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Keshavarzi M, Naraki K, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. A narrative review and new insights into the protective effects of taurine against drug side effects. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03331-0. [PMID: 39141023 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Taurine, a non-essential amino acid produced from cysteine, is abundant in body tissues and blood plasma. It plays vital roles in growth, osmosis, lipid metabolism, and neurohormonal modulation. Taurine has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, and its deficiency can lead to various diseases including cardiovascular, diabetic, renal, and liver disorders. This report provides a comprehensive review of the functional properties of taurine in counteracting pharmaceutical-induced side effects. A search across databases such as Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science yielded 109 articles, of which 75 were included in the study. These results suggest that the protective effects of taurine involve mechanisms such as influencing pathways of Nrf2/OH-1, PI3-kinase/AKT and ERK2, boosting antioxidants (SOD, GPx and CAT), and suppression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Overall, supplementation with taurine along with medications with significant side effects may mitigate these effects and enhance their efficacy. Further investigation of the interactions between taurine and other nutrients or compounds may provide insights into synergistic effects and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Keshavarzi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Karim Naraki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Hosseini A, Ghorbani A, Alavi MS, Forouhi N, Rajabian A, Boroumand-Noughabi S, Sahebkar A, Eid AH. Cardioprotective effect of Sanguisorba minor against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1305816. [PMID: 38223198 PMCID: PMC10784747 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Oxidative stress is a major instigator of various cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI). Despite available drugs, there is still an increased need to look for alternative therapies or identify new bioactive compounds. Sanguisorba minor (S. minor) is a native herb characterized by its potent antioxidant activity. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of S. minor against isoprenaline-induced MI. Methods: Rats were treated with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of S. minor at doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg orally for 9 days. Isoprenaline was injected subcutaneously at the dose of 85 mg/kg on days 8 and 9. Then, the activities of various cardiac injury markers including cardiac troponin (cTnT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase muscle brain (CK-MB), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), and antioxidant enzymes in serum were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol content were measured in cardiac tissue, and histopathological analysis was conducted. Results: Our results show that isoprenaline increased the serum levels of cTnT, LDH, CK-MB, and CPK (p < 0.001) and elevated MDA levels (p < 0.001) in cardiac tissue. Isoprenaline also reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and thiol content (p < 0.001). Importantly, the extract abolished isoprenaline-induced MI by elevating SOD and catalase (p < 0.001), reducing levels of MDA, and diminishing levels of cTnT, LDH, CK-MB, and CPK cardiac markers (p < 0.001). Histopathological studies of the cardiac tissue showed isoprenaline-induced injury that was significantly attenuated by the extract. Conclusion: Our results suggest that S. minor could abrogate isoprenaline-induced cardiac toxicity due to its ability to mitigate oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Hosseini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atieh Ghorbani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nima Forouhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Mohamed AAR, Moustafa GG, El Bohy KM, Saber TM, Metwally MMM, El Desoukey Mohammed H, El-Far AH, Alotaibi BS, Alosaimi M, Abuzahrah SS, Alqahtani LS. Exploring cardiac impact of oral nicotine exposure in a transplantable Neoplasm Mice Model: Insights from biochemical analysis, morphometry, and molecular docking: Chlorella vulgaris green algae support. Toxicology 2023; 497-498:153629. [PMID: 37704175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine-induced cardiac tissue damage is a concern for cancer patients, but the exact pathogenesis from nicotine oral exposure is unclear. This study was designed to investigate the impact of nicotine and Chlorella vulgaris (Ch. V) on cardiac glutathione homeostasis, inflammatory response, cardiac damage markers, apoptotic proteins and histopathological findings in an experimentally transplantable neoplasm mouse model (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma; EAC). In the in-vivo experiment, the female Swiss mice were divided into four groups: control, Ch.V (100 mg/kg), Nicotine (100 µg/ml/kg), and a combination group ( Nocotine+ Ch.V) for 40 days. Furthermore, in this study,the effects of C. vulgaris components on caspase-3, TNF-α, and IL-1β activity were explored using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) docking software to ensure its ability to counteract the toxic effects of nicotine. The results indicated that nicotine has induced significant (P < 0.001) cardiopathic alterations in EAC-bearing mice with changes in cardiac tissue enzymes. C. Vulgaris attenuated the nicotine-induced cardiac glutathione inhibition, suppressed the inflammatory response, exerted antiapoptotic effects, mitigated myocardial injury biomarkers, and repaired cellular and tissue damage. Moreover, the molecular docking results revealed the ability of C. vulgaris to bind with interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1 A (TNFRSF1A) in the mice tissues, ameliorating apoptosis and inflammatory processes associated with nicotine-induced cardiotoxicity. This study provides a model for understanding nicotine-induced myocardial injury during experimentally transplantable neoplasm. It highlights C. vulgaris as a beneficial food supplement for cancer patients exposed to nicotine orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Gihan G Moustafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Khlood M El Bohy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Taghred M Saber
