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Shaji A, Kumaresan A, Sinha MK, Nag P, Patil S, Jeyakumar S, Gowdar Veerappa V, Manimaran A, Ramesha K. Identification of potential differences in salivary proteomic profiles between estrus and diestrus stage of estrous cycle in dairy cows. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2024; 70:204-217. [PMID: 39008339 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2024.2370328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, a comparative global high-throughput proteomic analysis strategy was used to identify proteomic differences between estrus and diestrus stage of estrous cycle in dairy cows. Saliva was collected from cows during estrus and diestrus, and subjected to LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis. A total of 2842 proteins were detected in the saliva of cows, out of which, 2437 and 1428 non-redundant proteins were identified in estrous and diestrous saliva, respectively. Further, it was found that 1414 and 405 salivary proteins were specific to estrus and diestrus, respectively while 1023 proteins were common to both groups. Among the significantly dysregulated proteins, the expression of 56 proteins was down-regulated (abundance ratio <0.5) while 40 proteins were up-regulated (abundance ratio > 2) in estrous compared to diestrous saliva. The proteins, such as HSD17B12, INHBA, HSP70, ENO1, SRD5A1, MOS, AMH, ECE2, PDGFA, OPRK1, SYN1, CCNC, PLIN5, CETN1, AKR1C4, NMNAT1, CYP2E1, and CYP19A1 were detected only in the saliva samples derived from estrous cows. Considerable number of proteins detected in the saliva of estrous cows were found to be involved in metabolic pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis pathway, insulin signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, oxytocin signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway and oocyte meiosis. On the other hand, proteins detected in saliva of diestrous cows were involved mainly in metabolic pathway. Collectively, these data provide preliminary evidence of a potential difference in salivary proteins at different stages of estrous cycle in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsha Shaji
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Arumugam Kumaresan
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manish Kumar Sinha
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pradeep Nag
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shivanagouda Patil
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sakthivel Jeyakumar
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vedamurthy Gowdar Veerappa
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ayyasamy Manimaran
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kerekoppa Ramesha
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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2
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Beevors LI, Sundar S, Foster PA. Steroid metabolism and hormonal dynamics in normal and malignant ovaries. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20240028. [PMID: 38994724 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20240028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The ovaries are key steroid hormone production sites in post-pubertal females. However, current research on steroidogenic enzymes, endogenous hormone concentrations and their effects on healthy ovarian function and malignant development is limited. Here, we discuss the importance of steroid enzymes in normal and malignant ovaries, alongside hormone concentrations, receptor expression and action. Key enzymes include STS, 3β-HSD2, HSD17B1, ARK1C3, and aromatase, which influence ovarian steroidal action. Both androgen and oestrogen action, via their facilitating enzyme, drives ovarian follicle activation, development and maturation in healthy ovarian tissue. In ovarian cancer, some data suggest STS and oestrogen receptor α may be linked to aggressive forms, while various oestrogen-responsive factors may be involved in ovarian cancer metastasis. In contrast, androgen receptor expression and action vary across ovarian cancer subtypes. For future studies investigating steroidogenesis and steroidal activity in ovarian cancer, it is necessary to differentiate between disease subtypes for a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy I Beevors
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Sudha Sundar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
- Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, U.K
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3
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Proffitt MR, Smith GT. Species variation in steroid hormone-related gene expression contributes to species diversity in sexually dimorphic communication in electric fishes. Horm Behav 2024; 164:105576. [PMID: 38852479 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic behaviors are often regulated by gonadal steroid hormones. Species diversity in behavioral sex differences may arise as expression of genes mediating steroid action in brain regions controlling these behaviors evolves. The electric communication signals of apteronotid knifefishes are an excellent model for comparatively studying neuroendocrine regulation of sexually dimorphic behavior. These fish produce and detect weak electric organ discharges (EODs) for electrolocation and communication. EOD frequency (EODf), controlled by the medullary pacemaker nucleus (Pn), is sexually dimorphic and regulated by androgens and estrogens in some species, but is sexually monomorphic and unaffected by hormones in other species. We quantified expression of genes for steroid receptors, metabolizing enzymes, and cofactors in the Pn of two species with sexually dimorphic EODf (Apteronotus albifrons and Apteronotus leptorhynchus) and two species with sexually monomorphic EODf ("Apteronotus" bonapartii and Parapteronotus hasemani). The "A." bonapartii Pn expressed lower levels of androgen receptor (AR) genes than the Pn of species with sexually dimorphic EODf. In contrast, the P. hasemani Pn robustly expressed AR genes, but expressed lower levels of genes for 5α-reductases, which convert androgens to more potent metabolites, and higher levels of genes for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that oxidize androgens and estrogens to less potent forms. These findings suggest that sexual monomorphism of EODf arose convergently via two different mechanisms. In "A." bonapartii, reduced Pn expression of ARs likely results in insensitivity of EODf to androgens, whereas in P. hasemani, gonadal steroids may be metabolically inactivated in the Pn, reducing their potential to influence EODf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Proffitt
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3(rd) St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Ave., Bloomington, IN 47505, USA
| | - G Troy Smith
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3(rd) St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Ave., Bloomington, IN 47505, USA.
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4
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Bravo JI, Mizrahi CR, Kim S, Zhang L, Suh Y, Benayoun BA. An eQTL-based approach reveals candidate regulators of LINE-1 RNA levels in lymphoblastoid cells. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011311. [PMID: 38848448 PMCID: PMC11189215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1; L1) are a family of transposons that occupy ~17% of the human genome. Though a small number of L1 copies remain capable of autonomous transposition, the overwhelming majority of copies are degenerate and immobile. Nevertheless, both mobile and immobile L1s can exert pleiotropic effects (promoting genome instability, inflammation, or cellular senescence) on their hosts, and L1's contributions to aging and aging diseases is an area of active research. However, because of the cell type-specific nature of transposon control, the catalogue of L1 regulators remains incomplete. Here, we employ an eQTL approach leveraging transcriptomic and genomic data from the GEUVADIS and 1000Genomes projects to computationally identify new candidate regulators of L1 RNA levels in lymphoblastoid cell lines. To cement the role of candidate genes in L1 regulation, we experimentally modulate the levels of top candidates in vitro, including IL16, STARD5, HSD17B12, and RNF5, and assess changes in TE family expression by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Remarkably, we observe subtle but widespread upregulation of TE family expression following IL16 and STARD5 overexpression. Moreover, a short-term 24-hour exposure to recombinant human IL16 was sufficient to transiently induce subtle, but widespread, upregulation of L1 subfamilies. Finally, we find that many L1 expression-associated genetic variants are co-associated with aging traits across genome-wide association study databases. Our results expand the catalogue of genes implicated in L1 RNA control and further suggest that L1-derived RNA contributes to aging processes. Given the ever-increasing availability of paired genomic and transcriptomic data, we anticipate this new approach to be a starting point for more comprehensive computational scans for regulators of transposon RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Bravo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Graduate program in the Biology of Aging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chanelle R. Mizrahi
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- USC Gerontology Enriching MSTEM to Enhance Diversity in Aging Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Seungsoo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lucia Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Department, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bérénice A. Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Li Y, He R, Qin X, Zhu Q, Ma L, Liang X. Transcriptome analysis during 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide exposure-induced premature ovarian insufficiency in mice. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17251. [PMID: 38646488 PMCID: PMC11032656 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The occupational chemical 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is a reproductively toxic environmental pollutant that causes follicular failure, leading to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which significantly impacts a woman's physical health and fertility. Investigating VCD's pathogenic mechanisms can offer insights for the prevention of ovarian impairment and the treatment of POI. This study established a mouse model of POI through intraperitoneal injection of VCD into female C57BL/6 mice for 15 days. The results were then compared with those of the control group, including a comparison of phenotypic characteristics and transcriptome differences, at two time points: day 15 and day 30. Through a comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), key genes were identified and validated some using RT-PCR. The results revealed significant impacts on sex hormone levels, follicle number, and the estrous cycle in VCD-induced POI mice on both day 15 and day 30. The DEGs and enrichment results obtained on day 15 were not as significant as those obtained on day 30. The results of this study provide a preliminary indication that steroid hormone synthesis, DNA damage repair, and impaired oocyte mitosis are pivotal in VCD-mediated ovarian dysfunction. This dysfunction may have been caused by VCD damage to the primordial follicular pool, impairing follicular development and aggravating ovarian damage over time, making it gradually difficult for the ovaries to perform their normal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ruifen He
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue Qin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qinying Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liangjian Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaolei Liang
- Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang H, Yin D, Pan Y, He X, Li S, Cheng Z, Zhu G, Zhao T, Huang H, Zhu M. Four novel mutations identification in 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency and our clinical experience: possible benefits of early treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1267967. [PMID: 38425490 PMCID: PMC10902039 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Individuals with 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) deficiency face a multitude of challenges, primarily concerning genital appearance, potential malignancy risks, and fertility issues. This study reports our findings from an investigation involving five individuals affected by 17β-HSD3 deficiency, ranging in age from pre-adolescence to adolescence. Notably, we identified four previously unreported mutations in these subjects. Methods Our study included a comprehensive evaluation to determine the potential occurrence of testicular tumors. The methods involved clinical examinations, genetic testing, hormone profiling, and patient history assessments. We closely monitored the progress of the study subjects throughout their treatment. Results The results of this evaluation conclusively ruled out the presence of testicular tumors among our study subjects. Moreover, four of these individuals successfully underwent gender transition. Furthermore, we observed significant improvements in genital appearance following testosterone treatment, particularly among patients in the younger age groups who received appropriate treatment interventions. Discussion These findings underscore the critical importance of early intervention in addressing concerns related to genital appearance, based on our extensive clinical experience and assessments. In summary, our study provides insights into the clinical aspects of 17β-HSD3 deficiency, emphasizing the vital significance of early intervention in addressing genital appearance concerns. This recommendation is supported by our comprehensive clinical assessments and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing College of Humanities, Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Huijiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Danyang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Pan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiwen He
