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Ji K, Jiao D, Yang G, Degen AA, Zhou J, Liu H, Wang W, Cong H. Transcriptome analysis revealed potential genes involved in thermogenesis in muscle tissue in cold-exposed lambs. Front Genet 2022; 13:1017458. [PMID: 36338953 PMCID: PMC9634817 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1017458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold tolerance is an important trait for sheep raised at high altitudes. Muscle tissue, comprising 30–40% of the total body mass, produces heat during cold exposure. However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms of this tissue and its role in thermogenesis in lambs. We examined genes in skeletal muscle tissue in a cold-adapted sheep breed, Altay, and a cold-intolerant sheep breed, Hu, when exposed to low air temperature. Three ewe-lambs of each breed were maintained at −5°C and three ewe-lambs of each breed were maintained at 20°C. After cold exposure for 25 days, the longissimus dorsi of each lamb was collected, and transcriptome profiles were sequenced and analyzed. The results of RNA-seq showed that the average reads among the four groups were 11.0 Gbase. The genome mapping rate averaged 88.1% and the gene mapping rate averaged 82.5%. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), cAMP, and calcium signaling pathways and muscle contraction in muscle tissue were linked to thermogenesis in cold-exposed lambs. Furthermore, PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase1) increased glyceroneogenesis in cold-exposed Altay lambs, and APOC3 (apolipoprotein C3), LPL (lipoprotein lipase), and FABP4 (fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte) were involved in the intake and transport of free fatty acids. In Hu sheep, cAMP biosynthesis from ATP hydrolysis was regulated by ADCY10 (adenylate cyclase) and ADORA2a (adenosine A2a receptor). Skeletal muscle contraction was regulated by MYL2 (myosin light chain 2). In conclusion, cold exposure altered the expression level of genes involved in heat production in muscle tissue. Some potential mechanisms were revealed, including calcium ion transport in the calcium signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism in the PPAR signaling pathway, and cAMP biosynthesis in the cAMP signaling pathway. This study implied that skeletal muscle plays an important role in thermoregulation in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Ji
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guo Yang,
| | - Abraham Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Liu
- College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haitao Cong
- Dongying Modern Animal Husbandry Development Service Center, Dongying, China
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Giampietro L, Laghezza A, Cerchia C, Florio R, Recinella L, Capone F, Ammazzalorso A, Bruno I, De Filippis B, Fantacuzzi M, Ferrante C, Maccallini C, Tortorella P, Verginelli F, Brunetti L, Cama A, Amoroso R, Loiodice F, Lavecchia A. Novel Phenyldiazenyl Fibrate Analogues as PPAR α/γ/δ Pan-Agonists for the Amelioration of Metabolic Syndrome. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:545-551. [PMID: 30996794 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of PPARα/γ dual or PPARα/γ/δ pan-agonists could represent an efficacious approach for a simultaneous pharmacological intervention on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Two series of new phenyldiazenyl fibrate derivatives of GL479, a previously reported PPARα/γ dual agonist, were synthesized and tested. Compound 12a was identified as a PPAR pan-agonist with moderate and balanced activity on the three PPAR isoforms (α, γ, δ). Moreover, docking experiments showed that 12a adopts a different binding mode in PPARγ compared to PPARα or PPARδ, providing a structural basis for further structure-guided design of PPAR pan-agonists. The beneficial effects of 12a were evaluated both in vitro, on the expression of PPAR target key metabolic genes, and ex vivo in two rat tissue inflammatory models. The obtained results allow considering this compound as an interesting lead for the development of a new class of PPAR pan-agonists endowed with an activation profile exploitable for therapy of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Giampietro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, “Drug Discovery” Laboratory, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosalba Florio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Capone
- Department of Pharmacy, “Drug Discovery” Laboratory, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ammazzalorso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Isabella Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Fantacuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Maccallini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Verginelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d.Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, “Drug Discovery” Laboratory, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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3
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Rationally designed PPARδ-specific agonists and their therapeutic potential for metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3284-3285. [PMID: 28320957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702084114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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4
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Structural basis for specific ligation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2563-E2570. [PMID: 28320959 PMCID: PMC5380080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621513114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family comprises three subtypes: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. PPARδ transcriptionally modulates lipid metabolism and the control of energy homeostasis; therefore, PPARδ agonists are promising agents for treating a variety of metabolic disorders. In the present study, we develop a panel of rationally designed PPARδ agonists. The modular motif affords efficient syntheses using building blocks optimized for interactions with subtype-specific residues in the PPARδ ligand-binding domain (LBD). A combination of atomic-resolution protein X-ray crystallographic structures, ligand-dependent LBD stabilization assays, and cell-based transactivation measurements delineate structure-activity relationships (SARs) for PPARδ-selective targeting and structural modulation. We identify key ligand-induced conformational transitions of a conserved tryptophan side chain in the LBD that trigger reorganization of the H2'-H3 surface segment of PPARδ. The subtype-specific conservation of H2'-H3 sequences suggests that this architectural remodeling constitutes a previously unrecognized conformational switch accompanying ligand-dependent PPARδ transcriptional regulation.