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of pathology and clinical pathology, faculty of veterinary medicine, King Salman international University, Ras sudr، Egypt; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Heba El Desoukey Mohammed
- Specialist of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Veterinary Services, El Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Badriyah S Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah S Abuzahrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang S, Liu H, Fang Q, He H, Lu X, Wang Y, Fan X. Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill Protects Against Chronic Heart Failure in Mice via Inhibiting the ERK/MAPK and TGF-β Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:796354. [PMID: 34925046 PMCID: PMC8682969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major public health problem with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill (STDP) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine preparation for coronary heart disease and growing evidence proves that STDP exerts beneficial effects on CHF in the clinic. However, the molecular mechanism of the therapeutic effects of STDP on CHF remains largely unknown. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of STDP against CHF by integrating network pharmacology analysis and whole-transcriptome sequencing. Methods: First, the mouse model of CHF was established by the transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery, and the efficacy of STDP against CHF was evaluated by assessing the alterations in cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with echocardiography, Masson’s trichrome staining, and wheat germ agglutinin staining. Next, a CHF disease network was constructed by integrating cardiovascular disease-related genes and the transcriptome sequencing data, which was used to explore the underlying mechanism of action of STDP. Then, the key targets involved in the effects of STDP on CHF were determined by network analysis algorithms, and pathway enrichment analysis was performed to these key genes. Finally, important targets in critical pathway were verified in vivo. Results: STDP administration obviously improved cardiac function, relieved cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and ameliorated myocardial fibrosis in CHF mice. Moreover, STDP significantly reversed the imbalanced genes that belong to the disease network of CHF in mice with TAC, and the number of genes with the reverse effect was 395. Pathway analysis of the crucial genes with recovery efficiency revealed that pathways related to fibrosis and energy metabolism were highly enriched, while TGF-β pathway and ERK/MAPK pathway were predicted to be significantly affected. Consistently, validation experiments confirmed that inhibiting ERK/MAPK and TGF-β signaling pathways via reduction of the phosphorylation level of Smad3 and ERK1/2 is the important mechanism of STDP against CHF. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that STDP can recover the imbalanced CHF network disturbed by the modeling of TAC through the multi-target and multi-pathway manner in mice, and the mechanisms are mainly related to inhibition of ERK/MAPK and TGF-β signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Inner Mongolia Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Houhong He
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
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Yi Z, Ke J, Wang Y, Cai K. Fluvastatin protects myocardial cells in mice with acute myocardial infarction through inhibiting RhoA/ROCK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2095-2102. [PMID: 32104271 PMCID: PMC7027326 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective effect of fluvastatin (Flu) on myocardial cells in mice with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the mechanism were explored. Forty C57B/L6 mice in similar physiological status were selected and randomly divided into sham operation (Sham) group (n=10), AMI group (n=10), Flu group (n=10) and Flu + Angiotensin II (Ang II) (Ang II) group (n=10). The pathological changes in heart tissues were detected via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and apoptosis of myocardial cells was detected via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Moreover, the expression levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined using relevant kits, and the expression levels of Ras homolog gene family (Rho)-associated coiled-coil protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), ROCK2, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the infarction region were determined using Western blotting. The infarction area in mice in Flu group was significantly smaller than that in AMI group. In AMI group, the level of MDA in the serum and infarction tissues was remarkably higher than that in Sham group (P<0.05), while that of SOD significantly declined (P<0.05). The level of MDA in Flu group was obviously lower than that in AMI group (P<0.05). The expression levels of Bax, NF-κB, ROCK1 and ROCK2 were obviously higher in AMI group than those in Sham group, while they were obviously lower in Flu group than those in AMI group (P<0.05). After the Rho member A (RhoA)/ROCK pathway agonist Ang II was added, the mitigation effect of Flu on myocardial apoptosis in the infarction region in AMI mice was evidently weakened. Flu mitigates AMI-induced myocardial apoptosis in mice, and the possible mechanism is that the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses activated and mediated by RhoA/ROCK are effectively inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenci Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Ke
