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Wu P, Wang X, Ge C, Jin L, Ding Z, Liu F, Zhang J, Gao F, Du W. pSTAT3 activation of Foxl2 initiates the female pathway underlying temperature-dependent sex determination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401752121. [PMID: 39226347 PMCID: PMC11406301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401752121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian development was traditionally recognized as a "default" sexual outcome and therefore received much less scientific attention than testis development. In turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), how the female pathway is initiated to induce ovary development remains unknown. In this study, we have found that phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) and Foxl2 exhibit temperature-dependent sexually dimorphic patterns and tempo-spatial coexpression in early embryos of the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). Inhibition of pSTAT3 at a female-producing temperature of 31 °C induces 64.7% female-to-male sex reversal, whereas activation of pSTAT3 at a male-producing temperature of 26 °C triggers 75.6% male-to-female sex reversal. In addition, pSTAT3 directly binds to the locus of the female sex-determining gene Foxl2 and promotes Foxl2 transcription. Overexpression or knockdown of Foxl2 can rescue the sex reversal induced by inhibition or activation of pSTAT3. This study has established a direct genetic link between warm temperature-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and female pathway initiation in a TSD system, highlighting the critical role of pSTAT3 in the cross talk between female and male pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Chutian Ge
- Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jin
- Institute of Animal Sex and Development, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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Moh M, Puzyrenko A, Summey R, Rader JS, Herrera Cano GE, Gavina JV, Rui H, Sun Y, Hopp E. Clinicopathologic Characteristics of a Single-institution Cohort of Ovarian Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors, With Biomarker and Therapeutic Implications Utilizing the Detection of Androgen, Estrogen, and Progesterone Hormone Receptor Expression by Immunohistochemistry. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2024; 43:527-534. [PMID: 38661526 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Adult granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs) are rare ovarian tumors with generally good prognosis after surgical resection; however, they do have recurrence potential. Therapeutic and management options for recurrences are currently limited, and the need for expanded adjuvant therapies is increasingly recognized. Anti-hormonal therapy is being explored as an option, which relies on the detection and assessment of hormone receptor expression (androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors) as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Our study identifies several clinicopathologic characteristics with significant associations for recurrence of AGCT, which were younger age, higher stage, and larger tumor size. Our study also demonstrates that androgen receptor (AR) expression may be utilized as a potential biomarker for hormonal therapy and that detection of AR expression in AGCT by immunohistochemistry (IHC) varies depending on the antibody clone used for testing. AR was detected in 95% of samples tested with antibodies derived from clone AR27. This detection rate is much higher than previously reported.
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Li X, Du H, Zhou H, Huang Y, Tang S, Yu C, Guo Y, Luo W, Gong Y. FOXL2 regulates RhoA expression to change actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in granulosa cells of chicken pre-ovulatory follicles†. Biol Reprod 2024; 111:391-405. [PMID: 38832713 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) is an indispensable key regulator of female follicular development, and it plays important roles in the morphogenesis, proliferation, and differentiation of follicle granulosa cells, such as establishing normal estradiol signaling and regulating steroid hormone synthesis. Nevertheless, the effects of FOXL2 on granulosa cell morphology and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Using FOXL2 ChIP-seq analysis, we found that FOXL2 target genes were significantly enriched in the actin cytoskeleton-related pathways. We confirmed that FOXL2 inhibited the expression of RhoA, a key gene for actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, by binding to TCATCCATCTCT in RhoA promoter region. In addition, FOXL2 overexpression in granulosa cells induced the depolymerization of F-actin and disordered the actin filaments, resulting in a slowdown in the expansion of granulosa cells, while FOXL2 silencing inhibited F-actin depolymerization and stabilized the actin filaments, thereby accelerating granulosa cell expansion. RhoA/ROCK pathway inhibitor Y-27632 exhibited similar effects to FOXL2 overexpression, even reversed the actin polymerization in FOXL2 silencing granulosa cells. This study revealed for the first time that FOXL2 regulated granulosa cell actin cytoskeleton by RhoA/ROCK pathway, thus affecting granulosa cell expansion. Our findings provide new insights for constructing the regulatory network of FOXL2 and propose a potential mechanism for facilitating rapid follicle expansion, thereby laying a foundation for further understanding follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hongting Du
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Haobo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shuixin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chengzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanzhang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Wang A, Shi S, Ma Y, Li S, Gui W. Insights into the role of FoxL2 in tebuconazole-induced male- biased sex differentiation of zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174543. [PMID: 38977095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a commonly used fungicide that inhibits the aromatase Cyp19A and downregulates the transcription factor forkhead box L2 (FoxL2), leading to male-biased sex differentiation in zebrafish larvae. However, the specific mechanism by which FoxL2 functions following TEB exposure remains unclear. In this study, the phosphorylation sites and kinase-specific residues in zebrafish FoxL2 protein (zFoxL2) were predicted. Subsequently, recombinant zFoxL2 was prepared via prokaryotic expression, and a polyclonal rabbit-anti-zFoxL2 antibody was generated. Zebrafish fibroblast (ZF4) cells were exposed to 100-μM TEB alone for 8 h, after which changes in the expression of genes involved in the foxl2 regulatory pathway (akt1, pi3k, cyp19a1b, c/ebpb and sox9a) were detected. When co-exposed to 1-μM estradiol and 100-μM TEB, the expression of these key genes tended to be restored. Interestingly, TEB did not affect the expression of the foxl2 gene or protein but it significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of FoxL2 (pFoxL2) at serine 238 (decreased by 43.64 %, p = 0.009). Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that, following exposure to 100-μM TEB, the total precipitated proteins in ZF4 cells decreased by 17.02 % (p = 0.029) and 31.39 % (p = 0.027) in the anti-zFoxL2 antibody group and anti-pFoxL2 (ser238) antibody group, respectively, indicating that TEB suppressed the capacity of the FoxL2 protein to bind to other proteins via repression of its own phosphorylation. The pull-down assay confirmed this conclusion. This study preliminarily elucidated that the foxl2 gene functions via post-translational regulation through hypophosphorylation of its encoded protein during TEB-induced male-biased sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxue Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shiyao Shi
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yongfang Ma
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Migale R, Neumann M, Mitter R, Rafiee MR, Wood S, Olsen J, Lovell-Badge R. FOXL2 interaction with different binding partners regulates the dynamics of ovarian development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl0788. [PMID: 38517962 PMCID: PMC10959415 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXL2 is required in ovarian somatic cells for female fertility. Differential timing of Foxl2 deletion, in embryonic versus adult mouse ovary, leads to distinctive outcomes, suggesting different roles across development. Here, we comprehensively investigated FOXL2's role through a multi-omics approach to characterize gene expression dynamics and chromatin accessibility changes, coupled with genome-wide identification of FOXL2 targets and on-chromatin interacting partners in somatic cells across ovarian development. We found that FOXL2 regulates more targets postnatally, through interaction with factors regulating primordial follicle formation and steroidogenesis. Deletion of one interactor, ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (Usp7), results in impairment of somatic cell differentiation, germ cell nest breakdown, and ovarian development, leading to sterility. Our datasets constitute a comprehensive resource for exploration of the molecular mechanisms of ovarian development and causes of female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Migale
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michelle Neumann
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Richard Mitter
- Bioinformatics core, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mahmoud-Reza Rafiee
- RNA Networks Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sophie Wood
- Genetic Modification Service, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jessica Olsen
- Genetic Modification Service, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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Nagy A, Niu N, Ratner E, Hui P, Buza N. Novel FOXL2 Mutation in an Ovarian Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor: Report of a Case With Diagnostic and Clinicopathologic Implications. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2024:00004347-990000000-00146. [PMID: 38426544 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Adult granulosa cell tumor, the most common malignant ovarian sex cord-stromal tumor, harbors the characteristic mutation c.402C>G (p.C134W) in the FOXL2 gene in ~90% to 95% of cases. To date, no other variants of FOXL2 mutations have been identified in these tumors. Here we report the first case of an adult granulosa cell tumor with a novel FOXL2 point mutation c.398C>T (p.A133V) presenting in a 64-year-old postmenopausal woman. The patient underwent total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for atypical endometrial hyperplasia and gross examination revealed an incidental 3.2 cm right ovarian mass with a solid, bright yellow, homogeneous cut surface. Microscopically, ~30% of the tumor showed a nested growth pattern composed of uniform tumor cells with oval nuclei and a moderate amount of pale cytoplasm, while the remaining areas consisted of a bland storiform fibromatous stroma. Reticulin stain demonstrated loss of the individual pericellular network within the nested areas, while the pericellular staining pattern was retained in the background stromal component. FOXL2 sequencing analysis was performed in both components and revealed a c.398C>T (p.A133V) mutation in the nested component, whereas wild-type FOXL2 sequence was identified in the fibromatous stroma. Sections from the uterus showed a low-grade endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma with superficial myometrial invasion. The patient underwent adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy for the endometrial carcinoma and is alive and well at 8 months follow-up. This case illustrates that new FOXL2 mutations may be detected in ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors with increasing use of routine molecular testing, adding to the complexity of the pathologic diagnosis. In the right morphologic and clinical context, a FOXL2 mutation-even if it is different from the dominant hotspot mutation c.402C>G (p.C134W)-can support the diagnosis of adult granulosa cell tumor.
