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Ramm S, Fulek R, Eberle VA, Kiera C, Odefey U, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Compression Density as an Alternative to Identify an Optimal Moisture Content for High Shear Wet Granulation as an Initial Step for Spheronisation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2303. [PMID: 36365122 PMCID: PMC9693446 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pellet production is a multi-step manufacturing process comprising granulation, extrusion and spheronisation. The first step represents a critical control point, since the quality of the granule mass highly influences subsequent process steps and, consequently, the quality of final pellets. The most important parameter of wet granulation is the liquid requirement, which can often only be quantitatively evaluated after further process steps. To identify an alternative for optimal liquid requirements, experiments were conducted with a formulation based on lactose and microcrystalline cellulose. Granules were analyzed with a Powder Vertical Shear Rig. We identified the compression density (ρpress) as the said alternative, linking information from the powder material and the moisture content (R2 = 0.995). We used ρpress to successfully predict liquid requirements for unknown formulation compositions. By means of this prediction, pellets with high quality, regarding shape and size distribution, were produced by carrying out a multi-step manufacturing process. Furthermore, the applicability of ρpress as an alternative quality parameter to other placebo formulations and to formulations containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Ramm
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany
| | - Ruwen Fulek
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany
| | | | - Christian Kiera
- PHARBIL Pharma GmbH, Reichenbergerstr. 43, 33605 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich Odefey
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany
| | - Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany
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Elsergany RN, Chan LW, Heng PWS. Cushioning pellets based on microcrystalline cellulose - Crospovidone blends for MUPS tableting. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119573. [PMID: 32599135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Compaction of multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS) tablets has been extensively reported to be potentially challenging. Thus, there is a need for non-segregating cushioning agents to mitigate the deleterious effect of the compaction forces. This study was designed to investigate the use of porous pellets as cushioning agents using different drying techniques to prepare pellets of various porosities and of different formulations. The pellets fabricated were characterized for their porosity and crushing strength. Subsequently, MUPS tablets were prepared using blends of polymer-coated pellets and custom-designed cushioning pellets by compacting at different pressures. The effects of pellet volume fraction and dwell time on the pellet coat damage, as well as the tensile strength of the resultant MUPS tablets were also investigated. Compacts with coated pellet volume fraction of 0.21 exhibited the best cushioning effect when tableted at different compression speeds with both gravity and force feeders. The findings from this study showed that cushioning pellet porosity was highest when drying was carried out by freeze drying, followed by fluid bed drying and oven drying. There was an inverse relationship between cushioning pellet porosity and strength. The tensile strength of tablets prepared from freeze dried pellets was highest. The protective effect of the cushioning pellets was principally dependent on their porosity. Also, pellet volume fraction in the compacts and compaction pressure used had remarkable effect on pellet coat damage. When unprocessed powders were compacted by automatic die filling, capping and lamination problems were observed. However, tablets of reasonable quality were made with the cushioning pellets. Freeze dried pellets containing crospovidone were found to be promising as cushioning agents and had enabled the production of MUPS tablets even at higher compaction pressures, beyond the intrinsic crushing strength of the coated pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy N Elsergany
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Lenhart V, Quodbach J, Kleinebudde P. Fibrillated Cellulose via High Pressure Homogenization: Analysis and Application for Orodispersible Films. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:33. [PMID: 31863201 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdered cellulose (PC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) are common excipients in pharmaceuticals. Recent investigations imply that particle size is the most critical parameter for the different performance in many processes. High-pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to reduce fiber size of both grades. The effect of the homogenization parameters on suspension viscosity, particle size, and mechanical properties of casted films was investigated. PC suspensions showed higher apparent viscosities and yield stresses under the same process conditions than MCC. SLS reduced shear viscosity and thixotropic behavior of both cellulose grades probably due to increased electrostatic repulsion. Homogenization reduced cellulose particle sizes, but re-agglomeration was too strong to analyze the particle size correctly. MCC films showed a tensile strength of up to 16.0 MPa and PC films up to 4.1 MPa. PC films disintegrated within 30 s whereas MCC films did not. Mixtures of MCC and PC led to more stable films than PC alone, but these films did not disintegrate anymore. Diclofenac sodium was incorporated in therapeutic dose with drug load of 47% into orodispersible PC films. The content uniformity of these films fulfilled requirements of Ph.Eur and the films disintegrated in 12 s. In summary, PC and MCC showed comparable results after HPH and most differences could be explained by the smaller particle size of MCC suspensions. These results confirm the hypothesis that mainly the fiber size during processing is responsible for the existing differences of MCC and PC in pharmaceutical process, e.g., wet-extrusion/spheronization.