- Department of Marine Biology, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yaoguo Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Kaijin Cai
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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Zhang T, Dang M, Zhang W, Lin X. Gold nanoparticles synthesized from Euphorbia fischeriana root by green route method alleviates the isoprenaline hydrochloride induced myocardial infarction in rats. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 202:111705. [PMID: 31812087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The procurance of gold nanoparticles in the plant extracts is an excellent way to attain nanomaterials natural and eco-friendly nanomaterials. The Dehydrated roots of Chinese Euphorbia fischeriana flowering plant are called "Lang-Du". In this study, the retrieving of gold nanoparticles from Euphorbia fischeriana root was amalgamated by standard procedure. Fabricated gold nanoparticles were portrayed through the investigations of ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-Vis and FTIR results explicated the obtained particles were sphere-shaped and the terpenoids of Euphorbia fischeriana had strong communications with gold surface. The HRTEM and XRD images exposed the produced gold nanoparticles had an extreme composition of crystal arrangement and excellent uniformed size of particles. In our study, the Isoprenaline induced myocardial damage established the elevation in TBARS, LOOH of heart tissues and notable decline in antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH. This biochemical result was additionally proved by histopathological assessment. Remarkably, the pretreatment with EF-AuNps(50 mg/kg b.w) illustrated stabilized levels of serum creatine and cardiotropins in myocardial infarcted animals. And further we understood the essential function of NF-ƙB, TNF-α, IL-6 signaling molecules and its way progression in the development of vascular tenderness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450007, China
| | - Minyan Dang
- Innoscience Research SdnBhd, Jalan USJ 25/1, 47650 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- Innoscience Research SdnBhd, Jalan USJ 25/1, 47650 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xue Lin
- Emergency Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027 China.
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Protective effect of taurine against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: echocardiographical and histological findings. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1649-1655. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mistry RK, Brewer AC. Redox-Dependent Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Biomolecules: Implications for Cardiovascular Health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:972-991. [PMID: 28661184 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sulfur-containing amino acids are integral to the molecular mechanisms that underlie many aspects of cellular function and homeostasis, facilitated by reversible changes in the oxidation states of sulfur atoms. Sulfur-containing amino acids are metabolically linked by interacting pathways that impact the one-carbon metabolic cycle and generation of methyl groups, the folate cycle, and maintenance of the major cellular redox buffer; glutathione. Dysregulation of these pathways is associated with diverse pathologies, notably of the cardiovascular (CV) system, which are typically characterized by inappropriate plasma levels of sulfur-containing amino acids. Recent Advances: Perhaps not surprisingly, the cellular redox state has emerged as a major regulator of many enzymatic processes within these metabolic cycles. The metabolism of cysteine can also result in the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a signaling molecule whose activity is potentially linked to intracellular levels of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and molecular oxygen. CRITICAL ISSUES In most cases, the endogenous physiological sources of ROS that might mediate the interlinked metabolic pathways of sulfur-containing biomolecules remain unknown. However, the family of NADPH oxidases, and Nox4 in particular, is emerging as a likely candidate. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review focuses on the current knowledge of key aspects of sulfur metabolism, which are regulated by redox-based chemical reactions, and the likely intracellular oxidant sources that might mediate this regulation. This knowledge will be important to guide future targeted therapeutic interventions in diverse CV disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Mistry
- Department of Cardiology, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Brewer
