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Huang ZW, Lien GS, Lin CH, Jiang CP, Chen BC. p300 and C/EBPβ-regulated IKKβ expression are involved in thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 expression in human lung epithelial cells. Pharmacol Res 2017; 121:33-41. [PMID: 28428115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common chronic lung inflammatory diseases. Thrombin and interleukin (IL)-8/C-X-C chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) play critical roles in lung inflammation. Our previous study showed that c-Src-dependent IκB kinase (IKK)/IκBα/nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/ribosomal S6 protein kinase (RSK)-dependent CAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) activation are involved in thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 expression in human lung epithelial cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of p300 and C/EBPβ-reliant IKKβ expression in thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 expression. Thrombin-induced increases in IL-8/CXCL8-luciferase activity and IL-8/CXCL8 release were inhibited by p300 small interfering (siRNA). Thrombin-caused histone H3 acetylation was attenuated by p300 siRNA. Stimulation of cells with thrombin for 12h resulted in increases in IKKβ expression and phosphorylation in human lung epithelial cells. However, thrombin did not affect p65 expression. Moreover, 12h of thrombin stimulation produced increases in IKKβ expression and phosphorylation, and IκBα phosphorylation, which were inhibited by C/EBPβ siRNA. Finally, treatment of cells with thrombin caused increases in p300 and C/EBPβ complex formation, p65 and C/EBPβ complex formation, and recruitment of p300, p65, and C/EBPβ to the IL-8/CXCL8 promoter. These results imply that p300-dependent histone H3 acetylation and C/EBPβ-regulated IKKβ expression contribute to thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 expression in human lung epithelial cells. Results of this study will help clarify C/EBPβ signaling pathways involved in thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 expression in human lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gi-Shih Lien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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TAN TING, WANG LIE, WANG BING. Collagen and prostaglandin E2 regulate aromatase expression through the PI3K/AKT/IKK and the MAP kinase pathways in adipose stromal cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4766-4772. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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3
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Mukhopadhyay KD, Liu Z, Bandyopadhyay A, Kirma NB, Tekmal RR, Wang S, Sun LZ. Aromatase expression increases the survival and malignancy of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121136. [PMID: 25837259 PMCID: PMC4383596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In postmenopausal women, local estrogen produced by adipose stromal cells in the breast is believed to support estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive breast cancer cell survival and growth. This raises the question of how the ERα positive metastatic breast cancer cells survive after they enter blood and lymph circulation, where estrogen level is very low in postmenopausal women. In this study, we show that the aromatase expression increased when ERα positive breast cancer cells were cultured in suspension. Furthermore, treatment with the aromatase substrate, testosterone, inhibited suspension culture-induced apoptosis whereas an aromatase inhibitor attenuated the effect of testosterone suggesting that suspended circulating ERα positive breast cancer cells may up-regulate intracrine estrogen activity for survival. Consistent with this notion, a moderate level of ectopic aromatase expression rendered a non-tumorigenic ERα positive breast cancer cell line not only tumorigenic but also metastatic in female nude mice without exogenous estrogen supplementation. The increased malignant phenotype was confirmed to be due to aromatase expression as the growth of orthotopic tumors regressed with systemic administration of an aromatase inhibitor. Thus, our study provides experimental evidence that aromatase plays an important role in the survival of metastatic ERα breast cancer cells by suppressing anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya De Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abhik Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Nameer B. Kirma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Rajeshwar R. Tekmal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Shui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LZS); (SW)
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZS); (SW)
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4
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Weng J, Liu Y, Xu Y, Hu R, Zhang H, Sheng X, Watanabe G, Taya K, Weng Q, Xu M. Expression of P450arom and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in the Oviduct of Chinese Brown Frog (Rana dybowskii) during Prehibernation. