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Teng M, Zhao M, Mu B, Lei A. Allogenic Follicular Fosterage Technology: Problems, Progress and Potential. Vet Sci 2024; 11:276. [PMID: 38922023 PMCID: PMC11209517 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The allogeneic follicular fosterage (AFF) technique transfers cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from pubertal female animals to the dominant follicles of adult female animals for further development, allowing the COCs to further develop in a completely in vivo environment. This article reviews the history of AFF and JIVET and their effects on oocyte and embryo development as well as freezing resistance. Improving the efficiency and reproducibility of AFF technology is crucial to its clinical application. This article discusses factors that affect the success rate of AFF, including differences in specific technical procedures and differences between pubertal and adult follicles. Designing standardized procedures and details to improve the synchronization of donor COCs and recipient follicle maturity and reducing the damage to COCs caused by follicular aspiration may be the direction for improving the success rate of AFF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Teng
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550013, China
| | - Mengqi Zhao
- Shaanxi Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bo Mu
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550013, China
| | - Anmin Lei
- Shaanxi Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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2
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Naik S, Lepine S, Nagels HE, Siristatidis CS, Kroon B, McDowell S. Androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone or testosterone) for women undergoing assisted reproduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 6:CD009749. [PMID: 38837771 PMCID: PMC11152211 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009749.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practitioners in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) continually seek alternative or adjunct treatments to improve ART outcomes. This Cochrane review investigates the adjunct use of synthetic versions of two naturally produced hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone (T), in assisted reproduction. Steroid hormones are proposed to increase conception rates by positively affecting follicular response to gonadotrophin stimulation. This may lead to a greater oocyte yield and, subsequently, an increased chance of pregnancy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of DHEA and T as pre- or co-treatments in infertile women undergoing assisted reproduction. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following electronic databases up to 8 January 2024: the Gynaecology and Fertility Group (CGF) Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and trial registries for ongoing trials. We also searched citation indexes, Web of Science, PubMed, and OpenGrey. We searched the reference lists of relevant studies and contacted experts in the field for any additional trials. There were no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing DHEA or T as an adjunct treatment to any other active intervention, placebo, or no treatment in women undergoing assisted reproduction. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted relevant data, and assessed risk of bias. We pooled data from studies using fixed-effect models. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for each dichotomous outcome. Analyses were stratified by type of treatment. We assessed the certainty of evidence for the main findings using GRADE methods. MAIN RESULTS We included 29 RCTs. There were 1599 women in the intervention group and 1469 in the control group. Apart from three trials, the trial participants were women identified as 'poor responders' to standard in vitro fertilisation (IVF) protocols. The included trials compared either T or DHEA treatment with placebo or no treatment. Pre-treatment with DHEA versus placebo/no treatment: DHEA likely results in little to no difference in live birth/ongoing pregnancy rates (OR 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95 to 1.76; I² = 16%, 9 RCTs, N = 1433, moderate certainty evidence). This suggests that in women with a 12% chance of live birth/ongoing pregnancy with placebo or no treatment, the live birth/ongoing pregnancy rate in women using DHEA will be between 12% and 20%. DHEA likely does not decrease miscarriage rates (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.37; I² = 0%, 10 RCTs, N =1601, moderate certainty evidence). DHEA likely results in little to no difference in clinical pregnancy rates (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.49; I² = 0%, 13 RCTs, N = 1886, moderate certainty evidence). This suggests that in women with a 17% chance of clinical pregnancy with placebo or no treatment, the clinical pregnancy rate in women using DHEA will be between 16% and 24%. We are very uncertain about the effect of DHEA on multiple pregnancy (OR 3.05, 95% CI 0.47 to 19.66; 7 RCTs, N = 463, very low certainty evidence). Pre-treatment with T versus placebo/no treatment: T likely improves live birth rates (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.61 to 3.99; I² = 0%, 8 RCTs, N = 716, moderate certainty evidence). This suggests that in women with a 10% chance of live birth with placebo or no treatment, the live birth rate in women using T will be between 15% and 30%. T likely does not decrease miscarriage rates (OR 1.63, 95% CI 0.76 to 3.51; I² = 0%, 9 RCTs, N = 755, moderate certainty evidence). T likely increases clinical pregnancy rates (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.06; I² = 0%, 13 RCTs, N = 1152, moderate certainty evidence). This suggests that in women with a 12% chance of clinical pregnancy with placebo or no treatment, the clinical pregnancy rate in women using T will be between 17% and 29%. We are very uncertain about the effect of T on multiple pregnancy (OR 2.56, 95% CI 0.59 to 11.20; 5 RCTs, N = 449, very low certainty evidence). We are uncertain about the effect of T versus oestradiol or T versus oestradiol + oral contraceptive pills. The certainty of the evidence was moderate to very low, the main limitations being lack of blinding in the included trials, inadequate reporting of study methods, and low event and sample sizes in the trials. Data on adverse events were sparse; any reported events were minor. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with T likely improves, and pre-treatment with DHEA likely results in little to no difference, in live birth and clinical pregnancy rates in women undergoing IVF who have been identified as poor responders. DHEA and T probably do not decrease miscarriage rates in women under IVF treatment. The effects of DHEA and T on multiple pregnancy are uncertain. Data regarding adverse events were very limited; any reported events were minor. Research is needed to identify the optimal duration of treatment with T. Future studies should include data collection on adverse events and multiple pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Naik
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Capital Coast District Heath Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sam Lepine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen E Nagels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charalampos S Siristatidis
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ben Kroon
- Queensland Fertility Group Research Foundation, Brisbane, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon McDowell
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Capital Coast District Heath Board, Wellington, New Zealand
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Weidner AE, Roy A, Vann K, Walczyk AC, Astapova O. Paxillin regulates androgen receptor expression associated with granulosa cell focal adhesions. Mol Hum Reprod 2024; 30:gaae018. [PMID: 38718206 PMCID: PMC11136451 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Paxillin is a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein integral to focal adhesions, cell motility, and apoptosis. Paxillin has also recently been implicated as a mediator of nongenomic androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer and other cells. We sought to investigate the relationship between paxillin and AR in granulosa cells (GCs), where androgen actions, apoptosis, and focal adhesions are of known importance, but where the role of paxillin is understudied. We recently showed that paxillin knockout in mouse GCs increases fertility in older mice. Here, we demonstrate that paxillin knockdown in human granulosa-derived KGN cells, as well as knockout in mouse primary GCs, results in reduced AR protein but not reduced mRNA expression. Further, we find that both AR protein and mRNA half-lives are reduced by approximately one-third in the absence of paxillin, but that cells adapt to chronic loss of paxillin by upregulating AR gene expression. Using co-immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays, we show that paxillin and AR co-localize at the plasma membrane in GCs in a focal adhesion kinase-dependent way, and that disruption of focal adhesions leads to reduced AR protein level. Our findings suggest that paxillin recruits AR to the GC membrane, where it may be sequestered from proteasomal degradation and poised for nongenomic signaling, as reported in other tissues. To investigate the physiological significance of this in disorders of androgen excess, we tested the effect of GC-specific paxillin knockout in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by chronic postnatal dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exposure. While none of the control mice had estrous cycles, 33% of paxillin knockout mice were cycling, indicating that paxillin deletion may offer partial protection from the negative effects of androgen excess by reducing AR expression. Paxillin-knockout GCs from mice with DHT-induced PCOS also produced more estradiol than GCs from littermate controls. Thus, paxillin may be a novel target in the management of androgen-related disorders in women, such as PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide E Weidner
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anna Roy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kenji Vann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ariana C Walczyk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Olga Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Hugues JN. Subtle perturbations of ovarian steroidogenesis in patients classified as Poseidon Group 3. Which consequences for therapeutic strategy? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1231585. [PMID: 38384970 PMCID: PMC10879926 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1231585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The optimal strategy for stimulation of young women with a low ovarian reserve is still a challenging issue because the physio-pathogeny of this disorder is often unknown. As androgen production by the ovary plays a crucial role in folliculogenesis, it was tempting to speculate that subtle perturbations in ovarian steroidogenesis might participate to the low responsiveness to gonadotrophins. Indeed, in vitro analysis of human luteinized granulosa cells has recently provided evidence for some enzymatic deficits in steroidogenesis and altered response to gonadotrophins. Therefore, improving androgen environment of women classified in Poseidon Group 3 should be considered. In this clinical situation, the potential benefit of androgen supplementation or stimulation of theca cells by LH-activity products are respectively discussed.