- Department of Cardiology, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Shrivastava P, Choudhary R, Nirmalkar U, Singh A, Shree J, Vishwakarma PK, Bodakhe SH. Magnesium taurate attenuates progression of hypertension and cardiotoxicity against cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive albino rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 9:119-123. [PMID: 30963046 PMCID: PMC6435948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the antihypertensive activity and cardioprotective effects of magnesium taurate against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-intoxicated albino rats. Sprague Dawley male albino rats (120-150 g) were divided into five groups having six animals in each group. Hypertension and cardiotoxicity were induced in animals by administration of CdCl2 (0.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for four weeks. Magnesium taurate (2 and 4 mg/kg/day) was administered orally after induction of hypertension (after two weeks) in their respective groups concurrently with CdCl2 for next two weeks. Amlodipine (3 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was used as a standard and administered after induction of hypertension. Blood pressure was monitored biweekly by using non-invasive blood pressure system and biochemical parameters and histopathology of the heart were evaluated after four weeks of the experimental protocol. During the four weeks of the experimental protocol, the toxic control group showed significant elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure concomitant with augmentation of cardiotoxicity as indicated by reduction in myocardial antioxidants including glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and increased malondialdehyde level in heart as compared to the normal group. The oral administrations of magnesium taurate significantly restored the blood pressure, myocardial antioxidants and malondialdehyde level as compared to toxic control group. In addition, histopathological examination showed that magnesium taurate treatments substantially reduced the myocardial damages against CdCl2 treatment. The results suggest that magnesium taurate has prominent antihypertensive and cardioprotective activity via its potent antioxidant activity and can be used as a nutrition supplement to improve the cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Rajesh Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Umashankar Nirmalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Jaya Shree
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Vishwakarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Surendra H Bodakhe
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
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Chinese patent medicine Xin-Ke-Shu inhibits Ca 2+ overload and dysfunction of fatty acid β -oxidation in rats with myocardial infarction induced by LAD ligation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1079:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Bruździak P, Panuszko A, Kaczkowska E, Piotrowski B, Daghir A, Demkowicz S, Stangret J. Taurine as a water structure breaker and protein stabilizer. Amino Acids 2018; 50:125-140. [PMID: 29043510 PMCID: PMC5762795 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The enhancing effect on the water structure has been confirmed for most of the osmolytes exhibiting both stabilizing and destabilizing properties in regard to proteins. The presented work concerns osmolytes, which should be classified as "structure breaking" solutes: taurine and N,N,N-trimethyltaurine (TMT). Here, we combine FTIR spectroscopy, DSC calorimetry and DFT calculations to gain an insight into the interactions between osmolytes and two proteins: lysozyme and ubiquitin. Despite high structural similarity, both osmolytes exert different influence on protein stability: taurine is a stabilizer, TMT is a denaturant. We show also that taurine amino group interacts directly with the side chains of proteins, whereas TMT does not interact with proteins at all. Although two solutes weaken on average the structure of the surrounding water, their hydration spheres are different. Taurine is surrounded by two populations of water molecules: bonded with weak H-bonds around sulfonate group, and strongly bonded around amino group. The strong hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules around the amino group of taurine further improves properties of enhanced protein hydration sphere and stabilizes the native protein form. Direct interactions of this group with surface side chains provide a proper orientation of taurine and prevents the [Formula: see text] group from negative influence. The weakened [Formula: see text] hydration sphere of TMT breaks up the hydrogen-bonded network of water around the protein and destabilizes it. However, TMT at low concentration stabilize both proteins to a small extent. This effect can be attributed to an actual osmophobic effect which is overcome if the concentration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bruździak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - A Panuszko
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - E Kaczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - B Piotrowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Daghir
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - S Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Stangret
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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An investigation on the impact of carnosine on the myocardium in lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR ACADEMY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcac.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Antioxidation Role of Different Lateral Stellate Ganglion Block in Isoproterenol-Induced Acute Myocardial Ischemia in Rats. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 42:588-599. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Santulli G, Iaccarino G. Adrenergic signaling in heart failure and cardiovascular aging. Maturitas 2016; 93:65-72. [PMID: 27062709 PMCID: PMC5036981 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both cardiovascular disease and aging are associated with changes in the sympathetic nervous system. Indeed, mounting evidence indicates that adrenergic receptors are functionally involved in numerous processes underlying both aging and cardiovascular disorders, in particular heart failure. This article will review the pathophysiological role of the sympathetic nervous system in heart failure and cardiovascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy.