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Gong X, Dai S, Wang T, Zhang J, Fan G, Luo M, Yi Y, Wang H, Lu D, Xu D. MiR-17-5p/FOXL2/CDKN1B signal programming in oocytes mediates transgenerational inheritance of diminished ovarian reserve in female offspring rats induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:867-883. [PMID: 34537908 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) induces long-term reproductive toxicity in female offspring. We sought to explore the transgenerational inheritance effects of PDE on diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) in female offspring. Dexamethasone was subcutaneously administered into pregnant Wistar rats from gestational day 9 (GD9) to GD20 to obtain fetal and adult offspring of the F1 generation. F1 adult females were mated with normal males to produce the F2 generation, and the F3 generation. The findings showed decrease of serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) that in the PDE group, decrease in number of primordial follicles, and upregulation of miR-17-5p expression before birth in F1 offspring rats. Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) and Forkhead Box L2 (FOXL2) were downregulated, and binding of FOXL2 and the CDKN1B promoter region was decreased in PDE groups of the F1, F2, and F3 generations. In vitro intervention experiments showed that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was involved in activity of dexamethasone. These findings indicate that PDE can activate GR in fetal rat ovary and induce DOR of offspring, and its heritability is mediated by the cascade effect of miR-17-5p/FOXL2/CDKN1B. Increase in miR-17-5p expression in oocytes is the potential molecular basis for transgenerational inheritance of PDE effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shiyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guanlan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mingcui Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yiwen Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for high altitude medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, 810001, China.
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Steroidogenic Factor 1, a Goldilocks Transcription Factor from Adrenocortical Organogenesis to Malignancy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043585. [PMID: 36835002 PMCID: PMC9959402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, also termed Ad4BP; NR5A1 in the official nomenclature) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of adrenal and gonadal development, function and maintenance. In addition to its classical role in regulating the expression of P450 steroid hydroxylases and other steroidogenic genes, involvement in other key processes such as cell survival/proliferation and cytoskeleton dynamics have also been highlighted for SF-1. SF-1 has a restricted pattern of expression, being expressed along the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and in steroidogenic organs since the time of their establishment. Reduced SF-1 expression affects proper gonadal and adrenal organogenesis and function. On the other hand, SF-1 overexpression is found in adrenocortical carcinoma and represents a prognostic marker for patients' survival. This review is focused on the current knowledge about SF-1 and the crucial importance of its dosage for adrenal gland development and function, from its involvement in adrenal cortex formation to tumorigenesis. Overall, data converge towards SF-1 being a key player in the complex network of transcriptional regulation within the adrenal gland in a dosage-dependent manner.
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Open-label phase II clinical trial of ketoconazole as CYP17 inhibitor in metastatic or advanced non-resectable granulosa cell ovarian tumors: the GREKO (GRanulosa Et KetOconazole) trial, GETHI 2011-03. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2023:10.1007/s12094-023-03085-w. [PMID: 36708371 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulosa cell ovarian tumor (GCT) is characterized by a pathognomonic mutation in the FOXL2 gene (402 C > G) that leads to an overactivation of steroidogenesis. CYP17 is a key enzyme in such process and can be inhibited by ketoconazole. METHODS We designed a phase II clinical trial to assess the efficacy of ketoconazole in advanced GCT and conducted several in vitro studies to support the clinical findings. RESULTS From October 1st 2012 to January 31st 2014, six evaluable patients were recruited in ten hospitals of the Spanish Group for Transversal Oncology and Research in Orphan and Infrequent Tumors" (GETTHI). FOXL2 (402C > G) mutation was confirmed in three; two cases were wild type and it could not be assessed in one. No objective response by RECIST was observed, but five cases achieved stable disease longer than 12 months. Median progression-free survival was 14.06 months (CI 95% 5.43-22.69) for the whole study population (3.38 and 13.47 months for wild-type cases and 14.06, 20.67 and 26.51 for those with confirmed FOXL2 mutation). Median overall survival was 22·99 months (CI 95% 8.99-36.99). In vitro assays confirmed the activity of ketoconazole in this tumor and suggested potential synergisms with other hormone therapies. CONCLUSION Ketoconazole has shown activity in advanced GCT in clinical and in vitro studies. Based on these data, an orphan designation was granted by the European Medicines Agency for ketoconazole in GCT (EU/3/17/1857). CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01584297.
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Overland MR, Li Y, Derpinghaus A, Aksel S, Cao M, Ladwig N, Cunha GR, Himelreich-Perić M, Baskin LS. Development of the human ovary: Fetal through pubertal ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis and expression of cellular differentiation markers. Differentiation 2023; 129:37-59. [PMID: 36347737 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A definition of normal human fetal and early postnatal ovarian development is critical to the ability to accurately diagnose the presence or absence of functional ovarian tissue in clinical specimens. Through assembling an extensive histologic and immunohistochemical developmental ontogeny of human ovarian specimens from 8 weeks of gestation through 16 years of postnatal, we present a comprehensive immunohistochemical mapping of normal protein expression patterns in the early fetal through post-pubertal human ovary and detail a specific expression-based definition of the early stages of follicular development. Normal fetal and postnatal ovarian tissue is defined by the presence of follicular structures and characteristic immunohistochemical staining patterns, including granulosa cells expressing Forkhead Box Protein L2 (FOXL2). However, the current standard array of immunohistochemical markers poorly defines ovarian stromal tissue, and additional work is needed to identify new markers to advance our ability to accurately identify ovarian stromal components in gonadal specimens from patients with disorders of sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Overland
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Amber Derpinghaus
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sena Aksel
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nicholas Ladwig
- Department of Pathology, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Marta Himelreich-Perić
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Yao C, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Jia X, Zou P, Wang Y. Integration of RNAi and RNA-seq uncovers the regulation mechanism of DDX20 on vitellogenin expression in Scylla paramamosain. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 44:101028. [PMID: 36244220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitellogenesis in crustaceans is controlled by several steroid hormones. In humans, the expression of SF-1, a gene that regulates gonadal development and the synthesis of steroid hormones, is affected by DDX20. However, how the homologous gene FTZ-F1 is regulated by DDX20 and its association with vitellogenesis remains unknown in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. In this study, SpDDX20 and SpFTZ-F1 were identified in the transcriptome of mature ovarian tissue from the mud crab. qRT-PCR results revealed that the expression levels of SpFTZ-F1 and SpVTG in the ovaries of crab in the experimental group injected with dsDDX20 (EO) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the negative control group injected with dsEGFP (NO) and the blank control group injected with SPSS (BO). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by comparative transcriptome analysis of the EO group and NO group were enriched into five pathways related to ovarian steroidogenesis. The expression of CYP17, CYP3A4, CYP1A1 and 3β-HSD were up-regulated in pathways related to steroid hormone production and biosynthesis. The expression of the INSR, IRS and PI3K genes in the insulin signaling pathway were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The expression level of the TGF-β gene was up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the transforming growth factor pathway, whereas the expression level of the Smad2 gene was down-regulated (P < 0.05). The expression of GnRHR, GS, AC and PKA genes in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway were up-regulated. Our data provide a foundation for investigating the relationship between DDX20 and FTZ-F1 in the regulation of vitellogenin expression in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Yao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yulong Sun
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiwei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen 361021, China.