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaiting Li
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huizhe Huang
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Nyuji M, Hongo Y, Kazeto Y, Yoneda M. Characterization of eight types of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus: The probable role of type 12a in ovarian estradiol synthesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 347:114423. [PMID: 38086427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (Hsd17bs) play a critical role in sex steroid biosynthesis. Although multiple types of Hsd17b have been found in fish, there is limited research on their expression and function. Recently, we succeeded in identifying eight types of Hsd17b (types 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12a, 12b, and 14) by RNA sequencing in the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus, a commercially important clupeoid fish; however, a homologous sequence of Hsd17b1, which catalyzes the key reaction of estradiol-17β (E2) synthesis, was absent. Here, we aimed to identify the Hsd17b type that plays a major role in E2 synthesis during ovarian development in Japanese sardine. The cDNAs encoding those eight types of Hsd17b were cloned and sequenced. The expressions of hsd17b3, hsd17b12a, and hsd17b12b were higher in ovary than in testis. In particular, hsd17b12a was predominantly expressed in the ovary. Expression of hsd17b3, hsd17b4, hsd17b12a, and hsd17b12b in the ovary increased during ovarian development. The enzymatic activities of Hsd17b3, Hsd17b12a, and Hsd17b12b were evaluated by expressing their recombinants in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. Hsd17b12a and Hsd17b12b catalyzed the conversion of androstenedione (AD) to testosterone (T) and estrone (E1) to E2. The results of in vitro bioassays using sardine ovaries indicated that E2 is synthesized from pregnenolone via AD and T, but not E1. These results suggest that Hsd17b12a plays a major role in E2 synthesis in sardine ovary by catalyzing the conversion of AD to T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Nyuji
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hongo
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kazeto
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Minamiizu Field Station, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shizuoka 415-0156, Japan
| | - Michio Yoneda
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Hakatajima Field Station, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Imabari 794-2305, Japan
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Morgan MB, Williams J, Breeze B, English N, Higdon N, Onthank K, Qualley DF. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of oxybenzone and ocean acidification: new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1332446. [PMID: 38274044 PMCID: PMC10808722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1332446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians face significant threats from ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic pollutants such as oxybenzone (BP-3). The convergence of threats from multiple stressors is an important area to investigate because of potential significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to characterize the expression profiles of twenty-two genes of interest (GOI) in sea anemones (Exaiptasia diaphana) exposed to one of four treatments: 1) 96 h of OA conditions followed by a 4 h exposure to 20 ppb BP-3; 2) Exposure to 4 h 20 ppb BP-3 without 96 h of OA; 3) Exposure to 96 h of OA alone; or 4) laboratory conditions with no exposure to BP-3 and/or OA. These 22 GOIs represent cellular processes associated with proton-dependent transport, sodium-dependent transport, metal cation binding/transport, extracellular matrix, amino acid metabolism/transport, immunity, and/or steroidogenesis. These 22 GOIs provide new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans exposed to OA and BP-3. Expression profiles were categorized as synergistic, antagonistic, or additive of BP-3 in the presence of OA. Two GOIs were synergistic. Fifteen GOIs were antagonistic and the remaining five GOIs were additive in response to BP-3 in acidified seawater. A subset of these GOIs appear to be candidate biomarkers for future in situ investigations. In human health, proton-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are promising pharmacological targets and recognized as potential biomarkers. By comparison, these same MCTs appear to be targets of xenobiotic chemical pollutants in cnidarian physiology. In the presence of BP-3, a network of collagen synthesis genes are upregulated and antagonistic in their expression profiles. Cytochrome b561 is a critical protein required for collagen synthesis and in silico modeling demonstrates BP-3 binds in the pocket of cytochrome b561. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of "drug-like" compounds such as BP-3 may lead to a more comprehensive interpretation of transcriptional expression profiles. The collective antagonistic responses of GOIs associated with collagen synthesis strongly suggests these GOIs should be considered candidate biomarkers of effect. GOIs with synergistic and additive responses represent candidate biomarkers of exposure. Results show the effects of OA and BP-3 are interactive with respect to their impact on cnidarians. This investigation offers mechanistic data that supports the expression profiles and underpins higher order physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Morgan
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Williams
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Barrett Breeze
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas English
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Higdon
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Kirt Onthank
- Department of Biology, Walla Walla University, College Place, WA, United States
| | - Dominic F. Qualley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
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Bravo JI, Mizrahi CR, Kim S, Zhang L, Suh Y, Benayoun BA. An eQTL-based Approach Reveals Candidate Regulators of LINE-1 RNA Levels in Lymphoblastoid Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553416. [PMID: 37645920 PMCID: PMC10461994 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (L1) are a family of autonomous, actively mobile transposons that occupy ~17% of the human genome. A number of pleiotropic effects induced by L1 (promoting genome instability, inflammation, or cellular senescence) have been observed, and L1's contributions to aging and aging diseases is an area of active research. However, because of the cell type-specific nature of transposon control, the catalogue of L1 regulators remains incomplete. Here, we employ an eQTL approach leveraging transcriptomic and genomic data from the GEUVADIS and 1000Genomes projects to computationally identify new candidate regulators of L1 RNA levels in lymphoblastoid cell lines. To cement the role of candidate genes in L1 regulation, we experimentally modulate the levels of top candidates in vitro, including IL16, STARD5, HSDB17B12, and RNF5, and assess changes in TE family expression by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Remarkably, we observe subtle but widespread upregulation of TE family expression following IL16 and STARD5 overexpression. Moreover, a short-term 24-hour exposure to recombinant human IL16 was sufficient to transiently induce subtle, but widespread, upregulation of L1 subfamilies. Finally, we find that many L1 expression-associated genetic variants are co-associated with aging traits across genome-wide association study databases. Our results expand the catalogue of genes implicated in L1 RNA control and further suggest that L1-derived RNA contributes to aging processes. Given the ever-increasing availability of paired genomic and transcriptomic data, we anticipate this new approach to be a starting point for more comprehensive computational scans for transposon transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Bravo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Graduate program in the Biology of Aging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chanelle R. Mizrahi
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Gerontology Enriching MSTEM to Enhance Diversity in Aging Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seungsoo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lucia Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Department, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bérénice A. Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Poirier D. Description of Chemical Synthesis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization and Biological Activity of Estrane-Based Inhibitors/Activators of Steroidogenesis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083499. [PMID: 37110733 PMCID: PMC10143840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones play a crucial role in several aspects of human life, and steroidogenesis is the process by which hormones are produced from cholesterol using several enzymes that work in concert to obtain the appropriate levels of each hormone at the right time. Unfortunately, many diseases, such as cancer, endometriosis, and osteoporosis as examples, are caused by an increase in the production of certain hormones. For these diseases, the use of an inhibitor to block the activity of an enzyme and, in doing so, the production of a key hormone is a proven therapeutic strategy whose development continues. This account-type article focuses on seven inhibitors (compounds 1-7) and an activator (compound 8) of six enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, namely steroid sulfatase, aldo-keto reductase 1C3, types 1, 2, 3, and 12 of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. For these steroid derivatives, three topics will be addressed: (1) Their chemical synthesis from the same starting material, estrone, (2) their structural characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance, and (3) their in vitro or in vivo biological activities. These bioactive molecules constitute potential therapeutic or mechanistic tools that could be used to better understand the role of certain hormones in steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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11
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Evolutionary differentiation of androgen receptor is responsible for sexual characteristic development in a teleost fish. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1428. [PMID: 36918573 PMCID: PMC10014959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost fishes exhibit complex sexual characteristics in response to androgens, such as fin enlargement and courtship display. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their evolutionary acquisition remain largely unknown. To address this question, we analyse medaka (Oryzias latipes) mutants deficient in teleost-specific androgen receptor ohnologs (ara and arb). We discovered that neither ar ohnolog was required for spermatogenesis, whilst they appear to be functionally redundant for the courtship display in males. However, both were required for reproductive success: ara for tooth enlargement and the reproductive behaviour eliciting female receptivity, arb for male-specific fin morphogenesis and sexual motivation. We further showed that differences between the two ar ohnologs in their transcription, cellular localisation of their encoded proteins, and their downstream genetic programmes could be responsible for the phenotypic diversity between the ara and arb mutants. These findings suggest that the ar ohnologs have diverged in two ways: first, through the loss of their roles in spermatogenesis and second, through gene duplication followed by functional differentiation that has likely resolved the pleiotropic roles derived from their ancestral gene. Thus, our results provide insights into how genome duplication impacts the massive diversification of sexual characteristics in the teleost lineage.