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Choudhary R, Bodakhe SH. Magnesium taurate prevents cataractogenesis via restoration of lenticular oxidative damage and ATPase function in cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive experimental animals. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:836-844. [PMID: 27728893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we found that hypertension potentiates the risk the cataractogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of magnesium taurate (MgT) on hypertension and associated lenticular damages against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced hypertensive animals. Male Sprague-Dawley albino rats (150-180g) were assigned to five experimental groups (n=6). Among the five groups, normal group received 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose (10ml/kg/day, p.o.). Hypertension control group received CdCl2 (0.5mg/kg/day, i.p.). Tests and standard groups received MgT (3 and 6mg/kg/day, p.o.) and amlodipine (3mg/kg/day, p.o.) concurrently with CdCl2 respectively, for six consecutive weeks. Blood pressure, heart rate, and eyes were examined biweekly, and pathophysiological parameters in serum and eye lenses were evaluated after six weeks of the experimental protocol. The chronic administration of MgT concurrently with CdCl2 significantly restored the blood pressure, serum and lens antioxidants (CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH), MDA level, and ions (Na+, K+, and Ca2+). Additionally, MgT treatment led to significant increase in the lens proteins (total and soluble), Ca2+ ATPase, and Na+K+ ATPase activity as compared to hypertension control group. Ophthalmoscope observations indicated that MgT treatments delayed the progression of cataract against the hypertensive state. The study shows that MgT prevents the progression of cataractogenesis via restoration of blood pressure, lenticular oxidative damages, and lens ATPase functions in the hypertensive state. The results suggest that MgT supplement may play a beneficial role to manage hypertension and associated cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Surendra H Bodakhe
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Zeng R, Wang M, You GY, Yue RZ, Chen YC, Zeng Z, Liu R, Qiang O, Zhang L. Effect of Mini-Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase/Mini-Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase on Angiogenesis in Rhesus Monkeys after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 34:4-12. [PMID: 26400816 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zeng
- Department of Cardiology; West China Hospital; School of Clinic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Cardiology; West China Hospital; School of Clinic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Gui-ying You
- Department of Cardiology; West China Hospital; School of Clinic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Rong-zheng Yue
- Department of Nephrology; West China Hospital; School of Clinic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yu-cheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology; West China Hospital; School of Clinic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Cardiology; West China Hospital; School of Clinic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Peptides Related with Human Diseases; National Laboratory of Biomedicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Ou Qiang
- Laboratory of Peptides Related with Human Diseases; National Laboratory of Biomedicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology; West China Hospital; School of Clinic Medicine; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Role of ROS Production and Turnover in the Antioxidant Activity of Taurine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:581-96. [PMID: 25833529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Evran B, Karpuzoğlu H, Develi S, Kalaz EB, Soluk-Tekkeşin M, Olgaç V, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M. Effects of carnosine on prooxidant–antioxidant status in heart tissue, plasma and erythrocytes of rats with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Guler L, Tavlasoglu M, Yucel O, Guler A, Sahin MA, Kurkluoglu M, Sirin Y, Eken A, Gamsizkan M, Dakak M, Gurkok S, Genc O. Taurine attenuates lung ischemia–reperfusion injury after lung transplantation in rats. J Anesth 2013; 28:347-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The effect of taurine on chronic heart failure: actions of taurine against catecholamine and angiotensin II. Amino Acids 2013; 46:111-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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El-Houseini ME, Refaei MO, Amin AI, Abol-Ftouh MA. Potential role of curcumin and taurine combination therapy on human myeloid leukemic cells propagatedin vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2281-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.776167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Effects of magnesium taurate on the onset and progression of galactose-induced experimental cataract: in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Exp Eye Res 2013; 110:35-43. [PMID: 23428743 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cataract, a leading cause of blindness, is characterized by lenticular opacities resulting from denaturation of lens proteins due to activation of calcium-dependent enzyme, calpain. Magnesium (Mg(2+)) plays an important role not only in maintaining a low lenticular calcium (Ca(2+)) and sodium concentration but also in preserving the lens redox status. Taurine has also been shown to reduce lenticular oxidative stress. Present study evaluated the anticataract effects of magnesium taurate in vivo and in