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Ison EK, Hopf-Jannasch AS, Harding JCS, Alex Pasternak J. Effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on thyroid hormone metabolism in the late gestation fetus. Vet Res 2022; 53:74. [PMID: 36175938 PMCID: PMC9524047 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in late gestation causes a profound suppression of circulating maternal and fetal thyroid hormone during a critical window of development. To understand this relationship, we evaluated thyroid hormone metabolism at the maternal-fetal interface and within fetal tissues, along with hormone metabolite levels in serum. Fetuses were classified using an established model based on viral load in serum and thymus, and preservation status, including uninfected (UNIF), high-viral load viable (HV-VIA), and high-viral load meconium-stained (HV-MEC), with additional controls from sham-inoculated gilts (CON). Expression of three iodothyronine deiodinases, five sulfotransferases, sulfatase, and two solute carriers known to transport thyroid hormone were evaluated in maternal endometrium and fetal placenta, liver, and kidney. Serum thyroxin (T4), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), and diiodothyronine (T2) were evaluated via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Significant changes in gene expression were observed in all four tissues, with the liver being the most severely impacted. We observed local and fetal specific regulation of maternal tissues through significant upregulation of DIO2 and DIO3 expression in the endometrium corresponding to infected but viable fetuses relative to uninfected and control fetuses. Expression levels of DIO2 and DIO3 were significantly higher in the resilient (HV-VIA) fetuses relative to the susceptible (HV-MEC) fetuses. A substantial decrease in serum T4 was confirmed, with no corresponding increase in rT3 or T2. Collectively, these results show that thyroid hormone metabolism is altered at the maternal-fetal interface and within the PRRSV infected fetus and is associated with fetal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Ison
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | | | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
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2
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Thyroid Hormone Effect on the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060544. [PMID: 34200130 PMCID: PMC8230271 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great potential as an unlimited source for obtaining hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) for drug research. However, current applications of HLCs have been severely limited by the inability to produce mature hepatocytes from hiPSCs in vitro. Thyroid hormones are one of the hormones that surge during the perinatal period when liver maturation takes place. Here we assessed the influence of thyroid hormone on hepatic progenitor differentiation to HLCs. We analyzed gene and protein expression of early and late hepatic markers and demonstrated the selective activity of thyroid hormone on different genes. Particularly, we demonstrated thyroid hormone-dependent inhibition of the fetal hepatic marker AFP. Our study sheds light on the role of thyroid hormone during liver differentiation and maturation.
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Krause C, Grohs M, El Gammal AT, Wolter S, Lehnert H, Mann O, Mittag J, Kirchner H. Reduced expression of thyroid hormone receptor β in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1448-1456. [PMID: 30496129 PMCID: PMC6300861 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic thyroid hormone signaling has an important role in the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While the systemic levels of thyroid hormone might remain stable, there is evidence that the intracellular signaling machinery consisting of transporters, deiodinases and receptors could be altered in NASH. However, clinical material from human liver biopsies of individuals with NASH has not been studied to date. In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed 85 liver biopsies from patients with different stages of NASH that underwent bariatric surgery. Using qPCR, we analyzed gene expression of thyroid hormone transporters NTCP (SLC10A1), MCT8 (SLC16A2) and OATP1C1 (SLCO1C1), thyroid hormone receptor α and β (THRA and THRB) and deiodinase type I, II and III (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3). The expression was correlated with serum TSH, triglyceride, HbA1c and NASH score and corrected for age or gender if required. While DIO2, DIO3 and SLCO1C1 were not expressed in human liver, we observed a significant negative correlation of THRB and DIO1 with age, and SLC16A2 with gender. THRB expression was also negatively associated with serum triglyceride levels and HbA1c. More importantly, its expression was inversely correlated with NASH score and further declined with age. Our data provide unique insight into the mRNA expression of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases and receptors in the human liver. The findings allow important conclusions on the intrahepatic mechanisms governing thyroid hormone action, indicating a possible tissue resistance to the circulating hormone in NASH, which becomes more prominent in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Krause
- Epigenetics & Metabolism, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Grohs
- Epigenetics & Metabolism, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander T El Gammal
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolter
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Mann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Molecular Endocrinology, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Mittag or H Kirchner: or
| | - Henriette Kirchner