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Ubba V, Joseph S, Awe O, Jones D, Dsilva MK, Feng M, Wang J, Fu X, Akbar RJ, Bodnar BH, Hu W, Wang H, Yang X, Yang L, Yang P, Taib B, Ahima R, Divall S, Wu S. Reproductive Profile of Neuronal Androgen Receptor Knockout Female Mice With a Low Dose of DHT. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqad199. [PMID: 38156784 PMCID: PMC10794876 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian syndrome result from the imbalance or increase of androgen levels in females. Androgen receptor (AR) mediates the effects of androgens, and this study examines whether neuronal AR plays a role in reproduction under normal and increased androgen conditions in female mice. The neuron-specific AR knockout (KO) mouse (SynARKO) was generated from a female mouse (synapsin promoter driven Cre) and a male mouse (Ar fl/y). Puberty onset and the levels of reproductive hormones such as LH, FSH, testosterone, and estradiol were comparable between the control and the SynARKO mice. There were no differences in cyclicity and fertility between the control and SynARKO mice, with similar impairment in both groups on DHT treatment. Neuronal AR KO, as in this SynARKO mouse model, did not alleviate the infertility associated with DHT treatment. These studies suggest that neuronal AR KO neither altered reproductive function under physiological androgen levels, nor restored fertility under hyperandrogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhave Ubba
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Serene Joseph
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Olubusayo Awe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Dustin Jones
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Milan K Dsilva
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mingxiao Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21087, USA
| | - Junjiang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21087, USA
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaomin Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21087, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Razeen J Akbar
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Brittany H Bodnar
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Bouchra Taib
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Rexford Ahima
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sara Divall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle’s Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98145-5005, USA
| | - Sheng Wu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21087, USA
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Shi J, Hu KL, Li XX, Ge YM, Yu XJ, Zhao J. Bisphenol a downregulates GLUT4 expression by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor to exacerbate polycystic ovary syndrome. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:28. [PMID: 38200540 PMCID: PMC10782693 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) levels are high in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The mechanism by which BPA induces abnormal glucose metabolism in PCOS patients is largely unknown. METHODS Serum and urine samples were collected from women with and without PCOS (control) at the reproductive medicine center with informed consent. Non-PCOS patients who received in vitro fertilization were recruited for collection of ovarian follicular fluid and granular cells. Wild-type C57BL/6 and AhR -/- mice were used to verify the effects of BPA on PCOS. Real-time PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were conducted to analyze the function of BPA. Chip-qPCR verified the role of AhR in GLUT4 transcription. Flow cytometry was performed to determine glucose uptake. RESULTS A positive correlation was observed between BPA concentration and serum BPA levels in PCOS patients. BPA aggravated the changes in PCOS with abnormal glucose metabolism, impaired fertility, and increased body fat. Mechanistically, we showed that BPA activated AhR and led to decreased glucose transport via GLUT4 downregulation in ovarian granular cells. Therefore, the use of inhibitors or knockout of AhR could effectively rescue BPA-induced metabolic disorders in PCOS mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that BPA suppressed GLUT4 expression and induced abnormal glucose metabolism by activating AhR, causing insulin resistance, and is thus a potential contributor to the development of PCOS. Therefore, AhR could be a potential new therapeutic target for PCOS. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Lun Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Meng Ge
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Bharati J, Kumar S, Kumar S, Mohan NH, Islam R, Pegu SR, Banik S, Das BC, Borah S, Sarkar M. Androgen receptor gene deficiency results in the reduction of steroidogenic potential in porcine luteal cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2183-2196. [PMID: 35678291 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2079517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Luteal steroidogenesis is critical to implantation and pregnancy maintenance in mammals. The role of androgen receptors (AR) in the progesterone (P4) producing luteal cells of porcine corpus luteum (CL) remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to establish AR gene knock out (KO) porcine luteal cell culture system model by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and to study the downstream effects of AR gene deficiency on steroidogenic potential and viability of luteal cells. For this purpose, genomic cleavage detection assay, microscopy, RT-qPCR, ELISA, annexin, MTT, and viability assay complemented by bioinformatics analysis were employed. There was significant downregulation (p < 0.05) in the relative mRNA expression of steroidogenic marker genes STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 in AR KO luteal cells as compared to the control group, which was further validated by the significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the P4 production. Significant decrease (p < 0.05) in relative viability on third passage were also observed. The relative mRNA expression of hypoxia related gene HIF1A was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in AR KO luteal cells. Protein-protein interaction analysis mapped AR to signaling pathways associated with luteal cell functionality. These findings suggests that AR gene functionality is critical to luteal cell steroidogenesis in porcine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Bharati
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Animal Reproduction, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - N H Mohan
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Animal Reproduction, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- Animal Health, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Santanu Banik
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Bikash Chandra Das
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Sanjib Borah
- Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, India
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, India
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La Marca A, Longo M, Sighinolfi G, Grisendi V, Imbrogno MG, Giulini S. New insights into the role of LH in early ovarian follicular growth: a possible tool to optimize follicular recruitment. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:103369. [PMID: 37918055 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that LH participates in enhancing transition from the early stage to the antral stage of folliculogenesis. It has been demonstrated that functional LH receptors are expressed, albeit at a very low level and even in smaller follicles, during the phase that was traditionally considered to be gonadotrophin independent, suggesting a role for LH in accelerating the rate of progression of non-growing and primary follicles to the preantral/antral stage. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, together with other clinical conditions of pituitary suppression, has been associated with reduced functional ovarian reserve. The reduction in LH serum concentration is associated with a low concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone. This is the case in hypothalamic amenorrhoea, pregnancy, long-term GnRH-analogue therapy and hormonal contraception. The effect seems to be reversible, such that after pregnancy and after discontinuation of drugs, the functional ovarian reserve returns to the baseline level. Evidence suggests that women with similar primordial follicle reserves could present with different numbers of antral follicles, and that gonadotrophins may play a fundamental role in permitting a normal rate of progression of follicles through non-cyclic folliculogenesis. The precise role of gonadotrophins in early folliculogenesis, as well as their use to modify the functional ovarian reserve, must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Marca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Longo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sighinolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Imbrogno
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Simone Giulini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Vann K, Weidner AE, Walczyk AC, Astapova O. Paxillin knockout in mouse granulosa cells increases fecundity†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:669-683. [PMID: 37552051 PMCID: PMC10651069 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxillin is an intracellular adaptor protein involved in focal adhesions, cell response to stress, steroid signaling, and apoptosis in reproductive tissues. To investigate the role of paxillin in granulosa cells, we created a granulosa-specific paxillin knockout mouse model using Cre recombinase driven by the Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor 2 gene promoter. Female granulosa-specific paxillin knockout mice demonstrated increased fertility in later reproductive age, resulting in higher number of offspring when bred continuously up to 26 weeks of age. This was not due to increased numbers of estrous cycles, ovulated oocytes per cycle, or pups per litter, but this was due to shorter time to pregnancy and increased number of litters in the granulosa-specific paxillin knockout mice. The number of ovarian follicles was not significantly affected by the knockout at 30 weeks of age. Granulosa-specific paxillin knockout mice had slightly altered estrous cycles but no difference in circulating reproductive hormone levels. Knockout of paxillin using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) in human granulosa-derived immortalized KGN cells did not affect cell proliferation or migration. However, in cultured primary mouse granulosa cells, paxillin knockout reduced cell death under basal culture conditions. We conclude that paxillin knockout in granulosa cells increases female fecundity in older reproductive age mice, possibly by reducing granulosa cell death. This study implicates paxillin and its signaling network as potential granulosa cell targets in the management of age-related subfertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Vann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Adelaide E Weidner
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ariana C Walczyk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Olga Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Rodriguez Esquivel M, Hayes E, Lakomy O, Hassan M, Foretz M, Stocco C. Salt-inducible kinases regulate androgen synthesis in theca cells by enhancing CREB signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112030. [PMID: 37499999 PMCID: PMC10592241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Ovulation is the pinnacle of folliculogenesis, a process that requires an interplay between the oocyte, the granulosa cells, and the theca cells (TCs). TCs are the only source of ovarian androgens, which play a vital role in female fertility. However, abnormally elevated androgen levels reduce fertility. Therefore, uncovering novel mechanisms regulating androgen synthesis in TCs is of great significance. We have shown that salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) regulate granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Here, we investigated whether SIKs regulate androgen production in TCs. SIK2 and SIK3 were detected in the TCs of mouse ovaries and isolated TCs. Next, TCs in culture were treated with luteinizing hormone (LH) in the presence or absence of a highly specific SIK inhibitor. SIK inhibition enhanced the stimulatory effect of LH on steroidogenic gene expression and androgen production in a concentration-dependent manner. SIK inhibition alone stimulated the expression of steroidogenic genes and increased androgen production. Activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin or emulation of increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels stimulated steroidogenesis, an effect that was enhanced by the inhibition of SIK activity. The stimulatory effect of downstream targets of cyclic AMP was also significantly augmented by SIK inhibition, suggesting that SIKs control targets downstream cyclic AMP. Finally, it is shown that SIK2 knockout mice have higher circulating testosterone than controls. This evidence shows that TCs express SIKs and reveal novel roles for SIKs in the regulation of TC function and androgen production. This information could contribute to uncovering therapeutic targets to treat hyperandrogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Hayes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Oliwia Lakomy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Stocco
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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11
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De La Torre KM, Lee Y, Safar A, Laws MJ, Meling DD, Thompson LM, Streifer M, Weis KE, Raetzman LT, Gore AC, Flaws JA. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls alter follicle numbers, gene expression, and a proliferation marker in the rat ovary. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108427. [PMID: 37400041 PMCID: PMC10528725 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in industrial applications until they were banned in the 1970s, but they still persist in the environment. Little is known about the long-term effects of exposure to PCB mixtures on the rat ovary during critical developmental periods. Thus, this study tested whether prenatal and postnatal exposures to PCBs affect follicle numbers and gene expression in the ovaries of F1 offspring. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or Aroclor 1221 (A1221) at 1 mg/kg/day during embryonic days 8-18 and/or postnatal days (PND) 1-21. Ovaries from F1 rats were collected for assessment of follicle numbers and differential expression of estrogen receptor 1 (Esr1), estrogen receptor 2 (Esr2), androgen receptor (Ar), progesterone receptor (Pgr), and Ki-67 (Ki67) at PNDs 8, 32, and 60. Sera were collected for measurement of estradiol concentrations. Prenatal exposure to A1221 significantly decreased the number of primordial follicles and the total number of follicles at PND 32 compared to control. Postnatal PCB exposure borderline increased Ki67 gene expression and significantly increased Ki67 protein levels (PND 60) compared to control. Combined prenatal and postnatal PCB exposure borderline decreased Ar expression (PND 8) compared to control. However, PCB exposure did not significantly affect the expression of Pgr, Esr1, and Esr2 or serum estradiol concentrations compared to control at any time point. In conclusion, these data suggest that PCB exposure affects follicle numbers and levels of the proliferation marker Ki67, but it does not affect expression of some sex steroid hormone receptors in the rat ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy M De La Torre
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuna Lee
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Adira Safar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mary J Laws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Daryl D Meling
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lindsay M Thompson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Madeline Streifer
