1
|
Yi B, Li Z, Zhao Y, Yan H, Xiao J, Zhou Z, Cui Y, Yang S, Bi J, Yang H, Guo N, Zhao M. Serum metabolomics analyses reveal biomarkers of osteoporosis and the mechanism of Quanduzhong capsules. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116198. [PMID: 38754154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
With the aging of the population, the prevalence of osteoporosis (OP) is rising rapidly, making it an important public health concern. Early screening and effective treatment of OP are the primary challenges facing the management of OP today. Quanduzhong capsule (QDZ) is a single preparation composed of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., which is included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. It is used to treat OP in clinical practice, but its mechanisms are unclear. This study involved 30 patients with OP, 30 healthy controls (HC), and 28 OP patients treated with QDZ to identify potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of OP and to investigate the potential mechanism of QDZ in treating OP. The serum samples were analyzed using targeted amino acid metabolomics. Significant differences in amino acid metabolism were identified between the OP cohort and the HC group, as well as between OP patients before and after QDZ treatment. Compared with HC, the serum levels of 14 amino acids in OP patients changed significantly. Kynurenine, arginine, citrulline, methionine, and their combinations are expected to be potential biomarkers for OP diagnosis. Notably, QDZ reversed the changes in levels of 10 amino acids in the serum of OP patients and significantly impacted numerous metabolic pathways during the treatment of OP. This study focuses on screening potential biomarkers for the early detection of OP, which offers a new insight into the mechanism study of QDZ in treating OP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojiao Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yurou Zhao
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Han Yan
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junping Xiao
- Jiangxi Puzheng Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Jiangxi Puzheng Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Jiangxi Puzheng Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuyin Yang
- Jiangxi Puzheng Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingbo Bi
- Jiangxi Puzheng Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Na Guo
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma S, Kumar S, Tomar MS, Chauhan D, Kulkarni C, Rajput S, Sadhukhan S, Porwal K, Guha R, Shrivastava A, Gayen JR, Kumar N, Chattopadhyay N. Multiscale effects of the calcimimetic drug, etelcalcetide on bone health of rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by chronic kidney disease. Bone 2024; 185:117126. [PMID: 38777312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism (CKD-SHPT) heightens fracture risk through impaired mineral homeostasis and elevated levels of uremic toxins (UTs), which in turn enhance bone remodeling. Etelcalcetide (Etel), a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist, suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) in hyperparathyroidism to reduce excessive bone resorption, leading to increased bone mass. However, Etel's effect on bone quality, chemical composition, and strength is not well understood. To address these gaps, we established a CKD-SHPT rat model and administered Etel at a human-equivalent dose concurrently with disease induction. The effects on bone and mineral homeostasis were compared with a CKD-SHPT (vehicle-treated group) and a control group (rats without SHPT). Compared with vehicle-treated CKD-SHPT rats, Etel treatment improved renal function, reduced circulating UT levels, improved mineral homeostasis parameters, decreased PTH levels, and prevented mineralization defects. The upregulation of mineralization-promoting genes by Etel in CKD-SHPT rats might explain its ability to prevent mineralization defects. Etel preserved both trabecular and cortical bones with attendant suppression of osteoclast function, besides increasing mineralization. Etel maintained the number of viable osteocytes to the control level, which could also contribute to its beneficial effects on bone. CKD-SHPT rats displayed increased carbonate substitution of matrix and mineral, decreased crystallinity, mineral-to-matrix ratio, and collagen maturity, and these changes were mitigated by Etel. Further, Etel treatment prevented CKD-SHPT-induced deterioration in bone strength and mechanical behavior. Based on these findings, we conclude that in CKD-SHPT rats, Etel has multiscale beneficial effects on bone that involve remodeling suppression, mineralization gene upregulation, and preservation of osteocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Manendra Singh Tomar
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Divya Chauhan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Chirag Kulkarni
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Swati Rajput
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sreyanko Sadhukhan
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Division of Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Center for Advance Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Mo S, Zhu X, Chou CJ, Jin B, Han Z, Schilling J, Liao W, Thyparambil S, Luo RY, Whitin JC, Tian L, Nagpal S, Ceresnak SR, Cohen HJ, McElhinney DB, Sylvester KG, Gong Y, Fu C, Ling XB, Peng J. Global metabolomics revealed deviations from the metabolic aging clock in colorectal cancer patients. Theranostics 2024; 14:1602-1614. [PMID: 38389840 PMCID: PMC10879879 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Markers of aging hold promise in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) care. Utilizing high-resolution metabolomic profiling, we can unveil distinctive age-related patterns that have the potential to predict early CRC development. Our study aims to unearth a panel of aging markers and delve into the metabolomic alterations associated with aging and CRC. Methods: We assembled a serum cohort comprising 5,649 individuals, consisting of 3,002 healthy volunteers, 715 patients diagnosed with colorectal advanced precancerous lesions (APL), and 1,932 CRC patients, to perform a comprehensive metabolomic analysis. Results: We successfully identified unique age-associated patterns across 42 metabolic pathways. Moreover, we established a metabolic aging clock, comprising 9 key metabolites, using an elastic net regularized regression model that accurately estimates chronological age. Notably, we observed significant chronological disparities among the healthy population, APL patients, and CRC patients. By combining the analysis of circulative carcinoembryonic antigen levels with the categorization of individuals into the "hypo" metabolic aging subgroup, our blood test demonstrates the ability to detect APL and CRC with positive predictive values of 68.4% (64.3%, 72.2%) and 21.4% (17.8%, 25.9%), respectively. Conclusions: This innovative approach utilizing our metabolic aging clock holds significant promise for accurately assessing biological age and enhancing our capacity to detect APL and CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Shanghai, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobo Mo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Shanghai, China
| | | | - C. James Chou
- School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Jin
- mProbe Inc.; Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Zhi Han
- School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Schilling
- Shanghai Yunxiang Medical Technology Co., Ltd.; Shanghai, China
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co. Ltd.; Tianjin, China
- Binhai Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhejiang University; Tianjin, China
| | | | | | - Ruben Y. Luo
- School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John C. Whitin
- School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seema Nagpal
- School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yangming Gong
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | | | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Li Y, Bo L, Zhou E, Chen Y, Naranmandakh S, Xie W, Ru Q, Chen L, Zhu Z, Ding C, Wu Y. Progress of linking gut microbiota and musculoskeletal health: casualty, mechanisms, and translational values. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2263207. [PMID: 37800576 PMCID: PMC10561578 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2263207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is important for balancing metabolic activity and maintaining health. Recent studies have shown that distortions in homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota are correlated with or may even contribute to abnormalities in musculoskeletal system function. Research has also shown that the intestinal flora and its secondary metabolites can impact the musculoskeletal system by regulating various phenomena, such as inflammation and immune and metabolic activities. Most of the existing literature supports that reasonable nutritional intervention helps to improve and maintain the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota, and may have a positive impact on musculoskeletal health. The purpose of organizing, summarizing and discussing the existing literature is to explore whether the intervention methods, including nutritional supplement and moderate exercise, can affect the muscle and bone health by regulating the microecology of the intestinal flora. More in-depth efficacy verification experiments will be helpful for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Bo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enyuan Zhou
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shinen Naranmandakh
- School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Ru
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhu
- Clinical Research Centre, Orthopedic Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhai Ding