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12
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Ichida H, Fukami T, Kudo T, Mishiro K, Takano S, Nakano M, Morinaga G, Matsui A, Ishiguro N, Nakajima M. Identification of HSD17B12 as an enzyme catalyzing drug reduction reactions through investigation of nabumetone metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 736:109536. [PMID: 36724833 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prodrug, is converted to a pharmacologically active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA); however, it is 11-fold more efficiently converted to 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-ol (MNBO) via a reduction reaction in human hepatocytes. The goal of this study was to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for MNBO formation from nabumetone in the human liver. MNBO formation by human liver microsomes (HLM) was 5.7-fold higher than in the liver cytosol. In a panel of 24 individual HLM samples with quantitative proteomics data, the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 12 (HSD17B12) protein level had the high correlation coefficient (r = 0.80, P < 0.001) among 4457 proteins quantified in microsomal fractions during MNBO formation. Recombinant HSD17B12 expressed in HEK293T cells exhibited prominent nabumetone reductase activity, and the contribution of HSD17B12 to the activity in the HLM was calculated as almost 100%. MNBO formation in HepG2 and Huh7 cells was significantly decreased by the knockdown of HSD17B12. We also examined the role of HSD17B12 in drug metabolism and found that recombinant HSD17B12 catalyzed the reduction reactions of pentoxifylline and S-warfarin, suggesting that HSD17B12 prefers compounds containing a methyl ketone group on the alkyl chain. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HSD17B12 is responsible for the formation of MNBO from nabumetone. Together with the evidence for pentoxifylline and S-warfarin reduction, this is the first study to report that HSD17B12, which is known to metabolize endogenous compounds, such as estrone and 3-ketoacyl-CoA, plays a role as a drug-metabolizing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishiro
- Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Takano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Gaku Morinaga
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsui
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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13
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Lawrence BM, O’Donnell L, Smith LB, Rebourcet D. New Insights into Testosterone Biosynthesis: Novel Observations from HSD17B3 Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415555. [PMID: 36555196 PMCID: PMC9779265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are essential for male sexual development, masculinisation, and fertility. Testosterone is produced via the canonical androgen production pathway and is essential for normal masculinisation and testis function. Disruption to androgen production can result in disorders of sexual development (DSD). In the canonical pathway, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3) is viewed as a critical enzyme in the production of testosterone, performing the final conversion required. HSD17B3 deficiency in humans is associated with DSD due to low testosterone concentration during development. Individuals with HSD17B3 mutations have poorly masculinised external genitalia that can appear as ambiguous or female, whilst having internal Wolffian structures and testes. Recent studies in mice deficient in HSD17B3 have made the surprising finding that testosterone production is maintained, male mice are masculinised and remain fertile, suggesting differences between mice and human testosterone production exist. We discuss the phenotypic differences observed and the possible other pathways and enzymes that could be contributing to testosterone production and male development. The identification of alternative testosterone synthesising enzymes could inform the development of novel therapies to endogenously regulate testosterone production in individuals with testosterone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M. Lawrence
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence: (B.M.L.); (D.R.)
| | - Liza O’Donnell
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Lee B. Smith
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Office for Research, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Diane Rebourcet
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence: (B.M.L.); (D.R.)
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14
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Fan Y, Feng J, Xie N, Ling F, Wang Z, Ma K, Hua X, Li J. RNA-seq Provides Novel Insights into Response to Acute Salinity Stress in Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:820-829. [PMID: 35915287 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense is an important aquaculture species in China, Vietnam, and Japan. This species could survive in the salinity ranging from 7 to 20 ppt and accelerate growth in the salinity of 7 ppt. To identify the genes and pathways in response to acute high salinity stress, M. nipponense was exposed to the acute high salinity of 25 ppt. Total RNA from hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle tissues was isolated and then sequenced using high-throughput sequencing method. Differentially expressed genes (DGEs) were identified, and a total of 632, 836, and 1246 DEGs with a cutoff of significant twofold change were differentially expressed in the hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle tissues, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. These DEGs were involved in the GO terms of cellular process, metabolic process, membrane, organelle, binding, and catalytic activity. The DEGs of hepatopancreas and gill tissues were mainly enriched in PPAR signaling pathway, longevity regulating pathway, protein digestion and absorption, and the DEGs of muscle tissue in arginine biosynthesis, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle contraction, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Real-time PCR conducted with fifteen selected DEGs indicated high reliability of digital analysis using RNA-Seq. The results indicated that the M. nipponense may regulate essential mechanisms such as metabolism, oxidative stress, and ion exchange to adapt the alternation of environment, when exposed to acute high salinity stress. This work reveals the numbers of genes modified by salinity stress and some important pathways, which could provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular responses to high salinity stress in M. nipponense and further boost the understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms of adaptation to salinity stress for euryhaline crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Fan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Hangzhou Fishery Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiyue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zefei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Du L, Li K, Chang T, An B, Liang M, Deng T, Cao S, Du Y, Cai W, Gao X, Xu L, Zhang L, Li J, Gao H. Integrating genomics and transcriptomics to identify candidate genes for subcutaneous fat deposition in beef cattle. Genomics 2022; 114:110406. [PMID: 35709924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fat deposition is a complex economic trait regulated by polygenic genetic basis and environmental factors. Therefore, integrating multi-omics data to uncover its internal regulatory mechanism has attracted extensive attention. Here, we performed genomics and transcriptomics analysis to detect candidates affecting subcutaneous fat (SCF) deposition in beef cattle. The association of 770K SNPs with the backfat thickness captured nine significant SNPs within or near 11 genes. Additionally, 13 overlapping genes regarding fat deposition were determined via the analysis of differentially expressed genes and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We then calculated the correlations of these genes with BFT and constructed their interaction network. Finally, seven biomarkers including ACACA, SCD, FASN, ACOX1, ELOVL5, HACD2, and HSD17B12 were screened. Notably, ACACA, identified by the integration of genomics and transcriptomics, was more likely to exert profound effects on SCF deposition. These findings provided novel insights into the regulation mechanism underlying bovine fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Du
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Keanning Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianpeng Chang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingxing An
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mang Liang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Deng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Yueying Du
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Wentao Cai
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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16
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Pavlič R, Gjorgoska M, Rižner TL. Model Cell Lines and Tissues of Different HGSOC Subtypes Differ in Local Estrogen Biosynthesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112583. [PMID: 35681563 PMCID: PMC9179372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ovarian cancer (OC) comprises a heterogeneous group of hormone-dependent diseases with very high mortality. Estrogens have been shown to promote the progression of OC; however, their exact role in OC subtypes remains unknown. Here, we investigated the local estrogen biosynthesis in OC. We performed targeted transcriptomics and estrogen metabolism analyses in high-grade serous OC (HGSOC) cell lines that differed in chemoresistance status and compared these data with publicly available transcriptome and proteome data for HGSOC tissues. In HGSOC cells, estrogen metabolism decreased with increasing chemoresistance. In highly chemoresistant cells and platinum-resistant HGSOC tissues, HSD17B14 expression was increased. Proteome data showed differential levels of HSD17B10, SULT1E1, CYP1B1, and NQO1 between the four HGSOC subtypes. Our results confirm that estrogen biosynthesis differs between different HGSOC cell models and possibly between different HGSOC subtypes. Such differentially expressed enzymes have potential as targets in the search of new treatment options. Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is highly lethal and heterogeneous. Several hormones are involved in OC etiology including estrogens; however, their role in OC is not completely understood. Here, we performed targeted transcriptomics and estrogen metabolism analyses in high-grade serous OC (HGSOC), OVSAHO, Kuramochi, COV632, and immortalized normal ovarian epithelial HIO-80 cells. We compared these data with public transcriptome and proteome data for the HGSOC tissues. In all model systems, high steroid sulfatase expression and weak/undetected aromatase (CYP19A1) expression indicated the formation of estrogens from the precursor estrone-sulfate (E1-S). In OC cells, the metabolism of E1-S to estradiol was the highest in OVSAHO, followed by Kuramochi and COV362 cells, and decreased with increasing chemoresistance. In addition, higher HSD17B14 and CYP1A2 expressions were observed in highly chemoresistant COV362 cells and platinum-resistant tissues compared to those in HIO-80 cells and platinum-sensitive tissues. The HGSOC cell models differed in HSD17B10, CYP1B1, and NQO1 expression. Proteomic data also showed different levels of HSD17B10, CYP1B1, NQO1, and SULT1E1 between the four HGSOC subtypes. These results suggest that different HGSOC subtypes form different levels of estrogens and their metabolites and that the estrogen-biosynthesis-associated targets should be further studied for the development of personalized treatment.