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12
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Sepponen K, Lundin K, Yohannes DA, Vuoristo S, Balboa D, Poutanen M, Ohlsson C, Hustad S, Bifulco E, Paloviita P, Otonkoski T, Ritvos O, Sainio K, Tapanainen JS, Tuuri T. Steroidogenic factor 1 (NR5A1) induces multiple transcriptional changes during differentiation of human gonadal-like cells. Differentiation 2022; 128:83-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tucker EJ. The Genetics and Biology of FOXL2. Sex Dev 2021; 16:184-193. [PMID: 34727551 DOI: 10.1159/000519836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXL2 encodes a transcription factor that regulates a wide array of target genes including those involved in sex development, eyelid development, ovarian function and maintenance, genomic integrity as well as cellular pathways such as cell-cycle progression, proliferation, and apoptosis. The role of FOXL2 has been widely studied in humans and animals. Consistent with its role in ovarian and eyelid development, over 100 germline variants in FOXL2 are associated with blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome in humans, an autosomal dominant condition characterised by ovarian dysgenesis/premature ovarian insufficiency, as well as defective eyelid development. Reflecting its role in apoptosis and proliferation, a somatic variant in FOXL2 causes adult granulosa cell tumours in humans. Despite being widely studied and having clear relevance to human disease, much remains unknown about the genes FOXL2 regulates and how it exerts its wide-reaching effect on multiple organs. This review focuses on FOXL2 and its varied roles as a transcription factor in sex determination, ovarian maintenance and function, eyelid development, genome integrity, and cell regulation, followed by discussion of the in vivo disruption of FOXL2 in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J Tucker
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Liu H, Jin H, Kim G, Bae J. A low dose of bisphenol A stimulates estradiol production by regulating β-catenin-FOXL2-CYP19A1 pathway in human ovarian granulosa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 583:192-198. [PMID: 34749236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical that interferes with normal steroid hormone production in various species. However, the underlying mechanism of the effect of BPA on steroid production in the human ovary is not well understood. In the present study, we found that BPA, at very low concentrations (10-11 to 10-8 M), significantly increased the expression of FOXL2, a transcriptional factor essential for proper ovarian development and function, in a human ovarian granulosa cell-derived cell line (KGN). Furthermore, BPA enhanced CYP19A1 (aromatase) expression levels and estradiol (E2) production, but these effects were not observed in FOXL2 knockout (KO) cells. In addition, we found that BPA upregulates β-catenin (CTNNB1) and stimulates nuclear translocation of CTNNB1, leading to transcriptional activation of FOXL2 mRNA. Furthermore, BPA failed to induce CYP19A1 and E2 production in CTNNB1-silenced KGN cells. Thus, we reveal a comprehensive molecular signaling cascade encompassing BPA-CTNNB1-FOXL2-CYP19A1-E2 that contributes to the endocrine-disrupting activities of BPA in human ovarian granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Hanyong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guenhwi Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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15
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Yu Y, Ji M, Xu W, Zhang L, Qi M, Shu J. Confrontment and solution to gonadotropin resistance and low oocyte retrieval in in vitro fertilization for type I BPES: a case series with review of literature. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:143. [PMID: 34711234 PMCID: PMC8555206 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FOXL2 mutations in human cause Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES). While type II BPES solely features eyelid abnormality, type I BPES involves not only eyelid but also ovary, leading to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and female infertility. Current mainstream reproductive option for type I BPES is embryo or oocyte donation. Attempts on assisted reproductive technology (ART) aiming biological parenthood in this population were sparse and mostly unsuccessful. Case presentation Two Chinese type I BPES patients with low anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and elevated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) presented with primary infertility in their early 30s. Genetic studies confirmed two heterozygous duplication mutations that were never reported previously in East Asian populations. They received in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment and both exhibited resistance to gonadotropin and difficulty in retrieving oocytes in repeated cycles. Doubled to quadrupled total gonadotropin doses were required to awaken follicular response. Patient 1 delivered a baby girl with the same eyelid phenotype and patient 2 had ongoing live intrauterine pregnancy at the time of manuscript submission. Conclusions This is the second reported live birth of biological offspring in type I BPES patients, and first success using IVF techniques. It confirmed that ART is difficult but feasible in type I BPES. It further alerts clinicians and genetic counsellors to type female BPES patients with caution in view of the precious and potentially narrowed reproductive window. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13048-021-00900-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Yu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxia Ji
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihai Xu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Integrated Analysis of miR-430 on Steroidogenesis-Related Gene Expression of Larval Rice Field Eel Monopterus albus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136994. [PMID: 34209701 PMCID: PMC8269179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to reveal the mechanism by which miR-430s regulate steroidogenesis in larval rice field eel Monopterus albus. To this end, M. albus embryos were respectively microinjected with miRNA-overexpressing mimics (agomir430a, agomir430b, and agomir430c) or miRNA-knockdown inhibitors (antagomir430a, antagomir430b, and antagomir430c). Transcriptome profiling of the larvae indicated that a total of more than 149 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the eight treatments. Specifically, DEGs related to steroidogenesis, the GnRH signaling pathway, the erbB signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, and other pathways were characterized in the transcriptome. We found that steroidogenesis-related genes (hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3 (17β-hsdb3), hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 7 (17β-hsdb7), hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 12 (17β-hsdb12), and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily a (cyp19a1b)) were significantly downregulated in miR-430 knockdown groups. The differential expressions of miR-430 in three gonads indicated different roles of three miR-430 (a, b, and c) isoforms in regulating steroidogenesis and sex differentiation. Mutation of the miR-430 sites reversed the downregulation of cytochrome P450 family 17 (cyp17), cyp19a1b, and forkhead box L2 (foxl2) reporter activities by miR-430, indicating that miR-430 directly interacted with cyp17, cyp19a1b, and foxl2 genes to inhibit their expressions. Combining these findings, we concluded that miR-430 regulated the steroidogenesis and the biosynthesis of steroid hormones by targeting cyp19a1b in larval M. albus. Our results provide a novel insight into steroidogenesis at the early stage of fish at the molecular level.
