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Witkowski K, Nowak A, Duchnik W, Kucharski Ł, Struk Ł, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P. Exploring Alkyl Ester Salts of L-Amino Acid Derivatives of Ibuprofen: Physicochemical Characterization and Transdermal Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:7523. [PMID: 38005244 PMCID: PMC10673250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This research presents novel ibuprofen derivatives in the form of alkyl ester salts of L-amino acids with potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties for potential use in transdermal therapeutic systems. New derivatives of (RS)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propionic acid were synthesized using hydrochlorides of alkyl esters (ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and pentyl) of L-glutamine. These were further transformed into alkyl esters of L-amino acid ibuprofenates through neutralization and protonation reactions. Characterization involved spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Various physicochemical properties were investigated, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, polarimetric analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, water solubility, octanol/water partition coefficient, and permeability through pig skin using Franz diffusion cells. The research confirmed the ionic structure of the obtained hydrochlorides of alkyl esters of L-amino acids and ibuprofenates of alkyl esters of L-glutamic acid. It revealed significant correlations between ester chain length and thermal stability, crystallinity, phase transition temperatures, lipophilicity, water solubility, skin permeability, and skin accumulation of these compounds. Compared to the parent ibuprofen, the synthesized derivatives exhibited higher water solubility, lower lipophilicity, and enhanced skin permeability. This study introduces promising ibuprofen derivatives with improved physicochemical properties, highlighting their potential for transdermal therapeutic applications. The findings shed light on the structure-activity relationships of these derivatives, offering insights into their enhanced solubility and skin permeation, which could lead to more effective topical treatments for pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kordian Witkowski
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Struk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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Reddy PG, Domb AJ. Bioactive Phenolate Salts: Thymol Salts. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300045. [PMID: 37005949 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenolate salts of bioactive agents have been reported only scarcely. This is the first report on the formation and characterization of thymol phenolate salts as representatives of phenol-containing bioactive molecules. Thymol has been used in medicine and agriculture for decades owing to its excellent therapeutic properties. However, in light of its poor aqueous solubility, thermal instability, and especially its high chemical volatility, the utility of thymol is hampered. The present work focuses on tuning the physicochemical properties of thymol by modifying its chemical structure through salt formation. In this context, a series of metal (Na, K, Li, Cu, and Zn) and ammonium (tetrabutylammonium and choline) salts of thymol were synthesized and characterized using IR, NMR, CHN elemental analysis, and DSC analyses. The molecular formulae of thymol salts were determined based on CHN analysis and thymol quantification studies from UV-Vis spectrometric analysis. In most cases, the thymol phenolate was prepared as a 1 : 1 molar ratio with metal/ammonium ion. Only the Cu salt of thymol was isolated at a ratio of two phenolate units per copper ion. Most of the synthesized thymol salts were found to have increased thermal stability relative to thymol. The physicochemical properties such as solubility, thermal stability, and evaporation rate of thymol salts were thoroughly studied in comparison with thymol. The in vitro release studies of Cu from the copper salt of thymol is pH-dependent: rapid release of copper was observed in the lower pH release medium (100 % release at pH 1 for 12 days) and the rates of release were slower at higher pH values (5 % release at pH 2, and <1 % release at pH 4, 6, 8, and 10) over a period of about three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute of Drug Research and, The Alex Grass Center for Drug Design and Synthesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute of Drug Research and, The Alex Grass Center for Drug Design and Synthesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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Topical Semisolid Products-Understanding the Impact of Metamorphosis on Skin Penetration and Physicochemical Properties. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112487. [PMID: 36432678 PMCID: PMC9692522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration published a series of product-specific guidance for the development of topical drugs, with in vitro options consisting of qualitative sameness (Q1) and quantitative sameness (Q2) assessment of formulations, physiochemical and structural characterization of formulations (Q3), and, potentially, in vitro drug release and permeation tests. In these tests, the topical semisolid product's critical quality attributes (CQAs), such as rheological properties, thermodynamic activity, particle size, globule size, and rate/extent of drug release/permeation, are evaluated to ensure the desired product quality. However, alterations in these CQAs of the drug products may occur under 'in use' conditions because of various metamorphosis events, such as evaporation that leads to supersaturation and crystallization, which may eventually result in specific failure modes of semisolid products. Under 'in use' conditions, a limited amount of formulation is applied to the skin, where physicochemical characteristics of the formulation are substantially altered from primary state to secondary and, eventually, tertiary state on the skin. There is an urgent need to understand the behavior of topical semisolid products under 'in use' conditions. In this review, we attempt to cover a series of metamorphosis events and their impact on CQAs (Q3 attributes), such as viscosity, drug activity, particle size, globule size, and drug release/permeation of topical semisolid products.