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Wang Q, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Wang D, Wu Y, Sun Y, Zhang L, Song C, Wang Y, An Y, Tang H, Xu C, Wu Y, Jin L, Huang H, Zhang F. HSD17B12
dosage insufficiency induced premature ovarian insufficiency in humans and mice. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e737. [PMID: 35187845 PMCID: PMC8858626 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Qing Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Daqi Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yixi Sun
- Department of Reproductive Genetics Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Yongming Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yanpeng An
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Huiru Tang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Human Phenome Institute Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Li Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Human Phenome Institute Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences Institute of Reproduction and Development Fudan University Shanghai China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases Shanghai China
- Human Phenome Institute Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center Fudan University Shanghai China
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18
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Juengel J, Mosaad E, Mitchell M, Phyn C, French M, Meenken E, Burke C, Meier S. Relationships between prostaglandin concentrations, SNP in HSD17B12, and reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4643-4652. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Morgan MB, Ross J, Ellwanger J, Phrommala RM, Youngblood H, Qualley D, Williams J. Sea Anemones Responding to Sex Hormones, Oxybenzone, and Benzyl Butyl Phthalate: Transcriptional Profiling and in Silico Modelling Provide Clues to Decipher Endocrine Disruption in Cnidarians. Front Genet 2022; 12:793306. [PMID: 35087572 PMCID: PMC8787064 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.793306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruption is suspected in cnidarians, but questions remain how occurs. Steroid sex hormones are detected in corals and sea anemones even though these animals do not have estrogen receptors and their repertoire of steroidogenic enzymes appears to be incomplete. Pathways associated with sex hormone biosynthesis and sterol signaling are an understudied area in cnidarian biology. The objective of this study was to identify a suite of genes that can be linked to exposure of endocrine disruptors. Exaiptasia diaphana were exposed to nominal 20ppb concentrations of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), cholesterol, oxybenzone (BP-3), or benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) for 4 h. Eleven genes of interest (GOIs) were chosen from a previously generated EST library. The GOIs are 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases type 14 (17β HSD14) and type 12 (17β HSD12), Niemann-Pick C type 2 (NPC2), Equistatin (EI), Complement component C3 (C3), Cathepsin L (CTSL), Patched domain-containing protein 3 (PTCH3), Smoothened (SMO), Desert Hedgehog (DHH), Zinc finger protein GLI2 (GLI2), and Vitellogenin (VTG). These GOIs were selected because of functional associations with steroid hormone biosynthesis; cholesterol binding/transport; immunity; phagocytosis; or Hedgehog signaling. Quantitative Real-Time PCR quantified expression of GOIs. In silico modelling utilized protein structures from Protein Data Bank as well as creating protein structures with SWISS-MODEL. Results show transcription of steroidogenic enzymes, and cholesterol binding/transport proteins have similar transcription profiles for E2, T, and cholesterol treatments, but different profiles when BP-3 or BBP is present. C3 expression can differentiate between exposures to BP-3 versus BBP as well as exposure to cholesterol versus sex hormones. In silico modelling revealed all ligands (E2, T, cholesterol, BBP, and BP-3) have favorable binding affinities with 17β HSD14, 17β HSD12, NPC2, SMO, and PTCH proteins. VTG expression was down-regulated in the sterol treatments but up-regulated in BP-3 and BBP treatments. In summary, these eleven GOIs collectively generate unique transcriptional profiles capable of discriminating between the five chemical exposures used in this investigation. This suite of GOIs are candidate biomarkers for detecting transcriptional changes in steroidogenesis, gametogenesis, sterol transport, and Hedgehog signaling. Detection of disruptions in these pathways offers new insight into endocrine disruption in cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Morgan
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - James Ross
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph Ellwanger
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | | | - Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Dominic Qualley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Williams
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
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Suzuki H, Ozaki Y, Gen K, Kazeto Y. Japanese eel retinol dehydrogenases 11/12-like are 17-ketosteroid reductases involved in sex steroid synthesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113685. [PMID: 33271196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and estradiol-17β (E2), which play important roles in the regulation of gametogenesis in teleost fishes, is catalyzed by several steroidogenic enzymes. In particular, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (Hsd17bs) with 17-ketosteroid reducing activity (17KSR activity) are essential enzymes in the formation of these sex steroid hormones in the gonads and other tissues. Retinol dehydrogenase 11 (RDH11) has been suggested to be a novel tentative HSD17B (HSD17B15) in humans for a decade, however no definitive proof has been provided yet. In this study, three cDNAs related to human RDH11 were isolated from Japanese eel testis and characterized. Sequence similarity and phylogenetic analyses revealed their close relationship to human rdh11 and rdh12 gene products and they were designated as rdh11/12-like 1, rdh11/12-like 2, and rdh11/12-like 3. Three recombinant Rdh11/12-like proteins expressed in HEK293T cells catalyzed the transformation of estrone into E2 and androstenedione into testosterone. Only Rdh11/12-like 1 catalyzed the conversion of 11-ketoandrostenedione into 11KT. Tissue-distribution analysis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed, in immature male Japanese eel, that rdh11/12-like 1 and rdh11/12-like 2 are predominantly expressed in testis and brain, while rdh11/12-like 3 is expressed ubiquitously. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of gonadotropins and 11KT on the expression of the three rdh11/12-like mRNAs in the immature testis. In vitro incubation of immature testes with various doses of recombinant Japanese eel follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and 11KT indicated that the expression of rdh11/12-like 1 mRNA, rdh11/12-like 2, and rdh11/12-like 3 did not change. These findings suggest that the three Rdh11/12-like proteins metabolize sex steroids. Rdh11/12-like 1 may be one of the enzymes with 17KSR activity involved in the production of 11KT in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Ozaki
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Gen
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Yukinori Kazeto
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
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21
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A Targeted-Covalent Inhibitor of 17β-HSD1 Blocks Two Estrogen-Biosynthesis Pathways: In Vitro (Metabolism) and In Vivo (Xenograft) Studies in T-47D Breast Cancer Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081841. [PMID: 33924352 PMCID: PMC8069897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) is responsible for the production of estrogens estradiol (E2) and 5-androsten-3β,17β-diol (5-diol). This enzyme is therefore a target of choice for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis, by blocking estrogen biosynthesis. After we developed the first irreversible and non-estrogenic 17β-HSD1 inhibitor, a molecule named PBRM, our goal was to demonstrate its therapeutic potential. PBRM was able to block the formation of E2 and 5-diol in T-47D human breast cancer cells. When given orally to mice, PBRM was also able to block the tumor growth without any observed toxic effects. Thanks to its irreversible type of inhibition, PBRM retained its anti-tumor growth effect, even after reducing its frequency of administration to only once a week, a clear advantage over reversible inhibitors. These results strongly support the use of PBRM as a new approach in the treatment of breast cancer. Abstract 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) plays an important role in estrogen-dependent breast tumor growth. In addition to being involved in the production of estradiol (E2), the most potent estrogen in women, 17β-HSD1 is also responsible for the production of 5-androsten-3β,17β-diol (5-diol), a weaker estrogen than E2, but whose importance increases after menopause. 17β-HSD1 is therefore a target of choice for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. After we developed the first targeted-covalent (irreversible) and non-estrogenic inhibitor of 17β-HSD1, a molecule named PBRM, our goal was to demonstrate its therapeutic potential. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that estrone (E1) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were transformed into E2 and 5-diol in T-47D human breast cancer cells, and that PBRM was able to block these transformations. Thereafter, we tested PBRM in a mouse tumor model (cell-derived T-47D xenografts). After treatment of ovariectomized (OVX) mice receiving E1 or DHEA, PBRM given orally was able to reduce the tumor growth at the control (OVX) level without any observed toxic effects. Thanks to its irreversible type of inhibition, PBRM retained its anti-tumor growth effect, even after reducing its frequency of administration to only once a week, a clear advantage over reversible inhibitors.