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17
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Whiteley SL, Holleley CE, Wagner S, Blackburn J, Deveson IW, Marshall Graves JA, Georges A. Two transcriptionally distinct pathways drive female development in a reptile with both genetic and temperature dependent sex determination. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009465. [PMID: 33857129 PMCID: PMC8049264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How temperature determines sex remains unknown. A recent hypothesis proposes that conserved cellular mechanisms (calcium and redox; 'CaRe' status) sense temperature and identify genes and regulatory pathways likely to be involved in driving sexual development. We take advantage of the unique sex determining system of the model organism, Pogona vitticeps, to assess predictions of this hypothesis. P. vitticeps has ZZ male: ZW female sex chromosomes whose influence can be overridden in genetic males by high temperatures, causing male-to-female sex reversal. We compare a developmental transcriptome series of ZWf females and temperature sex reversed ZZf females. We demonstrate that early developmental cascades differ dramatically between genetically driven and thermally driven females, later converging to produce a common outcome (ovaries). We show that genes proposed as regulators of thermosensitive sex determination play a role in temperature sex reversal. Our study greatly advances the search for the mechanisms by which temperature determines sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Whiteley
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, Australia
| | - Clare E. Holleley
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, Australia
| | - Susan Wagner
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - James Blackburn
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ira W. Deveson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Marshall Graves
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Latrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Yan YL, Titus T, Desvignes T, BreMiller R, Batzel P, Sydes J, Farnsworth D, Dillon D, Wegner J, Phillips JB, Peirce J, Dowd J, Buck CL, Miller A, Westerfield M, Postlethwait JH. A fish with no sex: gonadal and adrenal functions partition between zebrafish NR5A1 co-orthologs. Genetics 2021; 217:iyaa030. [PMID: 33724412 PMCID: PMC8045690 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
People with NR5A1 mutations experience testicular dysgenesis, ovotestes, or adrenal insufficiency, but we do not completely understand the origin of this phenotypic diversity. NR5A1 is expressed in gonadal soma precursor cells before expression of the sex-determining gene SRY. Many fish have two co-orthologs of NR5A1 that likely partitioned ancestral gene subfunctions between them. To explore ancestral roles of NR5A1, we knocked out nr5a1a and nr5a1b in zebrafish. Single-cell RNA-seq identified nr5a1a-expressing cells that co-expressed genes for steroid biosynthesis and the chemokine receptor Cxcl12a in 1-day postfertilization (dpf) embryos, as does the mammalian adrenal-gonadal (interrenal-gonadal) primordium. In 2dpf embryos, nr5a1a was expressed stronger in the interrenal-gonadal primordium than in the early hypothalamus but nr5a1b showed the reverse. Adult Leydig cells expressed both ohnologs and granulosa cells expressed nr5a1a stronger than nr5a1b. Mutants for nr5a1a lacked the interrenal, formed incompletely differentiated testes, had no Leydig cells, and grew far larger than normal fish. Mutants for nr5a1b formed a disorganized interrenal and their gonads completely disappeared. All homozygous mutant genotypes lacked secondary sex characteristics, including male breeding tubercles and female sex papillae, and had exceedingly low levels of estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone, and cortisol. RNA-seq showed that at 21dpf, some animals were developing as females and others were not, independent of nr5a1 genotype. By 35dpf, all mutant genotypes greatly under-expressed ovary-biased genes. Because adult nr5a1a mutants form gonads but lack an interrenal and conversely, adult nr5a1b mutants lack a gonad but have an interrenal, the adrenal, and gonadal functions of the ancestral nr5a1 gene partitioned between ohnologs after the teleost genome duplication, likely owing to reciprocal loss of ancestral tissue-specific regulatory elements. Identifying such elements could provide hints to otherwise unexplained cases of Differences in Sex Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Tom Titus
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ruth BreMiller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Peter Batzel
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Jason Sydes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Dylan Farnsworth
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Danielle Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeremy Wegner
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Judy Peirce
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - John Dowd
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Charles Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Adam Miller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Shin E, Jin H, Suh D, Luo Y, Ha H, Kim TH, Hahn Y, Hyun S, Lee K, Bae J. An alternative miRISC targets a cancer-associated coding sequence mutation in FOXL2. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104719. [PMID: 33215742 PMCID: PMC7737606 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104719|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that animal microRNAs (miRNAs) can target coding sequences (CDSs); however, the pathophysiological importance of such targeting remains unknown. Here, we show that a somatic heterozygous missense mutation (c.402C>G; p.C134W) in FOXL2, a feature shared by virtually all adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs), introduces a target site for miR-1236, which causes haploinsufficiency of the tumor-suppressor FOXL2. This miR-1236-mediated selective degradation of the variant FOXL2 mRNA is preferentially conducted by a distinct miRNA-loaded RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) directed by the Argonaute3 (AGO3) and DHX9 proteins. In both patients and a mouse model of AGCT, abundance of the inversely regulated variant FOXL2 with miR-1236 levels is highly correlated with malignant features of AGCT. Our study provides a molecular basis for understanding the conserved FOXL2 CDS mutation-mediated etiology of AGCT, revealing the existence of a previously unidentified mechanism of miRNA-targeting disease-associated mutations in the CDS by forming a non-canonical miRISC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanyong Jin
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Dae‐Shik Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyAsan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Yongyang Luo
- School of PharmacyChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hye‐Jeong Ha
- School of PharmacyChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Department of PathologyBundang CHA HospitalCHA UniversitySeongnamKorea
| | - Yoonsoo Hahn
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seogang Hyun
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- School of PharmacyChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
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20
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Shin E, Jin H, Suh DS, Luo Y, Ha HJ, Kim TH, Hahn Y, Hyun S, Lee K, Bae J. An alternative miRISC targets a cancer-associated coding sequence mutation in FOXL2. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104719. [PMID: 33215742 PMCID: PMC7737606 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that animal microRNAs (miRNAs) can target coding sequences (CDSs); however, the pathophysiological importance of such targeting remains unknown. Here, we show that a somatic heterozygous missense mutation (c.402C>G; p.C134W) in FOXL2, a feature shared by virtually all adult-type granulosa cell tumors (AGCTs), introduces a target site for miR-1236, which causes haploinsufficiency of the tumor-suppressor FOXL2. This miR-1236-mediated selective degradation of the variant FOXL2 mRNA is preferentially conducted by a distinct miRNA-loaded RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) directed by the Argonaute3 (AGO3) and DHX9 proteins. In both patients and a mouse model of AGCT, abundance of the inversely regulated variant FOXL2 with miR-1236 levels is highly correlated with malignant features of AGCT. Our study provides a molecular basis for understanding the conserved FOXL2 CDS mutation-mediated etiology of AGCT, revealing the existence of a previously unidentified mechanism of miRNA-targeting disease-associated mutations in the CDS by forming a non-canonical miRISC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanyong Jin
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Shik Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongyang Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Ha
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Hahn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seogang Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Nicol B, Rodriguez K, Yao HHC. Aberrant and constitutive expression of FOXL2 impairs ovarian development and functions in mice. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:966-977. [PMID: 32945847 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Development and functions of the ovary rely on appropriate signaling and communication between various ovarian cell types. FOXL2, a transcription factor that plays a key role at different stages of ovarian development, is associated with primary ovarian insufficiency and ovarian cancer as a result of its loss-of-function or mutations. In this study, we investigated the impact of aberrant, constitutive expression of FOXL2 in somatic cells of the ovary. Overexpression of FOXL2 that started during fetal life resulted in defects in nest breakdown and consequent formation of polyovular follicles. Granulosa cell differentiation was impaired and recruitment and differentiation of steroidogenic theca cells was compromised. As a consequence, adult ovaries overexpressing FOXL2 exhibited defects in compartmentalization of granulosa and theca cells, significant decreased steroidogenesis and lack of ovulation. These findings demonstrate that fine-tuned expression of FOXL2 is required for proper folliculogenesis and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nicol
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Karina Rodriguez
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Humphrey H-C Yao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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22
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Luo W, Gu L, Li J, Gong Y. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that knocking down FOXL2 affected cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and DNA replication in chicken pre-ovulatory follicle cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234795. [PMID: 32645018 PMCID: PMC7347172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) is a single-exon gene encoding a forkhead transcription factor, which is mainly expressed in the ovary, eyelids and the pituitary gland. FOXL2 plays an essential role in ovarian development. To reveal the effects of FOXL2 on the biological process and gene expression of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs), we established stable FOXL2-knockdown GCs and then analysed them using transcriptome sequencing. It was observed that knocking down FOXL2 affected the biological processes of cell proliferation, DNA replication, and apoptosis and affected cell cycle progression. FOXL2 knockdown promoted cell proliferation and DNA replication, decreased cell apoptosis, and promoted mitosis. In addition, by comparing the transcriptome after FOXL2 knockdown, we found a series of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and related pathways. These results indicated that, through mediating these genes and pathways, the FOXL2 might induce the cell proliferation, cycle, and DNA replication, and play a key role during ovarian development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Lantao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Yanzhang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061398. [PMID: 32485873 PMCID: PMC7353025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-epithelial ovarian tumors are heterogeneous and account for approximately 10% of ovarian malignancies. The most common subtypes of non-epithelial ovarian tumors arise from germ cells or sex cord and stromal cells of the gonads. These tumors are usually detected at an early stage, and management includes surgical staging and debulking. When indicated for advanced disease, most respond to chemotherapy; however, options for patients with refractory disease are limited, and regimens can be associated with significant toxicities, including permanent organ dysfunction, secondary malignancies, and death. Targeted therapies that potentially decrease chemotherapy-related adverse effects and improve outcomes for patients with chemotherapy-refractory disease are needed. Here, we review the molecular landscape of non-epithelial ovarian tumors for the purpose of informing rational clinical trial design. Recent genomic discoveries have uncovered recurring somatic alterations and germline mutations in subtypes of non-epithelial ovarian tumors. Though there is a paucity of efficacy data on targeted therapies, such as kinase inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy, exceptional responses to some compounds have been reported. The rarity and complexity of non-epithelial ovarian tumors warrant collaboration and efficient clinical trial design, including high-quality molecular characterization, to guide future efforts.