- Clinical Research Centre, Orthopedic Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sengupta A, Tudor JC, Cusmano D, Baur JA, Abel T, Weljie AM. Sleep deprivation and aging are metabolically linked across tissues. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad246. [PMID: 37738102 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insufficient sleep is a concerning hallmark of modern society because sleep deprivation (SD) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disorders. SD imparts an aging-like effect on learning and memory, although little is known about possible common molecular underpinnings of SD and aging. Here, we examine this question by profiling metabolic features across different tissues after acute SD in young adult and aged mice. METHODS Young adult and aged mice were subjected to acute SD for 5 hours. Blood plasma, hippocampus, and liver samples were subjected to UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolic profiling. RESULTS SD preferentially impacts peripheral plasma and liver profiles (e.g. ketone body metabolism) whereas the hippocampus is more impacted by aging. We further demonstrate that aged animals exhibit SD-like metabolic features at baseline. Hepatic alterations include parallel changes in nicotinamide metabolism between aging and SD in young animals. Overall, metabolism in young adult animals is more impacted by SD, which in turn induces aging-like features. A set of nine metabolites was classified (79% correct) based on age and sleep status across all four groups. CONCLUSIONS Our metabolic observations demonstrate striking parallels to previous observations in studies of learning and memory and define a molecular metabolic signature of sleep loss and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Tudor
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle Cusmano
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Current Affiliation: Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 2312 PBDB, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Si Y, Ma Y, Yin H. Application and prospect of metabolomics in the early diagnosis of osteoporosis: a narrative review. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1369-1379. [PMID: 37695026 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the application of metabolomics in the early diagnosis of osteoporosis in recent years. The authors searched electronic databases for the keywords "metabolomics", "osteoporosis" and "biomarkers", then analyzed the relationship between functional markers and osteoporosis using categorical summarization. Lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism are closely related to osteoporosis development and can become early diagnostic markers of the condition. However, the existing studies in metabolomics suffer from varying application methods, difficulty in identifying isomers, small study cohorts and insufficient research on metabolic mechanisms. Consequently, it is important for future research to focus on broadening and standardizing the scope of the application of metabolomics. High-quality studies on a large scale should also be conducted while promoting the early diagnosis of osteoporosis in a more precise, comprehensive and sensitive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
| | - Yuhao Si
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion & Tuina, School of Regimen & Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
- Laboratory for New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Laboratory for New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Department of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214071, China
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214071, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sultana S, Elengickal A, Bensreti H, de Chantemèle EB, McGee-Lawrence ME, Hamrick MW. The kynurenine pathway in HIV, frailty and inflammaging. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244622. [PMID: 37744363 PMCID: PMC10514395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine (Kyn) is a circulating tryptophan (Trp) catabolite generated by enzymes including IDO1 that are induced by inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma. Kyn levels in circulation increase with age and Kyn is implicated in several age-related disorders including neurodegeneration, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Importantly, Kyn increases with progressive disease in HIV patients, and antiretroviral therapy does not normalize IDO1 activity in these subjects. Kyn is now recognized as an endogenous agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and AhR activation itself has been found to induce muscle atrophy, increase the activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, decrease matrix formation by osteoblasts, and lead to senescence of bone marrow stem cells. Several IDO1 and AhR inhibitors are now in clinical trials as potential cancer therapies. We propose that some of these drugs may be repurposed to improve musculoskeletal health in older adults living with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ballesteros J, Rivas D, Duque G. The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3132. [PMID: 37513550 PMCID: PMC10383689 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential nutrient required to generate vitamin B3 (niacin), which is mainly involved in energy metabolism and DNA production. Alterations in tryptophan metabolism could have significant effects on aging and musculoskeletal health. The kynurenine pathway, essential in tryptophan catabolism, is modulated by inflammatory factors that are increased in older persons, a process known as inflammaging. Osteoporosis, sarcopenia, osteosarcopenia, and frailty have also been linked with chronically increased levels of inflammatory factors. Due to the disruption of the kynurenine pathway by chronic inflammation and/or changes in the gut microbiota, serum levels of toxic metabolites are increased and are associated with the pathophysiology of those conditions. In contrast, anabolic products of this pathway, such as picolinic acid, have demonstrated a positive effect on skeletal muscle and bone. In addition, physical activity can modulate this pathway by promoting the secretion of anabolic kynurenines. According to the evidence collected, kynurenines could have a promising role as biomarkers for osteoporosis sarcopenia, osteosarcopenia, and frailty in older persons. In addition, some of these metabolites could become important targets for developing new pharmacological treatments for these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ballesteros
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Daniel Rivas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Dr. Joseph Kaufmann Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bensreti H, Yu K, Alhamad DW, Shaver J, Kaiser H, Zhong R, Whichard WC, Parker E, Grater L, Faith H, Johnson M, Cooley MA, Fulzele S, Hill WD, Isales CM, Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME. Orchiectomy sensitizes cortical bone in male mice to the harmful effects of kynurenine. Bone 2023:116811. [PMID: 37244427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine (Kyn) is a tryptophan metabolite that increases with age and promotes musculoskeletal dysfunction. We previously found a sexually dimorphic pattern in how Kyn affects bone, with harmful effects more prevalent in females than males. This raises the possibility that male sex steroids might exert a protective effect that blunts the effects of Kyn in males. To test this, orchiectomy (ORX) or sham surgeries were performed on 6-month-old C57BL/6 mice, after which mice received Kyn (10 mg/kg) or vehicle via intraperitoneal injection, once daily, 5×/week, for four weeks. Bone histomorphometry, DXA, microCT, and serum marker analyses were performed after sacrifice. In vitro studies were performed to specifically test the effect of testosterone on activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated signaling by Kyn in mesenchymal-lineage cells. Kyn treatment reduced cortical bone mass in ORX- but not sham-operated mice. Trabecular bone was unaffected. Kyn's effects on cortical bone in ORX mice were attributed primarily to enhanced endosteal bone resorption activity. Bone marrow adipose tissue was increased in Kyn-treated ORX animals but was unchanged by Kyn in sham-operated mice. ORX surgery increased mRNA expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its target gene Cyp1a1 in the bone, suggesting a priming and/or amplification of AhR signaling pathways. Mechanistic in vitro studies revealed that testosterone blunted Kyn-stimulated AhR transcriptional activity and Cyp1a1 expression in mesenchymal-linage cells. These data suggest a protective role for male sex steroids in blunting the harmful effects of Kyn in cortical bone. Therefore, testosterone may play an important role in regulating Kyn/AhR signaling in musculoskeletal tissues, suggesting crosstalk between male sex steroids and Kyn signaling may influence age-associated musculoskeletal frailty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Husam Bensreti
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kanglun Yu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Dima W Alhamad
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Shaver
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Helen Kaiser
- Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, United States of America
| | - Roger Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - William C Whichard
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Emily Parker
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Grater
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hayden Faith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Maribeth Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Marion A Cooley