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Tanner T, Antikainen O, Pollet A, Räikkönen H, Ehlers H, Juppo A, Yliruusi J. Predicting tablet tensile strength with a model derived from the gravitation-based high-velocity compaction analysis data. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:194-202. [PMID: 31100384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a model was developed to estimate tablet tensile strength utilizing the gravitation-based high-velocity (G-HVC) method introduced earlier. Three different formulations consisting of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), theophylline and magnesium stearate were prepared. The formulations were granulated using fluid bed granulation and the granules were compacted with the G-HVC method and an eccentric tableting machine. Compaction energy values defined from G-HVC data predicted tensile strength of the tablets surprisingly well. It was also shown, that fluid bed granulation improved the compaction energy intake of the granules in comparison to respective physical mixtures. In addition, general mechanical properties and elastic recovery were also examined for all samples. In this study it was finally concluded, that the data obtained by the method was of practical relevance in pharmaceutical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Tanner
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arne Pollet
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Heikki Räikkönen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Juppo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Lee AR, Kwon SY, Choi DH, Park ES. Quality by Design (QbD) approach to optimize the formulation of a bilayer combination tablet (Telmiduo ®) manufactured via high shear wet granulation. Int J Pharm 2017; 534:144-158. [PMID: 29031980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A bilayer tablet, which consisted of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate, was formulated based on a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The control and response factors were determined based on primary knowledge and the target values of the control tablet (Twynsta®). A D-optimal mixture design was used to obtain the optimal formulations in terms of D-mannitol, crospovidone, and MCC for the telmisartan layer, and CCM-Na, PVP K25, and Prosolv for the amlodipine layer. The quantitative effects of the different formulation factors on the response factors were accurately predicted using the equations of best fit and a strong linearity was observed between the predicted and actual values of the response factors. The optimized bilayer tablet was obtained using a numeric optimization technique and was characterized compared with a control (Twynsta®) by using various physical evaluations and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. The physical stability of Telmiduo® was greater than that of Twynsta® owing to the improvement of formulation factors. The in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that Telmiduo® might have pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence with Twynsta®. Therefore, the bilayer tablet that consisted of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate could be produced using a more economical and simpler method than that used to produce Twynsta®. Moreover, the suitability of QbD for effective product development in the pharmaceutical industry was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ram Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Jeil Pharmaceutical CO., LTD. Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17172, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Young Kwon
- Jeil Pharmaceutical CO., LTD. Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17172, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam, 621-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Seok Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Smrčka D, Schöngut M, Štěpánek F, Gregor T. Composition limits in granulation with active component in the binder. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Smrčka
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Marek Schöngut
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gregor
- New Technologies Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8; 306 14 Pilsen Czech Republic
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Sarkar S, Ang BH, Liew CV. Influence of starting material particle size on pellet surface roughness. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:131-9. [PMID: 24198222 PMCID: PMC3909175 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pelletization aids, i.e., microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (XPVP), and filler, i.e., lactose, particle size on the surface roughness of pellets. Pellets were prepared from powder blends containing pelletization aid/lactose in 1:3 ratio by extrusion-spheronization. Surface roughness of pellets was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using optical interferometry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative surface studies showed that surface roughness of pellets depended on the particle size of XPVP and lactose used in the formulation. Increase in XPVP or lactose particle size resulted in rougher pellets. Formulations containing MCC produced pellets with smoother surfaces than those containing XPVP. Furthermore, surface roughness of the resultant pellets did not appear to depend on MCC particle size. Starting material particle size was found to be a critical factor for determining the surface roughness of pellets produced by extrusion-spheronization. Smaller particles can pack well with lower peaks and valleys, resulting in pellets with smoother surfaces. Similar surface roughness of pellets containing different MCC grades could be due to the deaggregation of MCC particles into smaller subunits with more or less similar sizes during wet processing. Hence, for starting materials that deaggregate during the wet processing, pellet surface roughness is influenced by the particle size of the material upon deaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Sarkar