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karen E Weis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lori T Raetzman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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12
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Katleba KD, Ghosh PM, Mudryj M. Beyond Prostate Cancer: An Androgen Receptor Splice Variant Expression in Multiple Malignancies, Non-Cancer Pathologies, and Development. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2215. [PMID: 37626712 PMCID: PMC10452427 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (SVs) in the progression of prostate cancer to the castration-resistant phenotype and their utility as a diagnostic. However, studies on AR expression in non-prostatic malignancies uncovered that AR-SVs are expressed in glioblastoma, breast, salivary, bladder, kidney, and liver cancers, where they have diverse roles in tumorigenesis. AR-SVs also have roles in non-cancer pathologies. In granulosa cells from women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, unique AR-SVs lead to an increase in androgen production. In patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, testicular Sertoli cells exhibit differential expression of AR-SVs, which is associated with impaired spermatogenesis. Moreover, AR-SVs have been identified in normal cells, including blood mononuclear cells, neuronal lipid rafts, and the placenta. The detection and characterization of AR-SVs in mammalian and non-mammalian species argue that AR-SV expression is evolutionarily conserved and that AR-SV-dependent signaling is a fundamental regulatory feature in multiple cellular contexts. These discoveries argue that alternative splicing of the AR transcript is a commonly used mechanism that leads to an expansion in the repertoire of signaling molecules needed in certain tissues. Various malignancies appropriate this mechanism of alternative AR splicing to acquire a proliferative and survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D. Katleba
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (K.D.K.); (P.M.G.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 1 Shields Avenue, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (K.D.K.); (P.M.G.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, 4860 Y Street, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 1 Shields Avenue, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (K.D.K.); (P.M.G.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 1 Shields Avenue, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Yusuf ANM, Amri MF, Ugusman A, Hamid AA, Wahab NA, Mokhtar MH. Hyperandrogenism and Its Possible Effects on Endometrial Receptivity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12026. [PMID: 37569402 PMCID: PMC10419014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial receptivity is a state of the endometrium defined by its readiness for embryo implantation. When the receptivity of the endometrium is impaired due to hyperandrogenism or androgen excess, this condition can lead to pregnancy loss or infertility. Hyperandrogenism encompasses a wide range of clinical manifestations, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), idiopathic hirsutism, hirsutism and hyperandrogaenemia, non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN), ovarian or adrenal androgen-secreting neoplasms, Cushing's syndrome, and hyperprolactinaemia. Recurrent miscarriages have been shown to be closely related to elevated testosterone levels, which alter the endometrial milieu so that it is less favourable for embryo implantation. There are mechanisms for endometrial receptivity that are affected by excess androgen. The HOXA gene, aVβ3 integrin, CDK signalling pathway, MECA-79, and MAGEA-11 were the genes and proteins affect endometrial receptivity in the presence of a hyperandrogenic state. In this review, we would like to explore the other manifestations of androgen excess focusing on causes other than PCOS and learn possible mechanisms of endometrial receptivity behind androgen excess leading to pregnancy loss or infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allia Najmie Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fariz Amri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Norhazlina Abdul Wahab
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Helmy Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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14
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Ma Data Analysis C, Xu H, Zhang X, Feng Data Analysis G, Shi L, Su Y, Yang L, Zhao R, Qiao J. Association of classic and 11-oxygenated androgens with polycystic ovaries and menstrual cycle prolongation in infertile women with PCOS. Clin Chim Acta 2023:117440. [PMID: 37311505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the role of classic and 11-oxygenated (11oxyC19) androgens in two typical signs of PCOS, polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) and menstrual cycle prolongation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 462 infertile women with diagnosed PCOS and/or commonly accompanied metabolic disorders were recruited. Classic and 11oxyC19 androgens were determined with a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-differential mobility spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry apparatus. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression with fivefold cross-validation was applied to construct prediction models. RESULTS For PCOM, the most significant contributing androgen was testosterone (T), with the weight of 51.6%. The AUC of the prediction model was 0.824 in validation set. For menstrual cycle prolongation, androstenedione (A4) was the most significant contributing androgen with weights of 77.5%. The AUC the prediction model was less than 0.75. When including other variables, the most significant variable turned to be AMH both in PCOM and in menstrual cycle prolongation. CONCLUSION Androgens had more contribution in PCOM than in menstrual cycle prolongation. The classic androgen T or A4 contributed more than 11oxyC19 androgens. However, their contributions were diminished when other factors were considered, especially AMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Ma Data Analysis
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huiyu Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xianhua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guoshuang Feng Data Analysis
- Big Data Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Li Shi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Center of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Lissaman AC, Girling JE, Cree LM, Campbell RE, Ponnampalam AP. Androgen signalling in the ovaries and endometrium. Mol Hum Reprod 2023; 29:gaad017. [PMID: 37171897 PMCID: PMC10663053 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, our understanding of hormonal regulation within the female reproductive system is largely based on our knowledge of estrogen and progesterone signalling. However, while the important functions of androgens in male physiology are well known, it is also recognized that androgens play critical roles in the female reproductive system. Further, androgen signalling is altered in a variety of gynaecological conditions, including endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, indicative of regulatory roles in endometrial and ovarian function. Co-regulatory mechanisms exist between different androgens, estrogens, and progesterone, resulting in a complex network of steroid hormone interactions. Evidence from animal knockout studies, in vitro experiments, and human data indicate that androgen receptor expression is cell-specific and menstrual cycle stage-dependent, with important regulatory roles in the menstrual cycle, endometrial biology, and follicular development in the ovaries. This review will discuss the expression and co-regulatory interactions of androgen receptors, highlighting the complexity of the androgen signalling pathway in the endometrium and ovaries, and the synthesis of androgens from additional alternative pathways previously disregarded as male-specific. Moreover, it will illustrate the challenges faced when studying androgens in female biology, and the need for a more in-depth, integrative view of androgen metabolism and signalling in the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey C Lissaman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Girling
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lynsey M Cree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anna P Ponnampalam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Pūtahi Manawa-Healthy Hearts for Aotearoa New Zealand, Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
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16
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Salehi R, Wyse BA, Asare-Werehene M, Esfandiarinezhad F, Abedini A, Pan B, Urata Y, Gutsol A, Vinas JL, Jahangiri S, Xue K, Xue Y, Burns KD, Vanderhyden B, Li J, Osuga Y, Burger D, Tan SL, Librach CL, Tsang BK. Androgen-induced exosomal miR-379-5p release determines granulosa cell fate: cellular mechanism involved in polycystic ovaries. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 37046285 PMCID: PMC10091561 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex multi-factorial syndrome associated with androgen excess and anovulatory infertility. In the current study, we investigated the role of dihydrotestosterone-induced exosomal miR-379-5p release in determining the destiny of the developing follicles. Our hypothesis was that androgen regulates granulosa cell miR-379-5p content by facilitating its exosomal release in a follicular-stage dependent manner, a process which determines granulosa cell fate. Compared to human non-PCOS subjects, individuals with PCOS exhibit higher follicular fluid free testosterone levels, lower exosomal miR-379-5p content and granulosa cell proliferation. Androgenized rats exhibited lower granulosa cell miR-379-5p but higher phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1; a miR-379-5p target) content and proliferation. Androgen reduced granulosa cell miR-379-5p content by increasing its exosomal release in preantral follicles, but not in antral follicles in vitro. Studies with an exosomal release inhibitor confirmed that androgen-induced exosomal miR-379-5p release decreased granulosa cell miR-379-5p content and proliferation. Ovarian overexpression of miR-379-5p suppressed granulosa cell proliferation, and basal and androgen-induced preantral follicle growth in vivo. These findings suggest that increased exosomal miR-379-5p release in granulosa cells is a proliferative response to androgenic stimulation specific for the preantral stage of follicle development and that dysregulation of this response at the antral stage is associated with follicular growth arrest, as observed in human PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salehi
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Meshach Asare-Werehene
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Esfandiarinezhad
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Atefeh Abedini
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Animal BioScience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yoko Urata
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alex Gutsol
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jose L Vinas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kai Xue
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunping Xue
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin D Burns
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal BioScience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dylan Burger
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Seang-Lin Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Originelle Fertility Clinic and Women's Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Clifford L Librach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin K Tsang
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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17
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Xue T, Zhao S, Zhang H, Tang T, Zheng L, Jing J, Ge X, Ma R, Ma J, Ren X, Jueraitetibaike K, Guo Z, Chen L, Yao B. PPT1 regulation of HSP90α depalmitoylation participates in the pathogenesis of hyperandrogenism. iScience 2023; 26:106131. [PMID: 36879822 PMCID: PMC9984558 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) in the follicle are the important mediator of steroidogenesis and foster oocyte maturation. Evidences suggested that the function of GCs could be regulated by S-palmitoylation. However, the role of S-palmitoylation of GCs in ovarian hyperandrogenism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that the protein from GCs in ovarian hyperandrogenism phenotype mouse group exhibits lower palmitoylation level compared with that in the control group. Using S-palmitoylation-enriched quantitative proteomics, we identified heat shock protein isoform α (HSP90α) with lower S-palmitoylation levels in ovarian hyperandrogenism phenotype group. Mechanistically, S-palmitoylation of HSP90α modulates the conversion of androgen to estrogens via the androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway, and its level is regulated by PPT1. Targeting AR signaling by using dipyridamole attenuated ovarian hyperandrogenism symptoms. Our data help elucidate ovarian hyperandrogenism from perspective of protein modification and provide new evidence showing that HSP90α S-palmitoylation modification might be a potential pharmacological target for ovarian hyperandrogenism treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongmin Xue
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jinling Hospital Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211116, China.,Reproductive Medical Center, Clinical Medical College (Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Shanmeizi Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.,Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Jun Jing
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jinling Hospital Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.,Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211116, China
| | - Xie Ge
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Rujun Ma
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Jinzhao Ma
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kadiliya Jueraitetibaike
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jinling Hospital Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.,Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211116, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jinling Hospital Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.,Center of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211116, China
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18
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Overland MR, Li Y, Derpinghaus A, Aksel S, Cao M, Ladwig N, Cunha GR, Himelreich-Perić M, Baskin LS. Development of the human ovary: Fetal through pubertal ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis and expression of cellular differentiation markers. Differentiation 2023; 129:37-59. [PMID: 36347737 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A definition of normal human fetal and early postnatal ovarian development is critical to the ability to accurately diagnose the presence or absence of functional ovarian tissue in clinical specimens. Through assembling an extensive histologic and immunohistochemical developmental ontogeny of human ovarian specimens from 8 weeks of gestation through 16 years of postnatal, we present a comprehensive immunohistochemical mapping of normal protein expression patterns in the early fetal through post-pubertal human ovary and detail a specific expression-based definition of the early stages of follicular development. Normal fetal and postnatal ovarian tissue is defined by the presence of follicular structures and characteristic immunohistochemical staining patterns, including granulosa cells expressing Forkhead Box Protein L2 (FOXL2). However, the current standard array of immunohistochemical markers poorly defines ovarian stromal tissue, and additional work is needed to identify new markers to advance our ability to accurately identify ovarian stromal components in gonadal specimens from patients with disorders of sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Overland