- Department of Oral Biology & Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Collage of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of, Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xie T, Lv T, Zhang T, Feng D, Zhu F, Xu Y, Zhang L, Gu L, Guo Z, Ding C, Gong J. Interleukin-6 promotes skeletal muscle catabolism by activating tryptophan-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1-kynurenine pathway during intra-abdominal sepsis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1046-1059. [PMID: 36880228 PMCID: PMC10067504 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a pivotal role in skeletal muscle degradation after intra-abdominal sepsis (IAS), with mechanism remained to be elucidated. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), a key enzyme in converting tryptophan into kynurenine, could be activated by IL-6, and kynurenine has been shown to be involved in muscle degradation. We hypothesized that IL-6 could promote muscle degradation via tryptophan-IDO-1-kynurenine pathway in IAS patients. METHODS Serum and rectus abdominis (RA) were obtained from IAS or non-IAS patients. Mouse model of IAS-induced muscle wasting was generated by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. IL-6 signalling was blocked by anti-mouse IL-6 antibody (IL-6-AB), and the IDO-1 pathway was blocked by navoximod. To elucidate the role of kynurenine in muscle mass and physiology, kynurenine was administered to IAS mice treated with IL-6-AB. RESULTS Compared to non-IAS patients, kynurenine levels in serum (+2.30-fold vs. non-IAS, P < 0.001) and RA (+3.11-fold vs. non-IAS, P < 0.001) were elevated, whereas tryptophan levels in serum (-53.65% vs. non-IAS, P < 0.01) and RA (-61.39% vs. non-IAS, P < 0.01) were decreased. Serum IL-6 level of the IAS group was significantly higher compared to non-IAS patients (+5.82-fold vs. non-IAS, P = 0.01), and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) was markedly reduced compared to non-IAS patients (-27.73% vs. non-IAS, P < 0.01). In animal experiments, IDO-1 expression was up-regulated in the small intestine, colon and blood for CLP or LPS-treated mice, and there was correlation (R2 = 0.66, P < 0.01) between serum and muscle kynurenine concentrations. Navoximod significantly mitigated IAS-induced skeletal muscle loss according to MCSA analysis (+22.94% vs. CLP, P < 0.05; +23.71% vs. LPS, P < 0.01) and increased the phosphorylated AKT (+2.15-fold vs. CLP, P < 0.01; +3.44-fold vs. LPS, P < 0.01) and myosin heavy chain (+3.64-fold vs. CLP, P < 0.01; +2.13-fold vs. LPS, P < 0.01) protein expression in myocytes. In the presence of anti-IL-6 antibody, a significantly decreased IDO-1 expression was observed in the small intestine, colon and blood in CLP or LPS mice (all P < 0.01), whereas the decrease of MCSA was alleviated (+37.43% vs. CLP + IgG, P < 0.001; +30.72% vs. LPS + IgG, P < 0.001). In contrast, additional supplementation of kynurenine decreased the MCSA in septic mice treated with IL-6-AB (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study provided novel insights into the tryptophan-IDO-1-kynurenine-dependent mechanisms that underlie inflammatory cytokine-induced skeletal muscle catabolism during intra-abdominal sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingbin Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tengfei Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tenghui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengyu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, P.R., China
| | - Lili Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen S, He W. Metabolome-Wide Mendelian Randomization Assessing the Causal Relationship Between Blood Metabolites and Bone Mineral Density. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:543-562. [PMID: 36877247 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has supported osteoporosis (OP) as a metabolic disorder. Recent metabolomics studies have discovered numerous metabolites related to bone mineral density (BMD). However, the causal effects of metabolites on BMD at distinct sites remained underexplored. Leveraging genome-wide association datasets, we conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to investigate the causal relationship between 486 blood metabolites and bone mineral density at five skeletal sites including heel (H), total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and ultra-distal forearm (FA). Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the presence of the heterogeneity and the pleiotropy. To exclude the influences of reverse causation, genetic correlation, and linkage disequilibrium (LD), we further performed reverse MR, linkage disequilibrium regression score (LDSC), and colocalization analyses. In the primary MR analyses, 22, 10, 3, 7, and 2 metabolite associations were established respectively for H-BMD, TB-BMD, LS-BMD, FN-BMD, and FA-BMD at the nominal significance level (IVW, P < 0.05) and passing sensitivity analyses. Among these, one metabolite, androsterone sulfate showed a strong effect on four out of five BMD phenotypes (Odds ratio [OR] for H-BMD = 1.045 [1.020, 1.071]; Odds ratio [OR] for TB-BMD = 1.061 [1.017, 1.107]; Odds ratio [OR] for LS-BMD = 1.088 [1.023, 1.159]; Odds ratio [OR] for FN-BMD = 1.114 [1.054, 1.177]). Reverse MR analysis provided no evidence for the causal effects of BMD measurements on these metabolites. Colocalization analysis have found that several metabolite associations might be driven by shared genetic variants such as mannose for TB-BMD. This study identified some metabolites causally related to BMD at distinct sites and several key metabolic pathways, which shed light on predictive biomarkers and drug targets for OP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weiman He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martins LB, Silveira AL, Teixeira AL. The Involvement of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:260-272. [PMID: 36154606 PMCID: PMC10190152 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220922153221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence has shown the involvement of the kynurenine pathway (KP), the primary route of tryptophan (TRP) catabolism, in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE The study aims to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the clinical evidence on the KP involvement in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), discussing therapeutic opportunities. METHODS We searched for studies investigating KP metabolites in human subjects with AD and/or PD. RESULTS Postmortem studies showed altered levels of KP metabolites in the brain of AD and PD patients compared with controls. Cross-sectional studies have reported associations between peripheral levels (serum or plasma) of KP metabolites and cognitive function in these patients, but the results are not always concordant. CONCLUSION Given the emerging evidence of the involvement of KP in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric/ neurodegenerative diseases and promising results from preclinical pharmacological studies, a better understanding of the KP involvement in AD and PD is warranted. Future longitudinal studies are needed to define the direction of the observed associations and specific therapeutic targets within the KP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lais B. Martins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana L.M. Silveira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alhamad DW, Bensreti H, Dorn J, Hill WD, Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated signaling as a critical regulator of skeletal cell biology. J Mol Endocrinol 2022; 69:R109-R124. [PMID: 35900841 PMCID: PMC9448512 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been implicated in regulating skeletal progenitor cells and the activity of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, thereby impacting bone mass and the risk of skeletal fractures. The AhR also plays an important role in the immune system within the skeletal niche and in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into other cell lineages including chondrocytes and adipocytes. This transcription factor responds to environmental pollutants which can act as AhR ligands, initiating or interfering with various signaling cascades to mediate downstream effects, and also responds to endogenous ligands including tryptophan metabolites. This review comprehensively describes the reported roles of the AhR in skeletal cell biology, focusing on mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, and discusses how AhR exhibits sexually dimorphic effects in bone. The molecular mechanisms mediating AhR's downstream effects are highlighted to emphasize the potential importance of targeting this signaling cascade in skeletal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dima W. Alhamad
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Husam Bensreti
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer Dorn
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Thurmond/Gazes Bldg-Room 506A, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC 29403 Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ala M, Eftekhar SP. The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221096643. [PMID: 35784899 PMCID: PMC9248048 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221096643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several cardiovascular diseases are associated with the overactivation of kynurenine pathway and kynurenine and its metabolites have diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it was found that several kynurenine metabolites can differently affect cardiovascular health. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and cis-WOOH decrease blood pressure; kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevent atherosclerosis; kynurenic acid supplementation and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibition improve the outcome of stroke. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overactivity and increased kynurenine levels improve cardiac and vascular transplantation outcomes, whereas exacerbating the outcome of myocardial ischemia, post-ischemic myocardial remodeling, and abdominal aorta aneurysm. IDO inhibition and KMO inhibition are also protective against viral myocarditis. In addition, dysregulation of kynurenine pathway is observed in several conditions such as senescence, depression, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cirrhosis, and cancer closely connected to cardiovascular dysfunction. It is worth defining the exact effect of each metabolite of kynurenine pathway on cardiovascular health. This narrative review is the first review that separately discusses the involvement of kynurenine pathway in different cardiovascular diseases and dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Student Research Committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biros E, Malabu UH, Vangaveti VN, Birosova E, Moran CS. The IFN-γ-mini/TrpRS signaling axis: an insight into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and therapeutic potential. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 64:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
16
|