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Bee Hwee Ang
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Celine Valeria Liew
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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Lee KT, Ingram A, Rowson NA. Comparison of granule properties produced using Twin Screw Extruder and High Shear Mixer: A step towards understanding the mechanism of twin screw wet granulation. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao G, Kapur N, Carlin B, Selinger E, Guthrie J. Characterisation of the interactive properties of microcrystalline cellulose–carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Origin of profound changes in powder properties during wetting and nucleation stages of high-shear wet granulation of microcrystalline cellulose. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Pingali KC, Tomassone MS, Muzzio FJ. Effects of shear and electrical properties on flow characteristics of pharmaceutical blends. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Badawy SIF, Gray DB, Hussain MA. A Study on the Effect of Wet Granulation on Microcrystalline Cellulose Particle Structure and Performance. Pharm Res 2006; 23:634-40. [PMID: 16382277 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-9555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the effect of wet granulation process on the compaction properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). METHODS MCC alone and with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a binder were wet granulated by a high-shear process using different granulation parameters (over- and undergranulated). Overgranulated batches were also ball milled after drying and compared to the unmilled material. MCC starting material and granulation were characterized for particle size distribution, surface area, porosity, and isothermal moisture uptake. Compaction behavior of the MCC and granulations was also studied using a compaction simulator. RESULTS In all cases, the wet granulation process decreased MCC primary particle porosity. Wet granulation also reduced compactibility of MCC to different degrees. Overgranulated batch with HPC showed the lowest compactibility and was less compactible than the batch without HPC granulated using the same parameters. Ball-milled material showed an increase in porosity and was significantly more compactible than the unmilled granulation from the same batch. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in MCC compactibility after granulation is associated with the decrease in MCC primary particle porosity and in some cases with the formation of large dense granules as well. Under certain conditions, milling seems to counteract the effect of wet granulation on MCC compactibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Farag Badawy
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA.
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McConville JT, Ross AC, Chambers AR, Smith G, Florence AJ, Stevens HNE. The effect of wet granulation on the erosion behaviour of an HPMC–lactose tablet, used as a rate-controlling component in a pulsatile drug delivery capsule formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:541-9. [PMID: 15093604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability in the performance of a pulsatile capsule delivery system induced by wet granulation of an erodible HPMC tablet, used to seal the contents within an insoluble capsule body. Erodible tablets containing HPMC and lactose were prepared by direct compression (DC) and wet granulation (WG) techniques and used to seal the model drug propranolol inside an insoluble capsule body. Dissolution testing of capsules was performed. Physical characterisation of the tablets and powder blends used to form the tablets was undertaken using a range of experimental techniques. The wet granulations were also examined using the novel technique of microwave dielectric analysis (MDA). WG tablets eroded slower and produced longer lag-times than those prepared by DC, the greatest difference was observed with low concentrations of HPMC. No anomalous physical characteristics were detected with either the tablets or powder blends. MDA indicated water-dipole relaxation times of 2.9, 5.4 and 7.7x10(-8)ms for 15, 24 and 30% HPMC concentrations, respectively, confirming that less free water was available for chain disentanglement at high concentrations. In conclusion, at low HPMC concentrations water mobility is at its greatest during the granulation process, such formulations are therefore more sensitive to processing techniques. Microwave dielectric analysis can be used to predict the degree of polymer spreading in an aqueous system, by determination of the water-dipole relaxation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T McConville
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Abe H, Suzuki T, Ootsuki A, Ozaki K, Samemoto H, Watano S. Rheological Analysis and Quantitative Evaluation of Wet Kneaded Wax Matrix. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:510-6. [PMID: 15133199 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The properties of the wet kneaded wax matrix were evaluated using a compression tester, whereby a newly proposed sigma index for the plastic deformation was assessed in the pressure transmission diagram. The sigma index was indicative of a characteristic of the plastic yield point in the rheological behavior, and presented an initial and abrupt deformation of wet kneaded mass when the wet kneaded mass was subjected to the pressure. The value of sigma index was confirmed to decrease along with an increase in the plasticity of wet kneaded mass. The wet mass of wax matrix was prepared under various kneading time, and then extruded. The properties of the extruded granules such as pore volume, strength and dissolution were investigated. As a result, it was found that the sigma index decreased with an increase in kneading time. The granules with small value of sigma index showed few porosities, large strength and slow dissolution. It was demonstrated that the sigma index linked the characteristics of wet kneaded mass to the dissolution and the other granule properties. Existence of this link was revealed by sigma index evaluation relevant to the plasticity. The sigma index could be a decisive criterion to permit an in-process evaluation of the kneading progress quantitatively, and also useful for anticipating the dissolution of the final granules roughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidaka Abe