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:283085. [PMID: 25802518 PMCID: PMC4353437 DOI: 10.1155/2015/283085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One specific physiological phenomenon of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii) is that its oviduct expands prior to hibernation instead of expanding during the breeding period. In this study, we investigated the expression of P450arom and estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) in the oviduct of Rana dybowskii during the breeding period and prehibernation. The results of the present study showed that there were significant differences in both oviductal weight and size with values markedly higher in prehibernation than in the breeding period. P450arom was observed in stromal tissue in both the breeding period and prehibernation. ERα was expressed in stromal tissue and epithelial cells in both periods, whereas ERβ could not be detected. The mean protein and mRNA levels of P450arom and ERα were significantly higher in prehibernation as compared to the breeding period. Besides, oviductal content of 17β-estradiol was also higher in prehibernation than in the breeding period. These results suggested that estrogen may play autocrine/paracrine roles mediated by ERα in regulating the oviductal hypertrophy during prehibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Weng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuning Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruiqi Hu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Xia Sheng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Qiang Weng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meiyu Xu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- *Meiyu Xu:
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5
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Bowers LW, Maximo IXF, Brenner AJ, Beeram M, Hursting SD, Price RS, Tekmal RR, Jolly CA, deGraffenried LA. NSAID use reduces breast cancer recurrence in overweight and obese women: role of prostaglandin-aromatase interactions. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4446-57. [PMID: 25125682 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a worse breast cancer prognosis and elevated levels of inflammation, including greater cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and activity in adipose-infiltrating macrophages. The product of this enzyme, the proinflammatory eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), stimulates adipose tissue aromatase expression and subsequent estrogen production, which could promote breast cancer progression. This study demonstrates that daily use of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which inhibits COX-2 activity, is associated with reduced estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer recurrence in obese and overweight women. Retrospective review of data from ERα-positive patients with an average body mass index of >30 revealed that NSAID users had a 52% lower recurrence rate and a 28-month delay in time to recurrence. To examine the mechanisms that may be mediating this effect, we conducted in vitro studies that utilized sera from obese and normal-weight patients with breast cancer. Exposure to sera from obese patients stimulated greater macrophage COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. This was correlated with enhanced preadipocyte aromatase expression following incubation in conditioned media (CM) collected from the obese-patient, sera-exposed macrophages, an effect neutralized by COX-2 inhibition with celecoxib. In addition, CM from macrophage/preadipocyte cocultures exposed to sera from obese patients stimulated greater breast cancer cell ERα activity, proliferation, and migration compared with sera from normal-weight patients, and these differences were eliminated or reduced by the addition of an aromatase inhibitor during CM generation. Prospective studies designed to examine the clinical benefit of NSAID use in obese patients with breast cancer are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Bowers
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Ilane X F Maximo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew J Brenner
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Ramona S Price
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Rajeshwar R Tekmal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Christopher A Jolly
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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6
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Obesity-associated systemic interleukin-6 promotes pre-adipocyte aromatase expression via increased breast cancer cell prostaglandin E2 production. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 149:49-57. [PMID: 25476497 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a worse breast cancer prognosis, particularly in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive, postmenopausal patients. We hypothesized that this is mediated in part by an elevation in breast cancer cell cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production that results in greater local pre-adipocyte aromatase expression. We utilized an in vitro model of the obese patient's tumor microenvironment in which cultured MCF-7 breast cancer cells and pre-adipocytes were exposed to pooled serum from obese (OB; BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m(2)) or normal weight (N; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) postmenopausal women. Exposure to OB versus N sera significantly increased MCF-7 cell COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. Pre-adipocyte aromatase expression was 89 % greater following culture in conditioned media (CM) from MCF-7 cells exposed to OB versus N sera (OB-CM and N-CM, respectively), a difference nullified by MCF-7 cell treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Previous analysis of the sera revealed significantly higher interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in the OB versus N samples. Depletion of IL-6 from the sera neutralized the difference in pre-adipocyte aromatase expression stimulated by OB-CM versus N-CM. Finally, CM from pre-adipocyte/MCF-7 cell co-cultures exposed to OB sera stimulated greater MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell ERα activity and proliferation in comparison to N sera. This study indicates that obesity-associated systemic IL-6 indirectly enhances pre-adipocyte aromatase expression via increased breast cancer cell PGE2 production. Investigation regarding the efficacy of a COX-2 inhibitor/aromatase inhibitor combination therapy in the obese postmenopausal patient population is warranted.
