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Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Massidda M, Tocco F, Leźnicka K. The Influence of the Differentiation of Genes Encoding Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Coactivators on Nutrient and Energy Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245378. [PMID: 36558537 PMCID: PMC9782515 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic components may play an important role in the regulation of nutrient and energy metabolism. In the presence of specific genetic variants, metabolic dysregulation may occur, especially in relation to the processes of digestion, assimilation, and the physiological utilization of nutrients supplied to the body, as well as the regulation of various metabolic pathways and the balance of metabolic changes, which may consequently affect the effectiveness of applied reduction diets and weight loss after training. There are many well-documented studies showing that the presence of certain polymorphic variants in some genes can be associated with specific changes in nutrient and energy metabolism, and consequently, with more or less desirable effects of applied caloric reduction and/or exercise intervention. This systematic review focused on the role of genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their coactivators in nutrient and energy metabolism. The literature review prepared showed that there is a link between the presence of specific alleles described at different polymorphic points in PPAR genes and various human body characteristics that are crucial for the efficacy of nutritional and/or exercise interventions. Genetic analysis can be a valuable element that complements the work of a dietitian or trainer, allowing for the planning of a personalized diet or training that makes the best use of the innate metabolic characteristics of the person who is the subject of their interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Sciences Degree Courses, University of Cagliari, 72-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Filippo Tocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Sciences Degree Courses, University of Cagliari, 72-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Leźnicka
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
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Kang Z, Fan R. PPARα and NCOR/SMRT corepressor network in liver metabolic regulation. FASEB J 2020; 34:8796-8809. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000055rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfang Kang
- Department of Basic Medical Research Qingyuan People's HospitalThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Qingyuan China
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
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Grimaldi M, Palisi A, Marino C, Montoro P, Capasso A, Novi S, Tecce MF, D’Ursi AM. NMR-based metabolomic profile of hypercholesterolemic human sera: Relationship with in vitro gene expression? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231506. [PMID: 32298312 PMCID: PMC7162471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is considered an important cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In a previous investigation, we demonstrated that cultured hepatoma cells treated with hypercholesterolaemic sera compared with cells treated with normocholesterolaemic sera show overexpression of mRNAs related to mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (HMGCS2). In the present work, using an NMR metabolomic analysis, we demonstrate that the hypercholesterolaemic blood sera previously used to treat cultured hepatoma cells are characterized by a metabolomic profile that is significantly different from the normocholesterolaemic sera. Acetate, acetone, 2-hydroxybutyrate, cysteine, valine, and glutamine are the metabolites distinguishing the two groups. Abnormalities in the concentrations of these metabolites reflect alterations in energy-related pathways, such as pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, pyruvate, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the citrate cycle, and ketone bodies. Regarding ketone bodies, the pathway is regulated by HMGCS2; therefore, serum samples previously found to be able to increase HMGCS2 mRNA levels in cultured cells also contain higher amounts of the metabolites of its encoded enzyme protein product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Palisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carmen Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Paola Montoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sara Novi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria D’Ursi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, Chen M, Zhou Y, Tang C, Zhang W, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Zhou H, Sheng L. NIK links inflammation to hepatic steatosis by suppressing PPARα in alcoholic liver disease. Theranostics 2020; 10:3579-3593. [PMID: 32206109 PMCID: PMC7069072 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammation and steatosis are the main pathological features of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), in which, inflammation is one of the critical drivers for the initiation and development of alcoholic steatosis. NIK, an inflammatory pathway component activated by inflammatory cytokines, was suspected to link inflammation to hepatic steatosis during ALD. However, the underlying pathogenesis is not well-elucidated. Methods: Alcoholic steatosis was induced in mice by chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding. Both the loss- and gain-of-function experiments by the hepatocyte-specific deletion, pharmacological inhibition and adenoviral transfection of NIK were utilized to elucidate the role of NIK in alcoholic steatosis. Rate of fatty acid oxidation was assessed in vivo and in vitro. PPARα agonists or antagonists of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 