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Toral M, Romero M, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J, Jiménez R. Antihypertensive effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H189-H200. [PMID: 27881385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00155.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, which is composed of three members encoded by distinct genes: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. The biological actions of PPARα and PPARγ and their potential as a cardiovascular therapeutic target have been extensively reviewed, whereas the biological actions of PPARβ/δ and its effectiveness as a therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension remain less investigated. Preclinical studies suggest that pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces antihypertensive effects in direct [spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), ANG II, and DOCA-salt] and indirect (dyslipemic and gestational) models of hypertension, associated with end-organ damage protection. This review summarizes mechanistic insights into the antihypertensive effects of PPARβ/δ activators, including molecular and functional mechanisms. Pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation induces genomic actions including the increase of regulators of G protein-coupled signaling (RGS), acute nongenomic vasodilator effects, as well as the ability to improve the endothelial dysfunction, reduce vascular inflammation, vasoconstrictor responses, and sympathetic outflow from central nervous system. Evidence from clinical trials is also examined. These preclinical and clinical outcomes of PPARβ/δ ligands may provide a basis for the development of therapies in combating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid. Spain; and.,Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes). Madrid. Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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6
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Structure-based virtual screening and discovery of New PPARδ/γ dual agonist and PPARδ and γ agonists. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118790. [PMID: 25767888 PMCID: PMC4358979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and are considered important targets to treat diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The available PPAR ligands have several side effects leading to health risks justifying the search for new bioactive ligands to activate the PPAR subtypes, in special PPARδ, the less studied PPAR isoform. Here, we used a structure-based virtual screening protocol in order to find out new PPAR ligands. From a lead-like subset of purchasable compounds, we identified 5 compounds with potential PPAR affinity and, from preliminary in vitro assays, 4 of them showed promising biological activity. Therefore, from our in silico and in vitro protocols, new PPAR ligands are potential candidates to treat metabolic diseases.
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7
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Oswal DP, Alter GM, Rider SD, Hostetler HA. A single amino acid change humanizes long-chain fatty acid binding and activation of mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 51:27-36. [PMID: 24858253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is an important regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism which functions through ligand binding. Despite high amino acid sequence identity (>90%), marked differences in PPARα ligand binding, activation and gene regulation have been noted across species. Similar to previous observations with synthetic agonists, we have recently reported differences in ligand affinities and extent of activation between human PPARα (hPPARα) and mouse PPARα (mPPARα) in response to long chain fatty acids (LCFA). The present study was aimed to determine if structural alterations could account for these differences. The binding of PPARα to LCFA was examined through in silico molecular modeling and docking simulations. Modeling suggested that variances at amino acid position 272 are likely to be responsible for differences in saturated LCFA binding to hPPARα and mPPARα. To confirm these results experimentally, LCFA binding, circular dichroism, and transactivation studies were performed using a F272I mutant form of mPPARα. Experimental data correlated with in silico docking simulations, further confirming the importance of amino acid 272 in LCFA binding. Although the driving force for evolution of species differences at this position are yet unidentified, this study enhances our understanding of ligand-induced regulation by PPARα and demonstrates the efficacy of molecular modeling and docking simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhawal P Oswal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Gerald M Alter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - S Dean Rider
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Heather A Hostetler
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States.
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8
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Structural Features and Transcriptional Activity of Chicken PPARs (α, β, and γ). PPAR Res 2013; 2013:186312. [PMID: 23346099 PMCID: PMC3549339 DOI: 10.1155/2013/186312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While an understanding of lipid metabolism in chickens is critical for a further improvement of food production, there are few studies concerning differences in lipid metabolism mechanisms between chickens and other species at a molecular level. Chickens have three PPAR gene subtypes (α, β, and γ) that function differently from those present in humans and mice. The chicken PPAR-gamma (cPPARγ) gene is shorter than that in humans and lacks a γ2 isoform. Moreover, in serum-free media, cPPARγ shows high transcriptional activity without exogenous ligands. Luciferase reporter assays were used to examine the effect of sera on cPPAR transcriptional activities and showed that adult bovine serum and chicken serum highly activate cPPARα and β functions. Moreover, we found that bezafibrate induces the transactivation function of cPPARβ, but not human PPARδ (human PPARβ ortholog). This ligand selectivity relies on one amino acid residue (chicken: Val419, human: Met444). These results show the possibilities for unique functions of cPPARs on chicken-specific lipid glucose metabolism. As such, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism in chickens could result in higher productivity for the poultry industry.