Ferreira Branquinho MS, Silva MBB, Castilho GA, Cavalcante J, Barros SBDM, Clara RO, Maria-Engler SS, Campa A. Kynurenine inhibits melanogenesis in human melanocyte-keratinocyte co-cultures and in a reconstructed 3D skin model. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:427-432. [PMID: 34710259 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine (KYN), the most abundant metabolite of tryptophan, is classically associated with immune tolerance and tumor immune escape. In the last years, KYN is in the spotlight in other biological processes. Here, we showed that KYN inhibited tyrosinase expression and melanin content in primary human melanocyte and keratinocyte co-cultures. Furthermore, KYN decreased melanosome content in a 3D human skin reconstruction model. In these experiments, we used tyrosine + NH4 Cl to induce pigmentation. We compared the inhibitory effect of KYN on melanogenesis with the already known inhibitory effect promoted by IFN-γ. Since increased KYN production depends on the IFN-γ-inducible enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), we propose that part of the effect of IFN-γ on melanogenesis involves KYN production. From that, we tested if, during melanogenesis, changes in tryptophan metabolism would occur. For this purpose, we measured tryptophan, KYN and downstream products along with pigmentation. There were no significant changes in Trp metabolism, except for the high consumption of kynurenic acid. Our data identify the skin as a potential target for the action of KYN relevant for skin physiology and pigmentation. The results are discussed concerning the high production of KYN in skin inflammatory disorders and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maysa Braga Barros Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ansanelo Castilho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Cavalcante
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Berlanga de Moraes Barros
- Skin Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Orsati Clara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Skin Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Campa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Toxic Effects of Indoxyl Sulfate on Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011265. [PMID: 34681927 PMCID: PMC8538618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and kynurenine, accumulate in the blood in the event of kidney failure and contribute to further bone damage. To maintain the homeostasis of the skeletal system, bone remodeling is a persistent process of bone formation and bone resorption that depends on a dynamic balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates the toxic effects of uremic toxins. IS is an endogenous AhR ligand and is metabolized from tryptophan. In osteoclastogenesis, IS affects the expression of the osteoclast precursor nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) through AhR signaling. It is possible to increase osteoclast differentiation with short-term and low-dose IS exposure and to decrease differentiation with long-term and/or high-dose IS exposure. Coincidentally, during osteoblastogenesis, through the AhR signaling pathway, IS inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK, and p38 reduces the expression of the transcription factor 2 (Runx2), disturbing osteoblastogenesis. The AhR antagonist resveratrol has a protective effect on the IS/AhR pathway. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the multifaceted role of AhR in CKD, as knowledge of these transcription signals could provide a safe and effective method to prevent and treat CKD mineral bone disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vyavahare S, Kumar S, Cantu N, Kolhe R, Bollag WB, McGee-Lawrence ME, Hill WD, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Fulzele S. Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in COVID-19-Dependent Musculoskeletal Pathology: A Minireview. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2911578. [PMID: 34621138 PMCID: PMC8492288 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2911578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affecting multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract and lungs. Several studies have reported that the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is altered in COVID-19 patients. The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway plays a vital role in regulating inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and musculoskeletal system biology. In this minireview, we surmise the effects of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 patients and how this pathway might impact muscle and bone biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Cantu
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marszalek-Grabska M, Walczak K, Gawel K, Wicha-Komsta K, Wnorowska S, Wnorowski A, Turski WA. Kynurenine emerges from the shadows – Current knowledge on its fate and function. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Lu L, Chen X, Liu Y, Yu X. Gut microbiota and bone metabolism. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21740. [PMID: 34143911 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100451r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic skeletal disease. It is characterized by the deterioration of the skeletal microarchitecture and bone loss, leading to ostealgia, and even bone fractures. Accumulating evidence has indicated that there is an inextricable relationship between the gut microbiota (GM) and bone homeostasis involving host-microbiota crosstalk. Any perturbation of the GM can play an initiating and reinforcing role in disrupting the bone remodeling balance during the development of osteoporosis. Although the GM is known to influence bone metabolism, the mechanisms associated with these effects remain unclear. Herein, we review the current knowledge of how the GM affects bone metabolism in health and disease, summarize the correlation between pathogen-associated molecular patterns of GM structural components and bone metabolism, and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying how GM metabolites regulate bone turnover. Deciphering the complicated relationship between the GM and bone health will provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Metabolomics in Bone Research. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070434. [PMID: 34357328 PMCID: PMC8303949 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the changes in endogenous metabolites in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors has excellent potential to obtain an understanding of cells, biofluids, tissues, or organisms' functions and interactions with the environment. The advantages provided by the metabolomics strategy have promoted studies in bone research fields, including an understanding of bone cell behaviors, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, and the development of treatment methods such as implanted biomaterials. This review article summarizes the metabolism changes during osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and immunoregulation in hard tissue. The second section of this review is dedicated to describing and discussing metabolite changes in the most relevant bone diseases: osteoporosis, bone injuries, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteosarcoma. We consolidated the most recent finding of the metabolites and metabolite pathways affected by various bone disorders. This collection can serve as a basis for future metabolomics-driven bone research studies to select the most relevant metabolites and metabolic pathways. Additionally, we summarize recent metabolic studies on metabolomics for the development of bone disease treatment including biomaterials for bone engineering. With this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of metabolomics in bone research, which can be helpful for interdisciplinary researchers, including material engineers, biologists, and clinicians.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pawlak K, Sieklucka B, Pawlak D. Paracrine Kynurenic Pathway Activation in the Bone of Young Uremic Rats Can Antagonize Anabolic Effects of PTH on Bone Turnover and Strength through the Disruption of PTH-Dependent Molecular Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126563. [PMID: 34207309 PMCID: PMC8234704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism and abnormalities in tryptophan (TRP) metabolism are commonly observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study aimed to establish potential interactions between endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) and activation of the bone kynurenine (KYN) pathway in relation to bone turnover and strength in young rats after one month (CKD-1) and three months (CKD-3) of experimental CKD. TRP, KYN, KYN/TRP ratio and bone turnover markers (BTMs) were measured in trabecular and cortical bone tissue. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the genes involved in osteogenesis was determined in femoral bone. Biomechanical testing of femoral diaphysis and femoral neck was also performed. Activation of the KYN pathway in trabecular bone during CKD development intensified the expression of genes related to osteogenesis, which led to a decrease in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and BTMs levels, resulting in a stiffer and mechanically weaker femoral neck. In contrast, reduction of the KYN pathway in cortical bone allowed to unblock the PTH-dependent anabolic activating transcription factor 4/parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R/ATF4) axis, led to cAMP accumulation, better bone turnover and strength in the course of CKD development. In summary, the paracrine KYN pathway in bone can interfere with the anabolic effects of PTH on bone through disrupting PTH-dependent molecular signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Pawlak
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85748-5600
