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Hammer A, Diakonova M. Prolactin-activated PAK1 potentiates estrogen response to breast cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001195. [PMID: 38933712 PMCID: PMC11200128 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Hormones estrogen and prolactin exert independent effects on breast cancer while their crosstalk synergistically enhance breast cancer cell proliferation. We have previously shown that the serine/threonine kinase PAK1 is responsible for this effect and proposed the mechanism of PAK1 action. Here we extended our previous data to demonstrate that the PAK1 kinase is a common interplay in PRL and E2 crosstalk to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration and invasiveness of human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hammer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Maria Diakonova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States
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2
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Zawadka P, Zielińska W, Gagat M, Izdebska M. Role of Filamin A in Growth and Migration of Breast Cancer-Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3408-3423. [PMID: 38666944 PMCID: PMC11049233 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing research in the field of breast cancer, the morbidity rates indicate that the disease remains a significant challenge. While patients with primary tumors have relatively high survival rates, these chances significantly decrease once metastasis begins. Thus, exploring alternative approaches, such as targeting proteins overexpressed in malignancies, remains significant. Filamin A (FLNa), an actin-binding protein (ABP), is involved in various cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and DNA repair. Overexpression of the protein was confirmed in samples from patients with numerous oncological diseases such as prostate, lung, gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer, as well as breast cancer. Although most researchers concur on its role in promoting breast cancer progression and aggressiveness, discrepancies exist among studies. Moreover, the precise mechanisms through which FLNa affects cell migration, invasion, and even cancer progression remain unclear, highlighting the need for further research. To evaluate FLNa's potential as a therapeutic target, we have summarized its roles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Zawadka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.Z.); (W.Z.); (M.I.)
| | - Wioletta Zielińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.Z.); (W.Z.); (M.I.)
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.Z.); (W.Z.); (M.I.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland
| | - Magdalena Izdebska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.Z.); (W.Z.); (M.I.)
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3
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CARRASCO-CEBALLOS JESSICAMARIANA, BARRERA-HERNÁNDEZ DAVID, LOCIA-ESPINOSA JOSÉ, SAMPIERI CLARALUZ, LARA-REYES JESÚSANTONIO, HERNÁNDEZ-AGUILAR MARÍAELENA, ARANDA-ABREU GONZALOEMILIANO, TOLEDO-CÁRDENAS MARÍAREBECA, CHI-CASTAÑEDA LIZBETHDONAJÍ, PÉREZ-ESTUDILLO CESARANTONIO, ROJAS-DURÁN FAUSTO. Involvement of the PRL-PAK1 Pathway in Cancer Cell Migration. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2023; 3:17-25. [PMID: 36632591 PMCID: PMC9801455 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the lactotrophs of the adenohypophysis and in extrahypophyseal glands (such as the prostate and breasts) where it promotes their development. PRL is also involved in cancer development in these glands. It has been shown to stimulate cancer cell migration, suggesting its possible involvement in metastasis, in which cell migration plays an essential role. However, the role of PRL in cell migration is still unclear. Moreover, the intracellular mechanisms activated by PRL to carry out cell migration are less well understood. PRL exerts its effects via the PRL receptor (PRLR), which leads intracellularly to phosphorylation of Janus protein kinase 2 (JAK2), which in turn phosphorylates p21-activated protein kinase (PAK1), leading to an increase in cell migration. Although several studies have described the involvement of the PRL-PAK1 pathway in breast cancer cell migration, the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated and there is no integration of these into signaling pathways. This study was conducted based on literature search of review articles and original research in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: PRL, cell migration, PRL and cell migration, PAK1 and signaling pathways. The aim of this review article was to describe the major signaling pathways controlled by PRL-PAK1 and propose a comprehensive model of the signaling pathways associated with PRL-PAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - DAVID BARRERA-HERNÁNDEZ
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción “Dr. Carlos Gual Castro”, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
| | - JOSÉ LOCIA-ESPINOSA
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - FAUSTO ROJAS-DURÁN
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México
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4
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Shahi A, Kahle J, Hopkins C, Diakonova M. The SH2 domain and kinase activity of JAK2 target JAK2 to centrosome and regulate cell growth and centrosome amplification. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261098. [PMID: 35089929 PMCID: PMC8797172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK2 is cytokine-activated non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Although JAK2 is mainly localized at the plasma membrane, it is also present on the centrosome. In this study, we demonstrated that JAK2 localization to the centrosome depends on the SH2 domain and intact kinase activity. We created JAK2 mutants deficient in centrosomal localization ΔSH2, K882E and (ΔSH2, K882E). We showed that JAK2 WT clone strongly enhances cell proliferation as compared to control cells while JAK2 clones ΔSH2, K882E and (ΔSH2, K882E) proliferate slower than JAK2 WT cells. These mutant clones also progress much slower through the cell cycle as compared to JAK2 WT clone and the enhanced proliferation of JAK2 WT cells is accompanied by increased S -> G2 progression. Both the SH2 domain and the kinase activity of JAK2 play a role in prolactin-dependent activation of JAK2 substrate STAT5. We showed that JAK2 is an important regulator of centrosome function as the SH2 domain of JAK2 regulates centrosome amplification. The cells overexpressing ΔSH2 and (ΔSH2, K-E) JAK2 have almost three-fold the amplified centrosomes of WT cells. In contrast, the kinase activity of JAK2 is dispensable for centrosome amplification. Our observations provide novel insight into the role of SH2 domain and kinase activity of JAK2 in centrosome localization of JAK2 and in the regulation of cell growth and centrosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashirwad Shahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Jacob Kahle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Chandler Hopkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States of America
