregnancy is a suspected risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengwen Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlong Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Luying Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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2
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Li LQ, Hilmi O, England J, Tolley N. An update on the management of thyroid nodules: rationalising the guidelines. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:965-970. [PMID: 36318928 DOI: 10.1017/s002221512200233x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidance for the management of thyroid nodules has evolved over time, from initial evaluation based predominantly on clinical grounds to now including the established role of ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology in their assessment. There is, however, significant variation in the management of thyroid nodules depending on which national guidelines are followed. In addition, there are certain clinical situations such as pregnancy and paediatric thyroid nodules that have differing evaluation priorities. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to provide an overview of currently accepted practices for the initial investigation and subsequent management of patients with thyroid nodules for the non-specialist. The review also addresses areas of variance between the systems in common clinical use, as well as newer, evolving technologies, including molecular testing in the evaluation of malignancy in thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - O Hilmi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - J England
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - N Tolley
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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3
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Xiang P, Ahmadi S, Coleman A, West W, Lobon I, Bikas A, Landa I, Marqusee E, Kim M, Alexander EK, Pappa T. Identifying and Predicting Diverse Patterns of Benign Nodule Growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e458-e463. [PMID: 36625198 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The natural history of benign thyroid nodules is typically characterized by slow growth and minimal risk of malignant transformation. Available data have, to date, been unable to elucidate the diversity of benign nodule growth patterns over time nor predictive of which patients follow which pattern. OBJECTIVE We aimed to better define the diverse patterns of benign nodule behavior and their predictors. METHODS We prospectively studied 389 consecutive patients with solitary, solid, cytologically benign thyroid nodules ≥1 cm and follow-up ultrasound for at least 4 years. Demographic, sonographic, biochemical data were collected at initial evaluation, and subsequent growth patterns were identified over the follow-up. Predictors of growth at initial evaluation and 3 years of follow-up were defined. RESULTS The mean (±SD) follow-up was 7.7 (±2.7) years. Three distinct growth patterns were identified: A) stagnant nodules with average growth rate < 0.2 mm/year; B) slow-growing nodules with a rate 0.2 to 1.0 mm/year; and C) fast-growing nodules increasing > 1.0 mm/year. Fast-growing nodules represented 17.2% of the cohort, and were more frequent in patients younger than 50 years (OR 2.2 [1.2-4.1], P = 0.016), and in larger nodules (2.0-2.9 cm, OR 3.5 [1.7-7.1], P = 0.001; >3.0 cm, OR 4.4 [1.8-10.4], P = 0.001 vs reference 1-1.9 cm). In a multiple regression model, nodule growth at 3 years at an average growth rate over 0.2 mm/year over 3 years since initial evaluation was an independent predictor of longer-term fast nodule growth, even after adjusting for age, biological sex, TSH level, and nodule size (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The natural history of benign nodule growth is diverse, with over 80% of nodules demonstrating minimal to no growth long-term. Nearly 20% of cytologically benign nodules may exhibit a fast, continued growth pattern, which can be predicted by the 3-year growth rate pattern. These findings can help inform decision making for tailored benign nodule follow-up and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- PingPing Xiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Sara Ahmadi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Coleman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William West
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabel Lobon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Athanasios Bikas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Iñigo Landa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen Marqusee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erik K Alexander
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Theodora Pappa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Yuang K, Al-Bahadili H, Chang A. An Unexpected Finding of Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in a Toxic Thyroid Nodule. JCEM CASE REPORTS 2023; 1:luad052. [PMID: 37908574 PMCID: PMC10580452 DOI: 10.1210/jcemcr/luad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare entity of thyroid cancer with an intermediate clinical behavior between differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Here we present a patient who was referred to the endocrinology clinic for evaluation of hyperthyroidism and multinodular goiter. Due to presence of right toxic thyroid nodules and compressive symptoms, the patient underwent right lobectomy and isthmectomy, where surgical pathology revealed PDTC in the right thyroid lobe. Based on this unusual case of malignancy within a toxic nodule, we propose further evaluation of hot nodules with concerning features such as growth rate. Furthermore, exploration of relative sodium iodine symporter (NIS) expression in PDTC may help us better understand how iodine uptake changes as PDTC develops, which may impact our approach to assessing and treating PDTC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Yuang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Huda Al-Bahadili