| | - Beata Sieklucka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (B.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (B.S.); (D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abe S, Yoshihisa A, Ichijo Y, Kimishima Y, Yokokawa T, Misaka T, Sato T, Oikawa M, Kobayashi A, Kaneshiro T, Nakazato K, Takeishi Y. Serum TRACP5b, a Marker of Bone Resorption, Is Associated With Adverse Cardiac Prognosis in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure. CJC Open 2021; 3:470-478. [PMID: 34027350 PMCID: PMC8129440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b (TRACP5b) is derived from osteoclasts, and has been used as a marker of osteoporosis (bone resorption). Although heart failure (HF) is associated with catabolic bone remodelling, serum TRACP5b levels have not been rigourously examined in patients with HF. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of 688 decompensated HF patients who had been discharged and whose TRACP5b had been measured. These patients were divided into tertiles on the basis of serum TRACP5b levels: first (TRACP5b < 316 mU/dL, n = 229), second (TRACP5b 316-489 mU/dL, n = 229), and third (TRACP5b ≥ 490 mU/dL, n = 230). We compared the patient baseline characteristics, exercise capacity, and their postdischarge prognosis, including cardiac mortality and cardiac events such as cardiac death and worsening HF. Results Age was significantly higher, and prevalence of female sex and anemia was significantly higher in the third tertile than in the first and second tertiles (P < 0.05, respectively). Circulating TRACP5b levels were correlated with peak breath-by-breath oxygen consumption, but not with left ventricular ejection fraction. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis (mean follow-up, 426 days), cardiac mortality and cardiac event rates progressively increased from the first to the third tertiles (P < 0.05, respectively). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, the third tertile was an independent predictor of cardiac mortality and cardiac events (cardiac mortality hazard ratio, 2.493; P = 0.040; cardiac events hazard ratio, 1.687; P = 0.030). Conclusions High serum levels of TRACP5b, a marker of bone resorption, are associated with high cardiac mortality and cardiac events, accompanied by impaired exercise capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akiomi Yoshihisa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ichijo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimishima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yokokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Misaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Oikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaneshiro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakazato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Takeishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sakharkar MK, Dhillon SK, Rajamanickam K, Heng B, Braidy N, Guillemin GJ, Yang J. Alteration in Gene Pair Correlations in Tryptophan Metabolism as a Hallmark in Cancer Diagnosis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920977013. [PMID: 33354111 PMCID: PMC7734567 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920977013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism plays essential roles in both immunomodulation and cancer development. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolic pathway, is overexpressed in different types of cancer. To get a better understanding of the involvement of tryptophan metabolism in cancer development, we evaluated the expression and pairwise correlation of 62 genes in the metabolic pathway across 12 types of cancer. Only gene AOX1, encoding aldehyde oxidase 1, was ubiquitously downregulated, Furthermore, we observed that the 62 genes were widely and strongly correlated in normal controls, however, the gene pair correlations were significantly lost in tumor patients for all 12 types of cancer. This implicated that gene pair correlation coefficients of the tryptophan metabolic pathway could be applied as a prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarker for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sarinder Kaur Dhillon
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Karthic Rajamanickam
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, MND Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, MND Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, MND Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jang IY, Park JH, Kim JH, Lee S, Lee E, Lee JY, Park SJ, Kim DA, Hamrick MW, Kim BJ. The association of circulating kynurenine, a tryptophan metabolite, with frailty in older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22253-22265. [PMID: 33188590 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence from in vitro and animal experiments supporting the role of kynurenine (a tryptophan metabolite) in a number of degenerative age-related changes, the relationship between kynurenine and frailty in older adults is not well understood. We collected blood samples from 73 participants who underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment, measuring kynurenine levels using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We assessed the phenotypic frailty and the deficit accumulation frailty index using widely validated approaches proposed by Fried et al. and Rockwood et al., respectively. After adjusting for sex, age, and body mass index, the frail participants presented 52.9% and 34.3% higher serum kynurenine levels than those with robustness and prefrailty, respectively (P = 0.005 and 0.014, respectively). Serum kynurenine levels were positively associated with the frailty index, time to complete 5 chair stands, and patient health questionnaire-2 score and inversely associated with grip strength and gait speed (P = 0.042 to <0.001). Furthermore, the odds ratio per increase in serum kynurenine level for phenotypic frailty was approximately 2.62 (95% confidence interval = 1.22-5.65, P = 0.014). These data provide clinical evidence that circulating kynurenine might be a potential biomarker for assessing the risk of frailty in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Jang
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hoon Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeoung Hee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungjoo Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Jeong Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Ae Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A critical assessment of the potential of pharmacological modulation of aldehyde dehydrogenases to treat the diseases of bone loss. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173541. [PMID: 32896553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcoholism (CA) decreases bone mass and increases the risk of hip fracture. Alcohol and its main metabolite, acetaldehyde impairs osteoblastogenesis by increasing oxidative stress. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in clearing acetaldehyde from the body. The clinical relevance of ALDH in skeletal function has been established by the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP (rs671) in the ALDH2 gene giving rise to an inactive form of the enzyme (ALDH2*2) that causes increased serum acetaldehyde and osteoporosis in the affected individuals. Subsequent mouse genetics studies have replicated human phenotype in mice and confirmed the non-redundant role of ALDH2 in bone homeostasis. The activity of ALDH2 is amenable to pharmacological modulation. ALDH2 inhibition by disulfiram (DSF) and activation by alda-1 cause reduction and induction of bone formation, respectively. DSF also inhibits peak bone mass accrual in growing rats. On the other hand, DSF showed an anti-osteoclastogenic effect and protected mice from alcohol-induced osteopenia by inhibiting ALDH1a1 in bone marrow monocytes. Besides DSF, there are several classes of ALDH inhibitors with disparate skeletal effects. Alda-1, the ALDH2 activator induced osteoblast differentiation by increasing bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) expression via ALDH2 activation. Alda-1 also restored ovariectomy-induced bone loss. The scope of structure-activity based studies with ALDH2 and the alda-1-like molecule could lead to the discovery of novel osteoanabolic molecules. This review will critically discuss the molecular mechanism of the ethanol and its principal metabolite, acetaldehyde in the context of ALDH2 in bone cells, and skeletal homeostasis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Duque G, Vidal C, Li W, Al Saedi A, Khalil M, Lim CK, Myers DE, Guillemin GJ. Picolinic Acid, a Catabolite of Tryptophan, Has an Anabolic Effect on Bone In Vivo. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2275-2288. [PMID: 32629550 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fractures attributable to osteoporosis have a severe impact on our older population. Reports of side effects with commonly prescribed osteoporosis drugs have led to the investigation of new and safer treatments with novel mechanisms of action. Picolinic acid (PIC), a catabolite of tryptophan, induces in vitro osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Here we demonstrate that PIC has an anabolic effect on bone in vivo by increasing bone formation, bone mass, and bone strength in normal and ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice. Activation of the osteogenic pathways triggered this osteoanabolic response without any cross-related effects on mineral absorption or calciotropic hormones. Because PIC was also well tolerated and absorbed with no side effects, it is an ideal potential candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Christopher Vidal
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Mamdouh Khalil
- ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney Medical School Concord, The University of Sydney, Concord, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Damian E Myers
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eisa NH, Reddy SV, Elmansi AM, Kondrikova G, Kondrikov D, Shi XM, Novince CM, Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME, Isales CM, Fulzele S, Hill WD. Kynurenine Promotes RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro by Activating the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217931. [PMID: 33114603 PMCID: PMC7662708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the involvement of the tryptophan metabolite kynurenine (KYN) in disrupting osteogenesis and contributing to aging-related bone loss. Here, we show that KYN has an effect on bone resorption by increasing osteoclastogenesis. We have previously reported that in vivo treatment with KYN significantly increased osteoclast number lining bone surfaces. Here, we report the direct effect of KYN on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells, and we propose a potential mechanism for these KYN-mediated effects. We show that KYN/RANKL treatment results in enhancement of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. KYN drives upregulation and activation of the key osteoclast transcription factors, c-fos and NFATc1 resulting in an increase in the number of multinucleated TRAP+ osteoclasts, and in hydroxyapatite bone resorptive activity. Mechanistically, the KYN receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), plays an important role in the induction of osteoclastogenesis. We show that blocking AhR signaling using an AhR antagonist, or AhR siRNA, downregulates the KYN/RANKL-mediated increase in c-fos and NFATc1 and inhibits the formation of multinucleated TRAP + osteoclasts. Altogether, this work highlights that the novelty of the KYN and AhR pathways might have a potential role in helping to regulate osteoclast function with age and supports pursuing additional research to determine if they are potential therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada H. Eisa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sakamuri V. Reddy