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Amber Derpinghaus
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sena Aksel
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nicholas Ladwig
- Department of Pathology, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Marta Himelreich-Perić
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Devillers MM, François CM, Chester M, Corre R, Cluzet V, Giton F, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Guigon CJ. Androgen receptor signaling regulates follicular growth and steroidogenesis in interaction with gonadotropins in the ovary during mini-puberty in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1130681. [PMID: 37152943 PMCID: PMC10154677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1130681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In females, androgens contribute to ovarian diseases such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), but their action is also crucial for ovarian physiology, i.e., follicular growth and estradiol (E2) synthesis during reproductive life, in interaction with the gonadotropins LH and FSH. However, it is unclear whether androgens already play a role in the ovary at mini-puberty, a phase of postnatal development with active follicular growth and high E2 levels. Therefore, we analyzed the potential actions of androgens on the ovary and their possible interaction with gonadotropins during this period in mice. We used molecular-based studies and pharmacological approaches in vivo and on cultured ovaries. We found that mini-pubertal ovaries produce significant amounts of testosterone and display androgen receptor (AR) expression in growing follicles, both under the control of LH. By blocking AR signaling either in vivo or in ovarian cultures, we found that this pathway may participate in the regulation of prepubertal E2 synthesis and follicular growth, possibly by regulating the expression of a number of key intra-ovarian regulators, including FSH receptor (Fshr), the aromatase enzyme converting androgens into estrogens (Cyp19a1) and the cell cycle inhibitor p27KIP1 (Cdkn1b). We further showed that AR may stimulate FSH-mediated regulation of Cyp19a1 through its action on Fshr mRNA abundance. Overall, this work supports the idea that AR signaling is already activated in mini-pubertal ovaries to regulate E2 synthesis and follicular growth, at the interplay with LH and FSH signaling. Its early action may, thus, contribute to the implementation of early ovarian function with possible impacts on reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M. Devillers
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte M. François
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Chester
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Corre
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Cluzet
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Frank Giton
- AP-HP, Pôle biologie-Pathologie Henri Mondor, Inserm IMRB U955, Créteil, France
| | - Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Céline J. Guigon
- Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Céline J. Guigon,
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miR-450-5p and miR-202-5p Synergistically Regulate Follicle Development in Black Goat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010401. [PMID: 36613843 PMCID: PMC9820456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle maturation is a complex biological process governed by numerous factors, and researchers have observed follicle development by studying the proliferation and apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells (GCs). However, the regulatory mechanisms of GCs proliferation and death during follicle development are largely unknown. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs, mRNAs, and microRNAs, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and small RNA-seq were performed on large (>10 mm) and small follicles (<3 mm) of Leizhou black goat during estrus. We discovered two microRNAs, miR-450-5p and miR-202-5p, which can target GCs in goats and may be involved in follicle maturation, and the effects of miR-450-5p and miR-202-5p on ovarian granulosa cell lines were investigated (KGN). Using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and flow cytometry, miR-202-5p overexpression could suppress the proliferation and induce apoptosis of GCs, whereas miR-450-5p overexpression induced the opposite effects. The dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-450-5p could directly target the BMF gene (a BCL2 modifying factor), and miR-202-5p targeted the BCL2 gene. A considerable rise in phosphorylated Akt (p-AKT) protein was observed following the downregulation of BMF by miR-450-5p mimics. After BMF gene RNAi therapy, a notable elevation in p-AKT was detected. Mimics of miR-202-5p inhibited BCL2 protein expression, significantly decreasing p-AMPK protein expression. These results imply that during the follicular development in black goats, the miR-450-5p-BMF axis favored GC proliferation on a wide scale, while the miR-202-5p-BCL2 axis triggered GC apoptosis.
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21
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Esencan E, Beroukhim G, Seifer DB. Age-related changes in Folliculogenesis and potential modifiers to improve fertility outcomes - A narrative review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:156. [PMID: 36397149 PMCID: PMC9670479 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-01033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive aging is characterized by a decline in oocyte quantity and quality, which is directly associated with a decline in reproductive potential, as well as poorer reproductive success and obstetrical outcomes. As women delay childbearing, understanding the mechanisms of ovarian aging and follicular depletion have become increasingly more relevant. Age-related meiotic errors in oocytes are well established. In addition, it is also important to understand how intraovarian regulators change with aging and how certain treatments can mitigate the impact of aging. Individual studies have demonstrated that reproductive pathways involving antimullerian hormone (AMH), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neurotropins, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and mitochondrial function are pivotal for healthy oocyte and cumulus cell development and are altered with increasing age. We provide a comprehensive review of these individual studies and explain how these factors change in oocytes, cumulus cells, and follicular fluid. We also summarize how modifiers of folliculogenesis, such as vitamin D, coenzyme Q, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be used to potentially overcome age-related changes and enhance fertility outcomes of aged follicles, as evidenced by human and rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Esencan
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Gabriela Beroukhim
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David B Seifer
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
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22
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Roy S, Abudu A, Salinas I, Sinha N, Cline-Fedewa H, Yaw AM, Qi W, Lydic TA, Takahashi DL, Hennebold JD, Hoffmann HM, Wang J, Sen A. Androgen-mediated Perturbation of the Hepatic Circadian System Through Epigenetic Modulation Promotes NAFLD in PCOS Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6657796. [PMID: 35933634 PMCID: PMC9419696 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In women, excess androgen causes polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common fertility disorder with comorbid metabolic dysfunctions including diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Using a PCOS mouse model, this study shows that chronic high androgen levels cause hepatic steatosis while hepatocyte-specific androgen receptor (AR)-knockout rescues this phenotype. Moreover, through RNA-sequencing and metabolomic studies, we have identified key metabolic genes and pathways affected by hyperandrogenism. Our studies reveal that a large number of metabolic genes are directly regulated by androgens through AR binding to androgen response element sequences on the promoter region of these genes. Interestingly, a number of circadian genes are also differentially regulated by androgens. In vivo and in vitro studies using a circadian reporter [Period2::Luciferase (Per2::LUC)] mouse model demonstrate that androgens can directly disrupt the hepatic timing system, which is a key regulator of liver metabolism. Consequently, studies show that androgens decrease H3K27me3, a gene silencing mark on the promoter of core clock genes, by inhibiting the expression of histone methyltransferase, Ezh2, while inducing the expression of the histone demethylase, JMJD3, which is responsible for adding and removing the H3K27me3 mark, respectively. Finally, we report that under hyperandrogenic conditions, some of the same circadian/metabolic genes that are upregulated in the mouse liver are also elevated in nonhuman primate livers. In summary, these studies not only provide an overall understanding of how hyperandrogenism associated with PCOS affects liver gene expression and metabolism but also offer insight into the underlying mechanisms leading to hepatic steatosis in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niharika Sinha
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Holly Cline-Fedewa
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra M Yaw
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wenjie Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Todd A Lydic
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Core, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hanne M Hoffmann
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Correspondence: Aritro Sen, PhD, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, 766 Service Rd, Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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La Marca A, Longo M. Extended LH administration as a strategy to increase the pool of recruitable antral follicles in hypothalamic amenorrhea: evidence from a case series. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:2655-2661. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
New evidence is indicating a growing role of LH in promoting ovarian follicular growth and maturation, even at the early stages. LH seems to enhance the transition of follicles to the antral stage hence leading to an increase in the so-called functional ovarian reserve (recruitable antral follicles). Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is characterized by low, and sometimes undetectable, serum LH and FSH levels, which may indeed explain the low anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and antral follicle count (AFC) found in patients affected by this condition. We report here the cases of two young women affected by hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) that presented for fertility treatment with very low functional ovarian reserve. The two patients were treated with exogenous LH for 1 and 2 months (extended LH administration: ELHA) at the dose of 187.5 IU LH every day and 150 IU LH every other day, respectively. In both the cases there was an increase in serum AMH levels and in the AFC. In one patient, the AMH and AFC increased from a baseline 1.3 ng/ml and 8 to 2.3 ng/ml and 14 at end of treatment, respectively. In the second case, serum AMH and AFC increased from 0.4 ng/ml and 6 to 1.6 ng/ml and 13, respectively. One patient underwent ovarian stimulation before and after ELHA, showing an increase in the number of mature oocytes recruited (3 versus 8 metaphase II (MII) oocytes before and after, respectively). The second patient underwent an IVF cycle after ELHA resulting in the retrieval of six MII oocytes and an ongoing pregnancy following transfer of a single blastocyst. Women with HA are characterized by chronic, low levels of gonadotrophins, which may impact not only on the cyclic recruitment of follicles but also the progression of small growing follicles through the first stages of folliculogenesis. Some women with HA may in fact show very low serum AMH and AFC. Our case series shows that the administration of LH at a dose of at least 150–187.5 IU every day or every other day may contribute to a clinically evident increase in the functional ovarian reserve (AFC), and probably accounts for a positive effect of LH on the progression of follicles throughout the early stages of folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Marca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena, Italy
- Clinica Eugin Modena , Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Longo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena, Italy
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24
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Babayev E, Xu M, Shea LD, Woodruff TK, Duncan FE. Follicle isolation methods reveal plasticity of granulosa cell steroidogenic capacity during mouse in vitro follicle growth. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:6693628. [PMID: 36069625 PMCID: PMC9802420 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicles are the functional unit of the ovary and several methods have been developed to grow follicles ex vivo, which recapitulate key events of oogenesis and folliculogenesis. Enzymatic digestion protocols are often used to increase the yield of follicles from the ovary. However, the impact of these protocols on the outermost theca and granulosa cells, and thereby follicle function, is not well defined. To investigate the impact of enzymatic digestion on follicle function, we collected preantral follicles from CD1 mice either by enzymatic digestion (Enzy-FL) or mechanical isolation (Mech-FL) and compared follicle growth, steroidogenesis and cell differentiation within an encapsulated in vitro follicle growth system which maintains the 3D architecture of the oocyte and its surrounding somatic cells. Follicles were encapsulated in 0.5% alginate and cultured for 8 days. Compared with Enzy-FL, Mech-FL grew more rapidly and produced significantly higher levels of androstenedione, estradiol and progesterone. The expression of theca-interstitial cell marker genes, Cyp17a1, which encodes 17-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase and catalyzes the hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and the conversion of these products into dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, and Star, which encodes a transport protein essential for cholesterol entry into mitochondria, were also higher in Mech-FL than in Enzy-FL. Mech-FL maintained an intact theca-interstitial layer on the outer edge of the follicle that phenocopied in vivo patterns as confirmed by alkaline phosphatase staining, whereas theca-interstitial cells were absent from Enzy-FL from the onset of culture. Therefore, preservation of the theca cell layer at the onset of culture better supports follicle growth and function. Interestingly, granulosa cells in the outermost layers of Enzy-FL expressed CYP17A1 by Day 4 of culture while maintaining inhibin α-subunit expression and a cuboidal nucleus. Thus, in the absence of theca-interstitial cells, granulosa cells have the potential to differentiate into androgen-producing cells. This work may have implications for human follicle culture, where enzymatic isolation is required owing to the density of the ovarian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lonnie D Shea
- Member of the Oncofertility Consortium, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Institute of Bionanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Correspondence address. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 10-109, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. E-mail: (F.E.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, 965 Wilson Road, Room A626B, East Lansing, MI 48824-1316, USA. E-mail: (T.K.W.)
