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Delmis J, Oreskovic S, Elvedji Gasparovic V, Starcevic M, Herman M, Dessardo N, Starcevic V, Ivanisevic M. Relationship of Glucose, C-peptide, Leptin, and BDNF in Maternal and Umbilical Vein Blood in Type-1 Diabetes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030600. [PMID: 36771307 PMCID: PMC9919383 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the relationship between glucose, C-peptide, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and leptin between mother and fetus and neonatal weight. METHODS In the prospective observational cohort study, we included 66 women with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). According to the z-score for neonatal weight, patients were divided into healthy-weight neonates (n = 42) and overweight neonates (n = 24). The maternal blood samples were taken during pregnancy and cesarean section when the umbilical vein blood sample was also withdrawn. The maternal vein sera were analyzed for fasting glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, BDNF, TSH, FT3, and FT4. The umbilical vein sera were analyzed for glucose, C-peptide, leptin, TSH, thyroid-stimulating protein (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and BDNF concentration. The neonatologist measured the skinfold thickness on the third day of neonatal life. RESULTS A strong correlation was confirmed between maternal and umbilical vein glucose concentration and maternal glucose and C-peptide in umbilical vein blood. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of BDNF in the umbilical vein and glucose in maternal blood. A strong correlation was seen between BMI and maternal blood leptin concentration, neonatal fat body mass, and umbilical vein blood leptin concentration. Higher BMI elevated BDNF, and TSH increase the odds for overweight neonates in the first trimester of pregnancy. Maternal higher leptin concentration in the first trimester decrease the odds of overweight neonates. CONCLUSIONS Maternal glucose concentrations affect the fetus's glucose, C-peptide, and BDNF concentrations. Leptin levels increase in maternal blood due to increased body mass index, and in the neonate, fat body mass is responsible for increased leptin concentrations.
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Delmis J, Ivanisevic M. Awakened Beta-Cell Function Decreases the Risk of Hypoglycemia in Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041050. [PMID: 35207323 PMCID: PMC8879080 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes in pregnancy creates many problems for both the mother and child. Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes experience more frequent hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes. This study aimed to determine the risk of clinically significant biochemical hypoglycemia (CSBH) by HbA1c, fasting C-peptide, mean plasma glucose (PG), and insulin dose in pregnant women type 1 diabetes mellitus according to each trimester of the pregnancy. Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study of 84 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in an academic hospital. To present the hypoglycemia, we divided the participants into two groups: those who did not have clinically significant biochemical hypoglycemia (CSBH−; n = 30) and those who had clinically significant biochemical hypoglycemia (CSBH+; n = 54). Results. In the first, second, and third trimesters, the duration of T1DM, fasting C-peptide, and mean glucose concentration was inversely associated with CSBH. Conclusions. Insulin overdose is the most common risk factor for hypoglycemia. In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes with elevated fasting C-peptide levels, the insulin dose should be diminished to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.
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Ivanisevic M, Djelmis J. Comment on Meek et al. Reappearance of C-Peptide During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreatic Regeneration or Fetal Hyperinsulinism? Diabetes Care 2021;44:1826-1834. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:e41-e42. [PMID: 35050368 PMCID: PMC8914431 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Analgesic Effects of Epidural Labor Analgesia at Different Periods and Its Effects on Maternal and Infant Outcomes and MiRNA-146b Level. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:2879678. [PMID: 34868513 PMCID: PMC8639244 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2879678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to analyze the analgesic effects of continuous epidural labor analgesia (ELA) at different periods and its effects on postpartum depression, maternal and infant outcomes, and maternal blood pressure. Giving birth in our hospital from September 2017 to August 2019, 119 primiparas with spontaneous delivery were enrolled and divided into an observation group (65 cases) and a control group (54 cases). Patients in the observation group received epidural block analgesia in advance, whereas those in the control group received epidural block analgesia routinely. At 25 days after delivery, breast milk samples were collected, in which miRNA-146b level was detected by PCR. The patients were compared between the two groups with respect to progress of labor, analgesic effects during 3 stages of labor, labor outcomes, adverse reactions, and levels of NO, ANP, and ET-1 in the parturients' umbilical artery blood. Compared with those in the control group, patients in the observation group had a remarkably higher miRNA-146b level in the breast milk (P < 0.05), remarkably lower average Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores during the active phase and the second stage of labor (P < 0.05), and remarkably higher levels of NO, ANP, and ET-1 (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in adverse reactions and modes of delivery between the two groups (P < 0.05). ELA starting from the latent phase can improve the miRNA-146b level in maternal breast milk, alleviate labor pain of parturients, and shorten stages of labor. Therefore, our study is worthy of clinical promotion. We still need to do more experiments and use more data to conclude more scientific results in future research work.