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Ahmed M. Elmansi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Dmitry Kondrikov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
| | - Chad M. Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(843)-792-6623
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mor A, Kalaska B, Pawlak D. Kynurenine Pathway in Chronic Kidney Disease: What’s Old, What’s New, and What’s Next? Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920954882. [PMID: 35210786 PMCID: PMC8862190 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920954882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired kidney function and increased inflammatory process occurring in the course of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) contribute to the development of complex amino-acid alterations. The essential amino-acid tryptophan (TRP) undergoes extensive metabolism along several pathways, resulting in the production of many biologically active compounds. The results of many studies have shown that its metabolism via the kynurenine pathway is potently increased in the course of CKD. Metabolites of this pathway exhibit differential, sometimes opposite, roles in several biological processes. Their accumulation in the course of CKD may induce oxidative cell damage which stimulates inflammatory processes. They can also modulate the activity of numerous cellular signaling pathways through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, leading to the disruption of homeostasis of various organs. As a result, they can contribute to the development of the systemic disorders accompanying the course of chronic renal failure. This review gathers and systematizes reports concerning the knowledge connecting the kynurenine pathway metabolites to systemic disorders accompanying the development of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Mor
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Kalaska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Anaya JM, Bollag WB, Hamrick MW, Isales CM. The Role of Tryptophan Metabolites in Musculoskeletal Stem Cell Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186670. [PMID: 32933099 PMCID: PMC7555967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aging is considered a normal process, there are cellular and molecular changes that occur with aging that may be detrimental to health. Osteoporosis is one of the most common age-related degenerative diseases, and its progression correlates with aging and decreased capacity for stem cell differentiation and proliferation in both men and women. Tryptophan metabolism through the kynurenine pathway appears to be a key factor in promoting bone-aging phenotypes, promoting bone breakdown and interfering with stem cell function and osteogenesis; however, little data is available on the impact of tryptophan metabolites downstream of kynurenine. Here we review available data on the impact of these tryptophan breakdown products on the body in general and, when available, the existing evidence of their impact on bone. A number of tryptophan metabolites (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HKYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and anthranilic acid (AA)) have a detrimental effect on bone, decreasing bone mineral density (BMD) and increasing fracture risk. Other metabolites (e.g., 3-hydroxyAA, xanthurenic acid (XA), picolinic acid (PIA), quinolinic acid (QA), and NAD+) promote an increase in bone mineral density and are associated with lower fracture risk. Furthermore, the effects of other tryptophan breakdown products (e.g., serotonin) are complex, with either anabolic or catabolic actions on bone depending on their source. The mechanisms involved in the cellular actions of these tryptophan metabolites on bone are not yet fully known and will require further research as they are potential therapeutic targets. The current review is meant as a brief overview of existing English language literature on tryptophan and its metabolites and their effects on stem cells and musculoskeletal systems. The search terms used for a Medline database search were: kynurenine, mesenchymal stem cells, bone loss, tryptophan metabolism, aging, and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Marcano Anaya
- Universidad Central Del Caribe Laurel, Av. Sta. Juanita, Bayamón PR 00960, Puerto Rico;
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Departments of Medicine, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +706-721-0692
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li X, Xu J, Dai B, Wang X, Guo Q, Qin L. Targeting autophagy in osteoporosis: From pathophysiology to potential therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101098. [PMID: 32535273 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, attributed to various factors, including menopause (primary), aging (primary) and adverse effects of relevant medications (secondary). In recent decades, knowledge regarding the etiological mechanisms underpinning osteoporosis emphasizes that bone cellular homeostasis, including the maintenance of cell functions, differentiation, and the response to stress, is tightly regulated by autophagy, which is a cell survival mechanism for eliminating and recycling damaged proteins and organelles. With the important roles in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organ function, autophagy has emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In this review, we update and discuss the pathophysiology of autophagy in normal bone cell life cycle and metabolism. Then, the alternations of autophagy in primary and secondary osteoporosis, and the accompanied pathological process are discussed. Finally, we discuss current strategies, limitations, and challenges involved in targeting relevant pathways and propose strategies by which such hurdles may be circumvented in the future for their translation into clinical validations and applications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Elmansi AM, Hussein KA, Herrero SM, Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Aguilar-Pérez A, Kondrikova G, Kondrikov D, Eisa NH, Pierce JL, Kaiser H, Ding KH, Walker AL, Jiang X, Bollag WB, Elsalanty M, Zhong Q, Shi XM, Su Y, Johnson M, Hunter M, Reitman C, Volkman BF, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Fulzele S, McGee-Lawrence ME, Hill WD. Age-related increase of kynurenine enhances miR29b-1-5p to decrease both CXCL12 signaling and the epigenetic enzyme Hdac3 in bone marrow stromal cells. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100270. [PMID: 32395570 PMCID: PMC7210406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms leading to age-related reductions in bone formation and subsequent osteoporosis are still incompletely understood. We recently demonstrated that kynurenine (KYN), a tryptophan metabolite, accumulates in serum of aged mice and induces bone loss. Here, we report on novel mechanisms underlying KYN's detrimental effect on bone aging. We show that KYN is increased with aging in murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). KYN reduces bone formation via modulating levels of CXCL12 and its receptors as well as histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3). BMSCs responded to KYN by significantly decreasing mRNA expression levels of CXCL12 and its cognate receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, as well as downregulating osteogenic gene RUNX2 expression, resulting in a significant inhibition in BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. KYN's effects on these targets occur by increasing regulatory miRNAs that target osteogenesis, specifically miR29b-1-5p. Thus, KYN significantly upregulated the anti-osteogenic miRNA miR29b-1-5p in BMSCs, mimicking the up-regulation of miR-29b-1-5p in human and murine BMSCs with age. Direct inhibition of miR29b-1-5p by antagomirs rescued CXCL12 protein levels downregulated by KYN, while a miR29b-1-5p mimic further decreased CXCL12 levels. KYN also significantly downregulated mRNA levels of Hdac3, a target of miR-29b-1-5p, as well as its cofactor NCoR1. KYN is a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We hypothesized that AhR mediates KYN's effects in BMSCs. Indeed, AhR inhibitors (CH-223191 and 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone [DMF]) partially rescued secreted CXCL12 protein levels in BMSCs treated with KYN. Importantly, we found that treatment with CXCL12, or transfection with an miR29b-1-5p antagomir, downregulated the AhR mRNA level, while transfection with miR29b-1-5p mimic significantly upregulated its level. Further, CXCL12 treatment downregulated IDO, an enzyme responsible for generating KYN. Our findings reveal novel molecular pathways involved in KYN's age-associated effects in the bone microenvironment that may be useful translational targets for treating osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elmansi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Khaled A Hussein
- Department of Oral Surgery and Medicine, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Alexandra Aguilar-Pérez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon 00956, Puerto Rico.,Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Kondrikov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Nada H Eisa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jessica L Pierce
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Helen Kaiser
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Aisha L Walker
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburg School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States of America.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Maribeth Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Population Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Charles Reitman