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FOXL2 directs DNA double-strand break repair pathways by differentially interacting with Ku. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2010. [PMID: 32332759 PMCID: PMC7181608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways is influenced by binding of the Ku complex, a XRCC5/6 heterodimer, to DSB ends, initiating non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) but preventing additional DSB end resection and homologous recombination (HR). However, the key molecular cue for Ku recruitment to DSB sites is unknown. Here, we report that FOXL2, a forkhead family transcriptional factor, directs DSB repair pathway choice by acetylation-dependent binding to Ku. Upon DSB induction, SIRT1 translocates to the nucleus and deacetylates FOXL2 at lysine 124, leading to liberation of XRCC5 and XRCC6 from FOXL2 and formation of the Ku complex. FOXL2 ablation enhances Ku recruitment to DSB sites, imbalances DSB repair kinetics by accelerating NHEJ and inhibiting HR, and thus leads to catastrophic genomic events. Our study unveils the SIRT1-(de)acetylated FOXL2-Ku axis that governs the balance of DSB repair pathways to maintain genome integrity.
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Penrad-Mobayed M, Perrin C, Herman L, Todeschini AL, Nigon F, Cosson B, Caburet S, Veitia RA. Conventional and unconventional interactions of the transcription factor FOXL2 uncovered by a proteome-wide analysis. FASEB J 2019; 34:571-587. [PMID: 31914586 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901573r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the study of its transcriptional target genes, the identification of the various interactors of a transcription factor (TF) is crucial to understand its diverse cellular roles. We focused on FOXL2, a winged-helix forkhead TF important for ovarian development and maintenance. FOXL2 has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including apoptosis, the control of cell cycle or the regulation of steroid hormone synthesis. To reliably identify partners of endogenous FOXL2, we performed a proteome-wide analysis using co-immunoprecipitation in the murine granulosa cell-derived AT29c and the pituitary-derived alpha-T3 cell lines, using three antibodies targeting different parts of the protein. Following a stringent selection of mass spectrometry data on the basis of identification reliability and protein enrichment, we identified a core set of 255 partners common to both cell lines. Their analysis showed that we could co-precipitate several complexes involved in mRNA processing, chromatin remodeling and DNA replication and repair. We further validated (direct and/or indirect) interactions with selected partners, suggesting an unexpected role for FOXL2 in those processes. Overall, this comprehensive analysis of the endogenous FOXL2 interactome sheds light on its numerous and diverse interactors and unconventional cellular roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Penrad-Mobayed
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Perrin
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Herman
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabienne Nigon
- Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS UMR7216, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Cosson
- Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS UMR7216, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Caburet
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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RUNX1 maintains the identity of the fetal ovary through an interplay with FOXL2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5116. [PMID: 31712577 PMCID: PMC6848188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination of the gonads begins with fate specification of gonadal supporting cells into either ovarian pre-granulosa cells or testicular Sertoli cells. This fate specification hinges on a balance of transcriptional control. Here we report that expression of the transcription factor RUNX1 is enriched in the fetal ovary in rainbow trout, turtle, mouse, goat, and human. In the mouse, RUNX1 marks the supporting cell lineage and becomes pre-granulosa cell-specific as the gonads differentiate. RUNX1 plays complementary/redundant roles with FOXL2 to maintain fetal granulosa cell identity and combined loss of RUNX1 and FOXL2 results in masculinization of fetal ovaries. At the chromatin level, RUNX1 occupancy overlaps partially with FOXL2 occupancy in the fetal ovary, suggesting that RUNX1 and FOXL2 target common sets of genes. These findings identify RUNX1, with an ovary-biased expression pattern conserved across species, as a regulator in securing the identity of ovarian-supporting cells and the ovary.
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27
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Jin Y, Zhang Q, Pan JX, Wang FF, Qu F. The effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:6278-6293. [PMID: 31709857 PMCID: PMC7045688 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519876467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a common endocrine-disrupting chemical,
which has potential reproductive toxicity. This study aimed to explore the
effects of DEHP exposure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
undergoing in vitro fertilization. Methods In this case-control study, DEHP levels in follicular fluid (FF) of women
with PCOS (n = 56) and controls (n = 51) were measured. The in
vitro effects of DEHP exposure on primary-cultured human
granulosa cells (GCs) and a steroidogenic human granulosa-like tumor cell
line (KGN cells) were analyzed. Results Concentrations of DEHP in FF were significantly higher in women with PCOS
than in controls. The clinical pregnancy rate was significantly lower in
women with PCOS with high levels of DEHP than in controls. The levels of
androgens produced by human GCs were significantly increased following DEHP
exposure. Compared with controls, DEHP-treated human GCs and KGN cells
showed significantly lower viability, cell cycle arrest, higher apoptosis,
and altered expression of apoptosis-related genes. Conclusion Women with PCOS are exposed to increased levels of DEHP in follicles, which
may be associated with pregnancy loss following in vitro
fertilization. DEHP may disrupt steroid production, balance in cellular
proliferation, and apoptosis in human granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Xue Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Qu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Han Y, Wu J, Yang W, Wang D, Zhang T, Cheng M. New STAT3-FOXL2 pathway and its function in cancer cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:17. [PMID: 31221094 PMCID: PMC6587274 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forkhead transcription factor (FOXL2) plays a crucial role in blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), sex determination, ovary growth and development, and cell cycle regulation. Emerging investigations have focused on the downstream targets of FOXL2, while little is known about its upstream regulation. RESULTS In this study, we show that FOXL2 could be regulated by STAT3 in cancer cells and that STAT3 binds to FOXL2 at the 5'- GCCTGATGTTTGTCTTCCCAGTCTGTGGCAA-3' site using EMSA and ChIP. We further found that knockdown of STAT3 or FOXL2 could significantly induce cancer cell apoptosis, indicating the importance of these two genes in cancer cell growth and apoptosis. Our data also indicated that the increased apoptotic cell rate may be caused by changes in apoptosis-related genes, such as TNF, TRAIL and GnRHR. CONCLUSION This study presents a new upstream regulator of FOXL2 and demonstrats that this new STAT3-FOXL2 pathway has an important function in HeLaHeLa cell apoptosis, providing new insights regarding the targeting of FOXL2 for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Han
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Plastic Surgery Institute of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- Plastic Surgery Institute of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China.