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alan Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Kitahara CM, Slettebø Daltveit D, Ekbom A, Engeland A, Gissler M, Glimelius I, Grotmol T, Trolle Lagerros Y, Madanat-Harjuoja L, Männistö T, Sørensen HT, Troisi R, Bjørge T. Maternal Health, Pregnancy and Offspring Factors, and Maternal Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Nordic Population-Based Registry Study. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:70-83. [PMID: 36130211 PMCID: PMC10144719 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is higher in women than men, especially during the reproductive years, for reasons that remain poorly understood. Using population-based registry data from 4 Nordic countries through 2015, we examined associations of perinatal characteristics with risk of maternal thyroid cancer. Cases were women diagnosed with thyroid cancer ≥2 years after last birth (n = 7,425, 83% papillary). Cases were matched to controls (n = 67,903) by mother's birth year, country, and county of residence. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models adjusting for parity. Older age at first pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage (OR = 1.18, 95% (confidence interval) CI: 1.08, 1.29), and benign thyroid conditions (ORs ranging from 1.64 for hypothyroidism to 10.35 for thyroid neoplasms) were associated with increased thyroid cancer risk, as were higher offspring birth weight (per 1-kg increase, OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.22) and higher likelihood of offspring being large for gestational age (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.43). Unmarried/noncohabiting status (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.98), maternal smoking (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.84), and preterm birth (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.98) were associated with reduced risk. Several factors (e.g., older age at first pregnancy, maternal smoking, goiter, benign neoplasms, postpartum hemorrhage, hyperemesis gravidarum, and neonatal jaundice) were associated with advanced thyroid cancer. These findings suggest that some perinatal exposures may influence maternal thyroid cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari M Kitahara
- Correspondence to Dr. Cari M. Kitahara, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm 7E-456, Bethesda, MD 20892 (e-mail: )
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6
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Alexander EK, Cibas ES. Diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:533-539. [PMID: 35752200 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common, usually asymptomatic, and often pose minimal risk to the affected patient. However, 10-15% prove malignant and serve as the rationale for diagnostic assessment. Safely identifying and treating a relevant thyroid cancer through a cost-effective process is the primary goal of the treating practitioner. Ultrasound is the principal means of initial nodule assessment and should be performed when any thyroid nodule is suspected. Fine-needle aspiration provides further cytological determination of benign or malignant disease and is generally applied to nodules larger than 1-2 cm in diameter, on the basis of holistic risk assessment. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology provides standardised terminology, which enhances communication among health-care providers and patients. Benign cytology is highly accurate, whereas indeterminate cytology could benefit from further application of molecular testing. The ultimate goal of diagnostic assessment of thyroid nodules is to accurately identify malignancy while avoiding overtreatment. Low-risk thyroid nodules can be safely monitored in many patients with minimal diagnostic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik K Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Edmund S Cibas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Alexander EK, Doherty GM, Barletta JA. Management of thyroid nodules. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:540-548. [PMID: 35752201 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past 30 years, there has been a substantial rise in the detection of thyroid nodules. Largely asymptomatic, thyroid nodules are most often incidental findings that typically pose minimal risk. Data supporting these findings show a rapid rise in the incidental detection of thyroid nodules and cancer, but minimal effect on mortality rates, despite treatment. These data imply that historical approaches to thyroid nodule and cancer care might at times include unnecessary or excessive care. To address this issue, the past decade has witnessed an increasingly conservative approach to nodule management, seeking to individualise care and provide the most focused intervention that leads to favourable outcomes. Benign nodules can be safely monitored with minimal, or long-interval follow-up imaging. Molecular testing should be considered for cytologically indeterminate nodules because of its ability to improve preoperative cancer risk determination and reduce unnecessary surgery. The treatment of biopsy-proven malignant nodules has become increasingly nuanced, since recommendations for near-total thyroidectomy are no longer routine. Hemithyroidectomy is now commonly considered when operative intervention is favoured. Some patients with small volume, isolated cancerous nodules are safely managed non-operatively with active monitoring. In summary, modern management strategies for thyroid nodular disease seek to incorporate the growing amount of available diagnostic and prognostic data, inclusive of demographic, radiological, pathological and molecular findings. Once obtained, an individualised management plan can be effectively formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik K Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gerard M Doherty
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Ha EJ, Chung SR, Na DG, Ahn HS, Chung J, Lee JY, Park JS, Yoo RE, Baek JH, Baek SM, Cho SW, Choi YJ, Hahn SY, Jung SL, Kim JH, Kim SK, Kim SJ, Lee CY, Lee HK, Lee JH, Lee YH, Lim HK, Shin JH, Sim JS, Sung JY, Yoon JH, Choi M. 2021 Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and Imaging-Based Management of Thyroid Nodules: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Consensus Statement and Recommendations. Korean J Radiol 2021; 22:2094-2123. [PMID: 34719893 PMCID: PMC8628155 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2021.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidental thyroid nodules are commonly detected on ultrasonography (US). This has contributed to the rapidly rising incidence of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma over the last 20 years. The appropriate diagnosis and management of these patients is based on the risk factors related to the patients as well as the thyroid nodules. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) published consensus recommendations for US-based management of thyroid nodules in 2011 and revised them in 2016. These guidelines have been used as the standard guidelines in Korea. However, recent advances in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules have necessitated the revision of the original recommendations. The task force of the KSThR has revised the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and recommendations for US lexicon, biopsy criteria, US criteria of extrathyroidal extension, optimal thyroid computed tomography protocol, and US follow-up of thyroid nodules before and after biopsy. The biopsy criteria were revised to reduce unnecessary biopsies for benign nodules while maintaining an appropriate sensitivity for the detection of malignant tumors in small (1-2 cm) thyroid nodules. The goal of these recommendations is to provide the optimal scientific evidence and expert opinion consensus regarding US-based diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Ha
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sae Rom Chung
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Na
- Department of Radiology, GangNeung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.