| | - Maria Diakonova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Liu M, Xu Z, Zhang C, Yang C, Feng J, Lu Y, Zhang W, Chen W, Xu X, Sun X, Yang M, Liu W, Zhou T, Yang Y. NudC L279P Mutation Destabilizes Filamin A by Inhibiting the Hsp90 Chaperoning Pathway and Suppresses Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671233. [PMID: 34262899 PMCID: PMC8273881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamin A, the first discovered non-muscle actin filament cross-linking protein, plays a crucial role in regulating cell migration that participates in diverse cellular and developmental processes. However, the regulatory mechanism of filamin A stability remains unclear. Here, we find that nuclear distribution gene C (NudC), a cochaperone of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), is required to stabilize filamin A in mammalian cells. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry and western blotting analyses reveal that NudC interacts with filamin A. Overexpression of human NudC-L279P (an evolutionarily conserved mutation in NudC that impairs its chaperone activity) not only decreases the protein level of filamin A but also results in actin disorganization and the suppression of cell migration. Ectopic expression of filamin A is able to reverse these defects induced by the overexpression of NudC-L279P. Furthermore, Hsp90 forms a complex with filamin A. The inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity by either geldanamycin or radicicol decreases the protein stability of filamin A. In addition, ectopic expression of Hsp90 efficiently restores NudC-L279P overexpression-induced protein stability and functional defects of filamin A. Taken together, these data suggest NudC L279P mutation destabilizes filamin A by inhibiting the Hsp90 chaperoning pathway and suppresses cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangqi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Cancer Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Misra S, Ghatak S, Moreno-Rodriguez RA, Norris RA, Hascall VC, Markwald RR. Periostin/Filamin-A: A Candidate Central Regulatory Axis for Valve Fibrogenesis and Matrix Compaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649862. [PMID: 34150753 PMCID: PMC8209548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discoveries in the identification of transcription factors, growth factors and extracellular signaling molecules have led to the detection of downstream targets that modulate valvular tissue organization that occurs during development, aging, or disease. Among these, matricellular protein, periostin, and cytoskeletal protein filamin A are highly expressed in developing heart valves. The phenotype of periostin null indicates that periostin promotes migration, survival, and differentiation of valve interstitial cushion cells into fibroblastic lineages necessary for postnatal valve remodeling/maturation. Genetically inhibiting filamin A expression in valve interstitial cushion cells mirrored the phenotype of periostin nulls, suggesting a molecular interaction between these two proteins resulted in poorly remodeled valve leaflets that might be prone to myxomatous over time. We examined whether filamin A has a cross-talk with periostin/signaling that promotes remodeling of postnatal heart valves into mature leaflets. RESULTS We have previously shown that periostin/integrin-β1 regulates Pak1 activation; here, we revealed that the strong interaction between Pak1 and filamin A proteins was only observed after stimulation of VICs with periostin; suggesting that periostin/integrin-β-mediated interaction between FLNA and Pak1 may have a functional role in vivo. We found that FLNA phosphorylation (S2152) is activated by Pak1, and this interaction was observed after stimulation with periostin/integrin-β1/Cdc42/Rac1 signaling; consequently, FLNA binding to Pak1 stimulates its kinase activity. Patients with floppy and/or prolapsed mitral valves, when genetically screened, were found to have point mutations in the filamin A gene at P637Q and G288R. Expression of either of these filamin A mutants failed to increase the magnitude of filamin A (S2152) expression, Pak1-kinase activity, actin polymerization, and differentiation of VICs into mature mitral valve leaflets in response to periostin signaling. CONCLUSION PN-stimulated bidirectional interaction between activated FLNA and Pak1 is essential for actin cytoskeletal reorganization and the differentiation of immature VICs into mature valve leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shibnath Ghatak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Moreno-Rodriguez
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Vincent C. Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Roger R. Markwald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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7
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Lamsoul I, Dupré L, Lutz PG. Molecular Tuning of Filamin A Activities in the Context of Adhesion and Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591323. [PMID: 33330471 PMCID: PMC7714767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic organization of actin cytoskeleton meshworks relies on multiple actin-binding proteins endowed with distinct actin-remodeling activities. Filamin A is a large multi-domain scaffolding protein that cross-links actin filaments with orthogonal orientation in response to various stimuli. As such it plays key roles in the modulation of cell shape, cell motility, and differentiation throughout development and adult life. The essentiality and complexity of Filamin A is highlighted by mutations that lead to a variety of severe human disorders affecting multiple organs. One of the most conserved activity of Filamin A is to bridge the actin cytoskeleton to integrins, thereby maintaining the later in an inactive state. We here review the numerous mechanisms cells have developed to adjust Filamin A content and activity and focus on the function of Filamin A as a gatekeeper to integrin activation and associated adhesion and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lamsoul
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre G Lutz
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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8