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22
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Lin Y, Meng Y, Zhang J, Ma L, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Ren A, Zhu W, Li S, Shu Y, Du M, Zhu L. Functional genetic variant of HSD17B12 in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway predicts the outcome of colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14160-14170. [PMID: 33118286 PMCID: PMC7754038 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, genetic effects of fatty acid biosynthesis pathway on CRC outcome are unclear. Cox regression model was used to evaluate genetic effects on CRC overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS), accompanied by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Differential expression analysis, expression quantitative trait loci analysis, dual‐luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were performed to explore the genetically biological mechanism. The rs10838164 C>T in HSD17B12 was significantly associated with an increased risk of death and progression of CRC (OS, HR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.40‐3.22, P = 4.03 × 10−4; PFS, HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.11‐2.44, P = 1.35 × 10−2), of which T allele could increase HSD17B12 expression (P = 1.78 × 10−11). Subsequently, the functional experiments indicated that rs10838164 T allele could not only enhance the binding affinity of transcription factor YY1 to HSD17B12 region harbouring rs10838164 but also promote the transcriptional activity of HSD17B12, which was significantly up‐regulated in colorectal tumour tissues. Our findings suggest that genetic variants in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway play an important role in CRC outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Meng
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The Jiangyin People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Anjing Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyou Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Rebourcet D, Mackay R, Darbey A, Curley MK, Jørgensen A, Frederiksen H, Mitchell RT, O'Shaughnessy PJ, Nef S, Smith LB. Ablation of the canonical testosterone production pathway via knockout of the steroidogenic enzyme HSD17B3, reveals a novel mechanism of testicular testosterone production. FASEB J 2020; 34:10373-10386. [PMID: 32557858 PMCID: PMC7496839 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000361r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Male development, fertility, and lifelong health are all androgen-dependent. Approximately 95% of circulating testosterone is synthesized by the testis and the final step in this canonical pathway is controlled by the activity of the hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-17-beta-3 (HSD17B3). To determine the role of HSD17B3 in testosterone production and androgenization during male development and function we have characterized a mouse model lacking HSD17B3. The data reveal that developmental masculinization and fertility are normal in mutant males. Ablation of HSD17B3 inhibits hyperstimulation of testosterone production by hCG, although basal testosterone levels are maintained despite the absence of HSD17B3. Reintroduction of HSD17B3 via gene-delivery to Sertoli cells in adulthood partially rescues the adult phenotype, showing that, as in development, different cell-types in the testis are able to work together to produce testosterone. Together, these data show that HS17B3 acts as a rate-limiting-step for the maximum level of testosterone production by the testis but does not control basal testosterone production. Measurement of other enzymes able to convert androstenedione to testosterone identifies HSD17B12 as a candidate enzyme capable of driving basal testosterone production in the testis. Together, these findings expand our understanding of testosterone production in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Rebourcet
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosa Mackay
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Annalucia Darbey
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael K Curley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter J O'Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lee B Smith
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Aranyakanont C, Ijiri S, Hasegawa Y, Adachi S. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12 is responsible for maturation-inducing steroid synthesis during oocyte maturation in Nile tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 290:113399. [PMID: 31982399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
17α, 20β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) is a maturation-inducing steroid in many teleost fish. Carbonyl reductase-like 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (CR/20β-HSD) is a candidate enzyme responsible for DHP production during oocyte maturation in various fish, including Nile tilapia. However, a novel type of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 12-like (17β-HSD12L), is responsible for DHP production during oocyte maturation in masu salmon. 17β-HSD12 (presumably orthologous to salmon 17β-HSD12L) has been detected in Nile tilapia; however, its enzymatic activity and specific ability to convert the DHP substrate 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) have not been examined. This study aimed to determine whether CR/20β-HSD or 17β-HSD12 is responsible for DHP production during oocyte maturation in the Nile tilapia. Mammalian expression vectors containing tilapia hsd17b12 or CR/20bhsd were transfected into HEK293T cells, followed by incubation with 17OHP. HEK293T cells transfected with hsd17b12 exhibited a strong ability to convert exogenous 17OHP to DHP (73.8% yield). Cells transfected with CR/20bhsd or the control vector converted only 7.4% and 7.5% of 17OHP to DHP, respectively. In addition, based on LC-MS/MS analyses, 17β-HSD12 did not convert any substrates other than 17OHP, including DHP, adrenosterone, androstenedione, estrone, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and estradiol-17β. CR/20β-HSD showed strong 17β-HSD oxidoreductase activity especially with adrenosterone and androstenedione. Tissue-specific hsd17b12 expression analyzed by RT-PCR showed that hsd17b12 mRNA was strongest amplification in full-grown follicles. Finally, full-grown ovarian follicles were incubated with salmon pituitary extract (SPE, 100 µg/mL) or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, 100 IU/mL) to induce 20β-HSD activity in vitro, and enzyme activity was assessed by co-incubation with 100 ng/mL 17OHP for 2, 4, 8, and 16 h. Conversion of 17OHP to DHP by ovarian follicles incubated with SPE and HCG peaked at 16 h, subsequent with increased follicular hsd17b12 mRNA levels, which were significantly higher than those in control incubations. However, the levels of CR/20bhsd mRNA remained low and did not differ among time points. The present study strongly suggests that 17β-HSD12, and not CR/20β-HSD, is the 20β-HSD responsible for DHP production by ovarian follicles during oocyte maturation in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Aranyakanont
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Shigeho Ijiri
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Yuya Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Shinji Adachi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University , Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
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25
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Zou C, Wang L, Zou Y, Wu Z, Wang W, Liang S, Wang L, You F. Characteristics and sex dimorphism of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family genes in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105597. [PMID: 31958634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones play important roles in fish sex differentiation, gonadal development and secondary sexual characteristics. Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is a valuable commercial marine fish species and has marked sexual dimorphism. However, the mechanisms of action of sex hormones in flounder sex are still unclear. In this study, a total of ten Hsd17b family genes, including Hsd17b3, -4, -7, -8, -9, -10, -12a, -12b, -14 and -15, were identified in the flounder, which encoded critical enzymes acting on sex steroid synthesis and metabolism. Hsd17b genes were distributed on eight chromosomes. Hsd17b12a and -12b were located on chromosomes 19 and 7, respectively. It was speculated that these two genes were just highly similar rather than different transcripts derived from the same gene. According to the results of domain and motif analyses, they all belonged to the SDR superfamily and contained conserved Hsd17b motifs TGxxxGxG, PGxxxT, NNAG and YxxxK. Analysis of amino acid sequences predicted that Hsd17b1, -4, -7, -12a and -14 were hydrophilic proteins. The stability of Hsd17b1, -3 and -12b proteins was predicted to be low. The various Hsd17b family genes differed in tissue expression pattern, and Hsd17b10, -12a and -12b were highly expressed in the flounder ovary. Moreover, throughout gonadal development, Hsd17b3 was highly expressed in the testis, and Hsd17b1, -12a and -12b were highly expressed in the ovary, suggesting that they might play an important role in testosterone synthesis in the testis or estrogen synthesis in the ovary. Activities of Hsd17b3 at stages I-V were all significantly higher in the testis than in the ovary (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Transfection analysis in HEK293T cells showed that Hsd17b1 and -3 were located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Additionally, after challenging fish with tamoxifen, Hsd17b3 expression level in the testis decreased significantly (P < 0.01), and in the ovary no significant change was observed. Moreover, the expression of Hsd17b1 in the ovary was significantly upregulated after injection with flutamide (P < 0.05). These findings introduce the characteristics of the flounder Hsd17b in subfamily, which contribute to our understanding of the regulation of sex steroid hormone synthesis in fish gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuxia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Shaoshuai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Feng You
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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26
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Suzuki H, Ozaki Y, Ijiri S, Gen K, Kazeto Y. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12a responsible for testicular 11-ketotestosterone synthesis in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105550. [PMID: 31778803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), an important steroid hormone in piscine spermatogenesis, is regulated by the pituitary gonadotropins [Gths: follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh)] and it is synthesized by catalytic reactions involving several steroidogenic enzymes. Among these enzymes, the role of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (Hsd17bs) that exhibited 17-ketosteroid reducing activity (17KSR activity) responsible for 11KT synthesis is still poorly understood. In the present study, for the deeper understanding of testicular 11KT biosynthesis, we first investigated the steroidogenic pathway to produce 11KT in Japanese eel testis. In vitro incubation of the testis with androstenedione (A4) and the subsequent analysis of the metabolites by thin-layer chromatography indicated that 11KT was synthesized from A4 via 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) and 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA4), which indicated that the steroidogenic enzyme exhibiting the 17KSR activity responsible for converting 11KA4 to 11KT is crucial for 11KT production. Subsequently, cDNAs encoding three candidate enzymes, Hsd17b type3 (Hsd17b3), Hsd17b type12a (Hsd17b12a), and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type2 (Hsd20b2), potentially with the 17KSR activity were isolated and characterized in the Japanese eel. The isolated hsd17b3, hsd17b12a, and hsd20b2 cDNAs putatively encoded 308, 314, and 327 amino acid residues with high homology to those of other vertebrate counterparts, respectively. The Hsd17b3, Hsd17b12a, and Hsd20b2 expressed either in HEK293T or in Hepa-E1 converted 11KA4 to 11KT. Tissue-distribution analysis by quantitative real time PCR revealed that hsd17b12a and hsd20b2 mRNAs were detected in the testis, while hsd17b3 mRNA was not detectable. Furthermore, we examined the effects of Gths on the 17KSR activity and the expression of the candidate genes in the immature testis. The 17KSR activity was upregulated by administration of Gths. Furthermore, only expression of hsd17b12a among three candidates was upregulated by Gths as well as the 17KSR activity. These findings strongly suggested that Hsd17b12a is one of the enzymes with 17KSR activity responsible for 11KT synthesis in the testis of Japanese eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Ozaki
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
| | - Shigeho Ijiri
- Division of Marine Life Sciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Gen
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Yukinori Kazeto
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Tsuiura, Kamiura, Saiki, Oita 879-2602, Japan.
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27
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Very-long-chain fatty acid metabolic capacity of 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12 (HSD17B12) promotes replication of hepatitis C virus and related flaviviruses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4040. [PMID: 32132633 PMCID: PMC7055353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviridae infections represent a major global health burden. By deciphering mechanistic aspects of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-host interactions, one could discover common strategy for inhibiting the replication of related flaviviruses. By elucidating the HCV interactome, we identified the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12 (HSD17B12) as a human hub of the very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis pathway and core interactor. Here we show that HSD17B12 knockdown (KD) impairs HCV replication and reduces virion production. Mechanistically, depletion of HSD17B12 induces alterations in VLCFA-containing lipid species and a drastic reduction of lipid droplets (LDs) that play a critical role in virus assembly. Oleic acid supplementation rescues viral RNA replication and production of infectious particles in HSD17B12 depleted cells, supporting a specific role of VLCFA in HCV life cycle. Furthermore, the small-molecule HSD17B12 inhibitor, INH-12, significantly reduces replication and infectious particle production of HCV as well as dengue virus and Zika virus revealing a conserved requirement across Flaviviridae virus family. Overall, the data provide a strong rationale for the advanced evaluation of HSD17B12 inhibition as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral strategy for the treatment of Flaviviridae infections.