| | - Hye Shin Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Ye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Seon Park
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Roh-Eul Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Baek
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Baek
- Department of Radiology, Haeundae Sharing and Happiness Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seong Whi Cho
- Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Hahn
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Lyung Jung
- Department of Radiology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Kee Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, New Korea Hospital, Gimpo, Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ho Kyu Lee
- Department of Radiology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hen Lee
- Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Lim
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Shin
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Suk Sim
- Department of Radiology, Withsim Clinic, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Young Sung
- Department of Radiology and Thyroid Center, Daerim St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miyoung Choi
- Division for Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Ghai S, O'Brien C, Goldstein DP, Sawka AM. Ultrasound in active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid cancer: imaging considerations in case selection and disease surveillance. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:130. [PMID: 34529219 PMCID: PMC8446145 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) of small, low-risk papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) is increasingly studied in prospective observational studies. Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for case selection. While researchers have put forward selection criteria for PTCs based on size, absence of suspicious lymph nodes and tumor location, there are limited reported data highlighting inherent ultrasound limitations and guidelines for case selection and follow-up. We report our experience including imaging limitations encountered in the ongoing AS prospective observational study for PTCs measuring < 2 cm at our institute. We define disease progression as an increase in size of > 3 mm in the largest dimension of nodule or evidence of metastatic disease or extrathyroidal extension. Accurate, consistent and reproducible measurements of PTCs are essential in risk stratifying patients for the option of AS or disease progression. Interobserver discrepancy, shadowing from coarse calcification and background parenchyma heterogeneity or thyroiditis can limit accurate PTC size assessment and therefore hinder patient eligibility evaluation or AS follow-up. Following the ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) protocol of three-axes technique to measure a thyroid nodule enables reproducibility of measurements. In patients with multi-nodular goiter, accurate identification and labeling of the PTC is important to avoid mistaking with adjacent benign nodules at follow-up. Ultrasound assessment for extrathyroid extension of PTC, and relationship of PTC to trachea and the anatomic course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve are important considerations in evaluation for AS eligibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Ghai
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network - Mount Sinai Hospital - Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,1PMB-283, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada.
| | - Ciara O'Brien
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network - Mount Sinai Hospital - Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David P Goldstein
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery/Surgical Oncology, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna M Sawka
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zhou J, Cao L, Chen Z. Differentiation of benign thyroid nodules from malignant thyroid nodules through miR-205-5p and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:571-580. [PMID: 33788150 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to determine the value of miR-205-5p and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) mRNA in differentiating benign thyroid nodules from malignant thyroid nodules. METHODS A total of 67 patients with malignant thyroid nodules admitted to our hospital from October 2016 to March 2018 were enrolled in the malignant group, and 71 patients with benign thyroid nodules were enrolled in the benign group. Another 56 healthy individuals, as determined by physical examination, were enrolled in the control group. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was adopted to determine the relative expression of miR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA in serum, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the diagnostic value of miR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA in thyroid nodules and their benignancy or malignancy. The correlation of miR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA with clinical data of the patients with thyroid carcinoma was analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for lymph node metastasis of thyroid carcinoma. In addition, Pearson's test was used to analyze the relationship between miR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA in serum of patients with thyroid carcinoma. RESULTS The malignant group showed significantly higher expression of miR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA than the benign group and control group (both p <0.001), and the benign group showed significantly higher expression of these than the control group (p <0.01). miR-205-5p expression was related to tumor size, TNM staging, lymph node metastasis, capsular infiltration, and BRAF mutation (p <0.05), and TSHR mRNA expression was related to lymph node metastasis, capsular infiltration, BRAF mutation, and RAS mutation (p <0.05). Gender, number of lesions, capsular infiltration, miR-205-5p, and TSHR mRNA were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between miR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA in patients with thyroid carcinoma (r=0.735, p<0.001). CONCLUSION MiR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA may be potential diagnosis indexes of thyroid nodules, their benignancy, or malignancy, while the independent risk factors for patients with thyroid carcinoma include a large number of lesions, occurrence of capsular infiltration, and relatively high expression of miR-205-5p and TSHR mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Yiyang