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Ivanisevic M, Horvaticek M, Delmis K, Delmis J. Supplementation of EPA and DHA in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ann Med 2021; 53:848-859. [PMID: 34210228 PMCID: PMC8260041 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1936151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Lower proportions of n-3 PUFAs have been observed in neonates born to diabetic mothers. We aimed to investigate the association between DHA and EPA supplementation during pregnancy complicated with type 1 diabetes on concentration and proportion of fatty acids in maternal and foetal blood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 111 eligible pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and presented the results of 84 (intervention arm and control arm comprised 42 participants each) of them who successfully finished the trial in an academic hospital. The initiation of EPA and DHA supplementation or placebo started at randomization visit on gestational week 11-12. Blood samples were taken on the first (screening) visit to the clinic (1st trimester, between 8th and 10th gestational week, GW), then in the second trimester (19-24th GW) and third trimester (30th-33rd GW). On the delivery day, a blood sample was taken on fasting just before birth. The umbilical vein blood sample was taken shortly after the delivery. RESULTS We found a significant increase in the intervention group when compared the first and the third trimester for n-3 PUFAs concentration, 4.3 mg/L (3.3-7.6): 10.0 mg/L (7.1-13.7), p < .001. In the intervention group, the concentration of DHA in maternal vein serum was 11.4 mg/L (7.7-17.5), and in umbilical vein serum, it was 5.1 mg/L (3.0-7.7), which was significantly higher than that in the control group, maternal vein serum: median 9.2 mg/L(6.0-12.3), p = .03 and umbilical vein serum: median 3.4 mg/L (2.1-5.6), p = .009. CONCLUSION The increased weight gain in pregnancy and concentration and proportions of DHA, n-3 PUFAs with a decreased proportion of AA, n-6 PUFAs, and AA/DHA ratio in maternal and umbilical vein serum summarize the effect of supplementation with EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivanisevic
- Referral Center for Diabetes in Pregnancy, Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Josip Delmis
- Referral Center for Diabetes in Pregnancy, Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Hakola L, Erlund I, Cuthbertson D, Miettinen ME, Autio R, Nucci AM, Härkönen T, Honkanen J, Vaarala O, Hyöty H, Knip M, Krischer JP, Niinistö S, Virtanen SM. Serum fatty acids and risk of developing islet autoimmunity: A nested case-control study within the TRIGR birth cohort. Pediatr Diabetes 2021; 22:577-585. [PMID: 33543815 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating fatty acids have been linked to development of type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVES To study the prospective associations of serum fatty acids with the risk of islet autoimmunity in high-risk children. METHODS A nested case-control selection was carried out within the TRIGR cohort, which included infants with HLA (DQB1 or DQA1)-conferred disease susceptibility and a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes, born between 2002 and 2007 in 15 countries and followed-up until 2017. The present study included 244 case children positive for at least two islet autoantibodies (ICA, IAA, GADA, and IA-2A) and two control children were matched for country and age. Proportions of 26 serum fatty acids at cord blood and at 6, 12, and 18 months of age were assessed using gas-chromatography. RESULTS The average proportions of the following fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of islet autoimmunity, adjusted for sex, HLA risk, and maternal type 1 diabetes: pentadecanoic acid (15:0) (OR 3.41: 95% CI 1.70, 6.85), heptadecanoic acid (iso 17:0) (2.64: 1.62, 4.28) and (anteiso 17:0) (2.27: 1.39, 3.70), stearic acid (18:0) (23.8: 2.32, 244.6), and conjugated linoleic acid (18:2n-7) (2.60: 1.47, 4.59). Breastfeeding and not having maternal type 1 diabetes were positively associated with levels of the above-mentioned fatty acids. N-3 fatty acids were not consistently associated with islet autoimmunity. CONCLUSIONS We found direct associations of pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid with the risk of islet autoimmunity. Further studies are needed to understand the complex role of fatty acids in the development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Hakola