- Pharmaceutical R&D Group, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ohmori S, Ohno Y, Makino T, Kashihara T. Effect of Moisture on Impact Toughness of Sugar-Coated Tablets Manufactured by the Dusting Method. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:329-34. [PMID: 14993756 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of moisture on the impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets manufactured by the dusting method. We demonstrated that moisture plays an important role in the impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets. Moisturizing the sugar-coating layer resulted in enhancement of impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets, while reducing moisture in the sugar-coating layer resulted in weakening of the impact toughness. This was due to the characteristics of sucrose, the main ingredient of the sugar-coating layer, which is a soft and non-fragile material at high moisture levels, but hard and fragile at low moisture levels. We also demonstrated that friability as an indicator of impact toughness changed with time, and friability should be measured at 14 d after manufacture. This is due to moisture movement from outer sugar-coating layer into the inner sugar-coated tablets. Incorporating microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in the subcoating layer resulted in sugar-coating layers with high resistance against impact even though moisture content of sugar-coated tablets was low. We confirmed the high impact toughness of the sugar-coated tablets with MCC whose moisture content was low from the results of both free fall and friability tests. We suggest that the dusting method using dusting powder containing MCC is a useful method for the production of sugar-coated tablets containing moisture sensitive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ohmori
- Healthcare Research Laboratories, Consumer Healthcare Company, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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Ono M, Tozuka Y, Oguchi T, Yamamura S, Yamamoto K. Effects of dehydration temperature on water vapor adsorption and dissolution behavior of carbamazepine. Int J Pharm 2002; 239:1-12. [PMID: 12052686 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrous carbamazepine was prepared by heating carbamazepine dihydrate at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 degrees C and used to investigate the effects of dehydration temperature on water vapor adsorption and dissolution behavior. The hydration rate of anhydrous carbamazepine at 75, 83, and 95% relative humidity and 25 degrees C decreased with increasing heating temperature. From the dissolution study by the rotating disk method, the calculated solubility of anhydrous carbamazepine was about 2.5 times higher than that of the dihydrate. The rate of phase transformation from the anhydrous form into the dihydrate during the dissolution process decreased with an increase in sample preparation temperature. These phenomena were further studied by thermal analysis, specific surface area measurement, density measurement, small-angle X-ray scattering, and wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction. As the heating temperature was raised, the specific surface area was reduced and the density was increased; furthermore, the average of the solid part calculated by the Debye method with small-angle X-ray scattering increased. The anhydrous carbamazepine prepared at lower heating temperatures was found to have a more porous structure and was seen by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction to comprise both anhydrous forms I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Suzuki T, Kikuchi H, Yonemochi E, Terada K, Yamamoto K. Interaction of microcrystalline cellulose and water in granules prepared by a high-shear mixer. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:373-8. [PMID: 11310660 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) granules were prepared by wet granulation using a high-shear mixer. Physical characteristics of the granules were investigated using near IR spectrometry, thermogravimetry and isothermal water vapor adsorption. Near IR spectra of dried MCC granules prepared for various granulation times exhibited different peak intensities at 1428, 1772, and 1920 nm, which were assigned to functional groups of cellulose or water. On isothermogravimetric analysis, the rate of dehydration of water was shown to decrease with granulation time. These results suggest that the physical structure of MCC could change during the granulation process, and the interaction between MCC and water was gradually strengthened. The isothermal water vapor adsorption curves suggested that the amorphous region of MCC would be divided by the strong shear force of the impeller, because the high adsorption ability of intact MCC in the low humidity region was diminished in granules collected following 5 and 10 min of granulation. It was suggested that MCC formed a network which caught water within its structure during the wet granulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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