Central Hospital, No.108 Kangfu North Road, Yiyang, 413000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Yiyang Central Hospital, No. 108 Kangfu North Road, Yiyang, 413000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Yiyang Central Hospital, No.108 Kangfu North Road, Yiyang, 413000, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hu QL, Schumm MA, Zanocco KA, Yeh MW, Livhits MJ, Wu JX. Cost analysis of reflexive versus selective molecular testing for indeterminate thyroid nodules. Surgery 2021; 171:147-154. [PMID: 34284895 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular testing is now commonly used to refine the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid nodules. The purpose of this study is to compare the costs of a reflexive molecular testing strategy to a selective testing strategy for indeterminate thyroid nodules. METHODS A Markov model was constructed to estimate the annual cost of diagnosis and treatment of a real-world cohort of patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules, comparing a reflexive testing strategy to a selective testing strategy. Model variables were abstracted from institutional clinical trial data, literature review, and the Medicare physician fee schedule. RESULTS The average cost per patient in the reflexive testing strategy was $8,045, compared with $6,090 in the selective testing strategy. In 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations, diagnostic thyroid lobectomy for benign nodules was performed in 2,440 patients in the reflexive testing arm, compared with 3,389 patients in the selective testing arm, and unintentional observation for malignant nodules occurred in 479 patients in the reflexive testing arm, compared with 772 patients in the selective testing arm. The cost of molecular testing had the greatest impact on overall costs, with $1,050 representing the cost below which the reflexive testing strategy was cost saving compared with the selective testing strategy. CONCLUSION In this cost-modeling study, reflexive molecular testing for indeterminate thyroid nodules enabled patients to avoid unnecessary thyroid lobectomy at an estimated cost of $20,600 per surgery avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lina Hu
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Max A Schumm
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA. https://twitter.com/@MSchumm90
| | - Kyle A Zanocco
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA. https://twitter.com/@KyleZanocco
| | - Michael W Yeh
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA. https://twitter.com/@michaelyehmd
| | - Masha J Livhits
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA. https://twitter.com/@MashaLivhitsMD
| | - James X Wu
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA. https://twitter.com/@JamesWuMD
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12
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Analysis of Malignant Thyroid Nodules That Do Not Meet ACR TI-RADS Criteria for Fine-Needle Aspiration. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 216:471-478. [PMID: 32603228 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.20.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Compared with other guidelines, the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) has decreased the number of nodules for which fine-needle aspiration is recommended. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of malignant nodules that would not be biopsied when the ACR TI-RADS recommendations are followed. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed a total of 3422 thyroid nodules for which a definitive cytologic diagnosis, a definitive histologic diagnosis, or both diagnoses as well as diagnostic ultrasound (US) examinations were available. All nodules were categorized using the ACR TI-RADS, and they were divided into three groups according to the recommendation received: fine-needle aspiration (group 1), follow-up US examination (group 2), or no further evaluation (group 3). RESULTS. Of the 3422 nodules, 352 were malignant. Of these, 240 nodules were assigned to group 1, whereas 72 were assigned to group 2 and 40 were included in group 3. Sixteen of the 40 malignant nodules in group 3 were 1 cm or larger, and, on the basis of analysis of the sonographic features described in the ACR TI-RADS, these nodules were classified as having one of five ACR TI-RADS risk levels (TR1-TR5), with one nodule classified as a TR1 nodule, eight as TR2 nodules, and seven as TR3 nodules. If the current recommendation of no follow-up for TR2 nodules was changed to follow-up for nodules 2.5 cm or larger, seven additional malignant nodules and 316 additional benign nodules would receive a recommendation for follow-up. If the current size threshold (1.5 cm) used to recommend US follow-up for TR3 nodules was decreased to 1.0 cm, seven additional malignant nodules and 118 additional benign nodules would receive a recommendation for follow-up. CONCLUSION. With use of the ACR TI-RADS, most malignant nodules that would not be biopsied would undergo US follow-up, would be smaller than 1 cm, or would both undergo US follow-up and be smaller than 1 cm. Adjusting size thresholds to decrease the number of missed malignant nodules that are 1 cm or larger would result in a substantial increase in the number of benign nodules undergoing follow-up.
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13
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Identifying benign and malignant thyroid nodules based on blood serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 32:102328. [PMID: 33181274 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using blood serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to identify benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Blood serum samples collected from three different groups including healthy volunteers (n = 22), patients with benign nodules (n = 19) and malignant nodules (n = 22) were measured by SERS. The spectral analysis results demonstrate that biomolecules in serum, such as amino acids, adenine and nucleic acid bases, change differently due to the different progression of nodules. By further combining with partial least square analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PLS-LDA) method, diagnostic accuracies of 93.65% and 82.93%, sensitivities of 92.68% and 81.82% and specificities of 95.45% and 84.21% can be achieved for differentiating healthy versus thyroid nodular groups and benign versus malignant groups, respectively. The above results have suggested that the blood serum SERS technique is helpful for precise diagnosis and timely treatment for patients with thyroid nodules.