vitro. Among the five groups of 9 Sprague Dawley rats each, two groups received 30% galactose diet with topical (GDMT) or oral treatment (GDMO) with magnesium taurate. Two groups received 30% galactose diet with topical (GDT) or oral vehicle (GDO). Remaining 1 group received normal diet (ND). Weekly slit lamp examination was done during 21 days experimental period and then all rats were sacrificed; Ca/Mg ratio and antioxidant parameters including reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in the isolated lenses using ELISA. In the in vitro study, 2 groups of 10 normal rat lenses were incubated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with galactose while 1 similar group was incubated in DMEM without galactose. In one of the groups, galactose containing medium was supplemented with magnesium taurate. After 48 h of incubation, lenses were photographed and Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio and antioxidant parameters were measured as for in vivo study. The in vivo study, at the end of experimental period, demonstrated delay in the development of cataract with a mean opacity index of 0.53 ± 0.04 and 0.51 ± 0.03 in GDMO (p < 0.05 versus GDO) and GDMT (p < 0.01 versus GDT) respectively. Histopathological grading showed a lower mean value in treated groups, however, the differences from corresponding controls were not significant. Lenticular Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio with a mean value of 1.20 ± 0.26 and 1.05 ± 0.26 in GDMO and GDMT was significantly lower than corresponding controls (p < 0.05) and in GDMT no significant difference was observed from ND. Lenticular GSH and catalase activities were significantly lower and SOD activity was significantly higher in all galactose fed groups. However, in GDMT, GSH and catalase were significantly higher than corresponding control with mean values of 0.96 ± 0.30 μmol/gm lens weight and 56.98 ± 9.86 μmol/g lens protein respectively (p < 0.05 for GSH and p < 0.01 for catalase). SOD activity with mean values of 13.05 ± 6.35 and 13.27 ± 7.61 units/mg lens protein in GDMO and GDMT respectively was significantly lower compared to corresponding controls (p < 0.05) signifying lesser upregulation of SOD due to lesser oxidative stress in treated groups. In the in vitro study, lenses incubated in magnesium taurate containing medium showed less opacity and a lower mean Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio of 1.64 ± 0.03, which was not significantly different from lenses incubated in DMEM without galactose. Lens GSH and catalase activities were restored to normal in lenses incubated in magnesium taurate containing medium. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that treatment with magnesium taurate delays the onset and progression of cataract in galactose fed rats by restoring the lens Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio and lens redox status.
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Effects of taurine on myocardial cGMP/cAMP ratio, antioxidant ability, and ultrastructure in cardiac hypertrophy rats induced by isoproterenol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 776:217-29. [PMID: 23392885 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6093-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the human body and accounts for more than 50% of the total amino acid pool in the mammalian heart. To investigate the preventive effects of taurine on cardiac hypertrophy in rats, myocardial injury was established by hypodermic injection of isoprenaline (ISO) (10 mg/kg d) for 7 days. The preventive effects of taurine (100 mg/kg d, 200 mg/kg d, and 300 mg/kg d, i.p) on heart coefficient; ultrastructure of cardiac muscle; the levels of creatine kinase heart isoenzyme (CK-MB), cAMP, and cGMP; and antioxidant ability were investigated. The results showed that taurine could significantly prevent the increase of heart coefficient induced by ISO. Compared with the model group, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg taurine significantly decrease the levels of cAMP and cGMP, while 300 mg/kg taurine could significantly decrease the levels of cAMP in myocardium, and all the three concentrations of taurine could significantly increase the ratio of cGMP/cAMP. The level of serum CK-MB was significantly increased by ISO; 200 mg/kg taurine could significantly decrease it, but 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg taurine had no significant effect. As for the antioxidant ability, ISO administration could significantly increase the myocardial level of MDA but had no significant effects on the myocardial levels of SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, and T-AOC. However, taurine administration could significantly decrease the myocardial level of MDA and increase the levels of GSH and T-AOC compared with the model group. The serum levels of SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, and T-AOC were significantly reduced by ISO administration, but the level of MDA showed no significant changes compared with the control group. Taurine administration could significantly increase the serum levels of SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, and T-AOC and decrease the level of MDA compared with the model group. All the results indicated that 200 mg/kg taurine had better effects. The ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes showed that taurine administration could significantly reverse the injury caused by ISO. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that taurine could inhibit the injury induced by ISO by increasing myocardial negative inotropic effect and antioxidant ability, decreasing the hypertrophic response to isoproterenol and protecting the integrity of -myocardial ultrastructure, decreasing myocardial leak of CK-MB.