- Orthopaedics and Physical Medicine Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Biochemistry Department, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ding K, McGee-Lawrence ME, Kaiser H, Sharma AK, Pierce JL, Irsik DL, Bollag WB, Xu J, Zhong Q, Hill W, Shi XM, Fulzele S, Kennedy EJ, Elsalanty M, Hamrick MW, Isales CM. Picolinic acid, a tryptophan oxidation product, does not impact bone mineral density but increases marrow adiposity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110885. [PMID: 32088397 PMCID: PMC7065047 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid catabolized initially to kynurenine (kyn), an immunomodulatory metabolite that we have previously shown to promote bone loss. Kyn levels increase with aging and have also been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Picolinic acid (PA) is another tryptophan metabolite downstream of kyn. However, in contrast to kyn, PA is reported to be neuroprotective and further, to promote osteogenesis in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that PA might be osteoprotective in vivo. In an IACUC-approved protocol, we fed PA to aged (23-month-old) C57BL/6 mice for eight weeks. In an effort to determine potential interactions of PA with dietary protein we also fed PA in a low-protein diet (8%). The mice were divided into four groups: Control (18% dietary protein), +PA (700 ppm); Low-protein (8%), +PA (700 ppm). The PA feedings had no impact on mouse weight, body composition or bone density. At sacrifice bone and stem cells were collected for analysis, including μCT and RT-qPCR. Addition of PA to the diet had no impact on trabecular bone parameters. However, marrow adiposity was significantly increased in PA-fed mice, and in bone marrow stromal cells isolated from these mice increases in the expression of the lipid storage genes, Plin1 and Cidec, were observed. Thus, as a downstream metabolite of kyn, PA no longer showed kyn's detrimental effects on bone but instead appears to impact energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Ding
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Helen Kaiser
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Anuj K Sharma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Jessica L Pierce
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Debra L Irsik
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Physiology, Augusta University, United States of America; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Jianrui Xu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - William Hill
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America; Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, United States of America; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gennari L, Merlotti D, Falchetti A, Eller Vainicher C, Cosso R, Chiodini I. Emerging therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:115-130. [PMID: 32050822 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1726889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a chronic, skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased fracture risk; it affects 50% of women and 20% of men. In the past two decades, there have been substantial improvements in the pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis which have yielded potent inhibitors of bone resorption or stimulators of bone formation.Areas covered: This review discusses newly identified targets and pathways and conceptual approaches to the prevention of multiple age-related disorders. Furthermore, it summarizes existing therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.Expert opinion: Our enhanced understanding of bone biology and the reciprocal interactions between bone and other tissues have allowed the identification of new targets that may facilitate the development of novel drugs. These drugs will hopefully achieve the uncoupling of bone formation from resorption and possibly exert a dual anabolic and antiresorptive effect on bone. Alas, limitations regarding adherence, efficacy on nonvertebral fracture prevention and the long-term adverse events still exist for currently available therapeutics. Moreover, the efficacy of most agents is limited by the tight coupling of osteoblasts and osteoclasts; hence the reduction of bone resorption invariably reduces bone formation, and vice versa. This field is very much 'a work in progress.'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Falchetti
- Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Eller Vainicher
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Units, Department of Medical Sciences and Community, Fondazione Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Cosso
- EndOsMet Villa Donatello Private Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pierce JL, Roberts RL, Yu K, Kendall RK, Kaiser H, Davis C, Johnson MH, Hill WD, Isales CM, Bollag WB, Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME. Kynurenine suppresses osteoblastic cell energetics in vitro and osteoblast numbers in vivo. Exp Gerontol 2020; 130:110818. [PMID: 31862422 PMCID: PMC7003726 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a progressive process associated with declining tissue function over time. Kynurenine, an oxidized metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan that increases in abundance with age, drives cellular processes of aging and dysfunction in many tissues, and recent work has focused on understanding the pathways involved in the harmful effects of kynurenine on bone. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of controlled kynurenine administration on osteoblast bioenergetics, in vivo osteoblast abundance, and marrow fat accumulation. Additionally, as an extension of earlier studies with dietary administration of kynurenine, we investigated the effects of kynurenine on Hdac3 and NCoR1 expression and enzymatic deacetylase activity as potential mechanistic contributors to the effects of kynurenine on osteoblasts. Kynurenine administration suppressed cellular metabolism in osteoblasts at least in part through impaired mitochondrial respiration, and suppressed osteoblastic numbers in vivo with no concurrent effects on marrow adiposity. Deleterious effects of kynurenine treatment on osteoblasts were more pronounced in female models as compared to males. However, kynurenine treatment did not inhibit Hdac3's enzymatic deacetylase activity nor its repression of downstream glucocorticoid signaling. As such, future work will be necessary to determine the mechanisms by which increased kynurenine contributes to aging bone bioenergetics. The current study provides novel further support for the idea that kynurenine contributes to impaired osteoblastic function, and suggests that impaired matrix production by kynurenine-affected osteoblasts is attributed in part to impaired osteoblastic bioenergetics. As circulating kynurenine levels in increase with age, and human bone density inversely correlates with the serum kynurenine to tryptophan ratio, these mechanisms may have important relevance in the etiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Pierce
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel L Roberts
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kanglun Yu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Riley K Kendall
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Helen Kaiser
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen Davis
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kondrikov D, Elmansi A, Bragg RT, Mobley T, Barrett T, Eisa N, Kondrikova G, Schoeinlein P, Aguilar-Perez A, Shi XM, Fulzele S, Lawrence MM, Hamrick M, Isales C, Hill W. Kynurenine inhibits autophagy and promotes senescence in aged bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Exp Gerontol 2020; 130:110805. [PMID: 31812582 PMCID: PMC7861134 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related deterioration in bone health that is, at least in part, a stem cell disease. The different mechanisms and signaling pathways that change with age and contribute to the development of osteoporosis are being identified. One key upstream mechanism that appears to target a number of osteogenic pathways with age is kynurenine, a tryptophan metabolite and an endogenous Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. The AhR signaling pathway has been reported to promote aging phenotypes across species and in different tissues. We previously found that kynurenine accumulates with age in the plasma and various tissues including bone and induces bone loss and osteoporosis in mice. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are responsible for osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and overall bone regeneration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of kynurenine on BMSCs, with a focus on autophagy and senescence as two cellular processes that control BMSCs proliferation and differentiation capacity. We found that physiological levels of kynurenine (10 and 100 μM) disrupted autophagic flux as evidenced by the reduction of LC3B-II, and autophagolysosomal production, as well as a significant increase of p62 protein level. Additionally, kynurenine also induced a senescent phenotype in BMSCs as shown by the increased expression of several senescence markers including senescence associated β-galactosidase in BMSCs. Additionally, western blotting reveals that levels of p21, another marker of senescence, also increased in kynurenine-treated BMSCs, while senescent-associated aggregation of nuclear H3K9me3 also showed a significant increase in response to kynurenine treatment. To validate that these effects are in fact due to AhR signaling pathway, we utilized two known AhR antagonists: CH-223191, and 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone to try to block AhR signaling and rescue kynurenine /AhR mediated effects. Indeed, AhR inhibition restored kynurenine-suppressed autophagy levels as shown by levels of LC3B-II, p62 and autophagolysosomal formation demonstrating a rescuing of autophagic flux. Furthermore, inhibition of AhR signaling prevented the kynurenine-induced increase in senescence associated β-galactosidase and p21 levels, as well as blocking aggregation of nuclear H3K9me3. Taken together, our results suggest that kynurenine inhibits autophagy and induces senescence in BMSCs via AhR signaling, and that this may be a novel target to prevent or reduce age-associated bone loss and osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kondrikov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Ahmed Elmansi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Robert Tailor Bragg
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Tanner Mobley
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Thomas Barrett
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Nada Eisa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Patricia Schoeinlein
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Alexandra Aguilar-Perez