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Effect of triethanolamine as counter ion on the transdermal permeation of candesartan. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Świątek E, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Janus E, Nowak A, Sobolewski P, Duchnik W, Kucharski Ł, Klimowicz A. Novel Naproxen Salts with Increased Skin Permeability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2110. [PMID: 34959392 PMCID: PMC8704648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the synthesis, full identification, and characterization of new salts-L-proline alkyl ester naproxenates [ProOR][NAP], where R was a chain from ethyl to butyl (including isopropyl). All obtained compounds were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), and in vitro dissolution studies. The specific rotation, phase transition temperatures (melting point), and thermal stability were also determined. In addition, their lipophilicity, permeability, and accumulation in pigskin were determined. Finally, toxicity against mouse L929 fibroblast cells was tested. The obtained naproxen derivatives showed improved solubility and higher absorption of drug molecules by biological membranes. Their lipophilicity was lower and increased with the increase in the alkyl chain of the ester. The derivative with isopropyl ester had the best permeability through pigskin. The use of L-proline isopropyl ester naproxenate increased the permeation of naproxen through the skin almost four-fold. It was also shown that the increase in permeability is not associated with additional risk: all compounds had a similar effect on cell viability as the parent naproxen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Świątek
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (E.Ś.); (E.J.)
| | - Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (E.Ś.); (E.J.)
| | - Ewa Janus
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (E.Ś.); (E.J.)
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Peter Sobolewski
- Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 45, PL-70311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
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Bourassi M, Kárászová M, Pasichnyk M, Zazpe R, Herciková J, Fíla V, Macak JM, Gaálová J. Removal of Ibuprofen from Water by Different Types Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234082. [PMID: 34883586 PMCID: PMC8659068 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen separation from water by adsorption and pertraction processes has been studied, comparing 16 different membranes. Tailor-made membranes based on Matrimid, Ultem, and diaminobenzene/diaminobenzoic acid with various contents of zeolite and graphene oxide, have been compared to the commercial polystyrene, polypropylene, and polydimethylsiloxane polymeric membranes. Experimental results revealed lower ibuprofen adsorption onto commercial membranes than onto tailor-made membranes (10–15% compared to 50–70%). However, the mechanical stability of commercial membranes allowed the pertraction process application, which displayed a superior quantity of ibuprofen eliminated. Additionally, the saturation of the best-performing commercial membrane, polydimethylsiloxane, was notably prevented by atomic layer deposition of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Bourassi
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojova 135, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (M.K.); (M.P.)
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, 4 Rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 9, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Magda Kárászová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojova 135, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (M.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariia Pasichnyk
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojova 135, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (M.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Raul Zazpe
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (R.Z.); (J.M.M.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Herciková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Vlastimil Fíla
- Department of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan M. Macak
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (R.Z.); (J.M.M.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Gaálová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojova 135, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (M.K.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220390255
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7
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Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Nowak A, Klebeko J, Janus E, Duchnik W, Adamiak-Giera U, Kucharski Ł, Prowans P, Petriczko J, Czapla N, Bargiel P, Markowska M, Klimowicz A. Assessment of the Effect of Structural Modification of Ibuprofen on the Penetration of Ibuprofen from Pentravan ® (Semisolid) Formulation Using Human Skin and a Transdermal Diffusion Test Model. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6808. [PMID: 34832210 PMCID: PMC8624710 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of transdermal vehicle (Pentravan®) on skin permeability was examined for unmodified ibuprofen (IBU) and ion pairs of ibuprofen with new L-valine alkyl esters [ValOR][IBU]. The percutaneous permeation across the human skin and transdermal diffusion test model (Strat-M® membranes) of ibuprofen and its structural modification were measured and compared using Franz diffusion cells. For comparison, the penetration of ibuprofen from a commercial product was also investigated. The cumulative amount of drug permeated through human skin at the end of the 24 h study was highest for ibuprofen derivatives containing propyl (C3), isopropyl (C3), ethyl (C2), and butyl (C4) esters. For Strat-M®, the best results were obtained with the alkyl chain length of the ester from C2 to C5. The permeation profiles and parameters were appointed, such as steady-state flux, lag time, and permeability coefficient. It has been shown that L-valine alkyl ester ibuprofenates, with the propyl, butyl, and amyl chain, exhibit a higher permeation rate than ibuprofen. The diffusion parameters of analyzed drugs through human skin and Strat-M® were similar and with good correlation. The resulting Pentravan-based creams with ibuprofen in the form of an ionic pair represent a potential alternative to other forms of the drug-containing analgesics administered transdermally. Furthermore, the Strat-M® membranes can be used to assess the permeation of transdermal preparations containing anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Avenue 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Joanna Klebeko