were used to identify the NIK-induced regulation of PPARα, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2. The potential interactions between NIK, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and PPARα and the phosphorylation of PPARα were clarified by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and far-western blotting analysis. Results: Hepatocyte-specific deletion of NIK protected mice from alcoholic steatosis by sustaining hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, overexpression of NIK contributed to hepatic lipid accumulation with disrupted fatty acid oxidation. The pathological effect of NIK in ALD may be attributed to the suppression of PPARα, the main controller of fatty acid oxidation in the liver, because PPARα agonists reversed NIK-mediated hepatic steatosis and malfunction of fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, NIK recruited MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 to form a complex that catalyzed the inhibitory phosphorylation of PPARα. Importantly, pharmacological intervention against NIK significantly attenuated alcoholic steatosis in ethanol-fed mice. Conclusions: NIK targeting PPARα via MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 disrupts hepatic fatty acid oxidation and exhibits high value in ALD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Mingming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Chuanfeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Liang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Impact of PPAR-Alpha Polymorphisms-The Case of Metabolic Disorders and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184378. [PMID: 31489930 PMCID: PMC6770475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) has the most relevant biological functions among PPARs. Activation by drugs and dietary components lead to major metabolic changes, from reduced triglyceridemia to improvement in the metabolic syndrome. Polymorphisms of PPARα are of interest in order to improve our understanding of metabolic disorders associated with a raised or reduced risk of diseases. PPARα polymorphisms are mainly characterized by two sequence changes, L162V and V227A, with the latter occurring only in Eastern nations, and by numerous SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphisms) with a less clear biological role. The minor allele of L162V associates with raised total cholesterol, LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and triglycerides, reduced HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein metabolism), and elevated lipoprotein (a). An increased cardiovascular risk is not clear, whereas a raised risk of diabetes or of liver steatosis are not well supported. The minor allele of the V227A polymorphism is instead linked to a reduction of steatosis and raised γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels in non-drinking Orientals, the latter being reduced in drinkers. Lastly, the minor allele of rs4353747 is associated with a raised high-altitude appetite loss. These and other associations indicate the predictive potential of PPARα polymorphisms for an improved understanding of human disease, which also explain variability in the clinical response to specific drug treatments or dietary approaches.
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Liang N, Damdimopoulos A, Goñi S, Huang Z, Vedin LL, Jakobsson T, Giudici M, Ahmed O, Pedrelli M, Barilla S, Alzaid F, Mendoza A, Schröder T, Kuiper R, Parini P, Hollenberg A, Lefebvre P, Francque S, Van Gaal L, Staels B, Venteclef N, Treuter E, Fan R. Hepatocyte-specific loss of GPS2 in mice reduces non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via activation of PPARα. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1684. [PMID: 30975991 PMCID: PMC6459876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity triggers the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which involves alterations of regulatory transcription networks and epigenomes in hepatocytes. Here we demonstrate that G protein pathway suppressor 2 (GPS2), a subunit of the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) complex, has a central role in these alterations and accelerates the progression of NAFLD towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatocyte-specific Gps2 knockout in mice alleviates the development of diet-induced steatosis and fibrosis and causes activation of lipid catabolic genes. Integrative cistrome, epigenome and transcriptome analysis identifies the lipid-sensing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα, NR1C1) as a direct GPS2 target. Liver gene expression data from human patients reveal that Gps2 expression positively correlates with a NASH/fibrosis gene signature. Collectively, our data suggest that the GPS2-PPARα partnership in hepatocytes coordinates the progression of NAFLD in mice and in humans and thus might be of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | | | - Saioa Goñi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Lise-Lotte Vedin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jakobsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Marco Giudici
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Osman Ahmed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Serena Barilla
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Arturo Mendoza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Tarja Schröder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Raoul Kuiper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
- Inflammation and Infection Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden
| | - Anthony Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lillie, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Bart Staels
- University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lillie, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden.
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14157, Sweden.