- Epigenetics & Metabolism, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Mittag or H Kirchner: or
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Smythe TA, Butt CM, Stapleton HM, Pleskach K, Ratnayake G, Song CY, Riddell N, Konstantinov A, Tomy GT. Impacts of Unregulated Novel Brominated Flame Retardants on Human Liver Thyroid Deiodination and Sulfotransferation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7245-7253. [PMID: 28541672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of five novel brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,5-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (β-TBECH), on thyroid hormone deiodinase (DIO) and sulfotransferase (SULT) activity were investigated using human in vitro liver microsomal and cytosolic bioassays. Enzymatic activity was measured by incubating active human liver subcellular fractions with thyroid hormones (T4 and rT3 separately) and measuring changes in thyroid hormone (T4, T3, rT3, and 3,3'-T2) concentrations. Only DBDPE showed inhibition of both outer and inner ring deiodination (O and IRD) of T3 and 3,3'-T2 formation from T4, respectively, with an estimated IC50 of 160 nM; no statistically significant inhibition of SULT activity was observed. ORD inhibition of 3,3'-T2 formation from rT3 was also observed (IC50 ∼ 100 nM). The kinetics of T4 O and IRD were also investigated, although a definitive mechanism could not be identified as the Michaelis-Menten parameters and maximal rate constants were not significantly different. Concentrations tested were intentionally above expected environmental levels, and this study suggests that these NBFRs are not potent human liver DIO and SULT inhibitors. To our knowledge, DBDPE is the first example of a nonhydroxylated contaminant inhibiting DIO activity, and further study of the mechanism of action is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kerri Pleskach
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | | | - Chae Yoon Song
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories, Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Alex Konstantinov
- Wellington Laboratories, Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Wassner AJ, Jugo RH, Dorfman DM, Padera RF, Maynard MA, Zavacki AM, Jay PY, Huang SA. Myocardial Induction of Type 3 Deiodinase in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Thyroid 2017; 27:732-737. [PMID: 28314380 PMCID: PMC5421592 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid hormone-inactivating enzyme type 3 deiodinase (D3) is induced during hypertrophic and ischemic cardiomyopathy, leading to a state of local cardiac hypothyroidism. Whether D3 induction occurs in dilated cardiomyopathy is unknown. METHODS This study characterized changes in cardiac D3 and thyroid hormone signaling in a transgenic model of progressive dilated cardiomyopathy (TG9 mice). RESULTS Cardiac D3 was dramatically induced 15-fold during the progression of dilated cardiomyopathy in TG9 mice. This D3 induction localized to cardiomyocytes and was associated with a decrease in myocardial thyroid hormone signaling. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac D3 is induced in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy, indicating that D3 induction may be a general response to diverse forms of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari J. Wassner
- Thyroid Program, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca H. Jugo
- Thyroid Program, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M. Dorfman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert F. Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A. Maynard
- Thyroid Program, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ann M. Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y. Jay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen A. Huang
- Thyroid Program, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zhong T, Jin PF, Zhao W, Wang LJ, Li L, Zhang HP. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in neonatal goats: molecular cloning, expression, localization, and methylation signature. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:419-28. [PMID: 27108114 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. It plays critical roles in fetal development and neonatal growth and is especially important for brain development in mammals. In the present study, we profiled the expression pattern and methylation signature of the DIO3 gene in goats. The complete coding sequence of caprine DIO3 encoded a protein of 301 amino acids and harbored an internal selenocysteine-encoding TGA codon. The DIO3 messenger RNA (mRNA) was predominantly expressed in the neonatal goat liver (P < 0.01), while expression in other tissues was quite low, with the lowest levels in the lung. In in situ hybridization, the DIO3 mRNA was predominantly localized in the liver and the lowest content was detected in the lung. The DIO3 transcript was widely localized in neurons and the neuropil. Methylation profiling of the DIO3 CpG island showed a significant difference between the 5' region (CpGs_1∼24) and the 3' region (CpG_25∼51) of the coding region. Furthermore, no significant difference in methylation status was observed among the six tested tissues with levels in the range of 29.11-33.12 %. The CpG islands in the intergenic-differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) showed significantly different methylated levels among tissues, and the highest methylated level was observed in lung (CpG island 1, 69.34 %) and longissimus dorsi (LD) (CpG island 2, 52.62 %) tissues. Our study lays a foundation for understanding DIO3 function and the diseases caused by altered methylation profiles of the DIO3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng-Fei Jin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Jie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Fisher W, Wang J, George NI, Gearhart JM, McLanahan ED. Dietary Iodine Sufficiency and Moderate Insufficiency in the Lactating Mother and Nursing Infant: A Computational Perspective. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149300. [PMID: 26930410 PMCID: PMC4773173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Institute of Medicine recommends that lactating women ingest 290 μg iodide/d and a nursing infant, less than two years of age, 110 μg/d. The World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, and International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders recommend population maternal and infant urinary iodide concentrations ≥ 100 μg/L to ensure iodide sufficiency. For breast milk, researchers have proposed an iodide concentration range of 150–180 μg/L indicates iodide sufficiency for the mother and infant, however no national or international guidelines exist for breast milk iodine concentration. For the first time, a lactating woman and nursing infant biologically based model, from delivery to 90 days postpartum, was constructed to predict maternal and infant urinary iodide concentration, breast milk iodide concentration, the amount of iodide transferred in breast milk to the nursing infant each day and maternal and infant serum thyroid hormone kinetics. The maternal and infant models each consisted of three sub-models, iodide, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Using our model to simulate a maternal intake of 290 μg iodide/d, the average daily amount of iodide ingested by the nursing infant, after 4 days of life, gradually increased from 50 to 101 μg/day over 90 days postpartum. The predicted average lactating mother and infant urinary iodide concentrations were both in excess of 100 μg/L and the predicted average breast milk iodide concentration, 157 μg/L. The predicted serum thyroid hormones (T4, free T4 (fT4), and T3) in both the nursing infant and lactating mother were indicative of euthyroidism. The model was calibrated using serum thyroid hormone concentrations for lactating women from the United States and was successful in predicting serum T4 and fT4 levels (within a factor of two) for lactating women in other countries. T3 levels were adequately predicted. Infant serum thyroid hormone levels were adequately predicted for most data. For moderate iodide deficient conditions, where dietary iodide intake may range from 50 to 150 μg/d for the lactating mother, the model satisfactorily described the iodide measurements, although with some variation, in urine and breast milk. Predictions of serum thyroid hormones in moderately iodide deficient lactating women (50 μg/d) and nursing infants did not closely agree with mean reported serum thyroid hormone levels, however, predictions were usually within a factor of two. Excellent agreement between prediction and observation was obtained for a recent moderate iodide deficiency study in lactating women. Measurements included iodide levels in urine of infant and mother, iodide in breast milk, and serum thyroid hormone levels in infant and mother. A maternal iodide intake of 50 μg/d resulted in a predicted 29–32% reduction in serum T4 and fT4 in nursing infants, however the reduced serum levels of T4 and fT4 were within most of the published reference intervals for infant. This biologically based model is an important first step at integrating the rapid changes that occur in the thyroid system of the nursing newborn in order to predict adverse outcomes from exposure to thyroid acting chemicals, drugs, radioactive materials or iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Fisher
- US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Wang
- US FDA, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Springs, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Nysia I. George
- US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079, United States of America
| | - Jeffery M. Gearhart
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 2729 R Street, Bldg 837, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 43433, United States of America
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, 45435, United States of America
| | - Eva D. McLanahan
- CDC/ATSDR, Division of Community Health Investigations, 4770 Buford HWY NE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, United States of America
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Prenatal Exposures to Multiple Thyroid Hormone Disruptors: Effects on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. J Thyroid Res 2016; 2016:8765049. [PMID: 26989557 PMCID: PMC4773558 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8765049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for normal human fetal development and play a major role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Delivery of TH to target tissues is dependent on processes including TH synthesis, transport, and metabolism. Thyroid hormone endocrine disruptors (TH-EDCs) are chemical substances that interfere with these processes, potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objectives. This review focuses on the effects of prenatal exposures to combinations of TH-EDCs on fetal and neonatal glucose and lipid metabolism and also discusses the various mechanisms by which TH-EDCs interfere with other hormonal pathways. Methods. We conducted a comprehensive narrative review on the effects of TH-EDCs with particular emphasis on exposure during pregnancy. Discussion. TH imbalance has been linked to many metabolic processes and the effects of TH imbalance are particularly pronounced in early fetal development due to fetal dependence on maternal TH for proper growth and development. The pervasive presence of EDCs in the environment results in ubiquitous exposure to either single or mixtures of EDCs with deleterious effects on metabolism. Conclusions. Further evaluation of combined effects of TH-EDCs on fetal metabolic endpoints could improve advice provided to expectant mothers.