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Ewa Janus
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Avenue 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Urszula Adamiak-Giera
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Avenue 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Piotr Prowans
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-72010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Jan Petriczko
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-72010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Norbert Czapla
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-72010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Piotr Bargiel
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-72010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Markowska
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, PL-72010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Avenue 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
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Klebeko J, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Nowak A, Janus E, Duchnik W, Adamiak-Giera U, Kucharski Ł, Prowans P, Petriczko J, Czapla N, Bargiel P, Markowska M, Klimowicz A. Permeability of Ibuprofen in the Form of Free Acid and Salts of L-Valine Alkyl Esters from a Hydrogel Formulation through Strat-M™ Membrane and Human Skin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6678. [PMID: 34772205 PMCID: PMC8588543 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of vehicle and chemical modifications of the structure of active compounds on the skin permeation and accumulation of ibuprofen [IBU]. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using human abdominal skin and Strat-M™ membrane. The HPLC method was used for quantitative determinations. The formulations tested were hydrogels containing IBU and its derivatives and commercial gel with ibuprofen. The results obtained indicate that Celugel® had an enhancing effect on the skin penetration of IBU. The average cumulative mass of [IBU] after 24 h permeation test from Celugel® formulation through human skin was over 3 times higher than for the commercial product. Three ibuprofen derivatives containing [ValOiPr][IBU], [ValOPr][IBU], and [ValOBu][IBU] cation were evaluated as chemical penetration enhancers. The cumulative mass after 24 h of penetration was 790.526 ± 41.426, 682.201 ± 29.910, and 684.538 ± 5.599 μg IBU cm-2, respectively, compared to the formulation containing unmodified IBU-429.672 ± 60.151 μg IBU cm-2. This study demonstrates the perspective of the transdermal hydrogel vehicle in conjunction with the modification of the drug as a potential faster drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klebeko
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ewa Janus
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.J.)
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Urszula Adamiak-Giera
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Piotr Prowans
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Jan Petriczko
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Norbert Czapla
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Piotr Bargiel
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Markowska
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland; (P.P.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (W.D.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
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Kim JS, Din FU, Lee SM, Kim DS, Woo MR, Cheon S, Ji SH, Kim JO, Youn YS, Oh KT, Lim SJ, Jin SG, Choi HG. Comparison of Three Different Aqueous Microenvironments for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Sildenafil: Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System, Amorphous Microspheres and Crystalline Microspheres. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5797-5810. [PMID: 34465992 PMCID: PMC8402991 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s324206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to screen various drug delivery systems for improving the aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of sildenafil. Three representative techniques, solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), amorphous microspheres and crystalline microspheres, were compared. Methods Both microspheres systems contained sildenafil:Labrasol:PVP at a weight ratio of 1:1:6. The amorphous microspheres were manufactured using ethanol, while crystalline microspheres were generated using distilled water. Liquid SNEDDS was composed of sildenafil:Labrasol:Transcutol HP:Captex 300 in the ratio of 1:70:15:15 (w:w:w:w). The solidification process in SNEDDS was performed using HDK N20 Pharma as a solid carrier. Results The amorphous microspheres appeared spherical with significantly decreased particle size compared to the drug powder. The crystalline microspheres exhibited a rough surface with no major particle-size difference compared with sildenafil powder, indicating that the hydrophilic excipients adhered to the sildenafil crystal. Solid SNEDDS presented a smooth surface, assuming that the oily liquid was adsorbed to the porous solid carrier. According to the physicochemical evaluation, the crystalline state maintained in crystalline microspheres, whereas the crystal state changed to amorphous state in other formulations. Amorphous microspheres, crystalline microspheres and solid SNEDDS produced about 79, 55, 82-fold increased solubility, compared to drug powder. Moreover, the prepared formulations provided a higher dissolution rate (%) and plasma concentration than did the drug powder (performance order; solid SNEDDS ≥ amorphous microspheres ≥ crystalline microspheres > drug powder). Among the formulations, solid SNEDDS demonstrated the highest improvement in oral bioavailability (AUC; 1508.78 ± 343.95 h·ng/mL). Conclusion Therefore, solid SNEDDS could be recommended as an oral dosage form for enhancing the oral bioavailability of sildenafil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Suk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sang Min Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Dong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Mi Ran Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | | | - Sang Hun Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, South Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Lim
- Department of Bioscience and biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
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10