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14
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Grani G, Sponziello M, Pecce V, Ramundo V, Durante C. Contemporary Thyroid Nodule Evaluation and Management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5850848. [PMID: 32491169 PMCID: PMC7365695 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 60% of adults harbor 1 or more thyroid nodules. The possibility of cancer is the overriding concern, but only about 5% prove to be malignant. The widespread use of diagnostic imaging and improved access to health care favor the discovery of small, subclinical nodules and small papillary cancers. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment is associated with potentially excessive costs and nonnegligible morbidity for patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We conducted a PubMed search for the recent English-language articles dealing with thyroid nodule management. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The initial assessment includes an evaluation of clinical risk factors and sonographic examination of the neck. Sonographic risk-stratification systems (e.g., Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems) can be used to estimate the risk of malignancy and the need for biopsy based on nodule features and size. When cytology findings are indeterminate, molecular analysis of the aspirate may obviate the need for diagnostic surgery. Many nodules will not require biopsy. These nodules and those that are cytologically benign can be managed with long-term follow-up alone. If malignancy is suspected, options include surgery (increasingly less extensive), active surveillance or, in selected cases, minimally invasive techniques. CONCLUSION Thyroid nodule evaluation is no longer a 1-size-fits-all proposition. For most nodules, the likelihood of malignancy can be confidently estimated without resorting to cytology or molecular testing, and low-frequency surveillance is sufficient for most patients. When there are multiple options for diagnosis and/or treatment, they should be discussed with patients as frankly as possible to identify an approach that best meets their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Grani
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pecce
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Ramundo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Cosimo Durante, MD, PhD, Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Università di Roma “Sapienza,” Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Roma, Italy. E-mail:
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15
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Cordes M, Götz TI, Horstrup K, Kuwert T, Schmidkonz C. Growth rates of malignant and benign thyroid nodules in an ultrasound follow-up study: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1139. [PMID: 31752781 PMCID: PMC6873423 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid nodules are frequently detected by cervical ultrasound examinations. In follow-up studies, malignant as well as benign nodules may exhibit an increase in size. The objective of our investigation was to test whether histologically determined malignant and benign thyroid nodules show differences in growth rates above a defined significance level. Methods A retrospective ultrasound cohort follow-up study from 4 to 132 months included 26 patients with differentiated carcinomas and 26 patients with adenomas of the thyroid gland. Significance levels were determined by intra- and interobserver variations of volumetric measurements in 25 individuals. Results Intra- and interobserver volumetric measurements were highly correlated (r = 0.99 and r = 0.98, respectively), with variations of 28 and 40%, respectively. The growth rates of malignant and benign nodules did not show differences with respect to two sonographic measurements (d = − 0.04, 95%CI(P): 0.41–0.85, P = 0.83). Using shorter increments and multiple measurements, growth rates of malignant nodules revealed significantly higher values (d = 0.16, 95%CI(P): 0.02–0.04, P = 0.039). Conclusions The growth rates of benign and malignant thyroid nodules do not appear to differ using two sonographic volumetric measurements. However, due to temporal changes in cellular proliferation and arrest, malignant nodules may exhibit higher growth rates with multiple assessments and shorter increments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cordes
- Radiologisch-Nuklearmedizinisches Zentrum, Martin-Richter-Str. 43, 90489, Nuremberg, Germany. .,Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Theresa Ida Götz
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karen Horstrup
- Radiologisch-Nuklearmedizinisches Zentrum, Martin-Richter-Str. 43, 90489, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidkonz
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Angell TE. GROWTH HAPPENS: HOW CAN INCREASING THYROID NODULE SIZE BE USED TO PREDICT MALIGNANCY? Endocr Pract 2019; 25:1074-1076. [PMID: 31613160 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2019-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Kim M, Chung SR, Jeon MJ, Han M, Lee JH, Song DE, Baek JH, Kim TY, Kim WB, Shong YK, Kim WG. Determining Whether Tumor Volume Doubling Time and Growth Rate Can Predict Malignancy After Delayed Diagnostic Surgery of Follicular Neoplasm. Thyroid 2019; 29:1418-1424. [PMID: 31375058 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Tumor volume doubling time (TVDT) is considered as a dynamic indicator of tumor growth and progression. We aimed to clarify whether TVDT should be considered in the cytological diagnosis of follicular neoplasms (FNs). Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 100 consecutive FN patients with a TVDT >1 year for whom surgical resection was delayed for >1 year. Changes in tumor volume and the TVDT of each nodule were calculated by serial neck ultrasonography (US) over a median follow-up of 50 months. Results: Among 100 surgically resected FNs, 58 (58%) were benign and 42 (42%) were malignant tumors. At the 5-year follow-up, most FN nodules showed volume increases of >50%, accounting for 65% of benign and 62% of malignant nodules. No significant difference was observed in tumor growth rates and time to a >50% increase in tumor volume between benign and malignant nodules (p = 0.299 and p = 0.378, respectively). The calculated TVDT and a >50% volumetric increase showed a linear relationship with a high concordance (R2 = 0.883; p < 0.001). The risk of malignancy was not significantly associated with TVDT (relative risk = 1.00; [95% confidence interval 0.99-1.01]; p = 0.784). Even when US features were considered, no significant association was found between TVDT and the risk of malignancy. Conclusions: The size of most FNs increased exponentially with time; the tumor growth rates of benign and malignant nodules were similar. Despite the usefulness of TVDT as an indicator of growing velocity of FN nodules, TVDT could not predict malignancy in FNs. Clinical surveillance based on the growth of thyroid nodules categorized as FNs on serial neck US does not predict the risk of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sae Rom Chung