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Nicol B, Grimm SA, Gruzdev A, Scott GJ, Ray MK, Yao HHC. Genome-wide identification of FOXL2 binding and characterization of FOXL2 feminizing action in the fetal gonads. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:4273-4287. [PMID: 30212841 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of the gonads is determined by which fate, ovarian granulosa cell or testicular Sertoli cell, the bipotential somatic cell precursors choose to follow. In most vertebrates, the conserved transcription factor FOXL2 contributes to the fate of granulosa cells. To understand FOXL2 functions during gonad differentiation, we performed genome-wide analysis of FOXL2 chromatin occupancy in fetal ovaries and established a genetic mouse model that forces Foxl2 expression in the fetal testis. When FOXL2 was ectopically expressed in the somatic cell precursors in the fetal testis, FOXL2 was sufficient to repress Sertoli cell differentiation, ultimately resulting in partial testis-to-ovary sex-reversal. Combining genome-wide analysis of FOXL2 binding in the fetal ovary with transcriptomic analyses of our Foxl2 gain-of-function and previously published Foxl2 loss-of-function models, we identified potential pathways responsible for the feminizing action of FOXL2. Finally, comparison of FOXL2 genome-wide occupancy in the fetal ovary with testis-determining factor SOX9 genome-wide occupancy in the fetal testis revealed extensive overlaps, implying that antagonistic signals between FOXL2 and SOX9 occur at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nicol
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Knockout Mouse Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Greg J Scott
- Knockout Mouse Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Manas K Ray
- Knockout Mouse Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Humphrey H-C Yao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Meinsohn MC, Smith OE, Bertolin K, Murphy BD. The Orphan Nuclear Receptors Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Liver Receptor Homolog-1: Structure, Regulation, and Essential Roles in Mammalian Reproduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1249-1279. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are intracellular proteins that act as transcription factors. Proteins with classic nuclear receptor domain structure lacking identified signaling ligands are designated orphan nuclear receptors. Two of these, steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1, also known as SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2, also known as LRH-1), bind to the same DNA sequences, with different and nonoverlapping effects on targets. Endogenous regulation of both is achieved predominantly by cofactor interactions. SF-1 is expressed primarily in steroidogenic tissues, LRH-1 in tissues of endodermal origin and the gonads. Both receptors modulate cholesterol homeostasis, steroidogenesis, tissue-specific cell proliferation, and stem cell pluripotency. LRH-1 is essential for development beyond gastrulation and SF-1 for genesis of the adrenal, sexual differentiation, and Leydig cell function. Ovary-specific depletion of SF-1 disrupts follicle development, while LRH-1 depletion prevents ovulation, cumulus expansion, and luteinization. Uterine depletion of LRH-1 compromises decidualization and pregnancy. In humans, SF-1 is present in endometriotic tissue, where it regulates estrogen synthesis. SF-1 is underexpressed in ovarian cancer cells and overexpressed in Leydig cell tumors. In breast cancer cells, proliferation, migration and invasion, and chemotherapy resistance are regulated by LRH-1. In conclusion, the NR5A orphan nuclear receptors are nonredundant factors that are crucial regulators of a panoply of biological processes, across multiple reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Meinsohn
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivia E. Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Kalyne Bertolin
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Santos Guasch GL, Beeler JS, Marshall CB, Shaver TM, Sheng Q, Johnson KN, Boyd KL, Venters BJ, Cook RS, Pietenpol JA. p73 Is Required for Ovarian Follicle Development and Regulates a Gene Network Involved in Cell-to-Cell Adhesion. iScience 2018; 8:236-249. [PMID: 30340069 PMCID: PMC6197761 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that p73 is expressed in ovarian granulosa cells and that loss of p73 leads to attenuated follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation, resulting in decreased levels of circulating progesterone and defects in mammary gland branching. Ectopic progesterone in p73-deficient mice completely rescued the mammary branching and partially rescued the ovarian follicle development defects. Performing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on transcripts from murine wild-type and p73-deficient antral follicles, we discovered differentially expressed genes that regulate biological adhesion programs. Through modulation of p73 expression in murine granulosa cells and transformed cell lines, followed by RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, we discovered p73-dependent regulation of a gene set necessary for cell adhesion and migration and components of the focimatrix (focal intra-epithelial matrix), a basal lamina between granulosa cells that promotes follicle maturation. In summary, p73 is essential for ovarian folliculogenesis and functions as a key regulator of a gene network involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and migration. p73 is required for murine ovarian folliculogenesis and proper corpus luteum formation p73 loss leads to defects in progesterone signaling and mammary gland branching In murine ovaries, p73 is expressed specifically in granulosa cells p73 regulates components of the granulosa cell focimatrix and migration
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Scott Beeler
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clayton B Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy M Shaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Deparment of Biostatistics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kimberly N Johnson
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan J Venters
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Yang AD, Curtin J, Muggia F. Ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumor: focusing on endocrine-based therapies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2017-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-type granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), although rare, are the most commonly diagnosed neoplasms arising in the endocrine-active ovarian stroma. They are characterized by excessive production of estrogens, antimullerian hormone and inhibins. In 2009, a specific mutation in FOXL2 was identified to be pathognomonic of GCTs. How dysregulation of this transcription factor, resulting in upregulation of aromatase, leads to unchecked proliferation, and progression to a malignancy, remains unclear. The key pathological and clinical feature of GCTs that affects their usually favorable outcomes is a diagnosis of greater than Stage 1 disease at presentation. Chemotherapy is given as adjuvant upon an advanced stage diagnosis; however, its effect on survival upon recurrence is modest. On the other hand, aromatase inhibitors also lead to tumor regression and are suitable for long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie D Yang
- NYU School of Medicine & Divisions of Medical Oncology & Gynecologic Oncology of the Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John Curtin
- NYU School of Medicine & Divisions of Medical Oncology & Gynecologic Oncology of the Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Franco Muggia
- NYU School of Medicine & Divisions of Medical Oncology & Gynecologic Oncology of the Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Belli M, Iwata N, Nakamura T, Iwase A, Stupack D, Shimasaki S. FOXL2C134W-Induced CYP19 Expression via Cooperation With SMAD3 in HGrC1 Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1690-1703. [PMID: 29471425 PMCID: PMC6238151 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Germline knockout studies in female mice demonstrated an essential role for forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) in early follicle development, whereas an inducible granulosa cell (GC)-specific deletion of Foxl2 in adults has shown ovary-to-testis somatic sex reprogramming. In women, over 120 different germline mutations in the FOXL2 gene have been shown to cause blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicantus inversus syndrome associated with or without primary ovarian insufficiency. By contrast, a single somatic mutation (FOXL2C134W) accounts for almost all adult-type GC tumors (aGCTs). To test the hypothesis that FOXL2C134W differentially regulates the expression of aGCT markers, we investigated the effect of FOXL2C134W on inhibin B and P450 aromatase expression using a recently established human GC line (HGrC1), which we now show to bear two normal alleles of FOXL2. Neither FOXL2wt nor FOXL2C134W regulate INHBB messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. However, FOXL2C134W selectively displays a 50-fold induction of CYP19 mRNA expression dependent upon activin A. Mechanistically, the CYP19 promoter is activated in a similar way by FOXL2C134W interaction with SMAD3, but not by FOXL2wt. SMAD2 had no effect. Moreover, FOXL2C134W interactions with SMAD3 and with the FOX binding element located at -199 bp upstream of the ATG initiation codon of CYP19 are more sustainable than FOXL2wt. Thus, FOXL2C134W potentiates CYP19 expression in HGrC1 cells via enhanced recruitment of SMAD3 to a proximal FOX binding element. These findings may explain the pathophysiology of estrogen excess in patients with aGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Belli
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nahoko Iwata
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tomoko Nakamura
- Center for Maternal-Perinatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Center for Maternal-Perinatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dwayne Stupack
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shunichi Shimasaki
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Correspondence: Shunichi Shimasaki, PhD, Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093. E-mail:
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Lim D, Oliva E. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours: an update in recent molecular advances. Pathology 2017; 50:178-189. [PMID: 29275930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex cord-stromal tumours (SCSTs) consist of a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with diverse clinicopathological features and biological behaviour. They often present as a diagnostic challenge as they have varied and occasionally overlapping histomorphology and some may even mimic non-SCSTs. An accurate diagnosis is important for therapeutic and prognostic purposes. The use of a panel of immunohistochemical markers which are sensitive and specific for sex cord-stromal differentiation such as α-inhibin, calretinin, SF-1 and FOXL2, may be helpful in confirming the cellular lineage of these tumours, but is of limited utility in distinguishing between the different tumour types within this category. Additionally, the development of new therapeutic strategies in patients with SCSTs is also hampered by the infrequent occurrence of these neoplasms. Recent molecular analyses of some SCSTs has led to the discovery of novel molecular events, which may have important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. The salient pathological features, management issues and recently described genetic aberrations in adult and juvenile granulosa cell tumours as well as Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours are discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on the clinical significance of FOXL2 and DICER1 mutations. An in-depth understanding of the molecular pathogenesis underlying SCSTs may aid in improving tumour classification and disease prognostication and also potentially lead to the discovery of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lim