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Jaglal Y, Osman N, Omolo CA, Mocktar C, Devnarain N, Govender T. Formulation of pH-responsive lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for co-delivery and enhancement of the antibacterial activity of vancomycin and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Kung CP, Sil BC, Zhang Y, Hadgraft J, Lane ME, Patel B, McCulloch R. Dermal delivery of amitriptyline for topical analgesia. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:805-815. [PMID: 33886076 PMCID: PMC8888505 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Amitriptyline, administered orally, is currently one of the treatment options for the management of neuropathic pain and migraine. Because of the physicochemical properties of the molecule, amitriptyline is also a promising candidate for delivery as a topical analgesic. Here we report the dermal delivery of amitriptyline from a range of simple formulations. The first stage of the work required the conversion of amitriptyline hydrochloride to the free base form as confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Distribution coefficient values were measured at pH 6, 6.5, 7, and 7.4. Solubility and stability of amitriptyline were assessed prior to conducting in vitro permeation and mass balance studies. The compound demonstrated instability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) dependent on pH. Volatile formulations comprising of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and isopropyl myristate (IPM) or propylene glycol (PG) were evaluated in porcine skin under finite dose conditions. Compared with neat IPM, the IPM:IPA vehicles promoted 8-fold and 5-fold increases in the amount of amitriptyline that permeated at 24 h. Formulations containing PG also appear to be promising vehicles for dermal delivery of amitriptyline, typically delivering higher amounts of amitriptyline than the IPM:IPA vehicles. The results reported here suggest that further optimization of topical amitriptyline formulations should be pursued towards development of a product for clinical investigational studies. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13346-021-00982-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ping Kung
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Bruno C Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - Yanling Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Bhumik Patel
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Renée McCulloch
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
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12
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Hamideh A, Rahman Z, Dharani S, Khuroo T, Mohamed EM, Nutan MTH, Reddy IK, Khan MA. Preparation and characterization of dicarboxylic acids salt of aripiprazole with enhanced physicochemical properties. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:455-463. [PMID: 33653226 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1888978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The focus of present work was to prepare salt of aripiprazole (APZ) with dicarboxylic acids to improve physicochemical properties the drug. Dicarboxylic acids used in the study were malonic acid, maleic acid and succinic acid. The salts were prepared with solubilization-crystallization method. The salts were characterized for pH-solubility, dissolution, and stabilities. The Fourier infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and near infrared chemical imaging indicated formation of new solid phase. pH-solubility profiles of the salts were similar to the drug except higher solubility were observed in the salts at all tested pH. The highest solubility was observed for APZ-Malonate salt among all the prepared salts. The solubility curve was inverted 'V' shape for APZ-maleate and APZ-succinate while it was inverted 'U' shape for APZ-malonate. The water solubility of APZ, APZ-malonate, APZ-maleate and APZ-succinate were 0.07 ± 0.02, 3503.9 ± 37.4, 269.3 ± 6.9 and 729.4 ± 9.4 µg/mL, respectively. The dissolution was 2.9 ± 0.4, 18.4 ± 3.9, 19.5 ± 1.4 and 36.6 ± 4.0% in 45 min for APZ, APZ-maleate, APZ-malonate, and APZ-succinate. The stabilities of the salts were similar to the drug. Thus, salts improved the physicochemical properties of the drug, and have similar stability profiles as that of APZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Hamideh
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sathish Dharani
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tahir Khuroo
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eman M Mohamed
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammad T H Nutan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Indra K Reddy
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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13
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Narala S, Nyavanandi D, Srinivasan P, Mandati P, Bandari S, Repka MA. Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals, Salts, and Co-Amorphous Systems: A Novel Opportunity of Hot Melt Extrusion. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 61:102209. [PMID: 33717230 PMCID: PMC7946067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the solubility of active drug ingredients is a major challenge faced by scientists and researchers. Different approaches have been explored for the enhancement of solubility and physicochemical properties of drugs, without affecting their stability or pharmacological activity. Among the various strategies available, pharmaceutical co-crystals, co-amorphous systems, and pharmaceutical salts as multicomponent systems (MCS) have gained interest to improve physicochemical properties of drugs. Development of MCS by conventional methods involves the utilization of excess amount of solvents, thus, making the product prone to instability, and may also cause harmful side effects in patients. Scale up is critical and involves the investment of huge capital and time. Lately, hot-melt extrusion has been utilized in the development of MCS to enhance solubility, bioavailability, stability, and physicochemical properties of the drugs. In this review, the authors discussed the development of different MCS produced via hot-melt extrusion technology. Specifically, approaches for screening of co-formers and co-crystals, selection of excipients for co-amorphous systems, pharmaceutical salts, and significance of MCS and process parameters affecting product quality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Priyanka Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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14
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Tripodi A, Martinazzo R, Ramis G, Rossetti I. Process Modeling Issues in the Design of a Continuous‐Flow Process for the Production of Ibuprofen. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tripodi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-ISTM and INSTM Unit Milano-Università Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dip. Chimica via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Rocco Martinazzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-ISTM and INSTM Unit Milano-Università Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dip. Chimica via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Gianguido Ramis