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7
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Korbecki J, Bobiński R, Dutka M. Self-regulation of the inflammatory response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:443-458. [PMID: 30927048 PMCID: PMC6517359 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised and nitrated fatty acid derivatives as well as by cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA2 and 15d-PGJ2) during the inflammatory response. This results in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory response, preventing it from being excessively activated. Other activators of these receptors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (arachidonic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA). The main function of PPAR during the inflammatory reaction is to promote the inactivation of NF-κB. Possible mechanisms of inactivation include direct binding and thus inactivation of p65 NF-κB or ubiquitination leading to proteolytic degradation of p65 NF-κB. PPAR also exert indirect effects on NF-κB. They promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or heme oxygenase-1, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., secondary transmitters in inflammatory reactions. PPAR also cause an increase in the expression of IκBα, SIRT1, and PTEN, which interferes with the activation and function of NF-κB in inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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Bougarne N, Weyers B, Desmet SJ, Deckers J, Ray DW, Staels B, De Bosscher K. Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:760-802. [PMID: 30020428 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor of clinical interest as a drug target in various metabolic disorders. PPARα also exhibits marked anti-inflammatory capacities. The first-generation PPARα agonists, the fibrates, have however been hampered by drug-drug interaction issues, statin drop-in, and ill-designed cardiovascular intervention trials. Notwithstanding, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PPARα works will enable control of its activities as a drug target for metabolic diseases with an underlying inflammatory component. Given its role in reshaping the immune system, the full potential of this nuclear receptor subtype as a versatile drug target with high plasticity becomes increasingly clear, and a novel generation of agonists may pave the way for novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bougarne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Weyers
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie J Desmet
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - David W Ray
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- INSERM, U1011, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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Dhiman VK, Bolt MJ, White KP. Nuclear receptors in cancer — uncovering new and evolving roles through genomic analysis. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 19:160-174. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Corton JC, Peters JM, Klaunig JE. The PPARα-dependent rodent liver tumor response is not relevant to humans: addressing misconceptions. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:83-119. [PMID: 29197930 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of industrial chemicals and therapeutic agents cause liver tumors in rats and mice by activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). The molecular and cellular events by which PPARα activators induce rodent hepatocarcinogenesis have been extensively studied elucidating a number of consistent mechanistic changes linked to the increased incidence of liver neoplasms. The weight of evidence relevant to the hypothesized mode of action (MOA) for PPARα activator-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis is summarized here. Chemical-specific and mechanistic data support concordance of temporal and dose-response relationships for the key events associated with many PPARα activators. The key events (KE) identified in the MOA are PPARα activation (KE1), alteration in cell growth pathways (KE2), perturbation of hepatocyte growth and survival (KE3), and selective clonal expansion of preneoplastic foci cells (KE4), which leads to the apical event-increases in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (KE5). In addition, a number of concurrent molecular and cellular events have been classified as modulating factors, because they potentially alter the ability of PPARα activators to increase rodent liver cancer while not being key events themselves. These modulating factors include increases in oxidative stress and activation of NF-kB. PPARα activators are unlikely to induce liver tumors in humans due to biological differences in the response of KEs downstream of PPARα activation. This conclusion is based on minimal or no effects observed on cell growth pathways and hepatocellular proliferation in human primary hepatocytes and absence of alteration in growth pathways, hepatocyte proliferation, and tumors in the livers of species (hamsters, guinea pigs and cynomolgus monkeys) that are more appropriate human surrogates than mice and rats at overlapping dose levels. Despite this overwhelming body of evidence and almost universal acceptance of the PPARα MOA and lack of human relevance, several reviews have selectively focused on specific studies that, as discussed, contradict the consensus opinion and suggest uncertainty. In the present review, we systematically address these most germane suggested weaknesses of the PPARα MOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Corton
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, MD-B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- The Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47402, USA