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyu Han
- Departments of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Eun Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Baek
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Gu Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Tuttle RM, Alzahrani AS. Risk Stratification in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: From Detection to Final Follow-Up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4087-4100. [PMID: 30874735 PMCID: PMC6684308 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Modern management of differentiated thyroid cancer requires individualized care plans that tailor the intensity of therapy and follow-up to the estimated risks of recurrence and disease-specific mortality. DESIGN This summary is based on the authors' knowledge and extensive clinical experience, supplemented by review of published review articles, thyroid cancer management guidelines, published staging systems, and original articles identified through a PubMed search, which included terms such as risk stratification, staging, clinical outcomes, and differentiated thyroid cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In the past, risk stratification in differentiated thyroid cancer usually referred to a static estimate of disease-specific mortality that was based on a small set of clinicopathological features available within a few weeks of completing initial therapy (thyroidectomy, with or without radioactive iodine). Today, risk stratification is a dynamic, active process used to predict the appropriateness for minimalistic initial therapy, disease-specific mortality, risk of recurrence, and the most likely response to initial therapy. Rather than being a static prediction available only after initial therapy, modern risk stratification is a dynamic, iterative process that begins as soon as a suspicious nodule is detected and continues through final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic risk assessment should be used to guide all aspects of thyroid cancer management, beginning before a definitive diagnosis is made and continuing through the final follow-up visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Tuttle
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Abstract
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer are common conditions and may be identified during pregnancy. The comprehensive evaluation of thyroid nodules during pregnancy includes a medical history, physical examination, ultrasound assessment, and (when indicated) an ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Most thyroid cancers detected during pregnancy will not grow nor pose significant risk during gestation, and thyroid surgery in pregnant women poses higher risks than in nonpregnant women. Through a balanced and informed approach to the clinical care of this unique population, outcomes can be optimized for both the mother and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor E Angell
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Avenue, BMT-B11, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Erik K Alexander
- The Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Thorn Building 1st Floor, Room 126. Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Objective: To assess which measure of thyroid nodule growth on serial neck ultrasound, if any, is associated with malignancy. Methods: Retrospective exploratory chart review of malignant thyroid nodules assessed at Kingston Health Sciences Centre (2006-2016) and benign thyroid nodules (2016), at least 1 cm in diameter and with 2 ultrasounds completed at least 30 days apart. Groups were compared using independent samples Student's t test, chi-square test, or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate, as well as multivariable logistic and linear regression modelling to adjust for age and baseline volume. Results: One hundred and seventy-eight nodules were included in the study. When growth was defined as >20% increase in 2 dimensions (minimum 2 mm), malignant nodules (MNs) underwent significantly more growth than benign nodules (BNs) (16.8% BN versus 29.8% MN [P = .026]; odds ratio = 2.49; 95% confidence interval = 1.12 to 5.56). There was no significant difference between the groups when growth was defined as >2 mm/year or ≥50% volume growth. Nodules shrank >2 mm/year in each group and the difference was not statistically significant (24.2% BN versus 20.7% MN [P = .449]). The median doubling time for the nodules that grew was 1022.1 days in the BN group and 463.2 days in the MN group (P = .036). The median doubling time for all nodules was 456.5 days in the BN group and 244.2 days in the MN group (P = .015). Conclusion: Thyroid nodule growth defined as >20% increase in 2 dimensions (minimum 2 mm) is associated with risk of malignancy. Nodule shrinkage did not distinguish between BNs and MNs. Abbreviations: BN = benign nodule; CI = confidence interval; FNA = fine needle aspiration; KHSC = Kingston Health Science Centre; MN = malignant nodule; OR = odds ratio; ROC = receiver operating characteristic.
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21
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Wong R, Farrell SG, Grossmann M. Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and management. Med J Aust 2019; 209:92-98. [PMID: 29996756 DOI: 10.5694/mja17.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common. Their importance lies in the need to assess thyroid function, degree of and future risk of mass effect, and exclude thyroid cancer, which occurs in 7-15% of thyroid nodules. There are four key components to thyroid nodule assessment: clinical history and examination, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement, ultrasound and, if indicated, fine-needle aspiration (FNA). If the serum TSH is suppressed, a thyroid scan with 99Tc can distinguish between a solitary hot nodule, a toxic multinodular goitre or, less commonly, thyroiditis or Graves' disease within a coexisting nodular thyroid. Scintigraphically cold nodules are evaluated in the same way as in the setting of normal or elevated serum TSH levels. Thyroid ultrasonography should be performed only for palpable goitre and thyroid nodules and by specialists with expertise in thyroid sonography. Routine thyroid cancer screening is not recommended, except in high risk individuals, as the detection of early thyroid cancer has not been shown to improve survival. FNA may be performed for nodules ≥ 1.0 cm depending on clinical and sonographic risk factors for thyroid cancer. FNA specimens should be read by an experienced cytopathologist and be reported according to the Bethesda Classification System. Molecular analysis of indeterminate FNA samples has potential to better discriminate benign from malignant nodules and thus guide management. Surgery is indicated for FNA findings of malignancy or indeterminate cytology when there is a high risk clinical context. Surgery may also be indicated for suspicion of malignancy; larger nodules, especially with symptoms of mass effect; and in some patients with thyrotoxicosis.