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, IN,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, 00956
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912
| | - Meghan McGee Lawrence
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912
| | - Carlos Isales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - William Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Castro-Portuguez R, Sutphin GL. Kynurenine pathway, NAD + synthesis, and mitochondrial function: Targeting tryptophan metabolism to promote longevity and healthspan. Exp Gerontol 2020; 132:110841. [PMID: 31954874 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the normal physiological functions of an organism, ultimately leading to mortality. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor that plays a critical role in mitochondrial energy production as well as many enzymatic redox reactions. Age-associated decline in NAD+ is implicated as a driving factor in several categories of age-associated disease, including metabolic and neurodegenerative disease, as well as deficiency in the mechanisms of cellular defense against oxidative stress. The kynurenine metabolic pathway is the sole de novo NAD+ biosynthetic pathway, generating NAD+ from ingested tryptophan. Altered kynurenine pathway activity is associated with both aging and a variety of age-associated diseases. Kynurenine pathway interventions can extend lifespan in both fruit flies and nematodes, and altered NAD+ metabolism represents one potential mediating mechanism. Recent studies demonstrate that supplementation with NAD+ or NAD+-precursors increase longevity and promote healthy aging in fruit flies, nematodes, and mice. NAD+ levels and the intrinsic relationship to mitochondrial function have been widely studied in the context of aging. Mitochondrial function and dynamics have both been implicated in longevity determination in a range of organisms from yeast to humans, at least in part due to their intimate link to regulating an organism's cellular energy economy and capacity to resist oxidative stress. Recent findings support the idea that complex communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus orchestrates a series of events and stress responses involving mitophagy, mitochondrial number, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and mitochondria fission and fusion events. In this review, we discuss how mitochondrial morphological changes and dynamics operate during aging, and how altered metabolism of tryptophan to NAD+ through the kynurenine pathway interacts with these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Castro-Portuguez
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA
| | - George L Sutphin
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Feehan J, Al Saedi A, Duque G. Targeting fundamental aging mechanisms to treat osteoporosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:1031-1039. [PMID: 31815563 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1702973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporotic fractures represent a growing burden of mortality, morbidity and socioeconomic cost to health-care systems worldwide. Osteoporosis is a disease uniquely associated with aging, therefore, an understanding of the physiological mechanisms underpinning its development as we age may open new avenues for therapeutic exploitation. Novel treatments, as well as refinement of the current approaches, are vital in the effort to sustain healthy, independent patients across the lifespan.Areas covered: This review covers the anabolic and catabolic pathways seen in bone maintenance, highlighting how they are changed with age, leading to osteoporosis. It will also discuss how these changes may be targeted therapeutically, in the development of new therapies, and the refinement of those already in use.Expert opinion: New effective and safe treatments for osteoporosis are still needed. Bone anabolics seem to be the most appropriate therapeutic approach to osteoporosis in older persons. Considering that bone and muscle mass synchronically decline with aging thus predisposing older persons to falls and fractures, combined therapeutic approaches to osteosarcopenia with a dual anabolic effect on muscle and bone will be a major advance in the treatment of these devastating conditions in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Feehan
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chronic dietary supplementation with kynurenic acid, a neuroactive metabolite of tryptophan, decreased body weight without negative influence on densitometry and mandibular bone biomechanical endurance in young rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226205. [PMID: 31809528 PMCID: PMC6897417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a neuroactive metabolite of tryptophan. KYNA naturally occurs in breast milk and its content increases with lactation, indicating the role of neonatal nutrition in general growth with long-term health effects. KYNA is also an antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors expressed in bone cells. The aim of this study was to establish the effects of chronic KYNA supplementation on bone homeostasis in young rats, using mandible as a model bone. Female and male newborn Wistar rats were divided into control and KYNA-administered groups until 60 days of age (25x101 mg/L or 25x102 mg/L in drinking water). Hemimandibles were subjected to densitometry, computed tomography analysis and mechanical testing. Rats supplemented with KYNA at both doses showed a decrease in body weight. There were no effects of KYNA administration and mandible histomorphometry. In males, a significant quadratic effect (P < 0.001) was observed in the densitometry of the hemimandible, where BMD increased in the group supplemented with 2.5x101 mg/L of KYNA. Analysis of mechanical tests data showed that when fracture forces were corrected for bone geometry and rats body weight the improvement of bone material properties was observed in male and female rats supplemented with lower dose of KYNA. This study showed that chronic supplementation with KYNA may limit weight gain in the young, without adversely affecting the development of the skeleton.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kynurenine signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Implications for aging and healthspan. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110797. [PMID: 31786316 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan metabolite kynurenine increases with aging and inflammation, and appears to contribute directly to the development and progression of several age-related conditions. Kynurenine is now known to signal through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) to modulate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The Ahr promoter region contains several sites for NF-kB binding, indicating that inflammation is a key factor modulating Ahr expression. Furthermore, kynurenine activation of Ahr is observed to stimulate expression of the enzyme IDO1, which generates kynurenine by degrading tryptophan, representing a positive feedback loop that may link inflammation with ROS production. On the other hand, the antioxidant system-inducing transcription factor Nrf2 can be stimulated by Ahr, and Nrf2 can itself activate Ahr expression. The balance between pro- and antioxidant functions of Ahr mediated by kynurenine may therefore regulate healthy versus unhealthy aging in different tissues and organ systems. Potential therapeutic approaches to target this pathway include exercise to alter kynurenine production or molecules such as metformin or resveratrol that may suppress Ahr activity.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim BJ, Lee SH, Koh JM. Clinical insights into the kynurenine pathway in age-related diseases. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110793. [PMID: 31765740 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from diverse experiments, including heterochronic parabiosis-the surgical joining of two animals of different ages-has highlighted the importance of systemic factors in the progressive functional decline of various organs and tissues during aging. The major metabolic pathway of tryptophan, an essential amino acid in humans, is the kynurenine pathway (KP) in which indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) catalyze the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine. Importantly, circulating kynurenine produced by this enzymatic breakdown, as a primary driver of the aging process, has been linked to higher mortality in humans. This review discusses the potential roles of tryptophan derivatives as biomarkers for the risk of frailty in the elderly, based on human observational studies as well as the KP as a therapeutic target for age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Elevated ceramides 18:0 and 24:1 with aging are associated with hip fracture risk through increased bone resorption. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9388-9404. [PMID: 31675352 PMCID: PMC6874435 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed whether circulating ceramides, which play a role in a number of degenerative changes with aging, significantly differed according to fragility hip fracture (HF) status. We also performed a human study using bone marrow (BM) aspirates, directly reflecting the bone microenvironment, in addition to in vitro experiments. Peripheral blood and BM samples were simultaneously collected from 74 patients 65 years or older at hip surgery for either HF (n = 28) or for other causes (n = 46). Ceramides were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Age was correlated positively with circulating C16:0, C18:0, and C24:1 ceramide levels. Patients with fragility HF had 21.3%, 49.5%, 34.3%, and 22.5% higher plasma C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C24:1 ceramide levels, respectively, than those without HF. Higher C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C24:1 ceramide levels were positively related to bone resorption markers in both blood and BM samples. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that C18:0 and C24:1 ceramides directly increased osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, and expression levels of osteoclast differentiation markers. These results suggested that the association of increased ceramides, especially C18:0 and C24:1, with adverse bone phenotypes in elderly people could be explained mainly by the increase in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.
Collapse
|