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De Rosa MC, Caputo M, Zirpoli H, Rescigno T, Tarallo R, Giurato G, Weisz A, Torino G, Tecce MF. Identification of Genes Selectively Regulated in Human Hepatoma Cells by Treatment With Dyslipidemic Sera and PUFAs. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2059-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariella Caputo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition; Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Hylde Zirpoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition; Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Tania Rescigno
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition; Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics; Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics; Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics; Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Gaetano Torino
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition; Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Italy
| | - Mario Felice Tecce
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition; Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Italy
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12
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Corton JC, Cunningham ML, Hummer BT, Lau C, Meek B, Peters JM, Popp JA, Rhomberg L, Seed J, Klaunig JE. Mode of action framework analysis for receptor-mediated toxicity: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) as a case study. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 44:1-49. [PMID: 24180432 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.835784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several therapeutic agents and industrial chemicals induce liver tumors in rodents through the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). The cellular and molecular events by which PPARα activators induce rodent hepatocarcinogenesis has been extensively studied and elucidated. This review summarizes the weight of evidence relevant to the hypothesized mode of action (MOA) for PPARα activator-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis and identifies gaps in our knowledge of this MOA. Chemical-specific and mechanistic data support concordance of temporal and dose-response relationships for the key events associated with many PPARα activators including a phthalate ester plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and the drug gemfibrozil. While biologically plausible in humans, the hypothesized key events in the rodent MOA, for PPARα activators, are unlikely to induce liver tumors in humans because of toxicodynamic and biological differences in responses. This conclusion is based on minimal or no effects observed on growth pathways, hepatocellular proliferation and liver tumors in humans and/or species (including hamsters, guinea pigs and cynomolgous monkeys) that are more appropriate human surrogates than mice and rats at overlapping dose levels. Overall, the panel concluded that significant quantitative differences in PPARα activator-induced effects related to liver cancer formation exist between rodents and humans. On the basis of these quantitative differences, most of the workgroup felt that the rodent MOA is "not relevant to humans" with the remaining members concluding that the MOA is "unlikely to be relevant to humans". The two groups differed in their level of confidence based on perceived limitations of the quantitative and mechanistic knowledge of the species differences, which for some panel members strongly supports but cannot preclude the absence of effects under unlikely exposure scenarios.
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13
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Contreras AV, Torres N, Tovar AR. PPAR-α as a key nutritional and environmental sensor for metabolic adaptation. Adv Nutr 2013; 4:439-52. [PMID: 23858092 PMCID: PMC3941823 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.003798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors and regulate the expression of several genes involved in metabolic processes that are potentially linked to the development of some diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. One type of PPAR, PPAR-α, is a transcription factor that regulates the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids and is activated by ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and drugs used to treat dyslipidemias. There is evidence that genetic variants within the PPARα gene have been associated with a risk of the development of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease by influencing fasting and postprandial lipid concentrations; the gene variants have also been associated with an acceleration of the progression of type 2 diabetes. The interactions between genetic PPARα variants and the response to dietary factors will help to identify individuals or populations who can benefit from specific dietary recommendations. Interestingly, certain nutritional conditions, such as the prolonged consumption of a protein-restricted diet, can produce long-lasting effects on PPARα gene expression through modifications in the methylation of a specific locus surrounding the PPARα gene. Thus, this review underlines our current knowledge about the important role of PPAR-α as a mediator of the metabolic response to nutritional and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V. Contreras
- Faculty of Medicine, National University Autonomous of Mexico, PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences,National Institute of Genomic Medicine
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Nutrition Physiology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico D.F. Mexico