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Iris Erlund
- Department of Government Services, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Cuthbertson
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Maija E Miettinen
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Public Health and Welfare Department, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reija Autio
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anita M Nucci
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taina Härkönen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sari Niinistö
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Public Health and Welfare Department, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere, Finland.,Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Public Health and Welfare Department, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Gázquez A, Giménez-Bañón MJ, Prieto-Sánchez MT, Martínez-Graciá C, Suárez C, Santaella-Pascual M, Galdo-Castiñeira L, Ballesteros-Meseguer C, Vioque J, Martínez-Villanueva M, Avilés-Plaza F, Noguera-Velasco JA, Morales E, García-Marcos L, Larqué E. Self-Reported DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy and Its Association with Obesity or Gestational Diabetes in Relation to DHA Concentration in Cord and Maternal Plasma: Results from NELA, a Prospective Mother-Offspring Cohort. Nutrients 2021; 13:843. [PMID: 33806689 PMCID: PMC8000695 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy has been recommended due to its role in infant development, but its effect on materno-fetal DHA status is not well established. We evaluated the associations between DHA supplementation in pregnant women with obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and maternal and neonatal DHA status. Serum fatty acids (FA) were analyzed in 641 pregnant women (24 weeks of gestation) and in 345 venous and 166 arterial cord blood samples of participants of the NELA cohort. Obese women (n = 47) presented lower DHA in serum than those lean (n = 397) or overweight (n = 116) before pregnancy. Linoleic acid in arterial cord was elevated in obese women, which indicates lower fetal retention. Maternal DHA supplementation (200 mg/d) during pregnancy was associated with enhanced maternal and fetal DHA levels regardless of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), although higher arterial DHA in overweight women indicated an attenuated response. Maternal DHA supplementation was not associated with cord venous DHA in neonates of mothers with GDM. The cord arteriovenous difference was similar for DHA between GDM and controls. In conclusion, maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy enhanced fetal DHA status regardless of the pre-pregnancy BMI while GDM may reduce the effect of DHA supplementation in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gázquez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María J. Giménez-Bañón
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María T. Prieto-Sánchez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Service, “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Clinical Hospital, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.G.-C.); (C.B.-M.)
| | - Carmen Martínez-Graciá
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Clara Suárez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Santaella-Pascual
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lina Galdo-Castiñeira
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Service, “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Clinical Hospital, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.G.-C.); (C.B.-M.)
| | - Carmen Ballesteros-Meseguer
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology Service, “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Clinical Hospital, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (L.G.-C.); (C.B.-M.)