| | - Francesca E Duncan
- Correspondence address. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 10-109, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. E-mail: (F.E.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, 965 Wilson Road, Room A626B, East Lansing, MI 48824-1316, USA. E-mail: (T.K.W.)
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25
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Garzia E, Galiano V, Guarnaccia L, Marfia G, Murru G, Guermandi E, Riparini J, Sulpizio P, Marconi AM. Basal serum level of Δ4-androstenedione reflects the ovaries' ability to respond to stimulation in IVF cycles: setting up a new reliable index of both ovarian reserve and response. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1917-1926. [PMID: 35759063 PMCID: PMC9428103 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adequate androgen levels are necessary for regular follicular growth, progression beyond the pre-antral stage, and prevention of follicular atresia. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether baseline androgen levels had a predictive value on stimulation outcomes in IVF cycles. The secondary purpose was to compare the possible predictive value of androgens with that of already known markers. METHODS The study included 91 infertile patients aged 30-45 years awaiting the first IVF cycle. All women underwent the same stimulation protocol and the same starting dose of recombinant FSH. As stimulation outcomes, the number of follicles recruited, estradiol and progesterone levels on the day of trigger, the total dose of gonadotropins administered, and the number of oocytes collected were recorded. Multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the significant predictive value of the variables for response to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). By studying the reliability of different markers, an attempt was made to develop a single index with the highest predictive value. RESULTS Pearson's correlation revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between oocytes collected and age (r = - 0.333, p < 0.001) and a positive correlation with AMH (anti-müllerian hormone) (r = 0.360, p < 0.001), antral follicle count (AFC) (r = 0.639, p < 0.001), and androstenedione (Δ4-A) (r = 0.359, p < 0.001). No significant correlation was reported with FSH (r = - 0.133, p = 0.207) and total testosterone (r = 0.180, p = 0.088). In COS good responders, the G-index (= AMH ng/mL*AFC/Δ4-A ng/dL) revealed a significantly higher level (p < 0.001) than AMH, AFC, and Δ4-A alone. CONCLUSION Baseline serum Δ4-A, presumably crucial for ensuring a regular follicular growth, is a reliable marker of ovarian response to stimulation. Since the ovarian capacity to respond to gonadotropins does not depend exclusively on the presence of follicles, we suggest a new index, the G-index, able to contemplate both the ovarian reserve and the Δ4-A level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Garzia
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Mother and Child, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 via di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Di Medicina Aerospaziale “A. Mosso,” Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galiano
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Mother and Child, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 via di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- Istituto Di Medicina Aerospaziale “A. Mosso,” Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Murru
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, ASST Rhodense, Ospedale G. Salvini, Garbagnate Milanese, Italy
| | - Ellade Guermandi
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Mother and Child, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 via di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer Riparini
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Mother and Child, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 via di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sulpizio
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Mother and Child, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 via di Rudinì, 8, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Marconi
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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26
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AOP key event relationship report: Linking decreased androgen receptor activation with decreased granulosa cell proliferation of gonadotropin-independent follicles. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:136-147. [PMID: 35868514 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently proposed to formally recognize Key Event Relationships (KERs) as building blocks of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) that can be independently developed and peer-reviewed. Here, we follow this approach and provide an independent KER from AOP345, which describes androgen receptor (AR) antagonism leading to decreased female fertility. This KER connects AR antagonism to reduced granulosa cell proliferation of gonadotropin-independent follicles (KER2273). We have developed both the KER and the two adjacent Key Events (KEs). A systematic approach was used to ensure that all relevant supporting evidence for KER2273 was retrieved. Supporting evidence for the KER highlights the importance of AR action during the early stages of follicular development. Both biological plausibility and empirical evidence are presented, with the latter also assessed for quality. We believe that tackling isolated KERs instead of whole AOPs will accelerate the AOP development. Faster AOP development will lead to the development of simple test methods that will aid screening of chemicals, endocrine disruptor identification, risk assessment, and subsequent regulation.
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27
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Sinha N, Driscoll CS, Qi W, Huang B, Roy S, Knott JG, Wang J, Sen A. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) treatment enhances oocyte quality, embryonic development and live birth rate. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:813-822. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) produced by the granulosa cells of growing follicles is critical for folliculogenesis and is clinically used as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker of female fertility. Previous studies report that AMH-pretreatment in mice creates a pool of quiescent follicles that are released following superovulation, resulting in increased number of ovulated oocytes. However, the quality and developmental competency of oocytes derived from AMH-induced accumulated follicles as well as the effect of AMH treatment on live birth are not known. This study reports that AMH priming positively affects oocyte maturation and early embryonic development culminating in higher number of live births. Our results show that AMH treatment results in good quality oocytes with higher developmental competence that enhances embryonic development resulting in blastocysts with greater gene expression. Transcriptome analysis of oocytes from AMH-primed compared to control mice reveal that AMH upregulates a large number of genes and pathways associated with oocyte quality and embryonic development. Mitochondrial function is the most affected pathway by AMH priming, that is supported by higher number of active mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA content and ATP levels in oocytes and embryos isolated from AMH-primed compared to control animals. These studies for the first time provide an insight into the overall impact of AMH on female fertility and highlight critical knowledge necessary to develop AMH as a therapeutic option to improve female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Sinha
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program , Department of Animal Science
| | - Chad S Driscoll
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program , Department of Animal Science
| | - Wenjie Qi
- Department of Computational Mathematics , Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 , USA
| | - Binbin Huang
- Department of Computational Mathematics , Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 , USA
| | - Sambit Roy
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program , Department of Animal Science
| | - Jason G Knott
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program , Department of Animal Science
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics , Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 , USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program , Department of Animal Science
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Roy S, Sinha N, Huang B, Cline-Fedewa H, Gleicher N, Wang J, Sen A. Jumonji Domain-containing Protein-3 (JMJD3/Kdm6b) Is Critical for Normal Ovarian Function and Female Fertility. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6565906. [PMID: 35396990 PMCID: PMC9070484 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In females, reproductive success is dependent on the expression of a number of genes regulated at different levels, one of which is through epigenetic modulation. How a specific epigenetic modification regulates gene expression and their downstream effect on ovarian function are important for understanding the female reproductive process. The trimethylation of histone3 at lysine27 (H3K27me3) is associated with gene repression. JMJD3 (or KDM6b), a jumonji domain-containing histone demethylase specifically catalyzes the demethylation of H3K27me3, that positively influences gene expression. This study reports that the expression of JMJD3 specifically in the ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is critical for maintaining normal female fertility. Conditional deletion of Jmjd3 in the GCs results in a decreased number of total healthy follicles, disrupted estrous cycle, and increased follicular atresia culminating in subfertility and premature ovarian failure. At the molecular level, the depletion of Jmjd3 and RNA-seq analysis reveal that JMJD3 is essential for mitochondrial function. JMJD3-mediated reduction of H3K27me3 induces the expression of Lif (Leukemia inhibitory factor) and Ctnnb1 (β-catenin), that in turn regulate the expression of key mitochondrial genes critical for the electron transport chain. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA content is also significantly decreased in Jmjd3 null GCs. Additionally, we have uncovered that the expression of Jmjd3 in GCs decreases with age, both in mice and in humans. Thus, in summary, our studies highlight the critical role of JMJD3 in nuclear-mitochondrial genome coordination that is essential for maintaining normal ovarian function and female fertility and underscore a potential role of JMJD3 in female reproductive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambit Roy
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Binbin Huang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Holly Cline-Fedewa
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: Aritro Sen, PhD, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, 766 Service Rd, Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Neves AR, Montoya-Botero P, Polyzos NP. Androgens and diminished ovarian reserve: the long road from basic science to clinical implementation. A comprehensive and systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:401-413.e18. [PMID: 35364061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to present a narrative review regarding androgen production, androgens' role in folliculogenesis, and the available therapeutic approaches for androgen supplementation, and to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the impact of androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone/testosterone) compared with placebo or no treatment on ovarian response and pregnancy outcomes in patients with diminished ovarian reserve and/or poor ovarian responders. DATA SOURCES An electronic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, the ISRCTN registry, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry, was conducted for studies published until September 2021. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials that compared ovarian response and/or pregnancy outcomes between the different in vitro fertilization protocols using androgens (ie, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone) and conventional in vitro fertilization stimulation in patients with diminished ovarian reserve and/or poor ovarian responders were included. METHODS The quality of each study was evaluated with the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). The meta-analysis used random-effects models. All results were interpreted on the basis of intention-to-treat analysis (defined as the inclusion of all randomized patients in the denominator). Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used and combined for meta-analysis. RESULTS No significant differences were found regarding the number of oocytes retrieved (mean difference, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, -0.35 to 1.88), mature oocytes retrieved (mean difference, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, -0.27 to 0.76), clinical pregnancy rate (risk ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.87-1.57), live-birth rate (risk ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-2.01), or miscarriage rate (risk ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-2.22) when dehydroepiandrosterone priming was compared with placebo or no treatment. Testosterone pretreatment yielded a higher number of oocytes retrieved (mean difference, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-1.42), a higher clinical pregnancy rate (risk ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-3.20), and higher live-birth rate (risk ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.95). CONCLUSION Although dehydroepiandrosterone did not present a clear effect on outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques, we found a potentially beneficial effect of testosterone priming on ovarian response and pregnancy outcomes. However, results should be interpreted with caution, taking into account the low to moderate quality of the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Neves
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pedro Montoya-Botero
- Conceptum - Unidad de Fertilidad del Country, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud - FUCS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nikolaos P Polyzos
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University (UZ Gent), Ghent, Belgium.