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Aoki T, Tsunekawa K, Araki O, Ogiwara T, Nara M, Sumino H, Kimura T, Murakami M. Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activity Is Required for Rapid Stimulation of PI3K by Thyroxine in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4312-24. [PMID: 26284425 PMCID: PMC4606755 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a number of physiological effects on the cardiovascular system. Some of the nongenomic actions of T3 are achieved by cross coupling the TH receptor (TR) with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase Akt (Akt) pathway. We observed that both T3 and T4 rapidly stimulated Akt phosphorylation and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activation, which resulted in cell migration, in a PI3K-dependent manner in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We identified the expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), which converts T4 to T3, and TRα1 in HUVECs. D2 activity was significantly stimulated by (Bu)2cAMP in HUVECs. The blockade of D2 activity through transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to D2 as well as by addition of iopanoic acid, a potent D2 inhibitor, abolished Akt phosphorylation, Rac activation, and cell migration induced by T4 but not by T3. The inhibition of TRα1 expression by the transfection of siRNA for TRα1 canceled Akt phosphorylation, Rac activation, and cell migration induced by T3 and T4. These findings suggest that conversion of T4 to T3 by D2 is required for TRα1/PI3K-mediated nongenomic actions of T4 in HUVECs, including stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and Rac activation, which result in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Aoki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Nara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sumino
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Sabatino L, Lubrano V, Balzan S, Kusmic C, Del Turco S, Iervasi G. Thyroid hormone deiodinases D1, D2, and D3 are expressed in human endothelial dermal microvascular line: effects of thyroid hormones. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 399:87-94. [PMID: 25304215 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial system acts as a large endocrine organ in the human body; however, little is still known about the regulative role of THs on endothelial cells. Aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of the TH deiodinases (D1, D2, and D3) and TH receptors (TRα1, TRα2, and TRβ1) in an endothelial microvascular cultured cell model (HMEC-1), after stimulation with triiodothyronine (T3, 10-100 nM), thyroxine (T4, 10-100 nM), and reverse T3 (rT3, 1-10 nM). DIO1 was significantly inhibited by T4 at 10 and 100 nM (p < 0.001). rT3 significantly inhibited DIO1 at 1 nM concentration (p < 0.01) and stimulated DIO1 at 10 nM dosage (p < 0.001). T4 and rT3 significantly inhibited DIO2 at all concentrations. DIO3 was induced at 100 nM T3 (p < 0.05) and 100 nM rT3 (p < 0.01), and TRα1 and TRα2 mRNAs were significantly increased after 100 nM T3 treatment (p < 0.05) and decreased after 1 and 10 nM rT3 (p < 0.05). TRβ1 was significantly increased by all THs at different concentrations: 10 nM T3 and 100 nM T3 (p < 0.05), 1 nM rT3 (p < 0.001), and 100 nM T4 (p < 0.01). D1 and D2 protein levels were evaluated, but no significant difference was observed for any hormonal treatment. For the first time, we found that the TH deiodinases and receptors are expressed in endothelial HMEC-1 cells. These findings might be of significant clinical relevance, given the important regulatory role of the endothelium as first barrier to the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sabatino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy,
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11
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Castroneves LA, Jugo RH, Maynard MA, Lee JS, Wassner AJ, Dorfman D, Bronson RT, Ukomadu C, Agoston AT, Ding L, Luongo C, Guo C, Song H, Demchev V, Lee NY, Feldman HA, Vella KR, Peake RW, Hartigan C, Kellogg MD, Desai A, Salvatore D, Dentice M, Huang SA. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deficiency of type 3 deiodinase have intact liver regeneration and accelerated recovery from nonthyroidal illness after toxin-induced hepatonecrosis. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4061-8. [PMID: 25004090 PMCID: PMC4164928 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 3 deiodinase (D3), the physiologic inactivator of thyroid hormones, is induced during tissue injury and regeneration. This has led to the hypotheses that D3 impacts injury tolerance by reducing local T3 signaling and contributes to the fall in serum triiodothyronine (T3) observed in up to 75% of sick patients (termed the low T3 syndrome). Here we show that a novel mutant mouse with hepatocyte-specific D3 deficiency has normal local responses to toxin-induced hepatonecrosis, including normal degrees of tissue necrosis and intact regeneration, but accelerated systemic recovery from illness-induced hypothyroxinemia and hypotriiodothyroninemia, demonstrating that peripheral D3 expression is a key modulator of the low T3 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Castroneves