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22
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Silva de Morais N, Stuart J, Guan H, Wang Z, Cibas ES, Frates MC, Benson CB, Cho NL, Nehs MA, Alexander CA, Marqusee E, Kim MI, Lorch JH, Barletta JA, Angell TE, Alexander EK. The Impact of Hashimoto Thyroiditis on Thyroid Nodule Cytology and Risk of Thyroid Cancer. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:791-800. [PMID: 30963137 PMCID: PMC6446886 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Context The impact of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) on the risk of thyroid cancer and its accurate detection remains unclear. The presence of a chronic lymphocytic infiltration imparts a logical mechanism potentially altering neoplastic transformation, while also influencing the accuracy of diagnostic evaluation. Methods We performed a prospective, cohort analysis of 9851 consecutive patients with 21,397 nodules ≥1 cm who underwent nodule evaluation between 1995 and 2017. The definition of HT included (i) elevated thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) level and/or (ii) findings of diffuse heterogeneity on ultrasound, and/or (iii) the finding of diffuse lymphocytic thyroiditis on histopathology. The impact of HT on the distribution of cytology and, ultimately, on malignancy risk was determined. Results A total of 2651 patients (27%) were diagnosed with HT, and 3895 HT nodules and 10,168 non-HT nodules were biopsied. The prevalence of indeterminate and malignant cytology was higher in the HT vs non-HT group (indeterminate: 26.3% vs 21.8%, respectively, P < 0.001; malignant: 10.0% vs 6.4%, respectively, P < 0.001). Ultimately, the risk of any nodule proving malignant was significantly elevated in the setting of HT (relative risk, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.44 to 1.79; P < 0.001), and was maintained when patients with solitary or multiple nodules were analyzed separately (HT vs non-HT: 24.5% vs 16.3% solitary; 22.1% vs 15.4% multinodular; P < 0.01). Conclusion HT increases the risk of thyroid malignancy in any patient presenting for nodule evaluation. Diffuse sonographic heterogeneity and/or TPOAb positivity should be used for risk assessment at time of evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Silva de Morais
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Endocrinology Service, Instituto Nacional de Câncer and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Endocrinology Service, Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Stuart
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haixia Guan
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Edmund S Cibas
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary C Frates
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol B Benson
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy L Cho
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mathew A Nehs
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline A Alexander
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen Marqusee
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mathew I Kim
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen H Lorch
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Trevor E Angell
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik K Alexander
- Thyroid Interdisciplinary Team, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Abstract
The presence of a thyroid nodule may be recognized by the patient or the clinician on palpation of the neck or it may be an incidental finding during an imaging study for some other indication. The method of detection is less important, however, than distinguishing benign lesions from more aggressive neoplasms. This article outlines the diagnostic algorithm for the evaluation of thyroid nodules including biochemical testing, imaging, and, when appropriate, fine-needle aspiration. In addition, the authors review the natural history of benign nodules, follow-up strategies, and indications for repeat aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Maxwell
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 26 Research Way, East Setauket, NY 11733, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sipos
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1581 Dodd Drive, 5th Floor McCampbell Hall, South, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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24
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Kim M, Jeon MJ, Han M, Lee JH, Song DE, Baek JH, Kim TY, Kim WB, Shong YK, Kim WG. Tumor Growth Rate Does Not Predict Malignancy in Surgically Resected Thyroid Nodules Classified as Bethesda Category III with Architectural Atypia. Thyroid 2019; 29:216-221. [PMID: 30421654 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether the growth of thyroid nodules with a Bethesda category III cytology (atypia of undetermined significance [AUS]) is predictive of malignancy, especially in cases with architectural atypia (AUS-A). This study evaluated whether tumor growth rates can help distinguish malignant from benign nodules in the AUS-A subcategory. METHODS This retrospective, single-center cohort study included 172 patients who underwent diagnostic thyroid surgery because of a nodule with a cytological diagnosis of AUS-A. The growth kinetics of nodules was assessed by serial preoperative neck ultrasonography over a median follow-up of 52.6 months (range 12.7-198.3 months). RESULTS Pathologic examinations showed that 112 (65%) and 60 (35%) patients had benign and malignant nodules, respectively. The largest diameter and volume of both benign and malignant nodules increased gradually (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the growth rates of benign and malignant nodules based on the largest diameter (p = 0.132) and volume (p = 0.200). The time to tumor growth curves and estimated median time to significant tumor growth from baseline were not significantly different in malignant nodules compared to benign nodules (p = 0.458 and p = 0.568, respectively). The relative risk (RR) of malignancy of growing and stable nodules did not differ significantly based on the largest diameter (RR = 0.5; p = 0.064) and volume (RR = 0.9; p = 0.748). CONCLUSIONS The size of thyroid nodules classified as AUS-A increased linearly, regardless whether these nodules were benign or malignant. These results suggest that growth kinetics on serial preoperative neck ultrasonography cannot predict malignancy in the AUS-A subcategory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyu Han
- 3 Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- 4 Department of Radiology, and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Eun Song
- 5 Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Baek
- 4 Department of Radiology, and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Gu Kim
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Dogansen SC, Salmaslioglu A, Yalin GY, Tanrikulu S, Yarman S. Evaluation of the natural course of thyroid nodules in patients with acromegaly. Pituitary 2019; 22:29-36. [PMID: 30430336 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-018-0923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the nodular thyroid disease (NTD) and the natural course of thyroid nodules in patients with acromegaly. METHODS 138 patients with acromegaly (73 F/65 M), whose initial thyroid ultrasonography performed in our university hospital, were included in this study. The frequencies of NTD, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and associated factors on nodule formation were investigated at initial assessment. Patients who had NTD continued to follow-up (n = 56) were re-evaluated with a ultrasonography performed after a mean 7-years follow-up period. The nodule size changes were compared with the initial data and the factors affecting nodule growth were investigated. RESULTS The frequency of NTD was found 69%. Patients with NTD were older (p = 0.05), with higher baseline IGF-1%ULN (upper limit of normal) (p = 0.01). In patients with NTD, the majority had similar nodule size (45%), decreased nodule size in 30% and nodule growth in 25%. In patients with active acromegaly at last visit, nodule growth was more significant (p < 0.001). For one unit change in the IGF-1 levels, nodule growth increased by 1.01 folds and presence of active acromegaly disease was related with ninefolds increase in nodule growth. The frequency of PTC was 14% in patients with nodule growth and PTC was diagnosed 11% of all acromegalic patients. CONCLUSION Both NTD and nodule growth is more frequent in active acromegalic patients. Thyroid nodules may show dynamic changes according to the disease activity and nodule growth should be closely monitored due to the risk of malignancy in patients with active acromegaly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Ciftci Dogansen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34090, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Artur Salmaslioglu