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Hou YL, Li CJ, Lin LT, Chen SN, Wen ZH, Tsui KH. DHEA restores mitochondrial dynamics of cumulus cells by regulating PGAM5 expression in poor ovarian responders. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:223-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Li Y, Zheng N, Li Y, Li P, Sun S, Wang S, Song X. Exposure of childbearing-aged female to phthalates through the use of personal care products in China: An assessment of absorption via dermal and its risk characterization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150980. [PMID: 34662603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in personal care products (PCPs) and skin care packaging materials. Through national representative sampling, 328 childbearing-aged females in China were investigated by questionnaire, whose contact factors for 30 cosmetic products were collected. According to the daily exposure method and adverse cumulative effects of PAE exposure on female reproduction, we derived the ERα, ERβ binding, and AR anti-androgenic effects. The utilization rates of acne cleanser, acne cream, cleanser (non-acne), and cream (non-acne) in volunteers were 21.90%, 22.22%, 51.63%, and 51.96%, respectively. Examining the data for PAEs in PCPs, the content of DBP (dibutyl phthalate) in them was significantly higher for tubes (0.26 ± 0.05 μg/g) and other packaging (pump type and metal tube) (0.25 ± 0.03 μg/g) than bowl (0.17 ± 0.04 μg/g). The DBP content of acne cream (0.27 ± 0.03 μg/g) was significantly higher than that of non-acne cream (0.17 ± 0.03 μg/g); likewise, there was significantly more DEHP (di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in acne cleanser (0.87 ± 0.15 μg/g) than non-acne cleanser (0.64 ± 0.36 μg/g). Students and office worker were the main consumers of PCPs; however, among all occupation groups, the daily exposure dose of PCPs for workers was highest (mean = 0.0004, 0.0002, 0.0009 μg/kg bw/day for DEP (diethyl phthalate), DBP, and DEHP, respectively). The cumulative indices of PAEs' exposure revealed that the level of ERα and ERβ binding and AR anti-androgenic effects in workers was respectively 0.4935, 0.0186, and 0.2411 μg/kg bw/day. The risk index (HITDI and HIRfDs) of DEP, DBP, and DEHP was lower than their corresponding reference value (hazard index <1), but using PCPs may cause potential health risks. Therefore, we should pay attention to the adverse effects of PAEs on female reproductive functioning, especially the cumulative exposure of females of childbearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Xue Song
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
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Gao L, Gao H, Wang W. Androgens improve ovarian follicle function impaired by glucocorticoids through an androgen-IGF1-FSH synergistic effect. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951928. [PMID: 36339442 PMCID: PMC9627217 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of glucocorticoids caused by chronic stress are known to affect ovarian function and cause diminished ovarian reserve. Androgens are essential for early-stage ovarian follicle development, but the effects and mechanisms of androgens on follicle development under chronic stress remain unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of high concentrations of glucocorticoids on the function of in vitro cultured ovarian cells and mouse early-stage ovarian follicles and to validate the hypothesis that androgen-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synergistic signaling helps to ameliorate the damage caused by high concentrations of glucocorticoids. KGN cells (human granulosa cell line) and mouse primary cells were treated with different concentrations of glucocorticoids, and the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and sex hormone secretion were detected. The effects of glucocorticoid and androgens on IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and FSH receptor (FSHR) expression in KGN cells were detected by Western blot. Steroidogenic synthase expressions under androgens and androgen-IGF1-FSH combination treatment were examined by qPCR after manipulation using low and high concentrations of glucocorticoids. The mechanism of androgen regulation of IGF1R and FSHR was explored by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR. Damage of glucocorticoids and the treatment effects of androgens were further validated in mouse ovarian follicles cultured in vitro. The results demonstrated that prolonged treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids reduced cell viability of granulosa cells, inhibited their sex hormone secretion, and impaired their sensitivity to IGF1 and FSH signaling by affecting IGF1R and FSHR functions. Androgens at an appropriate dose range improved early-stage follicle development and their hormone secretion under high-dose glucocorticoid treatment, which was related to increased transcription of Igf1r and Fshr. This work showed that excessive glucocorticoids impaired ovarian function and validated that balanced concentrations of androgens synergized with IGF1 and FSH to improve the function of early-stage ovarian follicles under conditions of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Gao
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongna Gao
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Wang,
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Dinh DT, Russell DL. Nuclear Receptors in Ovarian Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:41-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wang Z, Yang A, Bao H, Wang A, Deng X, Xue D, Tan H, Zhou Y, Wu C, Chen ZJ, Shi Y. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone administration before in vitro fertilization on the live birth rate in poor ovarian responders according to the Bologna criteria: A randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2021; 129:1030-1038. [PMID: 34882964 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) pre-treatment before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) on the live birth rate in infertile women with poor ovarian response (POR) defined according to the Bologna criteria. DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Nine reproductive medical centers in China. POPULATION A total of 821 participants with POR defined according to the Bologna criteria were enrolled in the study between April 2016 and December 2018. METHODS Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive either DHEA (n = 410) or placebo (n = 411) treatments for 4-12 weeks prior to IVF-ET, in a 1:1 ratio. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Live birth rate after the first embryo transfer. RESULTS Thirty-six (8.8%) of 410 women in the DHEA group and 37 (9.0%) of 411 women in the placebo group had a live birth, with no significant difference observed between groups (relative risk, 0.98, 95% CI, 0.63-1.51; p = 0.911). There were no significant differences in the number of retrieved oocytes, and the rates of clinical pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and cumulative live births between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS DHEA administration prior to IVF-ET had no beneficial effect on the live birth rate relative to placebo in women with POR defined according to the Bologna criteria. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT No benefit was found in poor ovarian responders who received DHEA administration prior to IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
| | - Aijun Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongchu Bao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Ancong Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dena Xue
- Reproductive Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Huifang Tan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanye Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Linyi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
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The Use of Androgen Priming in Women with Reduced Ovarian Reserve Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology. Semin Reprod Med 2021; 39:207-219. [PMID: 34500477 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgen priming with either dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or testosterone has been suggested as an adjunct to improve in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Numerous studies have investigated the effects of both DHEA and testosterone on IVF outcome. The results were inconsistent, and the quality of most studies is substandard. Meta-analyses have consistently reported that DHEA does appear to significantly improve IVF outcome in women with predicted or proven poor ovarian response (POR), but these have included some normal responders and/or nonrandomized studies. Our meta-analyses including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) incorporating only women with DOR or POR suggest that DHEA confers no benefit. While meta-analyses of RCTs on the use of testosterone in women with DOR or POR showed an improved IVF outcome, most studies included are of low quality with high risk of bias. When analysis of data from studies of only low-risk bias was performed, such a benefit with testosterone was not observed. Although recruitment may well be a challenge, a large, well-designed RCT is, however, still warranted to investigate whether or not androgen priming with either DHEA or testosterone should be recommended as an adjuvant treatment for women with DOR or POR undergoing IVF.
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Currin L, Baldassarre H, Bordignon V. In Vitro Production of Embryos from Prepubertal Holstein Cattle and Mediterranean Water Buffalo: Problems, Progress and Potential. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2275. [PMID: 34438733 PMCID: PMC8388507 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) coupled with in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in prepubertal cattle and buffalo accelerates genetic gain. This article reviews LOPU-IVEP technology in prepubertal Holstein Cattle and Mediterranean Water Buffalo. The recent expansion of genomic-assisted selection has renewed interest and demand for prepubertal LOPU-IVEP schemes; however, low blastocyst development rates has constrained its widespread implementation. Here, we present an overview of the current state of the technology, limitations that persist and suggest possible solutions to improve its efficiency, with a focus on gonadotropin stimulations strategies to prime oocytes prior to follicular aspiration, and IVEP procedures promoting growth factor metabolism and limiting oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (L.C.); (H.B.)