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7
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Cadagan D, Khan R, Amer S. Female adipocyte androgen synthesis and the effects of insulin. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:254-263. [PMID: 27896097 PMCID: PMC5121335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, and its presence can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease significantly. The metabolic syndrome is associated with increased circulating androgen levels in women, which may originate from the ovaries and adrenal glands. Adipocytes are also able to synthesise steroid hormones, and this output has been hypothesised to increase with elevated insulin plasma concentrations. However, the contribution of the adipocytes to the circulating androgen levels in women with metabolic syndrome is limited and the effects of insulin are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of steroid precursors and synthetic enzymes in human adipocyte biopsies as markers of possible adipocyte androgen synthesis. We examined pre and mature adipocytes taken from tissue biopsies of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of participating women from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, of the Royal Derby Hospital. The results showed the potential for localised adipocyte androgen synthesis through the presence of the androgen precursor progesterone, as well as the steroid-converting enzyme 17α-hydroxylase. Furthermore, we found the controlled secretion of androstenedione in vitro and that insulin treatment caused levels to increase. Continued examination of a localised source of androgen production is therefore of clinical relevance due to its influence on adipocyte metabolism, its negative impact on female steroidogenic homeostasis, and the possible aggravation this may have when associated to obesity and obesity related metabolic abnormalities such as hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cadagan
- School of Graduate Entry Medicine, Derby Hospital, Nottingham University, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Raheela Khan
- School of Graduate Entry Medicine, Derby Hospital, Nottingham University, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Saad Amer
- School of Graduate Entry Medicine, Derby Hospital, Nottingham University, DE22 3DT, UK
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8
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Ghosh S, Ashcraft K, Jahid MJ, April C, Ghajar CM, Ruan J, Wang H, Foster M, Hughes DC, Ramirez AG, Huang T, Fan JB, Hu Y, Li R. Regulation of adipose oestrogen output by mechanical stress. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1821. [PMID: 23652009 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose stromal cells are the primary source of local oestrogens in adipose tissue, aberrant production of which promotes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Here we show that extracellular matrix compliance and cell contractility are two opposing determinants for oestrogen output of adipose stromal cells. Using synthetic extracellular matrix and elastomeric micropost arrays with tunable rigidity, we find that increasing matrix compliance induces transcription of aromatase, a rate-limiting enzyme in oestrogen biosynthesis. This mechanical cue is transduced sequentially by discoidin domain receptor 1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, and phosphorylated JunB, which binds to and activates two breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters. In contrast, elevated cell contractility due to actin stress fibre formation dampens aromatase transcription. Mechanically stimulated stromal oestrogen production enhances oestrogen-dependent transcription in oestrogen receptor-positive tumour cells and promotes their growth. This novel mechanotransduction pathway underlies communications between extracellular matrix, stromal hormone output, and cancer cell growth within the same microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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9
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Chemopreventive and antioxidant activity of 6-substituted imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:412-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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To SQ, Knower KC, Clyne CD. NFκB and MAPK signalling pathways mediate TNFα-induced Early Growth Response gene transcription leading to aromatase expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Chen D, Zhao H, Coon V JS, Ono M, Pearson EK, Bulun SE. Weight gain increases human aromatase expression in mammary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:114-20. [PMID: 22342815 PMCID: PMC3312968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adulthood weight gain predicts estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Because local estrogen excess in the breast likely contributes to cancer development, and aromatase is the key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, we investigated the role of local aromatase expression in weight gain-associated breast cancer risk in a humanized aromatase (Arom(hum)) mouse model containing the coding region and the 5'-regulatory region of the human aromatase gene. Compared with littermates on normal chow, female Arom(hum) mice on a high fat diet gained more weight, and had a larger mammary gland mass with elevated total human aromatase mRNA levels via promoters I.4 and II associated with increased levels of their regulators TNFα and C/EBPβ. There was no difference in total human aromatase mRNA levels in gonadal white adipose tissue. Our data suggest that diet-induced weight gain preferentially stimulates local aromatase expression in the breast, which may lead to local estrogen excess and breast cancer risk.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Aromatase/genetics
- Aromatase/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/biosynthesis
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Estrogens/biosynthesis
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gonads/metabolism