- DICCA, Università degli Studi di Genova and INSTM Unit-Genova via all'Opera Pia 15A 16100 Genoa Italy
| | - Ilenia Rossetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-ISTM and INSTM Unit Milano-Università Chemical Plants and Industrial Chemistry Group, Dip. Chimica via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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15
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Ossowicz P, Klebeko J, Janus E, Nowak A, Duchnik W, Kucharski Ł, Klimowicz A. The effect of alcohols as vehicles on the percutaneous absorption and skin retention of ibuprofen modified with l-valine alkyl esters. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41727-41740. [PMID: 35516534 PMCID: PMC9057780 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of various alcohols as vehicles on skin permeability was compared for unmodified ibuprofen (IBU) and ion pairs of ibuprofen with l-valine alkyl esters [ValOR][IBU], in which the alkyl chain R was changed from C1 to C8. In vitro permeation experiments were conducted in a Franz cell with porcine skin. Methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol solutions of 70% (v/v) were chosen as vehicles for penetrants and a buffer solution of pH 5.4 or 7.4 as the acceptor phase. The comparisons of permeation profiles for various [ValOR][IBU] from different alcohols were determined. The cumulative mass, skin accumulation, steady-state flux, diffusion coefficient, and lag time were investigated and compared. It was observed that i-propanol was the best enhancer of skin permeation of both unmodified ibuprofen and its salts with l-valine alkyl esters for both acceptor phases. The permeability of the various carriers increases with increasing chain-length of the alcohol. In most cases, significantly higher cumulative mass was found in the acceptor buffer of pH 7.4. The conjugate of ibuprofen with l-valine propyl ester [ValOPr][IBU] permeated the skin to the highest degree in comparison to unmodified ibuprofen. The accumulation of ibuprofen was higher for all salts in relation to the parent acid applied onto the skin. The greatest amounts of ibuprofen were accumulated in the skin when ibuprofen was used as the ionic pair with l-valine butyl ester, [ValOBu][IBU] in the i-propanol solution and pH 7.4 buffer as the acceptor phase. The effect of various alcohols as vehicles on skin permeability was compared for unmodified ibuprofen (IBU) and ion pairs of ibuprofen with l-valine alkyl esters [ValOR][IBU], in which the alkyl chain R was changed from C1 to C8.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ossowicz
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials Piastów Ave. 42 71-065 Szczecin Poland
| | - Joanna Klebeko
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials Piastów Ave. 42 71-065 Szczecin Poland
| | - Ewa Janus
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials Piastów Ave. 42 71-065 Szczecin Poland
| | - Anna Nowak
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72 70-111 Szczecin Poland
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72 70-111 Szczecin Poland
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72 70-111 Szczecin Poland
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72 70-111 Szczecin Poland
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16
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Choi Y, Kim J, Yu S, Hong S. pH- and temperature-responsive radially porous silica nanoparticles with high-capacity drug loading for controlled drug delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:335103. [PMID: 32369797 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of smart and functional nanocarriers for drug delivery systems that use a variety of organic and inorganic materials has led to the development of nanomedicines with improved therapeutic efficiency and reduced side effects. In this study, a pH- and temperature-responsive, controlled-release system with a high capacity for drug loading was developed based on radially porous silica nanoparticles composed of functionalized ligands and polymer encapsulation. This drug delivery system uses radially oriented mesoporous silica nanoparticles as the drug carrier, and control of the surface chemistry of those nanocarriers allows high-capacity loading efficiency of target drugs and stimuli-responsive release kinetics governed by pH and temperature. The delivery of ibuprofen was chosen to test this system, and a maximum loading efficiency of ca. 270 wt% was established, which was 3 times greater than that in previous studies for silica nanoparticles such as SBA-15, MCA-41, and MCM-48. In addition, the pH- and temperature-responsive release of ibuprofen was achieved when the surface of the nanocarriers was treated by pH-responsive amine functionalization and a temperature-responsive surface coating of agarose gel. Finally, cytotoxicity testing using the fibroblast cells showed that the developed silica nanocarriers have no toxicity on the cells, which should allow these nanocarriers to be applied as a nanomedicine in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Choi
- Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea
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17
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Janus E, Ossowicz P, Klebeko J, Nowak A, Duchnik W, Kucharski Ł, Klimowicz A. Enhancement of ibuprofen solubility and skin permeation by conjugation with l-valine alkyl esters. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7570-7584. [PMID: 35492154 PMCID: PMC9049830 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New ibuprofen derivatives were made via conjugation with l-valine alkyl esters (ValOR), where R was changed from an ethyl to a hexyl group. The ionic structure was confirmed using NMR and FTIR. Specific rotation, solubility in commonly used solvents, thermal properties including phase transitions temperatures, and thermal stability were also determined. The ionic structure with a protonated amine group on an l-valine ester and melting points below 100 °C allowed inclusion of these ibuprofen derivatives into the pharmaceutically active protic ionic liquids. The ibuprofen salt solubility in deionised water and two buffer solutions at pH 5.4 and 7.4 were established and compared with the parent acid solubility. The octanol/water (buffer) partition coefficient, permeation through porcine skin, and accumulation in the skin were also measured. Ibuprofen pairing with l-valine alkyl esters [ValOR][IBU], caused higher solubility and a greater drug molecule absorption through biological membranes. log P was lower for ibuprofen salts than for the acid and it increased with a longer l-valine ester cation alkyl chain. In vitro porcine skin tests showed that ibuprofen salts with a propyl or isopropyl ester in l-valine are particularly relevant for topical application. They provide transport for ibuprofen through the skin at much higher rate than the unmodified acid and a higher permeated ibuprofen concentration, which can improve efficacy. Thus, synthesised ibuprofen derivatives could be used as drug carriers in transdermal systems to provide better drug bioavailability, and they can be also be the source of exogenous l-valine. New ibuprofen derivatives made via conjugation with l-valine alkyl esters have better solubility in aqueous solutions and a lower log P value compared to the parent acid. They provide faster and more completely permeation of drug through the skin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Janus