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Batista FAH, Trivella DBB, Bernardes A, Gratieri J, Oliveira PSL, Figueira ACM, Webb P, Polikarpov I. Structural insights into human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta) selective ligand binding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33643. [PMID: 22606221 PMCID: PMC3350516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs δ, α and γ) are closely related transcription factors that exert distinct effects on fatty acid and glucose metabolism, cardiac disease, inflammatory response and other processes. Several groups developed PPAR subtype specific modulators to trigger desirable effects of particular PPARs without harmful side effects associated with activation of other subtypes. Presently, however, many compounds that bind to one of the PPARs cross-react with others and rational strategies to obtain highly selective PPAR modulators are far from clear. GW0742 is a synthetic ligand that binds PPARδ more than 300-fold more tightly than PPARα or PPARγ but the structural basis of PPARδ:GW0742 interactions and reasons for strong selectivity are not clear. Here we report the crystal structure of the PPARδ:GW0742 complex. Comparisons of the PPARδ:GW0742 complex with published structures of PPARs in complex with α and γ selective agonists and pan agonists suggests that two residues (Val312 and Ile328) in the buried hormone binding pocket play special roles in PPARδ selective binding and experimental and computational analysis of effects of mutations in these residues confirms this and suggests that bulky substituents that line the PPARα and γ ligand binding pockets as structural barriers for GW0742 binding. This analysis suggests general strategies for selective PPARδ ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A. H. Batista
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela B. B. Trivella
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Bernardes
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Gratieri
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. L. Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM/ABTLUS) Laboratório Nacional de Biociencias (LNBio), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M. Figueira
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM/ABTLUS) Laboratório Nacional de Biociencias (LNBio), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul Webb
- Diabetes Center and Cancer Research Unit, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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10
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The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor beta/delta on the Inflammatory Basis of Metabolic Disease. PPAR Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706688 PMCID: PMC2913795 DOI: 10.1155/2010/368467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology underlying several metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis, involves a state of chronic low-level inflammation. Evidence is now emerging that the nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)β/δ ameliorates these pathologies partly through its anti-inflammatory effects. PPARβ/δ activation prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines by adipocytes, and it is involved in the acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages infiltrated in adipose tissue. Furthermore, PPARβ/δ ligands prevent fatty acid-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle cells, avoid the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and suppress macrophage-derived inflammation in atherosclerosis. These data are promising and suggest that PPARβ/δ ligands may become a therapeutic option for preventing the inflammatory basis of metabolic diseases.
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11
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Oyama T, Toyota K, Waku T, Hirakawa Y, Nagasawa N, Kasuga JI, Hashimoto Y, Miyachi H, Morikawa K. Adaptability and selectivity of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pan agonists revealed from crystal structures. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2009; 65:786-95. [PMID: 19622862 PMCID: PMC2714719 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909015935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family, which is defined as transcriptional factors that are activated by the binding of ligands to their ligand-binding domains (LBDs). Although the three PPAR subtypes display different tissue distribution patterns and distinct pharmacological profiles, they all are essentially related to fatty-acid and glucose metabolism. Since the PPARs share similar three-dimensional structures within the LBDs, synthetic ligands which simultaneously activate two or all of the PPARs could be potent candidates in terms of drugs for the treatment of abnormal metabolic homeostasis. The structures of several PPAR LBDs were determined in complex with synthetic ligands, derivatives of 3-(4-alkoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, which exhibit unique agonistic activities. The PPARalpha and PPARgamma LBDs were complexed with the same pan agonist, TIPP-703, which activates all three PPARs and their crystal structures were determined. The two LBD-ligand complex structures revealed how the pan agonist is adapted to the similar, but significantly different, ligand-binding pockets of the PPARs. The structures of the PPARdelta LBD in complex with an alpha/delta-selective ligand, TIPP-401, and with a related delta-specific ligand, TIPP-204, were also determined. The comparison between the two PPARdelta complexes revealed how each ligand exhibits either a ;dual selective' or ;single specific' binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Oyama
- The Takara Bio Endowed Division, Department of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Open Laboratories of Advanced Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kenji Toyota
- The Takara Bio Endowed Division, Department of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Open Laboratories of Advanced Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- The Takara Bio Endowed Division, Department of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Open Laboratories of Advanced Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirakawa
- The Takara Bio Endowed Division, Department of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Open Laboratories of Advanced Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Naoko Nagasawa
- The Takara Bio Endowed Division, Department of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Open Laboratories of Advanced Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kasuga