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Mierke CT. Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583226. [PMID: 33043017 PMCID: PMC7527720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion is a key driving factor for providing essential cellular functions under physiological conditions or the malignant progression of tumors following downward the metastatic cascade. Although there has been plentiful of molecules identified to support the migration and invasion of cells, the mechanical aspects have not yet been explored in a combined and systematic manner. In addition, the cellular environment has been classically and frequently assumed to be homogeneous for reasons of simplicity. However, motility assays have led to various models for migration covering only some aspects and supporting factors that in some cases also include mechanical factors. Instead of specific models, in this review, a more or less holistic model for cell motility in 3D is envisioned covering all these different aspects with a special emphasis on the mechanical cues from a biophysical perspective. After introducing the mechanical aspects of cell migration and invasion and presenting the heterogeneity of extracellular matrices, the three distinct directions of cell motility focusing on the mechanical aspects are presented. These three different directions are as follows: firstly, the commonly used invasion tests using structural and structure-based mechanical environmental signals; secondly, the mechano-invasion assay, in which cells are studied by mechanical forces to migrate and invade; and thirdly, cell mechanics, including cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics, to influence cell migration and invasion. Since the interaction between the cell and the microenvironment is bi-directional in these assays, these should be accounted in migration and invasion approaches focusing on the mechanical aspects. Beyond this, there is also the interaction between the cytoskeleton of the cell and its other compartments, such as the cell nucleus. In specific, a three-element approach is presented for addressing the effect of mechanics on cell migration and invasion by including the effect of the mechano-phenotype of the cytoskeleton, nucleus and the cell's microenvironment into the analysis. In precise terms, the combination of these three research approaches including experimental techniques seems to be promising for revealing bi-directional impacts of mechanical alterations of the cellular microenvironment on cells and internal mechanical fluctuations or changes of cells on the surroundings. Finally, different approaches are discussed and thereby a model for the broad impact of mechanics on cell migration and invasion is evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Kanumuri R, Saravanan R, Pavithra V, Sundaram S, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G. Current trends and opportunities in targeting p21 activated kinase-1(PAK1) for therapeutic management of breast cancers. Gene 2020; 760:144991. [PMID: 32717309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Identifying reliable biomarkers and druggable molecular targets pose to be a significant quest in breast cancer research. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that direct cell motility, cytoskeletal remodelling, and has been shown to function as a downstream regulator for various cancer signalling cascades that promote cell proliferation, apoptosis deregulation and hasten mitotic abnormalities, resulting in tumor formation and progression. The heterogeneity and acquired drug resistance are important factors that challenge the treatment of breast cancer. p21-activated kinase 1 signalling is crucial for activation of the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Wnt signalling cascades which regulate cell survival, cell cycle progression, differentiation, and proliferation. A study involving proteogenomics analysis on breast cancer tissues showed the PAK1 as outlier kinase. In addition to this, few outlier molecules were identified specific to subtypes of breast cancer. A few substrates of PAK1 in breast cancer are already known. In this paper, we have discussed a similar approach called Kinase Interacting Substrate Screening (KISS) for the identification of novel oncogenic substrates of p21-activated kinase specific to subtypes of breast cancer. Such high throughput approaches are expected to accelerate the process of identifying novel drug targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kanumuri
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Roshni Saravanan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - V Pavithra
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sandhya Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Suresh K Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences & Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
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10
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Gasparski AN, Wilson JT, Banerjee A, Beningo KA. The Role of PAK1 in the Maturation of Invadopodia During Transient Mechanical Stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:269. [PMID: 31781560 PMCID: PMC6851264 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are affected by a wide range of mechanical forces within their extracellular environment. It has been widely shown that these forces can lead to increased metastatic activity of these cells. One such force is a transient tugging-like force that results from contractile forces generated by cells within the tumor microenvironment. When this force is simulated in vitro with a mechano-invasion assay, human fibrosarcoma cells exhibit enhanced cell invasion in a 3D collagen-fibronectin matrix by downregulating the expression of integrin β3. Furthermore, this force stimulates the maturation of invadopodia in an integrin β3-dependent manner that includes an increase in the active form of cofilin and MMP-2 secretion. In the present study we discovered that the decrease in integrin β3 signaling in response to mechanical stimulation is coupled to the activity of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). It was found that PAK1 has decreased activity, as detected by a decrease in Ser144 phosphorylation, with mechanical stimulation. However, this loss in phosphorylation can be reversed if integrin β3 is overexpressed. Furthermore, PAK1 mutants show a correlated response in MMP-2 enzyme expression and activity, in addition to the lengthening of invadopodia, in response to stimulation. These results identify a novel mechano-sensitive response in human fibrosarcoma that utilizes PAK1 as a signaling player positioned downstream of integrin β3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Gasparski
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jacob T Wilson
- Department of Biological Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Department of Biological Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Karen A Beningo
- Department of Biological Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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11