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials
- 71-065 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Paula Ossowicz
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials
- 71-065 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Joanna Klebeko
- West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials
- 71-065 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Anna Nowak
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
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18
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Salts of Therapeutic Agents: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Considerations. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071719. [PMID: 30011904 PMCID: PMC6100526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical and biological properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are greatly affected by their salt forms. The choice of a particular salt formulation is based on numerous factors such as API chemistry, intended dosage form, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The appropriate salt can improve the overall therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects of an API. However, the incorrect salt form can have the opposite effect, and can be quite detrimental for overall drug development. This review summarizes several criteria for choosing the appropriate salt forms, along with the effects of salt forms on the pharmaceutical properties of APIs. In addition to a comprehensive review of the selection criteria, this review also gives a brief historic perspective of the salt selection processes.
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19
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Comparative study of photodynamic activity of methylene blue in the presence of salicylic acid and curcumin phenolic compounds on human breast cancer. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:239-246. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Organo-bridged silsesquioxane incorporated mesoporous silica as a carrier for the controlled delivery of ibuprofen and fluorouracil. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Dołżonek J, Cho CW, Stepnowski P, Markiewicz M, Thöming J, Stolte S. Membrane partitioning of ionic liquid cations, anions and ion pairs - Estimating the bioconcentration potential of organic ions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:378-389. [PMID: 28554027 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts have been directed towards better understanding the persistency and toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs) in the context of the "benign-by-design" approach, but the assessment of their bioaccumulation potential remains neglected. This paper reports the experimental membrane partitioning of IL cations (imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium), anions ([C(CN)3]-, [B(CN)4]-, [FSO2)2N]-, [(C2F5)3PF3]-, [(CF3SO2)2N]-) and their combinations as a measure for estimating the bioconcentration factor (BCF). Both cations and anions can have a strong affinity for phosphatidylcholine bilayers, which is mainly driven by the hydrophobicity of the ions. This affinity is often reflected in the ecotoxicological impact. Our data revealed that the bioconcentration potential of IL cations and anions is much higher than expected from octanol-water-partitioning based estimations that have recently been presented. For some ILs, the membrane-water partition coefficient reached levels corresponding to BCFs that might become relevant in terms of the "B" (bioaccumulation potential) classification under REACH. However, this preliminary estimation need to be confirmed by in vivo bioconcentration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Faculty 4, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Chul-Woong Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Markiewicz
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Faculty 4, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jorg Thöming
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Faculty 4, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Faculty 4, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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22
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Zavgorodnya O, Shamshina JL, Mittenthal M, McCrary PD, Rachiero GP, Titi HM, Rogers RD. Polyethylene glycol derivatization of the non-active ion in active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids enhances transdermal delivery. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Introducing PEGylated moieties into the counterion structure of API–ILs can significantly enhance the transport through a membrane without a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Max Mittenthal
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | | | | | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Robin D. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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23
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Lozoya-Agullo I, González-Álvarez I, González-Álvarez M, Merino-Sanjuán M, Bermejo M. Development of an ion-pair to improve the colon permeability of a low permeability drug: Atenolol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:334-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Sonawane SJ, Kalhapure RS, Jadhav M, Rambharose S, Mocktar C, Govender T. Transforming linoleic acid into a nanoemulsion for enhanced activity against methicillin susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16248c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic of formation of linoleic acid nanoemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep J. Sonawane
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Rahul S. Kalhapure