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyachi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kosuke Morikawa
- The Takara Bio Endowed Division, Department of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Open Laboratories of Advanced Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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12
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Markt P, Schuster D, Kirchmair J, Laggner C, Langer T. Pharmacophore modeling and parallel screening for PPAR ligands. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 21:575-90. [PMID: 17960326 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-007-9140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the generation and validation of pharmacophore models for PPARs, as well as a large scale validation of the parallel screening approach by screening PPAR ligands against a large database of structure-based models. A large test set of 357 PPAR ligands was screened against 48 PPAR models to determine the best models for agonists of PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta, and PPAR-gamma. Afterwards, a parallel screen was performed using the 357 PPAR ligands and 47 structure-based models for PPARs, which were integrated into a 1537 models comprising in-house pharmacophore database, to assess the enrichment of PPAR ligands within the PPAR hypotheses. For these purposes, we categorized the 1537 database models into 181 protein targets and developed a score that ranks the retrieved targets for each ligand. Thus, we tried to find out if the concept of parallel screening is able to predict the correct pharmacological target for a set of compounds. The PPAR target was ranked first more often than any other target. This confirms the ability of parallel screening to forecast the pharmacological active target for a set of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Markt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Barish GD, Narkar VA, Evans RM. PPAR delta: a dagger in the heart of the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:590-7. [PMID: 16511591 PMCID: PMC1386117 DOI: 10.1172/jci27955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing threat to global health by virtue of its association with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, collectively known as the metabolic syndrome or syndrome X. The nuclear receptors PPARalpha and PPARgamma are therapeutic targets for hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, respectively, and drugs that modulate these receptors are currently in clinical use. More recent work on the less-described PPAR isotype PPARdelta has uncovered a dual benefit for both hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, highlighting the broad potential of PPARdelta in the treatment of metabolic disease. PPARdelta enhances fatty acid catabolism and energy uncoupling in adipose tissue and muscle, and it suppresses macrophage-derived inflammation. Its combined activities in these and other tissues make it a multifaceted therapeutic target for the metabolic syndrome with the potential to control weight gain, enhance physical endurance, improve insulin sensitivity, and ameliorate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Barish
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037-1099, USA
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Kamei Y, Ohizumi H, Fujitani Y, Nemoto T, Tanaka T, Takahashi N, Kawada T, Miyoshi M, Ezaki O, Kakizuka A. PPARgamma coactivator 1beta/ERR ligand 1 is an ERR protein ligand, whose expression induces a high-energy expenditure and antagonizes obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12378-83. [PMID: 14530391 PMCID: PMC218766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2135217100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A well balanced body energy budget controlled by limitation of calorie uptake and/or increment of energy expenditure, which is typically achieved by proper physical exercise, is most effective against obesity and diabetes mellitus. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, a member of the nuclear receptor, and its cofactors have been shown to be involved in lipid metabolism and in the control of energy expenditure. Here we show that PPARgamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1) beta functions as ERRL1 (for ERR ligand 1), which can bind and activate orphan ERRs (estrogen receptor-related receptors) in vitro. Consistently, PGC-1beta/ERRL1 transgenic mice exhibit increased expression of the medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, a known ERR target and a pivotal enzyme of mitochondrial beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle. As a result, the PGC-1beta/ERRL1 mice show a state similar to an athlete; namely, the mice are hyperphagic and of elevated energy expenditure and are resistant to obesity induced by a high-fat diet or by a genetic abnormality. These results demonstrate that PGC-1beta/ERRL1 can function as a protein ligand of ERR, and that its level contributes to the control of energy balance in vivo, and provide a strategy for developing novel antiobesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomi Kamei
- Department of Molecular Medical Science, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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Xu HE, Lambert MH, Montana VG, Plunket KD, Moore LB, Collins JL, Oplinger JA, Kliewer SA, Gampe RT, McKee DD, Moore JT, Willson TM. Structural determinants of ligand binding selectivity between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13919-24. [PMID: 11698662 PMCID: PMC61142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.241410198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2001] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcriptional regulators of glucose, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism. We report the x-ray crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of PPAR alpha (NR1C1) as a complex with the agonist ligand GW409544 and a coactivator motif from the steroid receptor coactivator 1. Through comparison of the crystal structures of the ligand binding domains of the three human PPARs, we have identified molecular determinants of subtype selectivity. A single amino acid, which is tyrosine in PPAR alpha and histidine in PPAR gamma, imparts subtype selectivity for both thiazolidinedione and nonthiazolidinedione ligands. The availability of high-resolution cocrystal structures of the three PPAR subtypes will aid the design of drugs for the treatments of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Xu
- Nuclear Receptor Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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