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28
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Yang Y, Wang W, Liu X, Song X, Chai L. Probing the effects of hexavalent chromium exposure on histology and fatty acid metabolism in liver of Bufo gargarizans tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125437. [PMID: 31995885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is one of the major detrimental heavy metal pollutants. B. gargarizans tadpoles were treated with different concentrations of Cr6+ (0, 13, 52, 104, 208, and 416 μg Cr6+ L-1) from Gs 2 to Gs 42. The effect of Cr6+ on histopathological alterations and transcript levels of fatty acid metabolism-related genes as well as fatty acids composition and content in liver were examined. Histopathological changes were observed in liver at 52, 104, 208, and 416 μg Cr6+ L-1. Moreover, RT-qPCR analyses showed the downregulated mRNA levels of the genes related to fatty acid synthesis (SCD, MECR, TECR and ELOVL1) and fatty acid β-oxidation (ACOT1, PPT1, HADH and ACAA2) at 416 μg Cr6+ L-1. However, the mRNA expression of fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes (ECHS1, HADHA and ACAA1) were significantly upregulated at 13, 52, 104, 208 and 416 μg Cr6+ L-1. In situ hybridization revealed BSEP was expressed in hepatocyte nucleus and plasma membrane, and HSD17B12 was abundantly expressed in the plasma membrane. The HSD17B12 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in tadpoles exposed to all Cr6+ treatment groups, while the BSEP mRNA levels were downregulated at 104, 208 and 416 μg Cr6+ L-1 groups compared to control. In addition, an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids were found in 52, 104 and 416 μg Cr6+ L-1 groups. Overall, chronic exposure to Cr6+ may suppress fatty acid synthesis, disturb fatty acid β-oxidation, aggravate disorders of hepatic function and induce hepatic impairment in B. gargarizans tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Qin Y, Tang T, Li W, Liu Z, Yang X, Shi X, Sun G, Liu X, Wang M, Liang X, Cong P, Mo D, Liu X, Chen Y, He Z. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 Knockdown Inhibits Porcine Ovarian Follicular Development and Ovulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:286. [PMID: 31803742 PMCID: PMC6877722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) is strongly associated with animal reproduction and woman reproductive disease. As a multifunctional oocyte-specific secret factor, BMP15 controls female fertility and follicular development in both species-specific and dosage-sensitive manners. Previous studies found that BMP15 played a critical role in follicular development and ovulation rate in mono-ovulatory mammalian species, especially in sheep and human, but study on knockout mouse model implied that BMP15 possibly has minimal impact on female fertility of poly-ovulatory species. However, this needs to be validated in other poly-ovulatory species. To investigate the regulatory role of BMP15 on porcine female fertility, we generated a BMP15-knockdown pig model through somatic nuclear transfer technology. The BMP15-knockdown gilts showed markedly reduced fertility accompanied by phenotype of dysplastic ovaries containing significantly declined number of follicles, increased number of abnormal follicles, and abnormally enlarged antral follicles resulting in disordered ovulation, which is remarkably different from the unchanged fertility observed in BMP15 knockout mice. Molecular and transcriptome analysis revealed that the knockdown of BMP15 significantly affected both granulosa cells (GCs) and oocytes development, including suppression of cell proliferation, differentiation, and follicle stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr) expression, leading to premature luteinization and reduced estradiol (E2) production in GCs, and simultaneously decreased quality and meiotic maturation of oocyte. Our results provide in vivo evidence of the essential role of BMP15 in porcine ovarian and follicular development, and new insight into the complicated regulatory function of BMP15 in female fertility of poly-ovulatory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Pott J, Bae YJ, Horn K, Teren A, Kühnapfel A, Kirsten H, Ceglarek U, Loeffler M, Thiery J, Kratzsch J, Scholz M. Genetic Association Study of Eight Steroid Hormones and Implications for Sexual Dimorphism of Coronary Artery Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5008-5023. [PMID: 31169883 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Steroid hormones are important regulators of physiological processes in humans and are under genetic control. A link to coronary artery disease (CAD) is supposed. OBJECTIVE Our main objective was to identify genetic loci influencing steroid hormone levels. As a secondary aim, we searched for causal effects of steroid hormones on CAD. DESIGN We conducted genome-wide meta-association studies for eight steroid hormones: cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estradiol, and testosterone in two independent cohorts (LIFE-Adult, LIFE-Heart, maximum n = 7667), and progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and aldosterone in LIFE-Heart only (maximum n = 2070). All genome-wide significant loci were tested for sex interactions. Furthermore, we tested whether previously reported CAD single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with our steroid hormone panel and investigated causal links between hormone levels and CAD status using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. RESULTS We discovered 15 novel associated loci for 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, DHEAS, cortisol, androstenedione, and estradiol. Five of these loci relate to genes directly involved in steroid metabolism, that is, CYP21A1, CYP11B1, CYP17A1, STS, and HSD17B12, almost completing the set of steroidogenic enzymes with genetic associations. Sexual dimorphisms were found for seven of the novel loci. Other loci correspond, for example, to the WNT4/β-catenin pathway. MR revealed that cortisol, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and DHEA-S had causal effects on CAD. We also observed enrichment of cortisol and testosterone associations among known CAD hits. CONCLUSION Our study greatly improves insight into genetic regulation of steroid hormones and their dependency on sex. These results could serve as a basis for analyzing sexual dimorphism in other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Pott
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yoon Ju Bae
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Horn
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrej Teren
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Kühnapfel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Integrating genome-wide association and eQTLs studies identifies the genes associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213953. [PMID: 31206546 PMCID: PMC6576755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An early onset of menarche and, later, menopause are well-established risk factors for the development of breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Although the largest GWASs have identified 389 independent signals for age at menarche (AAM) and 44 regions for age at menopause (ANM), GWAS can only identify the associations between variants and traits. The aim of this study was to identify genes whose expression levels were associated with AAM or ANM due to pleiotropy or causality by integrating GWAS data with genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) data. We also aimed to identify the pleiotropic genes that influenced both phenotypes. Method We employed GWAS data of AAM and ANM and genome-wide eQTL data from whole blood. The summary data-based Mendelian randomization method was used to prioritize the associated genes for further study. The colocalization analysis was used to identify the pleiotropic genes associated with both phenotypes. Results We identified 31 genes whose expression was associated with AAM and 24 genes whose expression was associated with ANM due to pleiotropy or causality. Two pleiotropic genes were identified to be associated with both phenotypes. Conclusion The results point out the most possible genes which were responsible for the association. Our study prioritizes the associated genes for further functional mechanistic study of AAM and ANM and illustrates the benefit of integrating different omics data into the study of complex traits.
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Hiltunen JK, Kastaniotis AJ, Autio KJ, Jiang G, Chen Z, Glumoff T. 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases as acyl thioester metabolizing enzymes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:107-118. [PMID: 30508570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD17B) catalyze the oxidation/reduction of 17β-hydroxy/keto group in position C17 in C18- and C19 steroids. Most HSD17Bs are also catalytically active with substrates other than steroids. A subset of these enzymes is able to process thioesters of carboxylic acids. This group of enzymes includes HSD17B4, HSD17B8, HSD17B10 and HSD17B12, which execute reactions in intermediary metabolism, participating in peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial oxidation of 3R-hydroxyacyl-groups, breakdown of isoleucine and fatty acid chain elongation in endoplasmic reticulum. Divergent substrate acceptance capabilities exemplify acquirement of catalytic site adaptiveness during evolution. As an additional common feature these HSD17Bs are multifunctional enzymes that arose either via gene fusions (HSD17B4) or are incorporated as subunits into multifunctional protein complexes (HSD17B8 and HSD17B10). Crystal structures of HSD17B4, HSD17B8 and HSD17B10 give insight into their structure-function relationships. Thus far, deficiencies of HSD17B4 and HSD17B10 have been assigned to inborn errors in humans, underlining their significance as enzymes of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
| | | | - Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Guangyu Jiang
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Heinosalo T, Saarinen N, Poutanen M. Role of hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase type 1 in reproductive tissues and hormone-dependent diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:9-31. [PMID: 30149044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal synthesis and metabolism of sex steroids is involved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, such as endometriosis and cancers arising from the breast and uterus. Steroid biosynthesis is a multistep enzymatic process proceeding from cholesterol to highly active sex steroids via different intermediates. Human Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17B1) enzyme shows a high capacity to produce the highly active estrogen, estradiol, from a precursor hormone, estrone. However, the enzyme may also play a role in other steps of the steroid biosynthesis pathway. In this article, we have reviewed the literature on HSD17B1, and summarize the role of the enzyme in hormone-dependent diseases in women as evidenced by preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Heinosalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Niina Saarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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34
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Tsachaki M, Odermatt A. Subcellular localization and membrane topology of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:98-106. [PMID: 30864548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) comprise enzymes initially identified by their ability to interconvert active and inactive forms of sex steroids, a vital process for the tissue-specific control of estrogen and androgen balance. However, most 17β-HSDs have now been shown to accept substrates other than sex steroids, including bile acids, retinoids and fatty acids, thereby playing unanticipated roles in cell physiology. This functional divergence is often reflected by their different subcellular localization, with 17β-HSDs found in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and in lipid droplets. Moreover, a subset of 17β-HSDs are integral membrane proteins, with their specific topology dictating the cellular compartment in which they exert their enzymatic activity. Here, we summarize the present knowledge on the subcellular localization and membrane topology of the 17β-HSD enzymes and discuss the correlation with their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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35