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Mahantesh Jadhav
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Rambharose
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
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25
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Atkinson MBJ, Oyola-Reynoso S, Luna RE, Bwambok DK, Thuo MM. Pot-in-pot reactions: a simple and green approach to efficient organic synthesis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, flux controlled, technique to circumvent the tedium and wastage in organic synthesis is review. Pot-in-pot reactions, like matryoshka dolls, houses one reaction pot inside another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Oyola-Reynoso
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - R. E. Luna
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
| | - D. K. Bwambok
- Warner Babcock Institute for Green Chemistry
- Wilmington
- USA
| | - M. M. Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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26
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27
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Wang H, Gurau G, Shamshina J, Cojocaru OA, Janikowski J, MacFarlane DR, Davis JH, Rogers RD. Simultaneous membrane transport of two active pharmaceutical ingredients by charge assisted hydrogen bond complex formation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Karadzovska D, Brooks JD, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE. Predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:265-77. [PMID: 22342772 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that vehicle and formulation components influence the rate and extent of passive chemical absorption through skin. Significant progress, over the last decades, has been made in predicting dermal absorption from a single vehicle; however the effect of a complex, realistic mixture has not received its due attention. Recent studies have aimed to bridge this gap by extending the use of quantitative structure-permeation relationship (QSPR) models based on linear free energy relationships (LFER) to predict dermal absorption from complex mixtures with the inclusion of significant molecular descriptors such as a mixture factor that accounts for the physicochemical properties of the vehicle/mixture components. These models have been compiled and statistically validated using the data generated from in vitro or ex vivo experimental techniques. This review highlights the progress made in predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Karadzovska
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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29
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Fini A, Bassini G, Monastero A, Cavallari C. Diclofenac Salts, VIII. Effect of the Counterions on the Permeation through Porcine Membrane from Aqueous Saturated Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:413-29. [PMID: 24300300 PMCID: PMC3834916 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The following bases: monoethylamine (EtA), diethylamine (DEtA), triethylamine (TEtA), monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), pyrrolidine (Py), piperidine (Pp), morpholine (M), piperazine (Pz) and their N-2-hydroxyethyl (HE) analogs were employed to prepare 14 diclofenac salts. The salts were re-crystallized from water in order to obtain forms that are stable in the presence of water. Vertical Franz-type cells with a diffusional surface area of 9.62 cm2 were used to study the permeation of these diclofenac salts from their saturated solutions through an internal pig ear membrane. The receptor compartments of the cells contained 100 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4); a saturated solution (5 mL) of each salt was placed in the donor compartment, thermostated at 37 °C. Aliquots were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals over 8 h and then immediately analyzed by HPLC. Fluxes were determined by plotting the permeated amount, normalized for the membrane surface area versus time. Permeation coefficients were obtained dividing the flux values J by the concentration of the releasing phase-that is, water solubility of each salt. Experimental results show that fluxes could be measured when diclofenac salts with aliphatic amines are released from a saturated aqueous solution. Different chemical species (acid, anion, ion pairs) contribute to permeation of the anti-inflammatory agent even though ion-pairs could be hypothesized to operate to a greater extent. Permeation coefficients were found higher when the counterion contains a ring; while hydroxy groups alone do not appear to play an important role, the ring could sustain permeation, disrupting the organized domains of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamo Fini
- Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Glenda Bassini
- Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Annamaria Monastero
- Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Cristina Cavallari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
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30
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Velický M, Bradley DF, Tam KY, Dryfe RAW. In Situ Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay under Hydrodynamic Control: Permeability-pH Profiles of Warfarin and Verapamil. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1644-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Ma X, Fang L, Guo J, Zhao N, He Z. Effect of counter-ions and penetration enhancers on the skin permeation of flurbiprofen. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1826-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Wang M, Fang L, Ren C, Li T. Effect of ion-pairing and enhancers on scutellarin skin permeability. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:429-35. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.4.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of enhancers and organic amines on the in-vitro percutaneous absorption of the major pharmacologically active compound, scutellarin, obtained from breviscapine extract. The donor vehicle consisted of isopropyl myristate-ethanol in a ratio of 4:1. Percutaneous absorption across full thickness rat skin was investigated in-vitro using 2-chamber diffusion cells, with reverse-phase HPLC for quantification of the permeating scutellarin. Organic amines increased scutellarin permeation by ion-pair formation. We also found that the cumulative amount of scutellarin over a period of 12 h of scutellarin was inversely related to the molecular weight of organic amines (r = 0.9134), as well as the logarithm of scutellarin permeability coefficient inversely related to the partition coefficient of organic amines (r = 0.8929). All the permeation enhancers tested increased the cumulative amount of scutellarin over a period of 12 h, and the order of this increase was n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, oleic acid, menthol or Azone. Drug solubility in donor phase was markedly increased by Azone and n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and reduced by menthol and oleic acid. The combined effects of ethanolamine plus Azone, ethanolamine plus menthol, and Azone plus menthol were also investigated. Azone plus menthol had a synergistic effect on the cumulative amount of scutellarin over a period of 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Huashan Road, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Changshun Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