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Nutrition Physiology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico D.F. Mexico,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wu B, Cheng S. Evaluating the transcriptomic and metabolic profile of mice exposed to source drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:78-83. [PMID: 21793498 DOI: 10.1021/es201369x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic and metabonomic methods were used to investigate mice's responses to drinking source water (DSW) exposure. After mice were fed with DSW for 90 days, hepatic transcriptome was characterized by microarray and serum metabonome were determined by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A total of 243 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 141 genes were up-regulated and 102 genes were down-regulated. Metabonomics revealed significant changes in concentrations of creatine, pyruvate, glutamine, lysine, choline, acetate, lipids, taurine, and trimethylamine oxide. Four biological pathways were identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis where both gene expression and metabolite concentrations were altered in response to DSW exposure. These results highlight the significance of combined use of transcriptomic and metabonomic approaches in evaluating potential health risk induced by DSW contaminated with various hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
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Pawlak M, Lefebvre P, Staels B. General molecular biology and architecture of nuclear receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2012; 12:486-504. [PMID: 22242852 PMCID: PMC3637177 DOI: 10.2174/156802612799436641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate and coordinate multiple processes by integrating internal and external signals, thereby maintaining homeostasis in front of nutritional, behavioral and environmental challenges. NRs exhibit strong similarities in their structure and mode of action: by selective transcriptional activation or repression of cognate target genes, which can either be controlled through a direct, DNA binding-dependent mechanism or through crosstalk with other transcriptional regulators, NRs modulate the expression of gene clusters thus achieving coordinated tissue responses. Additionally, non genomic effects of NR ligands appear mediated by ill-defined mechanisms at the plasma membrane. These effects mediate potential therapeutic effects as small lipophilic molecule targets, and many efforts have been put in elucidating their precise mechanism of action and pathophysiological roles. Currently, numerous nuclear receptor ligand analogs are used in therapy or are tested in clinical trials against various diseases such as hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, allergies and cancer and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pawlak
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Bart Staels
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
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Rusyn I, Corton JC. Mechanistic considerations for human relevance of cancer hazard of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Mutat Res 2011; 750:141-158. [PMID: 22198209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a peroxisome proliferator agent that is widely used as a plasticizer to soften polyvinylchloride plastics and non-polymers. Both occupational (e.g., by inhalation during its manufacture and use as a plasticizer of polyvinylchloride) and environmental (medical devices, contamination of food, or intake from air, water and soil) routes of exposure to DEHP are of concern for human health. There is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity of DEHP in the liver in both rats and mice; however, there is little epidemiological evidence on possible associations between exposure to DEHP and liver cancer in humans. Data are available to suggest that liver is not the only target tissue for DEHP-associated toxicity and carcinogenicity in both humans and rodents. The debate regarding human relevance of the findings in rats or mice has been informed by studies on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of the peroxisome proliferator class of chemicals, including DEHP. Important additional mechanistic information became available in the past decade, including, but not limited to, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic studies with DEHP in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α-null mice, as well as experiments utilizing several transgenic mouse lines. Activation of PPARα and the subsequent downstream events mediated by this transcription factor represent an important mechanism of action for DEHP in rats and mice. However, additional data from animal models and studies in humans exposed to DEHP from the environment suggest that multiple molecular signals and pathways in several cell types in the liver, rather than a single molecular event, contribute to the cancer in rats and mice. In addition, the toxic and carcinogenic effects of DEHP are not limited to liver. The International Agency for Research on Cancer working group concluded that the human relevance of the molecular events leading to cancer elicited by DEHP in several target tissues (e.g., liver and testis) in rats and mice can not be ruled out and DEHP was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
| | - J Christopher Corton
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Azhar S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol 2010; 6:657-91. [PMID: 20932114 PMCID: PMC3246744 DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of risk factors including insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension that markedly increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes, PPARα, PPARδ/ß and PPARγ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, which modulate the expression of an array of genes that play a central role in regulating glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, where imbalance can lead to obesity, T2DM and CVD. They are also drug targets, and currently, PPARα (fibrates) and PPARγ (thiazolodinediones) agonists are in clinical use for treating dyslipidemia and T2DM, respectively. These metabolic characteristics of the PPARs, coupled with their involvement in metabolic diseases, mean extensive efforts are underway worldwide to develop new and efficacious PPAR-based therapies for the treatment of additional maladies associated with the MetS. This article presents an overview of the functional characteristics of three PPAR isotypes, discusses recent advances in our understanding of the diverse biological actions of PPARs, particularly in the vascular system, and summarizes the developmental status of new single, dual, pan (multiple) and partial PPAR agonists for the clinical management of key components of MetS, T2DM and CVD. It also summarizes the clinical outcomes from various clinical trials aimed at evaluating the atheroprotective actions of currently used fibrates and thiazolodinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Pourcet B, Pineda-Torra I, Derudas B, Staels B, Glineur C. SUMOylation of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha inhibits its trans-activity through the recruitment of the nuclear corepressor NCoR. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5983-92. [PMID: 19955185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is a key regulator of genes implicated in lipid homeostasis and inflammation. PPARalpha trans-activity is enhanced by recruitment of coactivators such as SRC1 and CBP/p300 and is inhibited by binding of corepressors such as NCoR and SMRT. In addition to ligand binding, PPARalpha activity is regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. In this report, we demonstrate that hPPARalpha is SUMOylated by SUMO-1 on lysine 185 in the hinge region. The E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and the SUMO E3- ligase PIASy are implicated in this process. In addition, ligand treatment decreases the SUMOylation rate of hPPARalpha. Finally, our results demonstrate that SUMO-1 modification of hPPARalpha down-regulates its trans-activity through the specific recruitment of corepressor NCoR but not SMRT leading to the differential expression of a subset of PPARalpha target genes. In conclusion, hPPARalpha SUMOylation on lysine 185 down-regulates its trans-activity through the selective recruitment of NCoR.
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Nohara A, Kobayashi J, Mabuchi H. Retinoid X receptor heterodimer variants and cardiovascular risk factors. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:303-18. [PMID: 19672026 DOI: 10.5551/jat.no786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that can be activated by specific ligands. Recent progress has shown that retinoid X receptor (RXR) and its heterodimerization partners, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, regulate many important genes involved in energy homeostasis and atherosclerosis, and should be promising therapeutic targets of metabolic syndrome. RXR heterodimers regulate a number of complex cellular processes, and genetic studies of RXR heterodimers have provided important clinical information in addition to knowledge gained from basic research. Genetic variants of RXR heterodimers were screened and investigated, and some variants were shown to have a considerable impact on metabolic disorders, including phenotypic components of familial combined hyperlipidemia. The combined efforts of basic and clinical science regarding nuclear receptors have achieved significant progress in unraveling the inextricably linked control system of energy expenditure, lipid and glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.This review summarizes the current understanding regarding RXR heterodimers based on their human genetic variants, which will provide new clues to uncover the background of multifactorial disease, such as metabolic syndrome or familial combined hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nohara
- Departments of Lipidology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Rudkowska I, Verreault M, Barbier O, Vohl MC. Differences in transcriptional activation by the two allelic (L162V Polymorphic) variants of PPARα after Omega-3 fatty acids treatment. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:369602. [PMID: 19266045 PMCID: PMC2649533 DOI: 10.1155/2009/369602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) have the potential to regulate gene expression via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα); therefore, genetic variations in this gene may impact its transcriptional activity on target genes. It is hypothesized that the transcriptional activity by wild-type L162-PPARα is enhanced to a greater extent than the mutated variant (V162-PPARα) in the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or a mixture of EPA:DHA. To examine the functional difference of the two allelic variants on receptor activity, transient co-transfections were performed in human hepatoma HepG2 cells activated with EPA, DHA and EPA:DHA mixtures. Results indicate that the addition of EPA or DHA demonstrate potential to increase the transcriptional activity by PPARα with respect to basal level in both variants. Yet, the EPA:DHA mixtures enhanced the transcriptional activity to a greater extent than individual FAs indicating possible additive effects of EPA and DHA. Additionally, the V162 allelic form of PPARα demonstrated consistently lower transcriptional activation when incubated with EPA, DHA or EPA:DHA mixtures than, the wild-type variant. In conclusion, both allelic variants of the PPARα L162V are activated by omega-3 FAs; however, the V162 allelic form displays a lower transcriptional activity than the wild-type variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Rudkowska
- Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Institute (INAF), Laval University, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Mélanie Verreault
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Oncology and Genomic Research Center, CHUL Research Center, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Oncology and Genomic Research Center, CHUL Research Center, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Institute (INAF), Laval University, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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