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore; Translational Centre for Development and Research, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Esther Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Qin S, Liu D, Kohli M, Wang L, Vedell PT, Hillman DW, Niu N, Yu J, Weinshilboum RM, Wang L. TSPYL Family Regulates CYP17A1 and CYP3A4 Expression: Potential Mechanism Contributing to Abiraterone Response in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 104:201-210. [PMID: 29027195 PMCID: PMC5899062 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The testis‐specific Y‐encoded‐like protein (TSPYL) gene family includes TSPYL1 to TSPYL6. We previously reported that TSPYL5 regulates cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19A1 expression. Here we show that TSPYLs, especially TSPYL 1, 2, and 4, can regulate the expression of many CYP genes, including CYP17A1, a key enzyme in androgen biosynthesis, and CYP3A4, an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of abiraterone, a CYP17 inhibitor. Furthermore, a common TSPYL1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs3828743 (G/A) (Pro62Ser), abolishes TSPYL1's ability to suppress CYP3A4 expression, resulting in reduced abiraterone concentrations and increased cell proliferation. Data from a prospective clinical trial of 87 metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone acetate/prednisone showed that the variant SNP genotype (A) was significantly associated with worse response and progression‐free survival. In summary, TSPYL genes are novel CYP gene transcription regulators, and genetic alteration within these genes significantly influences response to drug therapy through transcriptional regulation of CYP450 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Manish Kohli
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter T Vedell
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David W Hillman
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nifang Niu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Färkkilä A, Haltia UM, Tapper J, McConechy MK, Huntsman DG, Heikinheimo M. Pathogenesis and treatment of adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Ann Med 2017; 49:435-447. [PMID: 28276867 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1294760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-type granulosa cell tumor is a clinically and molecularly unique subtype of ovarian cancer. These tumors originate from the sex cord stromal cells of the ovary and represent 3-5% of all ovarian cancers. The majority of adult-type granulosa cell tumors are diagnosed at an early stage with an indolent prognosis. Surgery is the cornerstone for the treatment of both primary and relapsed tumor, while chemotherapy is applied only for advanced or non-resectable cases. Tumor stage is the only factor consistently associated with prognosis. However, every third of the patients relapse, typically in 4-7 years from diagnosis, leading to death in 50% of these patients. Anti-Müllerian Hormone and inhibin B are currently the most accurate circulating biomarkers. Adult-type granulosa cell tumors are molecularly characterized by a pathognomonic somatic missense point mutation 402C->G (C134W) in the transcription factor FOXL2. The FOXL2 402C->G mutation leads to increased proliferation and survival of granulosa cells, and promotes hormonal changes. Histological diagnosis of adult-type granulosa cell tumor is challenging, therefore testing for the FOXL2 mutation is crucial for differential diagnosis. Large international collaborations utilizing molecularly defined cohorts are essential to improve and validate new treatment strategies for patients with high-risk or relapsed adult-type granulosa cell tumor. Key Messages: Adult-type granulosa cell tumor is a unique ovarian cancer with an indolent, albeit unpredictable disease course. Adult-type granulosa cell tumors harbor a pathognomonic somatic missense mutation in transcription factor FOXL2. The key challenges in the treatment of patients with adult-type granulosa cell tumor lie in the identification and management of patients with high-risk or relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Färkkilä
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,b Children's Hospital , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Ulla-Maija Haltia
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,b Children's Hospital , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Johanna Tapper
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Melissa K McConechy
- c Department of Human Genetics , Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - David G Huntsman
- d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,e Department of Molecular Oncology , British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- b Children's Hospital , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,f Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital , St. Louis , MO , USA
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Sacchi S, Marinaro F, Xella S, Marsella T, Tagliasacchi D, La Marca A. The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) induces forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) expression in primary culture of human granulosa cells in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:1131-1136. [PMID: 28660501 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) are two pivotal genes expressed in human granulosa cells (hGCs) where both genes share similar inhibitory functions on activation and follicular growth in order to preserve the ovarian follicle reserve. Furthermore, AMH and FOXL2 contribute to inhibit steroidogenesis, decreasing or preventing the activation of gonadotrophin-dependent aromatase CYP19A1 cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of AMH in regulating the expression of FOXL2. METHODS Primary cultures of hGCs were treated with increasing concentrations of recombinant human AMH (rhAMH; range 10-100 ng/ml) for 3 h. Negative controls were performed using corresponding amounts of AMH vehicle. Total RNA or proteins were purified and quantified by spectrophotometry. FOXL2 and CYP19A1 gene expression, normalized by reference gene ribosomal protein S7 (RpS7), was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Each reaction was repeated in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed. Extracted proteins were analyzed by immunoblot using anti-FOXL2 and anti-β-actin as primary antibodies. RESULTS rhAMH treatments tested did not modulate the basal expression of aromatase CYP19A1 gene. rhAMH (50 ng/ml) was able to increase FOXL2 gene expression and its intracellular content. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the existence of an AMH-FOXL2 relationship in hGCs. AMH is capable of increasing both gene and protein expression of FOXL2. Because FOXL2 induces AMH transcription, these ovarian factors could be finely regulated by a positive feedback loop mechanism to preserve the ovarian follicle reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sacchi
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Marinaro
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy
| | - Susanna Xella
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marsella
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Tagliasacchi
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio La Marca
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy.
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Wang J, Gong Y. Transcription of CYP19A1 is directly regulated by SF-1 in the theca cells of ovary follicles in chicken. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 247:1-7. [PMID: 28347743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have suggested the important role of estrogen in ovarian differentiation and development of vertebrates including chicken. Cytochrome P450 aromatase, encoded by CYP19A1, is a key enzyme in estrogen synthesis, but the mechanism of CYP19A1 regulation in chicken remains unknown. Here, we found that CYP19A1 was only expressed in the theca cell layers of chicken ovary follicles. Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, also named as nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1, NR5A1), a potential regulators, was expressed in both the theca cell layers and granulosa cell layers. Forkheadbox L2 (FOXL2), another potential regulator, was only expressed in the granulosa cell layers. Using luciferase assays in vitro, we found that SF-1 could activate the promoter of CYP19A1 by binding to the nuclear receptor half-site (5'-TCAAGGTCA-3') from -280 to -271 base pairs. FOXL2 did not activate the promoter of chicken CYP19A1 gene in either 293T or DF-1 cells. Overexpression of SF-1 in DF-1 cells upregulated aromatase expression, but FOXL2 could not. Taken together, our results indicated that SF-1 activates CYP19A1 mRNA expression via a conserved binding site in chicken ovary, but FOXL2 may not affect the expression of CYP19A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Li H, Guo S, Cai L, Ma W, Shi Z. Lipopolysaccharide and heat stress impair the estradiol biosynthesis in granulosa cells via increase of HSP70 and inhibition of smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Cell Signal 2017; 30:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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41
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Yeom JH, Joo M, Lee B, Kim KP, Ha NC, Park Y, Bae J, Lee K. Intracellular delivery of recombinant proteins via gold nanoparticle–DNA aptamer composites is independent of the protein physicochemical properties and cell type. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Rossetti R, Ferrari I, Bonomi M, Persani L. Genetics of primary ovarian insufficiency. Clin Genet 2016; 91:183-198. [PMID: 27861765 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by a loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 and account for one major cause of female infertility. POI relevance is continuously growing because of the increasing number of women desiring conception beyond 30 years of age, when POI prevalence is >1%. POI is highly heterogeneous and can present with ovarian dysgenesis and primary amenorrhea, or with secondary amenorrhea, and it can be associated with other congenital or acquired abnormalities. In most cases POI remains classified as idiopathic. However, the age of menopause is an inheritable trait and POI has a strong genetic component. This is confirmed by the existence of several candidate genes, experimental and natural models. The variable expressivity of POI defect may indicate that, this disease may frequently be considered as a multifactorial or oligogenic defect. The most common genetic contributors to POI are the X chromosome-linked defects. Here, we review the principal X-linked and autosomal genes involved in syndromic and non-syndromic forms of POI with the expectation that this list will soon be upgraded, thus allowing the possibility to predict the risk of an early age at menopause in families with POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rossetti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - I Ferrari
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Bonomi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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43