| | - Jesús Vioque
- Health and Biomedical Research Institute of Alicante (ISABIAL-UMH), 46020 Alicante, Spain;
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Martínez-Villanueva
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Avilés-Plaza
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - José A. Noguera-Velasco
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Morales
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luís García-Marcos
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Network of Asthma and Adverse and Allergic Reactions (ARADyAL), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.J.G.-B.); (M.T.P.-S.); (C.M.-G.); (C.S.); (M.S.-P.); (M.M.-V.); (F.A.-P.); (J.A.N.-V.); (E.M.); (L.G.-M.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Desoye G, Herrera E. Adipose tissue development and lipid metabolism in the human fetus: The 2020 perspective focusing on maternal diabetes and obesity. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101082. [PMID: 33383022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During development, the human fetus accrues the highest proportion of fat of all mammals. Precursors of fat lobules can be found at week 14 of pregnancy. Thereafter, they expand, filling with triacylglycerols during pregnancy. The resultant mature lipid-filled adipocytes emerge from a developmental programme of embryonic stem cells, which is regulated differently than adult adipogenesis. Fetal triacylglycerol synthesis uses glycerol and fatty acids derived predominantly from glycolysis and lipogenesis in liver and adipocytes. The fatty acid composition of fetal adipose tissue at the end of pregnancy shows a preponderance of palmitic acid, and differs from the mother. Maternal diabetes mellitus does not influence this fatty acid profile. Glucose oxidation is the main source of energy for the fetus, but mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation also contributes. Indirect evidence suggests the presence of lipoprotein lipase in fetal adipose tissue. Its activity may be increased under hyperinsulinemic conditions as in maternal diabetes mellitus and obesity, thereby contributing to increased triacylglycerol deposition found in the newborns of such pregnancies. Fetal lipolysis is low. Changes in the expression of genes controlling metabolism in fetal adipose tissue appear to contribute actively to the increased neonatal fat mass found in diabetes and obesity. Many of these processes are under endocrine regulation, principally by insulin, and show sex-differences. Novel fatty acid derived signals such as oxylipins are present in cord blood with as yet undiscovered function. Despite many decades of research on fetal lipid deposition and metabolism, many key questions await answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - E Herrera
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
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Kapustin RV, Chepanov SV, Babakov VN, Rogovskaya NY, Kopteeva EV, Alekseenkova EN, Arzhanova ON. Maternal serum leptin, adiponectin, resistin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in different types of diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 254:284-291. [PMID: 33039836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of serum concentration of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and MCP-1 in pregnant patients with different types of diabetes mellitus (DM) considering preconception planning and method of DM correction in 11-14th and 30-34th weeks of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal, prospective study included 130 pregnant women divided into the following comparison groups: type 1 DM (T1DM, n = 40), type 2 DM (T2DM, n = 35), GDM (n = 40), and the control group (n = 15). The ELISA method defined the levels of leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and MCP-1 concentration in serum, which was assessed in 11-14th and 30-34th weeks of pregnancy. Statistical analysis was accomplished using SPSS 23.0 and "Prism 8-GraphPad" software. RESULTS The leptin level in the 1st trimester was the highest in T2DM insulin group compared to the control due to gestational age, hence in the 3rd trimester in all groups its serum concentrations appeared higher than in healthy patients (p = 0.0001). In the 1st trimester leptin levels directly correlated with women's BMI, newborns' weight and macrosomia rate, in the 3rd trimester - with OGTT levels, HbA1c, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia rates. Resistin levels in the 1st and 3rd trimesters were increased in almost all DM groups compared to the control group (p = 0.0001). The study established direct positive correlation between resistin and HbA1c, birth weight, and preeclampsia. In the 1st trimester, adiponectin demonstrated the lowest levels in T2DM insulin compared to T1DM and the control group (p = 0.0001) while in the 3rd trimester, adiponectin levels declined alongside gestational age in DM patients and all the groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Adiponectin negatively correlated with BMI, OGTT levels, and preeclampsia rate. MCP-1 levels in T2DM appeared higher than in T1DM patients and the control group in the 1st trimester, whereas in the 3rd trimester MCP-1 declined, correlating with BMI, preeclampsia and OGTT levels. CONCLUSION High rate of adverse perinatal outcomes in diabetic pregnancy might be developed due to more severe metabolic failures and further disturbances of adipokines expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Kapustin
- Department of Obstetrics, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, 3 Mendeleevskaya Line, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Chepanov
- Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, 3 Mendeleevskaya Line, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Babakov
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology FMBA, Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Reg., 188663, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Y Rogovskaya
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology FMBA, Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Reg., 188663, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Kopteeva
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Elena N Alekseenkova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Olga N Arzhanova
- Department of Obstetrics, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, 3 Mendeleevskaya Line, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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10
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Ivanisevic M, Delmis K, Herman M, Horvaticek M, Berberovic E, Djelmis J. Concentrations of fatty acids among macrosomic neonates delivered by healthy women and women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 149:309-317. [PMID: 32246773 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the concentration and profile of fatty acids (FAs) among macrosomic neonates delivered by healthy pregnant women and pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS A prospective study of women who delivered macrosomic neonates at a University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia, 2016-2018. Maternal, umbilical vein, and arterial blood samples were collected immediately on delivery. After lipid extraction, total FAs in maternal, umbilical vein, and arterial serum samples were assessed by gas chromatography. Data were compared between women with T1DM and healthy control women. RESULTS In total, 50 women were enrolled: 22 with T1DM and 28 control women. Neonates in the T1DM group had a higher ponderal index as compared with the control group (P=0.006). Umbilical vein insulin, insulin resistance, and leptin concentration were higher in the T1DM group than in the control group (all P<0.001). Umbilical vein serum concentrations of total saturated, monounsaturated, n-3 polyunsaturated, and n-6 polyunsaturated FAs were higher in the T1DM group (P=0.004, P<0.001, P=0.015, and P=0.014, respectively). CONCLUSION Macrosomic neonates delivered by women with T1DM had a higher Ponderal index, and higher concentrations of insulin, leptin, and FAs in the umbilical vein and artery as compared with control group newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivanisevic
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mislav Herman
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Edina Berberovic
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holy Spirit University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Djelmis
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Watkins OC, Islam MO, Selvam P, Pillai RA, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Bendt AK, Karnani N, Godfrey KM, Lewis RM, Wenk MR, Chan SY. Metabolism of 13C-Labeled Fatty Acids in Term Human Placental Explants by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1394-1408. [PMID: 30920585 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Placental lipid transport and metabolism are poorly understood despite the importance for fetal development and lifelong health. We aimed to explore fatty acid (FA) processing in human villous placental explants from seven uncomplicated term singleton pregnancies delivered by elective cesarean section. Explants were treated with stable isotope-labeled palmitic acid (13C-PA), oleic acid (13C-OA), or docosahexaenoic acid (13C-DHA) for 3, 24, or 48 hours. Stable isotope-labeled lipids synthesized by placental explants from labeled FA were quantified, alongside endogenous unlabeled placental lipids, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Labeled phosphatidylcholines (PCs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), and phosphatidylethanolamines were detected in explants, whereas labeled lysophosphatidylcholines were found in both explants and conditioned media. 13C-PA was primarily directed into PC synthesis (74% of 13C-PA-labeled lipids), whereas 13C-OA was directed almost equally into PC and TAG synthesis (45% and 53%, respectively, of 13C-OA-labeled lipids). 13C-DHA was only detectable in TAGs. TAGs demonstrated the highest isotopic enrichment for all 13C-FAs with 13C-OA-TAGs comprising >50% of total OA-TAGs (unlabeled and labeled), consistent with TAGs being a labile and accessible reservoir for FA storage. Variations in lipid incorporation were correlated to maternal glycemia and body mass index, suggesting that this experimental model could be used to investigate the effect of maternal factors on placental lipid metabolism. We conclude that lipid metabolic partitioning of freshly imported FAs into labile and less labile lipid reservoirs in placenta is FA dependent. This process may partly mediate the physiological preferential transplacental transfer of particular FAs to the fetus, but may also be implicated in the fetoplacental pathophysiology of maternal metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Watkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Omedul Islam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preben Selvam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reshma Appukuttan Pillai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne K Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan M Lewis
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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