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Mantovani G, Treppiedi D, Giardino E, Catalano R, Mangili F, Vercesi P, Arosio M, Spada A, Peverelli E. Cytoskeleton actin-binding proteins in clinical behavior of pituitary tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R95-R108. [PMID: 30589642 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although generally benign, pituitary tumors are frequently locally invasive, with reduced success of neurosurgery and unresponsive to pharmacological treatment with somatostatin or dopamine analogues. The molecular basis of the different biological behavior of pituitary tumors are still poorly identified, but a body of work now suggests that the activity of specific cytoskeleton proteins is a key factor regulating both the invasiveness and drug resistance of these tumors. This review recapitulates the experimental evidence supporting a role for the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNA) in the regulation of somatostatin and dopamine receptors expression and signaling in pituitary tumors, thus in determining the responsiveness to currently used drugs, somatostatin analogues and dopamine receptor type 2 agonists. Regarding the regulation of invasive behavior of pituitary tumoral cells, we bring evidence to the role of the actin-severing protein cofilin, whose activation status may be modulated by dopaminergic and somatostatinergic drugs, through FLNA involvement. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of FLNA expression and function in pituitary tumors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mantovani
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Catalano
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Endocrinological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Mangili
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Vercesi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Peverelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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cAMP/PKA-induced filamin A (FLNA) phosphorylation inhibits SST2 signal transduction in GH-secreting pituitary tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 435:101-109. [PMID: 30098401 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient intracellular response to somatostatin analogs (SSA) in pituitary tumors requires filamin A (FLNA). Since cAMP pathway plays an important role in GH-secreting pituitary tumors pathogenesis and FLNA is phosphorylated by PKA on S2152, aim of this study was to investigate in tumoral somatotrophs the impact of cAMP pathway activation and SSA stimulation on FLNA phosphorylation and the consequences on SST2 function. We found a PKA-mediated increase (2-fold) and SST2 agonist-induced decrease (-50%) of FLNA phosphorylation in GH3, GH4C1 and primary somatotroph tumor cells. This modification regulates FLNA function. Indeed, phosphomimetic S2152D FLNA mutant, but not phosphodeficient S2152A, abolished the known SSA antitumoral effects, namely: 1) inhibition of cell proliferation, reduction of cyclin D3 and increase of p27; 2) increase of cell apoptosis; 3) inhibition of cell migration via RhoA activation and cofilin phosphorylation. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays showed that S2152A FLNA was recruited to activated SST2, whereas S2152D FLNA constitutively bound SST2 on the plasma membrane, but prevented Gαi proteins recruitment to SST2. In conclusion, we demonstrated that FLNA phosphorylation, promoted by cAMP pathway activation and inhibited by SSA, prevented SST2 signaling in GH-secreting tumoral pituitary cells.
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13
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Dagliyan O, Karginov AV, Yagishita S, Gale ME, Wang H, DerMardirossian C, Wells CM, Dokholyan NV, Kasai H, Hahn KM. Engineering Pak1 Allosteric Switches. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1257-1262. [PMID: 28365983 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are important regulators of cell motility and morphology. It has been challenging to interrogate their functions because cells adapt to genetic manipulation of PAK, and because inhibitors act on multiple PAK isoforms. Here we describe genetically encoded PAK1 analogues that can be selectively activated by the membrane-permeable small molecule rapamycin. An engineered domain inserted away from the active site responds to rapamycin to allosterically control activity of the PAK1 isoform. To examine the mechanism of rapamycin-induced PAK1 activation, we used molecular dynamics with graph theory to predict amino acids involved in allosteric communication with the active site. This analysis revealed allosteric pathways that were exploited to generate kinase switches. Activation of PAK1 resulted in transient cell spreading in metastatic breast cancer cells, and long-term dendritic spine enlargement in mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei V. Karginov
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sho Yagishita
- Center
for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunko-ku,
Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Madeline E. Gale
- Division
of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, U.K
| | | | - Celine DerMardirossian
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Claire M. Wells
- Division
of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, U.K
| | | | - Haruo Kasai
- Center
for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunko-ku,
Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Hammer A, Diakonova M. Prolactin-induced PAK1 tyrosyl phosphorylation promotes FAK dephosphorylation, breast cancer cell motility, invasion and metastasis. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:31. [PMID: 27542844 PMCID: PMC4992334 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine/threonine kinase PAK1 is an important regulator of cell motility. Both PAK1 and the hormone/cytokine prolactin (PRL) have been implicated in breast cancer cell motility, however, the exact mechanisms guiding PRL/PAK1 signaling in breast cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. Our lab has previously demonstrated that PRL-activated tyrosine kinase JAK2 phosphorylates PAK1 on tyrosines 153, 201, and 285, and that tyrosyl phosphorylated PAK1 (pTyr-PAK1) augments migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. RESULTS Here we further investigate the mechanisms by which pTyr-PAK1 enhances breast cancer cell motility in response to PRL. We demonstrate a distinct reduction in PRL-induced FAK auto-phosphorylation in T47D and TMX2-28 breast cancer cells overexpressing wild-type PAK1 (PAK1 WT) when compared to cells overexpressing either GFP or phospho-tyrosine-deficient mutant PAK1 (PAK1 Y3F). Furthermore, pTyr-PAK1 phosphorylates MEK1 on Ser298 resulting in subsequent ERK1/2 activation. PRL-induced FAK auto-phosphorylation is rescued in PAK1 WT cells by inhibiting tyrosine phosphatases and tyrosine phosphatase inhibition abrogates cell motility and invasion in response to PRL. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST rescues FAK auto-phosphorylation in PAK1 WT cells and reduces both cell motility and invasion. Finally, we provide evidence that PRL-induced pTyr-PAK1 stimulates tumor cell metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION These data provide insight into the mechanisms guiding PRL-mediated breast cancer cell motility and invasion and highlight a significant role for pTyr-PAK1 in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hammer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, 43606-3390, OH, USA
| | - Maria Diakonova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, 43606-3390, OH, USA.