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Thyroid, Adrenal, PRL Impairments and Ovarian Function. ENDOCRINES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines2030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine axes (prolactin, thyroid and adrenal axes) directly and indirectly modulate and drive human female central functions, mainly behavior and reproduction. Though having distinct abilities, they greatly act both at peripheral as well as at neuroendocrine levels, so as to participate in the control of reproduction. Any event that changes these balanced activities produces specific peripheral signals that induce abnormal functions centrally, thus triggering menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. It is clear that the knowledge of the relationships that exist between the different endocrine axes becomes essential for the choice of therapeutical approach. This review aims to focus on the main aspects of the physiopathology of the endocrine diseases that might be at the basis of that interference with female reproductive capacity.
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Dehydroepiandrosterone Shifts Energy Metabolism to Increase Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Female Fertility with Advancing Age. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072449. [PMID: 34371958 PMCID: PMC8308577 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Female reproductive aging is an irreversible process associated with a decrease in oocyte quality, which is a limiting factor for fertility. Previous studies have shown that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown to improve in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in older women. Herein, we showed that the decline in oocyte quality with age is accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of bioenergetic metabolism genes. We compared the clinical characteristics between groups of infertile women who either received DHEA or did not. Treatment with DHEA may enhance oocyte quality by improving energy production and metabolic reprogramming in cumulus cells (CCs) of aging women. Our results showed that compared with the group without DHEA, the group with DHEA produced a large number of day-three (D3) embryos, top-quality D3 embryos, and had improved ongoing pregnancy rate and clinical pregnancy rate. This may be because DHEA enhances the transport of oxidative phosphorylation and increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption in CCs, converting anaerobic to aerobic metabolism commonly used by aging cells to delay oocyte aging. In conclusion, our results suggest that the benefit of DHEA supplementation on IVF outcomes in aging cells is significant and that this effect may be mediated in part through the reprogramming of metabolic pathways and conversion of anaerobic to aerobic respiration.
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Salinas I, Sinha N, Sen A. Androgen-induced epigenetic modulations in the ovary. J Endocrinol 2021; 249:R53-R64. [PMID: 33764313 PMCID: PMC8080881 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, androgens have emerged as critical regulators of female reproduction and women's health in general. While high levels of androgens in women are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), recent evidence suggests that a certain amount of direct androgen action through androgen receptor is also essential for normal ovarian function. Moreover, prenatal androgen exposure has been reported to cause developmental reprogramming of the fetus that manifests into adult pathologies, supporting the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. Therefore, it has become imperative to understand the underlying mechanism of androgen actions and its downstream effects under normal and pathophysiological conditions. Over the years, there has been a lot of studies on androgen receptor function as a transcriptional regulator in the nucleus as well as androgen-induced rapid extra-nuclear signaling. Conversely, new evidence suggests that androgen actions may also be mediated through epigenetic modulation involving both the nuclear and extra-nuclear androgen signaling. This review focuses on androgen-induced epigenetic modifications in female reproduction, specifically in the ovary, and discusses emerging concepts, latest perceptions, and highlight the areas that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Salinas
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Corresponding author and person to whom reprint request should be addressed: Aritro Sen Ph.D., Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, 3013 Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Building, 766 Service Road, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, Ph:517-432-4585;
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Testosterone does not improve ovarian response in Bologna poor responders: a randomized controlled trial (TESTOPRIM). Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:466-474. [PMID: 34312088 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does testosterone, either in a long or short course, before IVF increase the number of mature oocytes retrieved in poor ovarian response? DESIGN Single-centre, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Poor ovarian response is defined according to Bologna criteria. Sixty-three participants were included and assigned to three arms: group 1 (long testosterone [n = 17]) 12.5 mg/day testosterone gel for 56 days before ovarian stimulation; group 2 (short testosterone [n = 16]) 12.5 mg/day testosterone gel for 10 days before ovarian stimulation; and group 3 (control, no intervention). Primary outcome was number of mature oocytes retrieved. Secondary outcomes included other cycle parameters (duration of stimulation, antral follicle count, number of follicles >16 mm, total oocytes retrieved and testosterone levels). RESULTS The number of mature oocytes retrieved did not differ between the three groups (2.16, 2.71 and 2.91, P = 0.719, groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). No other significant differences were found in the remaining cycle parameters, except for testosterone levels at the beginning of ovarian stimulation, which were higher in both testosterone groups and relatively higher in group 2 (1.67 and 3.03, respectively versus 0.14 control group, P = 0.01). A Poisson regression model showed no significant differences for the primary outcome (group 3 versus group 2: 0.925, 95% CI 0.572 to 1.508, P = 0.753; group 3 versus group 1: 0.873, 95% CI 0.534 to 1.426, P = 0.587). CONCLUSIONS The use of testosterone, even when applied for a prolonged period, does not improve the number of mature oocytes in poor ovarian response.
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Perinatal exposure to known endocrine disrupters alters ovarian development and systemic steroid hormone profile in rats. Toxicology 2021; 458:152821. [PMID: 34051340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted ovarian development induced by chemical exposure may impair fertility later in life. Since androgens are essential for early ovarian development, we speculated that perinatal exposure to a binary mixture of the known anti-androgens DEHP and procymidone could alter steroid synthesis, disrupt ovarian follicle recruitment and ultimately maturation in female rat offspring. Wistar rat dams were exposed by oral gavage from gestation day 7 to postnatatal day 22 to two mixture doses known to alter reproductive development in male offspring (low: 10 mg/kg bw/day of procymidone and 30 mg/kg bw/day of DEHP; high: 20 mg/kg bw/day of procymidone and 60 mg/kg bw/day of DEHP). The Effects on plasma steroid hormones, ovarian follicle distribution and expression of markers related to steroid synthesis were examined in female offspring. In prepubertal offspring, we observed an increased number of newly recruited (primary) follicles in exposed animals compared to controls, and the plasma steroid hormone profile was altered by exposure: levels of progesterone, corticosterone and estrone were dose dependently elevated, whereas androgen levels were unaffected. In adulthood, a trend towards a smaller number of early-stage follicles may point to accelerated loss of follicle reserves, which is disconcerting. The changes in follicle distribution in exposed ovaries may reflect the combined influence of androgen receptor antagonism and altered ovarian steroid synthesis. This study adds to a growing body of evidence showing altered ovarian development following exposure to human relevant chemicals with possible severe consequences for female fertility.
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Tang T, Jiao J, Li D, Sun G, Lin L, Wang C, Wang S, Zou R, Liu W, Zhao Y, Wang X. The function of BAP18 on modulation of androgen receptor action in luteinized granulosa cells from normal weight women with and without PCOS. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111228. [PMID: 33662476 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women. In this study, BPTF associated protein of 18 kDa (BAP18) is decreased in luteinized granulosa cells (GCs) from PCOS women. BAP18 depletion significantly decreases CYP19A1 expression levels, leading to an abrogation in transfer capacity of androgen to estrogen in GCs. Also, BAP18 knockdown delays cell cycle G1 to S phase transition and induces cell apoptosis to decrease GCs proliferation. We also provide evidence showing BAP18 interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and enhances AR-mediated transactivation in GCs. Results indicate that AR or BAP18 recruits to androgen response elements (AREs) of CYP19A1 and FSHR, which are putative AR-induced genes in GCs. BAP18 interacts with Sp1 transcription factor and co-recruits to the promoter region of AR gene, resulting in AR transactivation in GCs. Taken together, these data provide new insights on the pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Tang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China
| | - Da Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China
| | - Ge Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Renlong Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Wensu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China.
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China.