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Dai W, Liu H, Xu X, Ge J, Luo S, Zhu D, Amos CI, Fang S, Lee JE, Li X, Nan H, Li C, Wei Q. Genetic variants in ELOVL2 and HSD17B12 predict melanoma-specific survival. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2619-2628. [PMID: 30734280 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids play a key role in cellular bioenergetics, membrane biosynthesis and intracellular signaling processes and thus may be involved in cancer development and progression. In the present study, we comprehensively assessed associations of 14,522 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 149 genes of the fatty-acid synthesis pathway with cutaneous melanoma disease-specific survival (CMSS). The dataset of 858 cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients from a published genome-wide association study (GWAS) by The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center was used as the discovery dataset, and the identified significant SNPs were validated by a dataset of 409 CM patients from another GWAS from the Nurses' Health and Health Professionals Follow-up Studies. We found 40 noteworthy SNPs to be associated with CMSS in both discovery and validation datasets after multiple comparison correction by the false positive report probability method, because more than 85% of the SNPs were imputed. By performing functional prediction, linkage disequilibrium analysis, and stepwise Cox regression selection, we identified two independent SNPs of ELOVL2 rs3734398 T>C and HSD17B12 rs11037684 A>G that predicted CMSS, with an allelic hazards ratio of 0.66 (95% confidence interval = 0.51-0.84 and p = 8.34 × 10-4 ) and 2.29 (1.55-3.39 and p = 3.61 × 10-5 ), respectively. Finally, the ELOVL2 rs3734398 variant CC genotype was found to be associated with a significantly increased mRNA expression level. These SNPs may be potential markers for CM prognosis, if validated by additional larger and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Jie Ge
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Dakai Zhu
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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Liu Y, Xu S, Zhang C, Zhu X, Hammad MA, Zhang X, Christian M, Zhang H, Liu P. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family proteins on lipid droplets through bacteria, C. elegans, and mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:881-894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Järvensivu P, Heinosalo T, Hakkarainen J, Kronqvist P, Saarinen N, Poutanen M. HSD17B1 expression induces inflammation-aided rupture of mammary gland myoepithelium. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:393-406. [PMID: 29371331 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) converts low-active estrogen estrone to highly active estradiol. Estradiol is necessary for normal postpubertal mammary gland development; however, elevated estradiol levels increase mammary tumorigenesis. To investigate the significance of the human HSD17B1 enzyme in the mammary gland, transgenic mice universally overexpressing human HSD17B1 were used (HSD17B1TG mice). Mammary glands obtained from HSD17B1TG females at different ages were investigated for morphology and histology, and HSD17B1 activity and estrogen receptor activation in mammary gland tissue were assessed. To study the significance of HSD17B1 enzyme expression locally in mammary gland tissue, HSD17B1-expressing mammary epithelium was transplanted into cleared mammary fat pads of wild-type females, and the effects on mammary gland estradiol production, epithelial cells and the myoepithelium were investigated. HSD17B1TG females showed increased estrone to estradiol conversion and estrogen-response element-driven estrogen receptor signaling in mammary gland tissue, and they showed extensive lobuloalveolar development that was further enhanced by age along with an increase in serum prolactin concentrations. At old age, HSD17B1TG females developed mammary cancers. Mammary-restricted HSD17B1 expression induced lesions at the sites of ducts and alveoli, accompanied by peri- and intraductal inflammation and disruption of the myoepithelial cell layer. The lesions were shown to be estrogen dependent, as treatment with an antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, starting when lesions were already established reversed the phenotype. These data elucidate the ability of human HSD17B1 to enhance estrogen action in the mammary gland in vivo and indicate that HSD17B1 is a factor inducing phenotypic alterations associated with mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Järvensivu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taija Heinosalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Hakkarainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Kronqvist
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Niina Saarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Gilligan LC, Rahman HP, Hewitt AM, Sitch AJ, Gondal A, Arvaniti A, Taylor AE, Read ML, Morton DG, Foster PA. Estrogen Activation by Steroid Sulfatase Increases Colorectal Cancer Proliferation via GPER. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4435-4447. [PMID: 28945888 PMCID: PMC5718700 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estrogens affect the incidence and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), although the precise molecular mechanisms remain ill-defined. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated prereceptor estrogen metabolism through steroid sulphatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and subsequent nongenomic estrogen signaling in human CRC tissue, in The Cancer Genome Atlas colon adenocarcinoma data set, and in in vitro and in vivo CRC models. We aimed to define and therapeutically target pathways through which estrogens alter CRC proliferation and progression. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Human CRC samples with normal tissue-matched controls were collected from postmenopausal female and age-matched male patients. Estrogen metabolism enzymes and nongenomic downstream signaling pathways were determined. CRC cell lines were transfected with STS and cultured for in vitro and in vivo analysis. Estrogen metabolism was determined using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE The proliferative effects of estrogen metabolism were evaluated using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assays and CRC mouse xenograft studies. RESULTS Human CRC exhibits dysregulated estrogen metabolism, favoring estradiol synthesis. The activity of STS, the fundamental enzyme that activates conjugated estrogens, is significantly (P < 0.001) elevated in human CRC compared with matched controls. STS overexpression accelerates CRC proliferation in in vitro and in vivo models, with STS inhibition an effective treatment. We defined a G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) proproliferative pathway potentially through increased expression of connective tissue growth factor in CRC. CONCLUSION Human CRC favors estradiol synthesis to augment proliferation via GPER stimulation. Further research is required regarding whether estrogen replacement therapy should be used with caution in patients at high risk of developing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna C. Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Habibur P. Rahman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Hewitt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alice J. Sitch
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Gondal
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Arvaniti
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Angela E. Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L. Read
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Dion G. Morton
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Academic Department of Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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39
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Zhang X, Liu J, Li M, Fu Y, Zhang T, Han Q, Liu Q. Role of an estradiol regulatory factor-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) in Toxoplasma gondii infection and pathogenicity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:176-182. [PMID: 28887145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans, and causes abortions and severe damage to the fetal central nervous system. During pregnancy, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis increases throughout the second and third quarter of gestation, while the hormones progesterone and estradiol simultaneously increase. Thus, it has been suggested that these hormones could affect parasite reproduction. This study was mainly focused on an estradiol regulatory factor-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) gene in T. gondii. Our data showed that estradiol promoted Pru (Type II) and VEG (Type III) infection and thus significantly contributed to the pathogenicity of T. gondii in mice. Subsequently, we found that this phenomenon may relate to the interplay of T. gondii and estradiol. We reported that estradiol can enter T. gondii tachyzoites. Bioinformatics analysis showed that T. gondii may have a residual estradiol metabolism-related gene HSD. To verify the gene function, HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with Tg-HSD and gene expression was induced. Then, HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis showed that Tg-HSD can efficiently transform estrone into estradiol. Moreover, Tg-HSD -overexpressing parasites showed significantly enhanced pathogenicity and upregulation of estradiol levels in mice. In conclusion, estradiol can promote T. gondii infection in vitro and in vivo, and this may be related to its Tg- HSD gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Muzi Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, and Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, China.
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40
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Ye X, Wang H, Kan J, Li J, Huang T, Xiong G, Hu Z. A novel 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in Rhodococcus sp. P14 for transforming 17β-estradiol to estrone. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 276:105-112. [PMID: 28619386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD) are a group of oxidoreductase enzymes that exhibit high specificity for 17C reduction/oxidation. However, the mechanism of 17β-HSD in oxidizing steroid hormone 17β-estradiol to estrone in bacterium is still unclear. In this work, a functional bacterium Rhodococcus sp. P14 was identified having rapid ability to oxidize estradiol into estrone in mineral salt medium (MSM) within 6 h. The functional genes encoding NADH-dependent oxidoreductase were successfully detected with the help of bioinformatics, and it was identified that it contained two consensus regions affiliated to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Expression of 17β-HSD could be induced by estradiol in strain P14. The 17β-HSD gene from Rhodococcus sp. P14 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21. Furthermore, recombinant 17β-HSD-expressing BL21 cells showed a high transformation rate, they are capable of transforming estradiol to estrone up to 94%. The purified His-17β-HSD protein also exhibited high catalyzing efficiency. In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence that a novel 17β-HSD in Rhodococcus sp. P14 can catalyze the oxidation of estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ye
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jie Kan
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jin Li
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tongwang Huang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Guangming Xiong
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24103, Germany
| | - Zhong Hu
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Wright MH, Tao Y, Drechsel J, Krysiak J, Chamni S, Weigert-Munoz A, Harvey NL, Romo D, Sieber SA. Quantitative chemoproteomic profiling reveals multiple target interactions of spongiolactone derivatives in leukemia cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12818-12821. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04990k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the covalent targets of a natural product-derivative in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Wright
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- Garching
- Germany
| | - Y. Tao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Baylor University
- Waco
- USA
| | - J. Drechsel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- Garching
- Germany
| | - J. Krysiak
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- Garching
- Germany
| | - S. Chamni
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - A. Weigert-Munoz
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- Garching
- Germany
| | - N. L. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - D. Romo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Baylor University
- Waco
- USA
| | - S. A. Sieber
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- Garching
- Germany
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Cabeza M, Sánchez-Márquez A, Garrido M, Silva A, Bratoeff E. Recent Advances in Drug Design and Drug Discovery for Androgen- Dependent Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:792-815. [PMID: 26861003 PMCID: PMC5412001 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160210125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the importance of different targets such as 5α-reductase, 17β-HSD, CYP17A, androgen receptor and protein kinase A for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is a well known fact that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is associated with the development of androgen-dependent afflictions. At the present time, several research groups are attempting to develop new steroidal and non-steroidal molecules with the purpose of inhibiting the synthesis and biological response of DHT. This review also discusses the most recent studies reported in the literature that describe the therapeutic potential of novel compounds, as well as the new drugs, principally inhibitors of 5α-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento De Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco Calzada Del Hueso No. 1100, México, D.F., C.P. 04960, México.