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15
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Pedraz-Cuesta E, Fredsted J, Jensen HH, Bornebusch A, Nejsum LN, Kragelund BB, Pedersen SF. Prolactin Signaling Stimulates Invasion via Na(+)/H(+) Exchanger NHE1 in T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:693-708. [PMID: 27176613 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) are implicated in breast cancer invasiveness, although their exact roles remain controversial. The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE1) plays essential roles in cancer cell motility and invasiveness, but the PRLR and NHE1 have not previously been linked. Here we show that in T47D human breast cancer cells, which express high levels of PRLR and NHE1, exposure to PRL led to the activation of Janus kinase-2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5), Akt, and ERK1/2 signaling and the rapid formation of peripheral membrane ruffles, known to be associated with cell motility. NHE1 was present in small ruffles prior to PRL treatment and was further recruited to the larger, more dynamic ruffles induced by PRL exposure. In PRL-induced ruffles, NHE1 colocalized with activated Akt, ERK1/2, and the ERK effector p90Ribosomal S kinase (p90RSK), known regulators of NHE1 activity. Stimulation of T47D cells with PRL augmented p90RSK activation, Ser703-phosphorylation of NHE1, NHE1-dependent intracellular pH recovery, pericellular acidification, and NHE1-dependent invasiveness. NHE1 activity and localization to ruffles were attenuated by the inhibition of Akt and/or ERK1/2. In contrast, noncancerous MCF10A breast epithelial cells expressed NHE1 and PRLR at lower levels than T47D cells, and their stimulation with PRL induced neither NHE1 activation nor NHE1-dependent invasiveness. In conclusion, we show for the first time that PRLR activation stimulates breast cancer cell invasiveness via the activation of NHE1. We propose that PRL-induced NHE1 activation and the resulting NHE1-dependent invasiveness may contribute to the metastatic behavior of human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pedraz-Cuesta
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology (E.P.-C., J.F., A.B., S.F.P.), Department of Biology, and Structural Biology and NMR laboratory (B.B.K.), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (H.H.J.) and Department of Clinical Medicine and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (H.H.J., L.N.N.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Fredsted
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology (E.P.-C., J.F., A.B., S.F.P.), Department of Biology, and Structural Biology and NMR laboratory (B.B.K.), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (H.H.J.) and Department of Clinical Medicine and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (H.H.J., L.N.N.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Helene H Jensen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology (E.P.-C., J.F., A.B., S.F.P.), Department of Biology, and Structural Biology and NMR laboratory (B.B.K.), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (H.H.J.) and Department of Clinical Medicine and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (H.H.J., L.N.N.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Annika Bornebusch
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology (E.P.-C., J.F., A.B., S.F.P.), Department of Biology, and Structural Biology and NMR laboratory (B.B.K.), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (H.H.J.) and Department of Clinical Medicine and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (H.H.J., L.N.N.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lene N Nejsum
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology (E.P.-C., J.F., A.B., S.F.P.), Department of Biology, and Structural Biology and NMR laboratory (B.B.K.), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (H.H.J.) and Department of Clinical Medicine and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (H.H.J., L.N.N.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology (E.P.-C., J.F., A.B., S.F.P.), Department of Biology, and Structural Biology and NMR laboratory (B.B.K.), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (H.H.J.) and Department of Clinical Medicine and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (H.H.J., L.N.N.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stine F Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology (E.P.-C., J.F., A.B., S.F.P.), Department of Biology, and Structural Biology and NMR laboratory (B.B.K.), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (H.H.J.) and Department of Clinical Medicine and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (H.H.J., L.N.N.), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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16
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Li L, Lu Y, Stemmer PM, Chen F. Filamin A phosphorylation by Akt promotes cell migration in response to arsenic. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12009-19. [PMID: 25944616 PMCID: PMC4494919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We had previously reported that trivalent arsenic (As3+), a well-known environmental carcinogen, induces phosphorylation of several putative Akt substrates. In the present report, we characterized one of these substrates by immunoprecipitation and proteomics analysis. The results indicate that a cytoskeleton remodeling protein, filamin A, with a molecular weight around 280 kDa, is phosphorylated by Akt in HEK-293 cells treated with As3+, which was also confirmed in human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B cells. Additional biochemical and biological studies revealed that serine 2152 (S2152) of filamin A is phosphorylated by activated Akt in the cells treated with As3+. To further confirm the importance of Akt-dependent filamin A S2152 phosphorylation in As3+-induced cell migration, we over-expressed either wild type filamin A or the mutated filamin A in which the S2152 was substituted with alanine (S2152A). The capability of cell migration was reduced significantly in the cells expressing the mutated filamin A (S2152A). Clinically, we found that increased expression of filamin A predicts poorer overall survival of the lung cancer patients with adenocarcinoma. Thus, these data suggest that Akt dependent filamin A phosphorylation is one of the key events in mediating As3+-induced carcinogenesis. Antagonizing Akt signaling can ameliorate As3+-induced filamin A phosphorylation and cell migration, which may serve as a molecular targeting strategy for malignancies associated with environmental As3+ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yongju Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,The Proteomics Core and Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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17