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Animal/enzymology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/enzymology
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mice
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Risk Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Weight Gain/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hong Zhao
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John S. Coon V
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Masanori Ono
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth K. Pearson
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Serdar E. Bulun
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed to: Division of Reproductive Biology Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 303 E. Superior Street Chicago, IL 60611 United States of America Tel: 001 312 503 0520 Fax: 001 312 503 0095
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12
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Bulun SE, Chen D, Moy I, Brooks DC, Zhao H. Aromatase, breast cancer and obesity: a complex interaction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:83-9. [PMID: 22169755 PMCID: PMC3428377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with abnormally high expression of the enzyme aromatase in the breast, increased local estrogen production, and predisposition to breast hyperplasia and cancer. Increased adiposity in postmenopausal women may trigger signaling pathways that induce aromatase expression. In breast adipose fibroblasts, increased TNF production may induce the distal aromatase promoter, whereas increased local PGE(2) production may induce the proximal promoter region. We review here the mechanisms that control aromatase gene expression in breast adipose tissue, and the paracrine interactions between malignant breast epithelial cells and the surrounding adipose fibroblasts. Systematic characterization of these signaling pathways will facilitate the identification of potential drug targets to selectively reduce aromatase expression and excessive estrogen production, with therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar E Bulun
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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13
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Mayhoub AS, Marler L, Kondratyuk TP, Park EJ, Pezzuto JM, Cushman M. Optimizing thiadiazole analogues of resveratrol versus three chemopreventive targets. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:510-20. [PMID: 22115839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention is an approach to decrease cancer morbidity and mortality through inhibition of carcinogenesis and prevention of disease progression. Although the trans stilbene derivative resveratrol has chemopreventive properties, its action is compromised by weak non-specific effects on many biological targets. Replacement of the stilbene ethylenic bridge of resveratrol with a 1,2,4-thiadiazole heterocycle and modification of the substituents on the two aromatic rings afforded potential chemopreventive agents with enhanced potencies and selectivities when evaluated as inhibitors of aromatase and NF-κB and inducers of quinone reductase 1 (QR1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Abstract
Evidence that aromatase expression in tumor-associated breast stroma is elevated, provides a rationale for use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in breast cancer treatment. However, regulation of local aromatase expression in cancer-free breast stroma is poorly understood. Recent clinical work indicates that stromal cells in dense breast tissue tend to express higher levels of aromatase than their counterpart from non-dense tissue. Consistent with the clinical observation, our cell culture-based study indicated that cell density, cell shape, and extracellular matrix (ECM) significantly induced stromal aromatase expression via a distinct signal transduction pathway. In addition, we identified a number of cell surface markers that are commonly associated with aromatase-expressing stromal cells. As mammographic density is one of the strongest and most prevalent risk factors for breast cancer, these findings provide a potential mechanistic link between alterations in tissue composition of dense breast tissue and increased stromal aromatase expression. Further exploration of the in vitro model system may advance understanding of an important problem in breast cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Howard Wang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | | | - Rong Li
- Corresponding author: Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, 15355 Lambda Drive, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, Telephone: 210-567-7215, Fax: 210-567-7324,
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15
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Hoshino J, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Marler L, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, Mo S, Li Y, Cushman M. Selective synthesis and biological evaluation of sulfate-conjugated resveratrol metabolites. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5033-43. [PMID: 20527891 DOI: 10.1021/jm100274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Five resveratrol sulfate metabolites were synthesized and assessed for activities known to be mediated by resveratrol: inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha induced NFkappaB activity, cylcooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), aromatase, nitric oxide production in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages, proliferation of KB or MCF7 cells, induction of quinone reductase 1 (QR1), accumulation in the sub-G(1) phase of the cell cycle, and quenching of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Two metabolites showed activity in these assays; the 3-sulfate exhibited QR1 induction, DPPH free radical scavenging, and COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities and the 4'-sulfate inhibited NFkappaB induction, as well as COX-1 and COX-2 