- Thyroid Program of the Division of Endocrinology (L.A.C., R.H.J., M.A.M., J.S.L., A.J.W., C.C.G., H.D.S., N.Y.L., S.A.H.), Clinical Research Center (H.A.F), and Department of Laboratory Medicine (R.W.P., C.H., M.D.K), Boston Children's Hospital; Thyroid Section of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (S.A.H.), Department of Pathology (D.D., A.T.A.), and Division of Gastroenterology (C.U., V.D., A.D.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Neurodiscovery Center (L.D.); Dana Farber Cancer Institute (R.T. B., S.A.H.); Division of Endocrinology (K.R.V.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology (C.L., D.S., M.D.), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Guo C, Chen X, Song H, Maynard MA, Zhou Y, Lobanov AV, Gladyshev VN, Ganis JJ, Wiley D, Jugo RH, Lee NY, Castroneves LA, Zon LI, Scanlan TS, Feldman HA, Huang SA. Intrinsic expression of a multiexon type 3 deiodinase gene controls zebrafish embryo size. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4069-80. [PMID: 25004091 PMCID: PMC4164935 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a master regulator of differentiation and growth, and its action is terminated by the enzymatic removal of an inner-ring iodine catalyzed by the selenoenzyme type 3 deiodinase (dio3). Our studies of the zebrafish reveal that the dio3 gene is duplicated in this species and that embryonic deiodination is an important determinant of embryo size. Although both dio3 paralogs encode enzymatically active proteins with high affinity for thyroid hormones, their anatomic patterns of expression are markedly divergent and only embryos with knockdown of dio3b, a biallelically expressed selenoenzyme expressed in the developing central nervous system, manifest severe thyroid hormone-dependent growth restriction at 72 hours post fertilization. This indicates that the embryonic deficiency of dio3, once considered only a placental enzyme, causes microsomia independently of placental physiology and raises the intriguing possibility that fetal abnormalities in human deiodination may present as intrauterine growth retardation. By mapping the gene structures and enzymatic properties of all four zebrafish deiodinases, we also identify dio3b as the first multiexon dio3 gene, containing a large intron separating its open reading frame from its selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics (C.G., X.C., H.S.), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China; Thyroid Program of the Division of Endocrinology (C.G., X.C., H.S., M.A.M., R.H.J., N.Y.L., L.A.C., S.A.H.) and Clinical Research Center (H.A.F.), Boston Children's Hospital; Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology (Y.Z., J.J.G., D.W., L.I.Z.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Medicine (A.V.L., V.N.G., S.A.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Dana Farber Cancer Institute (V.N.G., L.I.Z., S.A.H.), Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.S.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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13
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Qiao M, Wu HY, Guo L, Mei SQ, Zhang PP, Li FE, Zheng R, Deng CY. Imprinting analysis of porcine DIO3 gene in two fetal stages and association analysis with carcass and meat quality traits. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2329-35. [PMID: 21660470 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imprinted genes play important roles in mammalian growth, development and behavior. In this study, we obtained 1568 bp mRNA sequence of porcine DIO3 (deiodinase, iodothyronine, type III), and also identified its imprinting status during porcine fetal development. The complete open reading frame (ORF) encoding 278 amino acids. The porcine DIO3 mRNA was expressed predominantly in backfat, mildly in liver, uterus, kidney, heart, small intestine, muscle and stomach, and almost absent in spleen and lung. A single nucleotide polymorphism in exon (A/C (687)) was used to investigate the allele frequencies in different pig breeds and the imprinting status in porcine embryonic tissues. The results indicate that DIO3 was imprinted in all the tested tissues. Statistical analysis showed the DIO3 gene polymorphism was significantly associated with almost all the fat deposition and carcass traits, including lean meat percentage (LMP), fat meat percentage (FMP), ratio of lean to fat (RLF), shoulder fat thickness (SFT), sixth-seventh rib fat thickness (RFT), buttock fat thickness (BFT), loin eye area (LEA), and intramuscular fat (IMF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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14
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De Jonghe BC, Hayes MR, Banno R, Skibicka KP, Zimmer DJ, Bowen KA, Leichner TM, Alhadeff AL, Kanoski SE, Cyr NE, Nillni EA, Grill HJ, Bence KK. Deficiency of PTP1B in POMC neurons leads to alterations in energy balance and homeostatic response to cold exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1002-11. [PMID: 21406615 PMCID: PMC3118594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00639.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin regulates energy balance through catabolic effects on central circuits, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Leptin activation of POMC neurons increases thermogenesis and locomotor activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative regulator of leptin signaling. POMC neuron-specific deletion of PTP1B in mice results in reduced high-fat diet-induced body weight and adiposity gain due to increased energy expenditure and greater leptin sensitivity. Mice lacking the leptin gene (ob/ob mice) are hypothermic and cold intolerant, whereas leptin delivery to ob/ob mice induces thermogenesis via increased sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we examined whether POMC PTP1B mediates the thermoregulatory response of CNS leptin signaling by evaluating food intake, body weight, core temperature (T(C)), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in response to either exogenous leptin or 4-day cold exposure (4°C) in male POMC-Ptp1b-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice were hypersensitive to leptin-induced food intake and body weight suppression compared with wild types, yet they displayed similar leptin-induced increases in T(C). Interestingly, POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice had increased BAT weight and elevated plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) levels in response to a 4-day cold challenge, as well as reduced SPA 24 h after cold exposure, relative to controls. These data show that PTP1B in POMC neurons plays a role in short-term cold-induced reduction of SPA and may influence cold-induced thermogenesis via enhanced activation of the thyroid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Butt CM, Wang D, Stapleton HM. Halogenated phenolic contaminants inhibit the in vitro activity of the thyroid-regulating deiodinases in human liver. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:339-47. [PMID: 21565810 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogenated contaminants, particularly brominated flame retardants, disrupt circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs), potentially affecting growth and development. Disruption may be mediated by impacts on deiodinase (DI) activity, which regulate the levels of active hormones available to bind to nuclear receptors. The goal of this study was to develop a mass spectrometry-based method for measuring the activity of DIs in human liver microsomes and to examine the effect of halogenated phenolic contaminants on DI activity. Thyroxine (T4) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) deiodination kinetics were measured by incubating pooled human liver microsomes with T4 or rT3 and monitoring the production of T3, rT3, 3,3'-diiodothyronine, and 3-monoiodothyronine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we examined the effects of several halogenated contaminants, including 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99), several hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs), tribromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triclosan, on DI activity. The Michaelis constants (K(M)) of rT3 and T4 deiodination were determined to be 3.2 ± 0.7 and 17.3 ± 2.3μM. The V(max) was 160 ± 5.8 and 2.8 ± 0.10 pmol/min.mg protein, respectively. All studied contaminants inhibited DI activity in a dose-response manner, with the exception of BDE 99 and two OH-BDEs. 5'-Hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether was found to be the most potent inhibitor of DI activity, and phenolic structures containing iodine were generally more potent inhibitors of DI activity relative to brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated analogues. This study suggests that some halogenated phenolics, including current use compounds such as plastic monomers, flame retardants, and their metabolites, may disrupt TH homeostasis through the inhibition of DI activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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16
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Perello M, Cakir I, Cyr NE, Romero A, Stuart RC, Chiappini F, Hollenberg AN, Nillni EA. Maintenance of the thyroid axis during diet-induced obesity in rodents is controlled at the central level. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E976-89. [PMID: 20858755 PMCID: PMC3006258 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00448.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is a major contributor in maintaining energy expenditure and body weight, and the adipocyte hormone leptin regulates this axis by increasing TRH levels in the fed state. Leptin stimulates TRH directly in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN; direct pathway) and indirectly by regulating proopiomelnocortin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC; indirect pathway). Whereas the indirect pathway is fully functional in lean animals, it is inactive during diet-induced obesity (DIO) because of the establishment of leptin resistance. Despite this, the HPT axis activity in obese humans and rodents remains within the normal levels or slightly higher. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the mechanism(s) by which the HPT axis is still active despite leptin resistance. With a combination of using the Sprague-Dawley rat physiological model and the Zuker rat that bears a mutation in the leptin receptor, we were able to demonstrate that under DIO conditions the HPT axis is regulated at the central level, but only through the direct pathway of leptin action on TRH neurons. Deiodinase enzymes, which are present in many tissues and responsible for converting thyroid hormones, were not statistically different between lean and DIO animals. These data suggest that the increase in T(4/3) seen in obese animals is due mostly to central leptin action. We also found that T(3) feedback inhibition on the prepro-TRH gene is controlled partially by leptin-induced pSTAT3 signaling via the TRH promoter. This interactive relationship between T(3) and pSTAT3 signaling appears essential to maintain the HPT axis at normal levels in conditions such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perello
- Div. of Endocrinology, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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17
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Marsili A, Ramadan W, Harney JW, Mulcahey M, Castroneves LA, Goemann IM, Wajner SM, Huang SA, Zavacki AM, Maia AL, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Silva JE, Larsen PR. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase levels are higher in slow-twitch than fast-twitch mouse skeletal muscle and are increased in hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5952-60. [PMID: 20881246 PMCID: PMC2999482 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of its large mass, relatively high metabolic activity and responsiveness to thyroid hormone, skeletal muscle contributes significantly to energy expenditure. Despite the presence of mRNA encoding the type 2 iodothyronine-deiodinase (D2), an enzyme that activates T(4) to T3, very low or undetectable activity has been reported in muscle homogenates of adult humans and mice. With a modified D2 assay, using microsomal protein, overnight incubation and protein from D2 knockout mouse muscle as a tissue-specific blank, we examined slow- and fast-twitch mouse skeletal muscles for D2 activity and its response to physiological stimuli. D2 activity was detectable in all hind limb muscles of 8- to 12-wk old C57/BL6 mice. Interestingly, it was higher in the slow-twitch soleus than in fast-twitch muscles (0.40 ± 0.06 vs. 0.076 ± 0.01 fmol/min · mg microsomal protein, respectively, P < 0.001). These levels are greater than those previously reported. Hypothyroidism caused a 40% (P < 0.01) and 300% (P < 0.001) increase in D2 activity after 4 and 8 wk treatment with antithyroid drugs, respectively, with no changes in D2 mRNA. Neither D2 mRNA nor activity increased after an overnight 4 C exposure despite a 10-fold increase in D2 activity in brown adipose tissue in the same mice. The magnitude of the activity, the fiber specificity, and the robust posttranslational response to hypothyroidism argue for a more important role for D2-generated T(3) in skeletal muscle physiology than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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18
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Huang SA. Deiodination and cellular proliferation: parallels between development, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and now regeneration. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3-4. [PMID: 19114598 PMCID: PMC2630899 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Huang
- Thyroid Program of the Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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19
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Gereben B, Zavacki AM, Ribich S, Kim BW, Huang SA, Simonides WS, Zeöld A, Bianco AC. Cellular and molecular basis of deiodinase-regulated thyroid hormone signaling. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:898-938. [PMID: 18815314 PMCID: PMC2647704 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research has focused on their role in preserving serum levels of the biologically active molecule T(3) during iodine deficiency. More recently, a fascinating new role of these enzymes has been unveiled. The activating deiodinase (D2) and the inactivating deiodinase (D3) can locally increase or decrease thyroid hormone signaling in a tissue- and temporal-specific fashion, independent of changes in thyroid hormone serum concentrations. This mechanism is particularly relevant because deiodinase expression can be modulated by a wide variety of endogenous signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor-kappaB, growth factors, bile acids, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, as well as a growing number of xenobiotic substances. In light of these findings, it seems clear that deiodinases play a much broader role than once thought, with great ramifications for the control of thyroid hormone signaling during vertebrate development and metamorphosis, as well as injury response, tissue repair, hypothalamic function, and energy homeostasis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gereben
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Williams AJ, Robson H, Kester MHA, van Leeuwen JPTM, Shalet SM, Visser TJ, Williams GR. Iodothyronine deiodinase enzyme activities in bone. Bone 2008; 43:126-134. [PMID: 18468505 PMCID: PMC2681075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Euthyroid status is essential for normal skeletal development and maintenance of the adult skeleton, but the mechanisms which control supply of thyroid hormone to bone cells are poorly understood. Thyroid hormones enter target cells via monocarboxylate transporter-8 (MCT8), which provides a functional link between thyroid hormone uptake and metabolism in the regulation of T3-action but has not been investigated in bone. Most circulating active thyroid hormone (T3) is derived from outer ring deiodination of thyroxine (T4) mediated by the type 1 deiodinase enzyme (D1). The D2 isozyme regulates intra-cellular T3 supply and determines saturation of the nuclear T3-receptor (TR), whereas a third enzyme (D3) inactivates T4 and T3 to prevent hormone availability and reduce TR-saturation. The aim of this study was to determine whether MCT8 is expressed in the skeleton and whether chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts express functional deiodinases. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR and D1, D2 and D3 function by sensitive and highly specific determination of enzyme activities. MCT8 mRNA was expressed in chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts at all stages of cell differentiation. D1 activity was undetectable in all cell types, D2 activity was only present in mature osteoblasts whereas D3 activity was evident throughout chondrocyte, osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in primary cell cultures. These data suggest that T3 availability especially during skeletal development may be limited by D3-mediated catabolism rather than by MCT8 mediated cellular uptake or D2-dependent T3 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine and Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Helen Robson
- Department of Clinical Research, Christie Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK; Cancer Tissue Bank Research Centre, Department of Pathology, Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Monique H A Kester
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen M Shalet
- Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine and Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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21