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PAK1 translocates into nucleus in response to prolactin but not to estrogen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:206-211. [PMID: 27003261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosyl phosphorylation of the p21-activated serine-threonine kinase 1 (PAK1) has an essential role in regulating PAK1 functions in breast cancer cells. We previously demonstrated that PAK1 serves as a common node for estrogen (E2)- and prolactin (PRL)-dependent pathways. We hypothesize herein that intracellular localization of PAK1 is affected by PRL and E2 treatments differently. We demonstrate by immunocytochemical analysis that PAK1 nuclear translocation is ligand-dependent: only PRL but not E2 stimulated PAK1 nuclear translocation. Tyrosyl phosphorylation of PAK1 is essential for this nuclear translocation because phospho-tyrosyl-deficient PAK1 Y3F mutant is retained in the cytoplasm in response to PRL. We confirmed these data by Western blot analysis of subcellular fractions. In 30 min of PRL treatment, only 48% of pTyr-PAK1 is retained in the cytoplasm of PAK1 WT clone while 52% re-distributes into the nucleus and pTyr-PAK1 shuttles back to the cytoplasm by 60 min of PRL treatment. In contrast, PAK1 Y3F is retained in the cytoplasm. E2 treatment causes nuclear translocation of neither PAK1 WT nor PAK1 Y3F. Finally, we show by an in vitro kinase assay that PRL but not E2 stimulates PAK1 kinase activity in the nuclear fraction. Thus, PAK1 nuclear translocation is ligand-dependent: PRL activates PAK1 and induces translocation of activated pTyr-PAK1 into nucleus while E2 activates pTyr-PAK1 only in the cytoplasm.
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18
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Oladimeji P, Skerl R, Rusch C, Diakonova M. Synergistic Activation of ERα by Estrogen and Prolactin in Breast Cancer Cells Requires Tyrosyl Phosphorylation of PAK1. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2600-11. [PMID: 26944939 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase PAK1 is activated by estrogen and plays an important role in breast cancer. However, the integration of PAK1 into the estrogen response is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the hormone-induced activation of estrogen receptor (ERα, ESR1). We show that estrogen activated PAK1 through both the ERα and GPER1 membrane receptors. Estrogen-dependent activation of PAK1 required the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues by Etk/Bmx and protein kinase A (PKA) within an assembled signaling complex comprising pTyr-PAK1, Etk/Bmx, the heterotrimer G-protein subunits Gβ1, Gγ2, and/or Gγ5, PAK-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (βPIX, ARHGEF7), and PKA. Moreover, the PKA RIIβ subunit is a direct target of PAK1, and thus in response to estrogen, the activated pTyr-PAK1 complex reciprocally potentiated PKA activity, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism. We also demonstrate that PKA phosphorylated Ser305-ERα in response to estrogen, but pTyr-PAK1 phosphorylated Ser305-ERα in response to prolactin (PRL), implying that maximal ERα phosphorylation is achieved when cells are exposed to both PRL and estrogen. Furthermore, S305-ERα activation led to enhanced phosphorylation of Ser118-ERα and promoted cell proliferation and tumor growth. Together, these data strongly support a critical interplay between PRL and estrogen via PAK1 and suggest that ligand-independent activation of ERα through PRL/PAK1 may impart resistance to anti-estrogen therapies. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2600-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oladimeji
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rebekah Skerl
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Courtney Rusch
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Maria Diakonova
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio.
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19
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Kumar R, Li DQ. PAKs in Human Cancer Progression: From Inception to Cancer Therapeutic to Future Oncobiology. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 130:137-209. [PMID: 27037753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial recognition of a mechanistic role of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) in breast cancer invasion, PAK1 has emerged as one of the widely overexpressed or hyperactivated kinases in human cancer at-large, allowing the PAK family to make in-roads in cancer biology, tumorigenesis, and cancer therapeutics. Much of our current understanding of the PAK family in cancer progression relates to a central role of the PAK family in the integration of cancer-promoting signals from cell membrane receptors as well as function as a key nexus-modifier of complex, cytoplasmic signaling network. Another core aspect of PAK signaling that highlights its importance in cancer progression is through PAK's central role in the cross talk with signaling and interacting proteins, as well as PAK's position as a key player in the phosphorylation of effector substrates to engage downstream components that ultimately leads to the development cancerous phenotypes. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances in PAK cancer research and its downstream substrates in the context of invasion, nuclear signaling and localization, gene expression, and DNA damage response. We discuss how a deeper understanding of PAK1's pathobiology over the years has widened research interest to the PAK family and human cancer, and positioning the PAK family as a promising cancer therapeutic target either alone or in combination with other therapies. With many landmark findings and leaps in the progress of PAK cancer research since the infancy of this field nearly 20 years ago, we also discuss postulated advances in the coming decade as the PAK family continues to shape the future of oncobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Rajiv Gandhi Center of Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - D-Q Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Epigenetics in Shanghai, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Oladimeji P, Kubohara Y, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Rusch C, Skerl R, Diakonova M. A Derivative of Differentiation-Inducing Factor-3 Inhibits PAK1 Activity and Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:1-6. [PMID: 26688830 PMCID: PMC4682050 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/2/4/1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factors 1-3 (DIFs 1-3), chlorinated alkylphenones identified in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, are considered anti-tumor agents because they inhibit proliferation of a variety of mammalian tumor cells in vitro. Although the anti-proliferative effects of DIF-1 and DIF-3 are well-documented, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of DIFs have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of DIFs and their derivatives on PAK1, a key serine-threonine kinase, which is activated by multiple ligands and regulates cell proliferation. We examined the effect of DIF derivatives on PAK1 kinase activity in cells. We also examined the effect of DIF-3(+1) derivative on PAK1 kinase activity in vitro, cyclin D1 promoter activity and breast cancer cell proliferation. It was found that some derivatives strongly inhibited PAK1 kinase activity in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells stably over expressing PAK1. Among the derivatives, DIF-3(+1) was most potent, which directly inhibited kinase activity of recombinant purified PAK1 in an in vitro kinase assay. Furthermore, DIF-3(+1) strongly inhibited both cyclin D1 promoter activity and proliferation of MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells stably over expressing PAK1 in response to prolactin, estrogen, epidermal growth factor and heregulin. In the present study we propose PAK1 as DIF-3(+1) target mediating its anti-proliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oladimeji
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuzuru Kubohara
- Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan ; Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Courtney Rusch
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebekah Skerl
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Diakonova
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA
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21
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Zheng M, Liu J, Zhu M, Yin R, Dai J, Sun J, Shen W, Ji Y, Jin G, Ma H, Dong J, Xu L, Hu Z, Shen H. Potentially functional polymorphisms in PAK1 are associated with risk of lung cancer in a Chinese population. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1781-7. [PMID: 26377044 PMCID: PMC4674004 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
P21-activated kinase 1(PAK1) plays an important role in the regulation of cell morphogenesis, motility, mitosis, and angiogenesis and has been implicated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. We hypothesized that functional polymorphisms in PAK1 gene may modify the risk of lung cancer. We screened four potentially functional polymorphisms (rs2154754, rs3015993, rs7109645, and rs2844337) in PAK1 gene and evaluated the association between the genetic variants and lung cancer risk in a case–control study including 1341 lung cancer cases and 1982 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. We found that variant allele of rs2154754 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77–0.95, P = 0.004), meanwhile the result of rs3015993 was marginal (OR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.81–1.00, P = 0.044). After multiple comparisons, rs2154754 was still significantly associated with the lung cancer risk (P < 0.0125 for Bonferroni correction). We also detected a significant interaction between rs2154754 genotypes and smoking levels on lung cancer risk (P = 0.042). Combined analysis of these two polymorphisms showed a significant allele-dosage association between the number of protective alleles and reduced risk of lung cancer (Ptrend = 0.008). These findings indicate that genetic variants in PAK1 gene may contribute to susceptibility to lung cancer in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214043, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214043, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
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Shao QQ, Zhang TP, Zhao WJ, Liu ZW, You L, Zhou L, Guo JC, Zhao YP. Filamin A: Insights into its Exact Role in Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:245-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hammer A, Laghate S, Diakonova M. Src tyrosyl phosphorylates cortactin in response to prolactin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:644-9. [PMID: 26043691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hormone/cytokine prolactin (PRL) is implicated in breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. PRL-induced pathways are mediated by two non-receptor tyrosine kinases, JAK2 and Src. We previously demonstrated that prolactin stimulates invasion of breast cancer cells TMX2-28 through JAK2 and its target serine/threonine kinase PAK1. We hypothesize herein that the actin-binding protein cortactin, a protein involved in invadopodia formation and cell invasion, is activated by PRL. We demonstrate that TMX2-28 cells are more invasive than T47D breast cancer cells in response to PRL. We determine that cortactin is tyrosyl phosphorylated in response to PRL in a time and dose-dependent manner in TMX2-28 cells, but not in T47D cells. Furthermore, we show that PRL mediates cortactin tyrosyl phosphorylation via Src, but not JAK2. Finally, we demonstrate that maximal PRL-mediated TMX2-28 cell invasion requires both Src and JAK2 kinase activity, while T47D cell invasion is JAK2- but not Src-dependent. Thus PRL may induce cell invasion via two pathways: through a JAK2/PAK1 mediated pathway that we have previously demonstrated, and Src-dependent activation and tyrosyl phosphorylation of cortactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hammer
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606-3390, USA.
| | - Sneha Laghate
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606-3390, USA.
| | - Maria Diakonova
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606-3390, USA.