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Jin H, Won M, Shin E, Kim HM, Lee K, Bae J. EGR2 is a gonadotropin-induced survival factor that controls the expression of IER3 in ovarian granulosa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:877-882. [PMID: 27890615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary gonadotropins are key hormones that orchestrate the growth and development of ovarian follicles. However, limited information is available on intra-ovarian factors that mediate the actions of gonadotropins. In this study, we identified that the early growth response 2 gene (EGR2) is a gonadotropin-inducible gene in granulosa cells of rats and humans. Analysis of consensus EGR-binding elements (EBEs) showed that the immediate early response 3 gene (IER3) is a novel transcriptional target gene of EGR2 as confirmed by the luciferase assay, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and western blot analysis. Overexpression of EGR2 promoted survival of KGN human granulosa-derived cells in which IER3 acts as a mediator; knockdown of EGR2 induced death in KGN cells. Additionally, EGR2 was found to regulate the expression of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1), which belongs to the BCL-2 family of proteins regulating cell survival. Thus, this study identified a novel signaling axis, comprised of gonadotropins-EGR2-IER3, which is important for the survival of granulosa cells during folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyong Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea
| | - Eunkyoung Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hong-Man Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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44
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Hirano M, Wada-Hiraike O, Fu H, Akino N, Isono W, Sakurabashi A, Fukuda T, Morita Y, Tanikawa M, Miyamoto Y, Nishi Y, Yanase T, Harada M, Oishi H, Yano T, Koga K, Oda K, Kawana K, Fujii T, Osuga Y. The Emerging Role of FOXL2 in Regulating the Transcriptional Activation Function of Estrogen Receptor β. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:133-141. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116651150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Hirano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Houju Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nana Akino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Isono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakurabashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanase
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Oishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Igarashi M, Takasawa K, Hakoda A, Kanno J, Takada S, Miyado M, Baba T, Morohashi KI, Tajima T, Hata K, Nakabayashi K, Matsubara Y, Sekido R, Ogata T, Kashimada K, Fukami M. IdenticalNR5A1Missense Mutations in Two Unrelated 46,XX Individuals with Testicular Tissues. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:39-42. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kei Takasawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Tokyo Japan
| | - Akiko Hakoda
- Department of Endocrinology; Miyagi Children's Hospital; Sendai Japan
| | - Junko Kanno
- Department of Endocrinology; Miyagi Children's Hospital; Sendai Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Baba
- Department of Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Ken-ichirou Morohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics; Hokkaido University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryohei Sekido
- Institute of Medical Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen United Kingdom
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Pediatrics; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Tokyo Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
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Pannetier M, Chassot AA, Chaboissier MC, Pailhoux E. Involvement of FOXL2 and RSPO1 in Ovarian Determination, Development, and Maintenance in Mammals. Sex Dev 2016; 10:167-184. [PMID: 27649556 DOI: 10.1159/000448667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, sex determination is a process through which the gonad is committed to differentiate into a testis or an ovary. This process relies on a delicate balance between genetic pathways that promote one fate and inhibit the other. Once the gonad is committed to the female pathway, ovarian differentiation begins and, depending on the species, is completed during gestation or shortly after birth. During this step, granulosa cell precursors, steroidogenic cells, and primordial germ cells start to express female-specific markers in a sex-dimorphic manner. The germ cells then arrest at prophase I of meiosis and, together with somatic cells, assemble into functional structures. This organization gives the ovary its definitive morphology and functionality during folliculogenesis. Until now, 2 main genetic cascades have been shown to be involved in female sex differentiation. The first is driven by FOXL2, a transcription factor that also plays a crucial role in folliculogenesis and ovarian fate maintenance in adults. The other operates through the WNT/CTNNB1 canonical pathway and is regulated primarily by R-spondin1. Here, we discuss the roles of FOXL2 and RSPO1/WNT/ CTNNB1 during ovarian development and homeostasis in different models, such as humans, goats, and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Pannetier
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
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47
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Chen S, Zhang H, Wang F, Zhang W, Peng G. nr0b1 (DAX1) mutation in zebrafish causes female-to-male sex reversal through abnormal gonadal proliferation and differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 433:105-16. [PMID: 27267667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sex determinations are diverse in vertebrates. Although many sex-determining genes and pathways are conserved, the mechanistic roles of these genes and pathways in the genetic sex determination are not well understood. DAX1 (encoded by the NR0B1 gene) is a vertebrate specific orphan nuclear receptor that regulates gonadal development and sexual determination. In human, duplication of the NR0B1 gene leads to male-to-female sex reversal. In mice, Nr0b1 shows both pro-testis and anti-testis functions. We generated inheritable nr0b1 mutation in the zebrafish and found the nr0b1 mutation caused homozygous mutants to develop as fertile males due to female-to-male sex reversal. The nr0b1 mutation did not increase Caspase-3 labeling nor tp53 expression in the developing gonads. Introduction of a tp53 mutation into the nr0b1 mutant did not rescue the sex-reversal phenotype. Further examination revealed reduction in cell proliferation and abnormal somatic cell differentiation in the nr0b1 mutant gonads at the undifferentiated and bi-potential ovary stages. Together, our results suggest nr0b1 regulates somatic cell differentiation and cell proliferation to ensure normal sex development in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Chen
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hefei Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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48
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Jin H, Won M, Park SE, Lee S, Park M, Bae J. FOXL2 Is an Essential Activator of SF-1-Induced Transcriptional Regulation of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Human Granulosa Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159112. [PMID: 27414805 PMCID: PMC4944948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is required for proper sexual differentiation by regulating the regression of the Müllerian ducts in males. Recent studies indicate that AMH could be an important factor for maintaining the ovarian reserve. However, the mechanisms of AMH regulation in the ovary are largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence that AMH is an ovarian target gene of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), an orphan nuclear receptor required for proper follicle development. FOXL2 is an evolutionally conserved transcription factor, and its mutations cause blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), wherein affected females display eyelid defects and premature ovarian failure (POF). Notably, we found that functional FOXL2 is essential for SF-1-induced AMH regulation, via protein–protein interactions between FOXL2 and SF-1. A BPES-inducing mutant of FOXL2 (290–291delCA) was unable to interact with SF-1 and failed to mediate the association between SF-1 and the AMH promoter. Therefore, this study identified a novel regulatory circuit for ovarian AMH production; specifically, through the coordinated interplay between FOXL2 and SF-1 that could control ovarian follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyong Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Si Eun Park
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghwa Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mira Park
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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49
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Marongiu M, Deiana M, Marcia L, Sbardellati A, Asunis I, Meloni A, Angius A, Cusano R, Loi A, Crobu F, Fotia G, Cucca F, Schlessinger D, Crisponi L. Novel action of FOXL2 as mediator of Col1a2 gene autoregulation. Dev Biol 2016; 416:200-211. [PMID: 27212026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
FOXL2 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved forkhead box (FOX) superfamily and is a master transcription factor in a spectrum of developmental pathways, including ovarian and eyelid development and bone, cartilage and uterine maturation. To analyse its action, we searched for proteins that interact with FOXL2. We found that FOXL2 interacts with specific C-terminal propeptides of several fibrillary collagens. Because these propeptides can participate in feedback regulation of collagen biosynthesis, we inferred that FOXL2 could thereby affect the transcription of the cognate collagen genes. Focusing on COL1A2, we found that FOXL2 indeed affects collagen synthesis, by binding to a DNA response element located about 65Kb upstream of this gene. According to our hypothesis we found that in Foxl2(-/-) mouse ovaries, Col1a2 was elevated from birth to adulthood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) compartmentalizes the ovary during folliculogenesis, (with type I, type III and type IV collagens as primary components), and ECM composition changes during the reproductive lifespan. In Foxl2(-/-) mouse ovaries, in addition to up-regulation of Col1a2, Col3a1, Col4a1 and fibronectin were also upregulated, while laminin expression was reduced. Thus, by regulating levels of extracellular matrix components, FOXL2 may contribute to both ovarian histogenesis and the fibrosis attendant on depletion of the follicle reserve during reproductive aging and menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Manila Deiana
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Loredana Marcia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Andrea Sbardellati
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Pula, Italy
| | - Isadora Asunis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Alessandra Meloni
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Andrea Angius
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Roberto Cusano
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Pula, Italy
| | - Angela Loi
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Francesca Crobu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fotia
- Centre for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Pula, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, NIA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, 21224-6825 MD, United States
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy.
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Leung DT, Fuller PJ, Chu S. Impact of FOXL2 mutations on signaling in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 72:51-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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