activities. Resveratrol and its 3'-sulfate and 4-sulfate inhibit NO production by NO scavenging and down-regulation of iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Resveratrol sulfates displayed low antiproliferative activity and negligible uptake in MCF7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma Hoshino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Vachon CM, Sasano H, Ghosh K, Brandt KR, Watson DA, Reynolds C, Lingle WL, Goss PE, Li R, Aiyar SE, Scott CG, Pankratz VS, Santen RJ, Ingle JN. Aromatase immunoreactivity is increased in mammographically dense regions of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:243-52. [PMID: 20526739 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic breast density (MBD) is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. Unfortunately, the biologic basis underlying this association is unknown. This study compared aromatase expression or immunoreactivity (IR) in core biopsies from mammographically dense versus non-dense regions of the breast to examine whether estrogen synthesis in the breast is associated with MBD and one possible mechanism through which MBD may influence breast cancer. Eligible participants were 40+ years, had a screening mammogram with visible MBD and no prior cancer or current endocrine therapy. Mammograms were used to identify dense and non-dense regions and ultrasound-guided core biopsies were performed to obtain tissue from these regions. Immunostaining for aromatase employed the streptavidin-biotin amplification method and #677 mouse monoclonal antibody. Aromatase IR was scored in terms of extent and intensity of staining for each cell type (stroma, epithelium, adipocytes) on histologic sections. A modified histological H-score provided quantitation of aromatase IR in each cell type and overall. Repeated measure analyses evaluated average differences (β(H)) in H-score in dense versus non-dense tissue within and across cell types. Forty-nine women with mean age 50 years (range: 40-82), participated. Aromatase IR was increased in dense (vs. non-dense) tissue in both the stroma (β(H) = 0.58) and epithelium (β(H) = 0.12) (P < 0.01). Adipocytes from non-dense tissue, however, had a greater IR compared to those from dense tissue (β(H) = -0.24, P < 0.01). An overall H-score which integrated results from all cell types demonstrated that aromatase IR was twice as great for dense (mean H-score = 0.90, SD = 0.53) versus non-dense (mean H-score = 0.45, SD = 0.39) breast tissue (β(H) = 0.45; P < 0.001). Overall, aromatase IR was greater for mammographically dense versus non-dense tissue and may partly explain how MBD influences breast cancer.
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Ghosh S, Dean A, Walter M, Bao Y, Hu Y, Ruan J, Li R. Cell density-dependent transcriptional activation of endocrine-related genes in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2087-98. [PMID: 20420826 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is recognized as an endocrine organ that plays an important role in human diseases such as type II diabetes and cancer. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs), a distinct cell population in adipose tissue, are capable of differentiating into multiple lineages including adipogenesis. When cultured in vitro under a confluent condition, ASCs reach a commitment stage for adipogenesis, which can be further induced into terminally differentiated adipocytes by a cocktail of adipogenic factors. Here we report that the confluent state of ASCs triggers transcriptional activation cascades for genes that are responsible for the endocrine function of adipose tissue. These include insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and aromatase (Cyp19), a key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis. Despite similar adipogenic potentials, ASCs from different individuals display huge variations in activation of these endocrine-related genes. Bioinformatics and experimental data suggest that transcription factor Foxo1 controls a large number of "early" confluency-response genes, which subsequently induce "late" response genes. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Foxo1 substantially compromises the ability of committed ASCs to stimulate tumor cell migration in vitro. Thus, our work suggests that cell density is an important determinant of the endocrine potential of ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, 15355 Lambda Drive, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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Ghosh S, Hu Y, Li R. Cell density is a critical determinant of aromatase expression in adipose stromal cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118:231-6. [PMID: 19969081 PMCID: PMC2826521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. This is at least partly due to excessive estrogen production in adipose tissue of obese women. Aromatase, the key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, is an important target in endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer. In this study we show that high confluency of human adipose stromal cells (ASCs) cultured in vitro can significantly stimulate aromatase gene expression and reduce the expression of breast tumor suppressor BRCA1 and members of the NR4A orphan nuclear family. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Nurr1, a member of the NR4A family, substantially increased aromatase expression. Lastly, we found that the cell density-triggered inducibility of aromatase expression varies in ASCs isolated from different disease-free individuals. Our finding highlights the impact of increased cell number on estrogen biosynthesis as in the case of excessive adiposity.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Aromatase/genetics
- Aromatase/metabolism
- BRCA1 Protein/genetics
- BRCA1 Protein/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rong Li
- Corresponding author, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, 15355 Lambda Drive, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, Telephone: 210-567-7215, Fax: 210-567-7324,
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