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33
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Ivaturi VD, Kim SK. Enhanced permeation of methotrexate in vitro by ion pair formation with L-arginine. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3633-9. [PMID: 19117046 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ion paired solutions of methotrexate in L-arginine/water/propylene glycol systems were evaluated for their potential to enhance the permeation of methotrexate across rabbit nasal mucosa in vitro. The partition coefficient of methotrexate in the methotrexate: L-arginine ion paired systems was observed to be 24 times greater than that of the methotrexate system without L-arginine. The ion pair formation between methotrexate and L-arginine was confirmed by a decrease in the conductivity of the systems in the presence of propylene glycol, a dielectric constant reducing agent. The permeation of methotrexate across the rabbit nasal mucosa from the ion paired systems was observed to be significantly greater (p < 0.05) as compared to control systems of methotrexate solution in water and a sodium salt. Furthermore, a threefold increase in the flux of methotrexate was observed when propylene glycol was added to the ion paired systems. These results suggest that methotrexate: L-arginine ion paired systems have potential in improving the permeation of methotrexate across rabbit nasal mucosa and may form the basis for further development of an intranasal therapeutic system of methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay D Ivaturi
- College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St John's University, Queens, New York 11439, USA.
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34
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Gu X, Dannefaer JL, Collins BR. In Vitro Permeation Characterization of the Analgesic Ibuprofen and the Sunscreen Oxybenzone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:845-52. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040801928697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Ma R, Fang L, Niu X, Jiang Y, He Z. Effect of ion-pairing on the permeation of glibenclamide through rat skin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(08)50053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Koufopoulou SA, Pistos C, Giaginis C, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. Application of the ion pair concept to the n-octanol-water partitioning of cefepime and cefpirome. Int J Pharm 2006; 316:52-7. [PMID: 16564653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ion pair concept was applied for the assessment of lipophilicity of cefepime and cefpirome. Octanol-water distribution coefficients were determined in presence of different concentrations [X-] of sodium octanesulphonate. The log Dx values within the linear part of the log Dx/[X-] relationships were extrapolated to log Do values corresponding to the partitioning in absence of the counter ion. Measurements were feasible at pH values close to the isoelectric points of the acidic and basic functions. In that pH range the conduction of the experiments in presence of the hydrophobic counter anion facilitated the partitioning of the two cephalosporins to octanol, circumventing the problems arising from their high hydrophilicity. This procedure could not be applied at lower pH, possibly due to a further drastic decrease in the 'intrinsic' lipophilicity or to reduced ion pairing potential of octanesulphonate, and at higher pH due to the disruption of the zwitterionic structure. Extrapolated log Do values were compared to actual log D measurements performed for a reference quinolinium compound and for cefpirome. Extrapolated retention factors log kw close to the isoelectric point were also determined by reversed phase HPLC and compared to the log Do values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Koufopoulou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 157 71, Greece
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37
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Sarveiya V, Templeton JF, Benson HAE. Effect of lipophilic counter-ions on membrane diffusion of benzydamine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 26:39-46. [PMID: 15950443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many topically applied drugs are ionized molecules that exhibit poor penetration across the lipid domains of the stratum corneum. Reduction of the charge on the molecule would be expected to enhance skin penetration. The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug benzydamine hydrochloride with suitable counter-ions including ibuprofen sodium. The influence of pH of the donor solution and hence degree of ionization on partitioning between n-octanol:buffer and the flux of benzydamine hydrochloride across polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) membrane and human epidermis was determined. The maximum flux was determined at pH 7.6 when the fraction unionized was 2.51%, rather than at pH 9 when the fraction unionized was 38.7%. This suggests that at higher pH, although the permeability coefficient is increased, the decrease in solubility and therefore concentration of dissolved benzydamine in the medium results in a decrease in flux across the PDMS membrane. Ion-pair formation or interaction with each of the counter-ions was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Significant increases in logP and flux across PDMS membrane were determined for the ion-pairs (0.087, 12.54, 11.31, 0.121 microg cm(-2)h(-1) for benzydamine hydrochloride and ion-pairs with ibuprofen sodium, sodium benzoate and sodium octane sulfonate respectively). This study shows that it is possible to significantly enhance the flux of salts across a lipophilic membrane in the presence of counter-ions, resulting from intermolecular interaction and/or ion-pair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sarveiya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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