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Yenidunya Yalin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34090, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Tanrikulu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34090, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Yarman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34090, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kuo EJ, Wu JX, Zanocco KA. Response to "Comments on: Cost effectiveness of immediate biopsy versus surveillance of intermediate-suspicion thyroid nodules". Surgery 2018; 165:486-496. [PMID: 30528112 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Kuo
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - James X Wu
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kyle A Zanocco
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 72-182 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
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27
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Cost effectiveness of immediate biopsy versus surveillance of intermediate-suspicion thyroid nodules. Surgery 2018; 164:1330-1335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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28
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Kim M, Han M, Lee JH, Song DE, Kim K, Baek JH, Shong YK, Kim WG. Tumour growth rate of follicular thyroid carcinoma is not different from that of follicular adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:936-942. [PMID: 29509975 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distinguishing malignancy from benign thyroid nodule has always been challenging, especially in follicular lesions. Thyroid nodules with small size and indeterminate cytology do not lead to immediate surgery. We tried to evaluate whether tumour size and tumour growth rate can distinguish follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) from follicular adenoma (FA). DESIGN AND PATIENTS This retrospective study included patients with pathologically proven FTCs (n = 50) and FAs (n = 110) who underwent preoperative serial neck ultrasonography (US) at least 3 times: it comprises 30% of all follicular tumours (32% FAs and 25% FTCs). The growth rates of follicular tumours on serial US were measured using at least 3 consecutive examinations during a median follow-up of 4.1 years (range, 0.7-13.3 years) by experienced radiologists. RESULTS The FA and FTC groups showed no significant difference in clinicopathological characteristics, including age, proportion of large nodules (>4 cm) and preoperative cytology. The maximum diameter of thyroid nodule was gradually increased in both groups with statistical significance (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). No significant differences in change of maximum diameter of thyroid nodule (P = .132) and tumour volume (P = .208) were found between the FA and FTC groups during the follow-up. The median time to a significant tumour growth from baseline was not different between the FA and FTC groups (1.4 years and 1.7 years, respectively, P = .556). When we divided the patients into four groups (rapid, moderate, slow and no growth) according to the growth velocity of the thyroid tumours, no significant difference in growth velocity was found among the groups. CONCLUSIONS The tumour size and growth rate of the thyroid nodule itself could not predict malignancy. Diagnostic approaches that use molecular markers would be more important than clinical features for the decision of diagnostic surgery for patients with follicular tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyu Han
- Departments of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Departments of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Eun Song
- Departments of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Departments of Convergence medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Baek
- Departments of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Gu Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Livhits MJ, Kuo EJ, Leung AM, Rao J, Levin M, Douek ML, Beckett KR, Zanocco KA, Cheung DS, Gofnung YA, Smooke-Praw S, Yeh MW. Gene Expression Classifier vs Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing in the Management of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2261-2268. [PMID: 29590358 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Molecular testing has reduced the need for diagnostic hemithyroidectomy for indeterminate thyroid nodules. No studies have directly compared molecular testing techniques. OBJECTIVE Compare the diagnostic performance of Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC) with that of ThyroSeq v2 next-generation sequencing assay. DESIGN Parallel randomized trial, monthly block randomization of patients with Bethesda III/IV cytology to GEC or ThyroSeq v2. SETTING University of California, Los Angeles. PARTICIPANTS Patients who underwent thyroid biopsy (April 2016 to June 2017). INTERVENTION Testing with GEC or ThyroSeq v2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Molecular test performance. RESULTS Of 1372 thyroid nodules, 176 (13%) had indeterminate cytology and 149 of 157 eligible indeterminate nodules (95%) were included in the study. Of nodules tested with GEC, 49% were suspicious, 43% were benign, and 9% were insufficient. Of nodules tested with ThyroSeq v2, 19% were mutation positive, 77% were mutation negative, and 4% were insufficient. The specificities of GEC and ThyroSeq v2 were 66% and 91%, respectively (P = 0.002); the positive predictive values of GEC and ThyroSeq v2 were 39% and 57%, respectively. Diagnostic hemithyroidectomy was avoided in 28 patients tested with GEC (39%) and 49 patients tested with ThyroSeq v2 (62%). Surveillance ultrasonography was available for 46 nodules (45 remained stable). CONCLUSIONS ThyroSeq v2 had higher specificity than Afirma GEC and allowed more patients to avoid surgery. Long-term surveillance is necessary to assess the false-negative rate of these particular molecular tests. Further studies are required for comparison with other available molecular diagnostics and for newer tests as they are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha J Livhits
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric J Kuo
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angela M Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mary Levin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Douek
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katrina R Beckett
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kyle A Zanocco
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dianne S Cheung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yaroslav A Gofnung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie Smooke-Praw
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael W Yeh
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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