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Simonides WS, Mulcahey MA, Redout EM, Muller A, Zuidwijk MJ, Visser TJ, Wassen FWJS, Crescenzi A, da-Silva WS, Harney J, Engel FB, Obregon MJ, Larsen PR, Bianco AC, Huang SA. Hypoxia-inducible factor induces local thyroid hormone inactivation during hypoxic-ischemic disease in rats. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:975-83. [PMID: 18259611 DOI: 10.1172/jci32824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a critical determinant of cellular metabolism and differentiation. Precise tissue-specific regulation of the active ligand 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is achieved by the sequential removal of iodine groups from the thyroid hormone molecule, with type 3 deiodinase (D3) comprising the major inactivating pathway that terminates the action of T3 and prevents activation of the prohormone thyroxine. Using cells endogenously expressing D3, we found that hypoxia induced expression of the D3 gene DIO3 by a hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent (HIF-dependent) pathway. D3 activity and mRNA were increased both by hypoxia and by hypoxia mimetics that increase HIF-1. Using ChIP, we found that HIF-1alpha interacted specifically with the DIO3 promoter, indicating that DIO3 may be a direct transcriptional target of HIF-1. Endogenous D3 activity decreased T3-dependent oxygen consumption in both neuronal and hepatocyte cell lines, suggesting that hypoxia-induced D3 may reduce metabolic rate in hypoxic tissues. Using a rat model of cardiac failure due to RV hypertrophy, we found that HIF-1alpha and D3 proteins were induced specifically in the hypertrophic myocardium of the RV, creating an anatomically specific reduction in local T3 content and action. These results suggest a mechanism of metabolic regulation during hypoxic-ischemic injury in which HIF-1 reduces local thyroid hormone signaling through induction of D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warner S Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Maia AL, Kim BW, Huang SA, Harney JW, Larsen PR. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2524-33. [PMID: 16127464 PMCID: PMC1190373 DOI: 10.1172/jci25083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative roles of the types 1 and 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (D1 and D2) in extrathyroidal 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) production in humans are unknown. We calculated the rate of thyroxine (T4) to T3 conversion by intact cells transiently expressing D1 or D2 at low (2 pM), normal (20 pM), and high (200 pM) free T4 concentrations. Deiodinase activities were then assayed in cell sonicates. The ratio of T3 production in cell sonicates (catalytic efficiency) was multiplied by the tissue activities reported in human liver (D1) and skeletal muscle (D2). From these calculations, we predict that in euthyroid humans, D2-generated T3 is 29 nmol/d, while that of D1-generated T3 is 15 nmol/d, from these major deiodinase-expressing tissues. The total estimated extrathyroidal T3 production, 44 nmol/d, is in close agreement with the 40 nmol T3/d based on previous kinetic studies. D2-generated T3 production accounts for approximately 71% of the peripheral T3 production in hypothyroidism, but D1 for approximately 67% in thyrotoxic patients. We also show that the intracellular D2-generated T3 has a greater effect on T3-dependent gene transcription than that from D1, which indicates that generation of nuclear T3 is an intrinsic property of the D2 protein. We suggest that impairment of D2-generated T3 is the major cause of the reduced T3 production in the euthyroid sick syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Maia
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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23
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Abstract
Hypothyroxinaemia, which is common in the preterm infant, and thyrotoxicosis, which is rare, are important neonatal thyroid disorders. Their causes and treatment are discussed.
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Abstract
Among the most critical actions of thyroid hormone in man and other mammals are those exerted on brain development. Severe hypothyroidism during the neonatal period leads to structural alterations, including hypomyelination and defects of cell migration and differentiation, with long-lasting, irreversible effects on behavior and performance. A complex regulatory mechanism operates in brain involving regulation of the concentration of the active hormone, T3, and the control of gene expression. Most brain T3 is formed locally from its precursor, T4, by the action of type II deiodinase which is expressed in glial cells, tanycytes, and astrocytes. Type III deiodinase (DIII) is also involved in the regulation of T3 concentrations, especially during the embryonic and early post-natal periods. DIII is expressed in neurons and degrades T4 and T3 to inactive metabolites. The action of T3 is mediated through nuclear receptors, which are expressed mainly in neurons. The receptors are ligand-modulated transcription factors, and a number of genes have been identified as regulated by thyroid hormone in brain. The regulated genes encode proteins of myelin, mitochondria, neurotrophins and their receptors, cytoskeleton, transcription factors, splicing regulators, cell matrix proteins, adhesion molecules, and proteins involved in intracellular signaling pathways. The role of thyroid hormone is to accelerate changes of gene expression that take place during development. Surprisingly, null-mutant mice for the T3 receptors show almost no signs of central nervous system involvement, in contrast with the severe effects of hypothyroidism. The resolution of this paradox is essential to understand the role of thyroid hormone and its receptors in brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Köhrle J. The selenoenzyme family of deiodinase isozymes controls local thyroid hormone availability. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2000; 1:49-58. [PMID: 11704992 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010012419869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Köhrle
- Abteilung für Molekulare Innere Medizin & Klinische Forschergruppe der Medizinischen Poliklinik, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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