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Hammer A, Diakonova M. Tyrosyl phosphorylated serine-threonine kinase PAK1 is a novel regulator of prolactin-dependent breast cancer cell motility and invasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 846:97-137. [PMID: 25472536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite efforts to discover the cellular pathways regulating breast cancer metastasis, little is known as to how prolactin (PRL) cooperates with extracellular environment and cytoskeletal proteins to regulate breast cancer cell motility and invasion. We implicated serine-threonine kinase p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) as a novel target for PRL-activated Janus-kinase 2 (JAK2). JAK2-dependent PAK1 tyrosyl phosphorylation plays a critical role in regulation of both PAK1 kinase activity and scaffolding properties of PAK1. Tyrosyl phosphorylated PAK1 facilitates PRL-dependent motility via at least two mechanisms: formation of paxillin/GIT1/βPIX/pTyr-PAK1 complexes resulting in increased adhesion turnover and phosphorylation of actin-binding protein filamin A. Increased adhesion turnover is the basis for cell migration and phosphorylated filamin A stimulates the kinase activity of PAK1 and increases actin-regulating activity to facilitate cell motility. Tyrosyl phosphorylated PAK1 also stimulates invasion of breast cancer cells in response to PRL and three-dimensional (3D) collagen IV via transcription and secretion of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in a MAPK-dependent manner. These data illustrate the complex interaction between PRL and the cell microenvironment in breast cancer cells and suggest a pivotal role for PRL/PAK1 signaling in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hammer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Hammer A, Oladimeji P, De Las Casas LE, Diakonova M. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 285 of PAK1 facilitates βPIX/GIT1 binding and adhesion turnover. FASEB J 2014; 29:943-59. [PMID: 25466889 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK1) regulates cell motility and adhesion. We have previously shown that the prolactin (PRL)-activated tyrosine kinase JAK2 phosphorylates PAK1 in vivo and in vitro and identified tyrosines 153, 201, and 285 in PAK1 as sites of JAK2 tyrosyl phosphorylation. Here, we further investigate the role of the tyrosyl phosphorylated PAK1 (pTyr-PAK1) in regulation of cell adhesion. We use human breast cancer T47D cell lines that stably overexpress PAK1 wild type or PAK1 Y3F mutant in which these 3 JAK2 phosphorylation sites were mutated to phenylalanine. We demonstrate that PRL/JAK2-dependent phosphorylation of these tyrosines promotes a motile phenotype in the cells upon adhesion, participates in regulation of cell adhesion on collagen IV, and is required for maximal PAK1 kinase activity. Down-regulation of PAK1 abolishes the effect of PAK1 on cell adhesion. We show that the tyrosyl phosphorylation of PAK1 promotes PAK1 binding to β-PAK1-interacting guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (βPIX) and G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting target 1 (GIT1), phosphorylation of paxillin on Ser273, and formation and distribution of adhesion complexes. Using phosphospecific antibodies (Abs) directed to single phosphorylated tyrosines on PAK1, we identified Tyr285 as a site of PRL-dependent phosphorylation of PAK1 by JAK2. Furthermore, using PAK1 Y285F mutant, we provide evidence for a role of pTyr285 in cell adhesion, enhanced βPIX/GIT1 binding, and adhesion turnover. Our immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrates that pTyr285- PAK1 may modulate PAK1 signaling during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hammer
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Oladimeji
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Luis E De Las Casas
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Diakonova
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Kim E, Youn H, Kwon T, Son B, Kang J, Yang HJ, Seong KM, Kim W, Youn B. PAK1 Tyrosine Phosphorylation Is Required to Induce Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Radioresistance in Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5520-31. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
p21-Activated kinases (PAKs) are positioned at the nexus of several oncogenic signalling pathways. Overexpression or mutational activation of PAK isoforms frequently occurs in various human tumours, and recent data suggest that excessive PAK activity drives many of the cellular processes that are the hallmarks of cancer. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of PAK activation in cancer, the key substrates that mediate the developmental and oncogenic effects of this family of kinases, and how small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes might be best developed and deployed for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Radu
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Galina Semenova
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachelle Kosoff
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Biology program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jonathan Chernoff, Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA, Tel.: (215) 728 5319; Fax: (215) 728 3616;
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Rider L, Oladimeji P, Diakonova M. PAK1 regulates breast cancer cell invasion through secretion of matrix metalloproteinases in response to prolactin and three-dimensional collagen IV. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1048-64. [PMID: 23744893 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-Activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK1) is implicated in breast cancer. We have shown previously that PAK1 is tyrosyl phosphorylated by prolactin (PRL)-activated Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK2). Although a role for both PRL and PAK1 in breast cancer is widely acknowledged, the mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, PRL-activated PAK1 stimulates the invasion of TMX2-28 human breast cancer cells through Matrigel. Three-dimensional (3D) collagen IV stimulates the secretion of the matrix proteases, metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3 that is further enhanced by the PRL-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of PAK1. 3D collagen IV also stimulates the expression and secretion of MMP-2, but in contrast to MMP-1 and -3, PRL/PAK1 signaling down-regulates MMP-2 expression and secretion. In contrast, MMP-9 expression and secretion are stimulated by 3D collagen I, not collagen IV, and are not affected by PRL but are down-regulated by PAK1. MMP-1 and -3 are required and MMP-2 contributes to PRL-dependent invasion. ERK1/2 signaling appears to be required for the enhanced expression and secretion of MMP-1 and -3 and enhanced PRL-dependent invasion. p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 pathways participate in production of MMP-1 and -3 as well as in PRL/PAK1-dependent cell invasion. Together, these data illustrate the complex interaction between the substratum and PRL/PAK1 signaling in human breast cancer cells and suggest a pivotal role for PRL-dependent PAK1 tyrosyl phosphorylation in MMP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA
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