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Yu M, Sun X, Dai X, Gu C, Gu M, Wang A, Wei W, Yang S. Effects of Tannic Acid on Antioxidant Activity and Ovarian Development in Adolescent and Adult Female Brandt's Voles. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2839-2846. [PMID: 33844186 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that tannins can influence the reproduction of animals, but there is little research published to elucidate the mechanics of this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of antioxidation in the influence of tannic acid on the ovarian development of Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii), which is a species of prairie animal that feeds on plants containing tannins. Postnatal 4-week-old female Brandt's voles were treated with 0 (control), 0.3% (low dose), or 0.6% (high dose) tannic acid for 4 or 9 weeks (i.e., when they reached puberty [8 weeks] or sexual maturity [13 weeks], respectively). The results showed that in both adolescent and adult Brandt's voles, firstly, treatment with tannic acid produced a higher ovary coefficient (ratio of the weight of ovaries to body weight), a greater proportion of mature follicles, and an increased follicular diameter. Secondly, tannic acid increased the serum contents of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and serum estradiol. Thirdly, tannic acid elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde. Therefore, it is suggested that tannic acid may promote the ovarian development of female Brant's voles by enhancing their antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Yu
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Gu
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Minghui Gu
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wanhong Wei
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shengmei Yang
- Department of College of Biological Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Orisaka M, Miyazaki Y, Shirafuji A, Tamamura C, Tsuyoshi H, Tsang BK, Yoshida Y. The role of pituitary gonadotropins and intraovarian regulators in follicle development: A mini-review. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:169-175. [PMID: 33850449 PMCID: PMC8022101 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of follicle development is tightly regulated by pituitary gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) and intraovarian regulators (eg, steroids, growth factors, and cytokines). METHODS This review outlines recent findings on the mechanisms of human follicle development, based on the research on animal models such as mice, rats, cows, and sheep. MAIN FINDINGS Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway and anti-Müllerian hormone are involved in primordial follicle activation during the gonadotropin-independent phase. The intraovarian regulators, such as androgen, insulin-like growth factor system, activin, oocyte-derived factors (growth differentiation factor-9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15), and gap junction membrane channel protein (connexin), play a central role in the acquisition of FSH dependence in preantral follicles during the gonadotropin-responsive phase. Antral follicle development can be divided into FSH-dependent growth and LH-dependent maturation. The indispensable tetralogy for follicle selection and final maturation of antral follicles involves (a) acquisition of LH dependence, (b) greater capacity for E2 production, (c) activation of the IGF system, and (d) an antiapoptotic follicular microenvironment. CONCLUSION We reproductive endocrinologists should accumulate further knowledge from animal model studies to develop methods that promote early folliculogenesis and connect to subsequent gonadotropin therapy in infertile women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Orisaka
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of FukuiYoshida‐GunJapan
| | - Yumiko Miyazaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of FukuiYoshida‐GunJapan
| | - Aya Shirafuji
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of FukuiYoshida‐GunJapan
| | - Chiyo Tamamura
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of FukuiYoshida‐GunJapan
| | - Hideaki Tsuyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of FukuiYoshida‐GunJapan
| | - Benjamin K. Tsang
- Reproductive Biology UnitDepartments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cellular & Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Chronic Disease ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteCritical Care WingThe Ottawa Hospital ‐ General CampusOttawaONCanada
| | - Yoshio Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of FukuiYoshida‐GunJapan
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Roy S, Huang B, Sinha N, Wang J, Sen A. Androgens regulate ovarian gene expression by balancing Ezh2-Jmjd3 mediated H3K27me3 dynamics. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009483. [PMID: 33784295 PMCID: PMC8034747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventionally viewed as male hormone, androgens play a critical role in female fertility. Although androgen receptors (AR) are transcription factors, to date very few direct transcriptional targets of ARs have been identified in the ovary. Using mouse models, this study provides three critical insights about androgen-induced gene regulation in the ovary and its impact on female fertility. First, RNA-sequencing reveals a number of genes and biological processes that were previously not known to be directly regulated by androgens in the ovary. Second, androgens can also influence gene expression by decreasing the tri-methyl mark on lysine 27 of histone3 (H3K27me3), a gene silencing epigenetic mark. ChIP-seq analyses highlight that androgen-induced modulation of H3K27me3 mark within gene bodies, promoters or distal enhancers have a much broader impact on ovarian function than the direct genomic effects of androgens. Third, androgen-induced decrease of H3K27me3 is mediated through (a) inhibiting the expression and activity of Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase that promotes tri-methylation of K27 and (b) by inducing the expression of a histone demethylase called Jumonji domain containing protein-3 (JMJD3/KDM6B), responsible for removing the H3K27me3 mark. Androgens through the PI3K/Akt pathway, in a transcription-independent fashion, increase hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) protein levels, which in turn induce JMJD3 expression. Furthermore, proof of concept studies involving in vivo knockdown of Ar in the ovary and ovarian (granulosa) cell-specific Ar knockout mouse model show that ARs regulate the expression of key ovarian genes through modulation of H3K27me3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambit Roy
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Binbin Huang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Aritro Sen
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation and Treatment a Mini-Review Article. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2020-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous disorder which is known as syndrome. The term ‘syndrome’ refers to a collection of clinical features or a phenotype. The specific features of the PCOS phenotype include clinical signs of androgen excess, elevated serum androgen concentrations, irregular menses, and infertility. It is common heterogenous disorder which affects women with different clinical presentations. In the basis of this disease is hormonal imbalance, such as insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. This review was based on searching all the available literature in the next databases: Pubmed, ClinicalTrials, Embase, Medline Complete, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), WanFang Database (Chinese Ministry of Science & Technology). The search terms included hormonal and metabolic aspects, therapy of PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS.We included only randomized clinical intervention trials in young women published in last five years and included 12 articles in our review analysis. More research is needed to clarify the complex pathophysiology of PCOS. No single test is currently available for its diagnosis. Additionally, once diagnosis is established, the options for treatment are of limited number and effectiveness because they target only the symptoms of PCOS. Finally, patients with PCOS have higher rates of metabolic complications, such as cardiovascular disease, but their impact on mortality is not clear. Therefore, more prospective epidemiologic studies on the topic are necessary.
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Astapova O, Seger C, Hammes SR. Ligand Binding Prolongs Androgen Receptor Protein Half-Life by Reducing its Degradation. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab035. [PMID: 33869982 PMCID: PMC8043068 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are important in female reproduction, but the molecular actions of androgens in female reproductive tissues are not fully understood. We investigated the androgen-responsive transcriptome in human and mouse granulosa cells (GCs) and surprisingly found that the gene-regulation activity of androgen receptor (AR) in these cells is negligible. We then investigated extranuclear actions of AR and found that in human and mouse GCs, as well as in prostate cancer cells, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) dramatically increases the half-life of its own receptor protein. Using the human granulosa-like KGN cells, we show that this effect is not the result of increased AR gene transcription or protein synthesis, nor is it fully abrogated by proteasome inhibition. Knockdown of PTEN, which contributes to degradation of cytoplasmic AR, did not diminish AR accumulation in the presence of DHT. Using immunofluorescence cellular localization studies, we show that nuclear AR is selectively protected from degradation in the presence of DHT. Knockdown of importin 7 expression, a potential regulator of AR nuclear import, does not affect DHT-mediated nuclear accumulation of AR, suggesting importin 7-independent nuclear import of AR in GCs. Further, DNA binding is not required for this protective mechanism. In summary, we show that ligand binding sequesters AR in the nucleus through enhanced nuclear localization independent of DNA binding, thereby protecting it from proteasome degradation in the cytoplasm. This phenomenon distinguishes AR from other sex steroid receptors and may have physiological significance through a positive feedback loop in which androgen induces its own activity in male and female reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Christina Seger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Stephen R Hammes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Neves AR, Montoya-Botero P, Polyzos NP. The Role of Androgen Supplementation in Women With Diminished Ovarian Reserve: Time to Randomize, Not Meta-Analyze. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:653857. [PMID: 34079524 PMCID: PMC8165260 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.653857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) remains one of the most challenging tasks in IVF clinical practice. Despite the promising results obtained from animal studies regarding the importance of androgens on folliculogenesis, the evidence obtained from clinical studies remains inconclusive. This is mainly due to the lack of an evidence-based methodology applied in the available trials and to the heterogeneity in the inclusion criteria and IVF treatment protocols. In this review, we analyze the available evidence obtained from animal studies and highlight the pitfalls from the clinical studies that prevent us from closing the chapter of this line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Neves
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pedro Montoya-Botero
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Conceptum – Unidad de Fertilidad del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nikolaos P. Polyzos
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University (UZ Gent), Gent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Nikolaos P. Polyzos,
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Hughes CHK, Murphy BD. Nuclear receptors: Key regulators of somatic cell functions in the ovulatory process. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100937. [PMID: 33288229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the ovarian follicle to its culmination by ovulation is an essential element of fertility. The final stages of ovarian follicular growth are characterized by granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation, and steroid synthesis under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The result is a population of granulosa cells poised to respond to the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors play indispensable roles in the regulation of these events. The key regulators of the final stages of follicular growth that precede ovulation from this family include the estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) and the androgen receptor (AR), with additional roles for others, including steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1). Following the LH surge, the mural and cumulus granulosa cells undergo rapid changes that result in expansion of the cumulus layer, and a shift in ovarian steroid hormone biosynthesis from estradiol to progesterone production. The nuclear receptor best associated with these events is LRH-1. Inadequate cumulus expansion is also observed in the absence of AR and ESR2, but not the progesterone receptor (PGR). The terminal stages of ovulation are regulated by PGR, which increases the abundance of the proteases that are directly responsible for rupture. It further regulates the prostaglandins and cytokines associated with the inflammatory-like characteristics of ovulation. LRH-1 regulates PGR, and is also a key regulator of steroidogenesis, cellular proliferation, and cellular migration, and cytoskeletal remodeling. In summary, nuclear receptors are among the panoply of transcriptional regulators with roles in ovulation, and several are necessary for normal ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla H K Hughes
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Qc, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Bruce D Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Qc, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Liu X, Sun C, Zou K, Li C, Chen X, Gu H, Zhou Z, Yang Z, Tu Y, Qin N, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Meng Y, Ding G, Liu X, Sheng J, Yu C, Huang H. Novel PGK1 determines SKP2-dependent AR stability and reprograms granular cell glucose metabolism facilitating ovulation dysfunction. EBioMedicine 2020; 61:103058. [PMID: 33096483 PMCID: PMC7581881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disordered folliculogenesis is a core characteristic of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and androgen receptors (ARs) are closely associated with hyperandrogenism and abnormalities in folliculogenesis in PCOS. However, whether the new AR binding partner phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) in granulosa cells (GCs) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS remains unclear. Methods We identified the new AR binding partner PGK1 by co-IP (co-immunoprecipitation) in luteinized GCs, and reconfirmed by co-IP, co-localization and GST pull down assay, and checked PGK1 expression levels with qRT-PCR and western blotting. Pharmaceuticals rescue assays in mice, and metabolism assay, AR protein stability and RNA-seq of PGK1 targets in cells proved the function in PCOS. Findings PGK1 and AR are highly expressed in PCOS luteinized GCs and PCOS-like mouse ovarian tissues. PGK1 regulated glucose metabolism and deteriorated PCOS-like mouse metabolic disorder, and paclitaxel rescued the phenotype of PCOS-like mice and reduced ovarian PGK1 and AR protein levels. PGK1 inhibited AR ubiquitination levels and increased AR stability in an E3 ligase SKP2-dependent manner. Additionally, PGK1 promoted AR nuclear translocation, and RNA-seq data showed that critical ovulation-related genes were regulated by the PGK1-AR axis. Interpretation PGK1 regulated GCs metabolism and interacted with AR to regulate the expression of key ovulation genes, and also mediated cell proliferation and apoptosis, which resulted in the etiology of PCOS. This work highlights the pathogenic mechanism and represents a novel therapeutic target for PCOS. Funding National Key Research and Development Program of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changfa Sun
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Zou
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hangchao Gu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhou
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuwei Yang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyao Tu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxin Qin
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicong Meng
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guolian Ding
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianzhong Sheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanjin Yu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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