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Kemiläinen H, Adam M, Mäki-Jouppila J, Damdimopoulou P, Damdimopoulos AE, Kere J, Hovatta O, Laajala TD, Aittokallio T, Adamski J, Ryberg H, Ohlsson C, Strauss L, Poutanen M. The Hydroxysteroid (17β) Dehydrogenase Family Gene HSD17B12 Is Involved in the Prostaglandin Synthesis Pathway, the Ovarian Function, and Regulation of Fertility. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3719-3730. [PMID: 27490311 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase (HSD17B)12 gene belongs to the hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase superfamily, and it has been implicated in the conversion of estrone to estradiol as well as in the synthesis of arachidonic acid (AA). AA is a precursor of prostaglandins, which are involved in the regulation of female reproduction, prompting us to study the role of HSD17B12 enzyme in the ovarian function. We found a broad expression of HSD17B12 enzyme in both human and mouse ovaries. The enzyme was localized in the theca interna, corpus luteum, granulosa cells, oocytes, and surface epithelium. Interestingly, haploinsufficiency of the HSD17B12 gene in female mice resulted in subfertility, indicating an important role for HSD17B12 enzyme in the ovarian function. In line with significantly increased length of the diestrous phase, the HSD17B+/- females gave birth less frequently than wild-type females, and the litter size of HSD17B12+/- females was significantly reduced. Interestingly, we observed meiotic spindle formation in immature follicles, suggesting defective meiotic arrest in HSD17B12+/- ovaries. The finding was further supported by transcriptome analysis showing differential expression of several genes related to the meiosis. In addition, polyovular follicles and oocytes trapped inside the corpus luteum were observed, indicating a failure in the oogenesis and ovulation, respectively. Intraovarian concentrations of steroid hormones were normal in HSD17B12+/- females, whereas the levels of AA and its metabolites (6-keto prostaglandin F1alpha, prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, and thromboxane B2) were decreased. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that HSD17B12 enzyme plays an important role in female fertility through its role in AA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Kemiläinen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Adam
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenni Mäki-Jouppila
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anastasios E Damdimopoulos
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Outi Hovatta
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Teemu D Laajala
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leena Strauss
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Endo S, Miyagi N, Matsunaga T, Hara A, Ikari A. Human dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 11 is a novel type of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:231-6. [PMID: 26920053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report characterization of a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily encoded in a human gene, DHRS11. The recombinant protein (DHRS11) efficiently catalyzed the conversion of the 17-keto group of estrone, 4- and 5-androstenes and 5α-androstanes into their 17β-hydroxyl metabolites with NADPH as a coenzyme. In contrast, it exhibited reductive 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity toward 5β-androstanes, 5β-pregnanes, 4-pregnenes and bile acids. Additionally, DHRS11 reduced α-dicarbonyls (such as diacetyl and methylglyoxal) and alicyclic ketones (such as 1-indanone and loxoprofen). The enzyme activity was inhibited in a mixed-type manner by flavonoids, and competitively by carbenoxolone, glycyrrhetinic acid, zearalenone, curcumin and flufenamic acid. The expression of DHRS11 mRNA was observed widely in human tissues, most abundantly in testis, small intestine, colon, kidney and cancer cell lines. Thus, DHRS11 represents a novel type of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with unique catalytic properties and tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Namiki Miyagi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Hakkarainen J, Jokela H, Pakarinen P, Heikelä H, Kätkänaho L, Vandenput L, Ohlsson C, Zhang FP, Poutanen M. Hydroxysteroid (17β)-dehydrogenase 1–deficient female mice present with normal puberty onset but are severely subfertile due to a defect in luteinization and progesterone production. FASEB J 2015; 29:3806-16. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-269035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang CY, Wang WQ, Chen J, Lin SX. Reductive 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which synthesize estradiol and inactivate dihydrotestosterone constitute major and concerted players in ER+ breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:24-34. [PMID: 25257817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which catalyze the last step in estrogen activation for estrogen dependent breast cancer cells were studied. Their biological function and the effects of their knockdown for cancer cell proliferation were demonstrated. The multidisciplinary study involves enzyme catalysis, sex-hormone and cell cycle regulation, as well as cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. Reductive 17β-HSD1, -7 and -12 were studied in the main breast cancer epithelial cells MCF-7 and T47D. Modification of estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone concentrations was monitored by ELISA assay while corresponding cell viability measured by MTT assay. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. Dual activity of estradiol activation and 5α-dihydrotestosterone reduction by 17β-HSD1 and -7 was critical for breast cancer cell (T47D and MCF-7) viability. Cell viability was decreased by 35.8% ± 1.6% in T47D cells after simultaneously knocking down 17β-HSD1 and -7. MCF-7 cell viability was decreased by 29.3% ± 4.2% using a combination of siRNAs and inhibitors. By knocking down 17β-HSD7, we have provided the first demonstration of the significant role of this enzyme in the stimulation of breast cancer cell viability as a result of its high activity on androgen reduction with positive feedback on estradiol production. A further decrease in cell viability was not observed with additional knockdown of 17β-HSD12 after 17β-HSD1 and 7. Breast cancer cell cycle progression was impeded to enter the S phase from G0-G1 after knocking down 17β-HSD1 and -7. In summary, this is the first demonstration that the dual activity in estrone activation and 5α-dihydrotestosterone reduction are the functional basis of reductive 17β-HSDs in breast cancer cells. 17β-HSD1 and -7 are principal reductive 17β-HSDs and major players in the viability of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Combined targeting of these enzymes may be potential for molecular therapy of such cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, CHU de Quebec-Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V4G2, Canada; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei-Qi Wang
- Shanghai Engineer and technology Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Shanghai Engineer and technology Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, CHU de Quebec-Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V4G2, Canada; Shanghai Engineer and technology Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, Shanghai, China.
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Järvensivu P, Saloniemi-Heinonen T, Awosanya M, Koskimies P, Saarinen N, Poutanen M. HSD17B1 expression enhances estrogen signaling stimulated by the low active estrone, evidenced by an estrogen responsive element-driven reporter gene in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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hnRNP U protein is required for normal pre-mRNA splicing and postnatal heart development and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3020-9. [PMID: 26039991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508461112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that mice lacking the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP U) in the heart develop lethal dilated cardiomyopathy and display numerous defects in cardiac pre-mRNA splicing. Mutant hearts have disorganized cardiomyocytes, impaired contractility, and abnormal excitation-contraction coupling activities. RNA-seq analyses of Hnrnpu mutant hearts revealed extensive defects in alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs encoding proteins known to be critical for normal heart development and function, including Titin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta (Camk2d). Loss of hnRNP U expression in cardiomyocytes also leads to aberrant splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding the excitation-contraction coupling component Junctin. We found that the protein product of an alternatively spliced Junctin isoform is N-glycosylated at a specific asparagine site that is required for interactions with specific protein partners. Our findings provide conclusive evidence for the essential role of hnRNP U in heart development and function and in the regulation of alternative splicing.
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Bellemare V, Phaneuf D, Luu-The V. Target deletion of the bifunctional type 12 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in mice results in reduction of androgen and estrogen levels in heterozygotes and embryonic lethality in homozygotes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 2:311-8. [PMID: 25961203 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) are enzymes issued from convergent evolution of activity from various ancestral genes having different functions. Type 12 17β-HSD (17β-HSD12) was described as a bifunctional enzyme, involved in the biosynthesis of estradiol (E2) and the elongation of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA). It catalyzes selectively the transformation of estrone (E1) into estradiol (E2) in human and primates, whereas in the mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans the enzyme catalyzes the 17β-reduction of both androgens and estrogens. It is also able to catalyze the reduction of 3-keto-acylCoA into 3-hydroxy-acylCoA in the elongation cycle of VLCFA biosynthesis. To further understand the physiological role of 17β-HSD12, we performed targeted disruption of the Hsd17b12 gene by substituting exons 8 and 9 that contain the active site with a neomycin cassette. The data indicate that heterozygous (HSD17B12+/-) mice are viable with reduced levels of sex steroids, whereas homozygous (HSD17B12-/-) mice show embryonic lethality. The present data are in agreement with the bifunctional activities of 17β-HSD12 suggesting that the VLCFA elongation activity, having its origin in the yeast, is most probably responsible for embryonic lethality in HSD17B12-/-, whereas the more recently acquired 17β-HSD12 activity is responsible for reduced sex steroid levels in HSD17B12+/-.
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Determination of the topology of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins using redox-sensitive green-fluorescence protein fusions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1672-82. [PMID: 25889538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are involved in a wide array of essential cellular functions. Identification of the topology of membrane proteins can provide significant insight into their mechanisms of action and biological roles. This is particularly important for membrane enzymes, since their topology determines the subcellular site where a biochemical reaction takes place and the dependence on luminal or cytosolic co-factor pools and substrates. The methods currently available for the determination of topology of proteins are rather laborious and require post-lysis or post-fixation manipulation of cells. In this work, we have developed a simple method for defining intracellular localization and topology of ER membrane proteins in living cells, based on the fusion of the respective protein with redox-sensitive green-fluorescent protein (roGFP). We validated the method and demonstrated that roGFP fusion proteins constitute a reliable tool for the study of ER membrane protein topology, using as control microsomal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) proteins whose topology has been resolved, and comparing with an independent approach. We then implemented this method to determine the membrane topology of six microsomal members of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) family. The results revealed a luminal orientation of the catalytic site for three enzymes, i.e. 17β-HSD6, 7 and 12. Knowledge of the intracellular location of the catalytic site of these enzymes will enable future studies on their biological functions and on the role of the luminal co-factor pool.
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