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Anandan R, Ganesan B, Obulesu T, Mathew S, Kumar R, Lakshmanan P, Zynudheen A. Dietary chitosan supplementation attenuates isoprenaline-induced oxidative stress in rat myocardium. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:783-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Christophersen OA. Radiation protection following nuclear power accidents: a survey of putative mechanisms involved in the radioprotective actions of taurine during and after radiation exposure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:14787. [PMID: 23990836 PMCID: PMC3747764 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are several animal experiments showing that high doses of ionizing radiation lead to strongly enhanced leakage of taurine from damaged cells into the extracellular fluid, followed by enhanced urinary excretion. This radiation-induced taurine depletion can itself have various harmful effects (as will also be the case when taurine depletion is due to other causes, such as alcohol abuse or cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs), but taurine supplementation has been shown to have radioprotective effects apparently going beyond what might be expected just as a consequence of correcting the harmful consequences of taurine deficiency per se. The mechanisms accounting for the radioprotective effects of taurine are, however, very incompletely understood. In this article an attempt is made to survey various mechanisms that potentially might be involved as parts of the explanation for the overall beneficial effect of high levels of taurine that has been found in experiments with animals or isolated cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. It is proposed that taurine may have radioprotective effects by a combination of several mechanisms: (1) during the exposure to ionizing radiation by functioning as an antioxidant, but perhaps more because it counteracts the prooxidant catalytic effect of iron rather than functioning as an important scavenger of harmful molecules itself, (2) after the ionizing radiation exposure by helping to reduce the intensity of the post-traumatic inflammatory response, and thus reducing the extent of tissue damage that develops because of severe inflammation rather than as a direct effect of the ionizing radiation per se, (3) by functioning as a growth factor helping to enhance the growth rate of leukocytes and leukocyte progenitor cells and perhaps also of other rapidly proliferating cell types, such as enterocyte progenitor cells, which may be important for immunological recovery and perhaps also for rapid repair of various damaged tissues, especially in the intestines, and (4) by functioning as an antifibrogenic agent. A detailed discussion is given of possible mechanisms involved both in the antioxidant effects of taurine, in its anti-inflammatory effects and in its role as a growth factor for leukocytes and nerve cells, which might be closely related to its role as an osmolyte important for cellular volume regulation because of the close connection between cell volume regulation and the regulation of protein synthesis as well as cellular protein degradation. While taurine supplementation alone would be expected to exert a therapeutic effect far better than negligible in patients that have been exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, it may on theoretical grounds be expected that much better results may be obtained by using taurine as part of a multifactorial treatment strategy, where it may interact synergistically with several other nutrients, hormones or other drugs for optimizing antioxidant protection and minimizing harmful posttraumatic inflammatory reactions, while using other nutrients to optimize DNA and tissue repair processes, and using a combination of good diet, immunostimulatory hormones and perhaps other nontoxic immunostimulants (such as beta-glucans) for optimizing the recovery of antiviral and antibacterial immune functions. Similar multifactorial treatment strategies may presumably be helpful in several other disease situations (including severe infectious diseases and severe asthma) as well as for treatment of acute intoxications or acute injuries (both mechanical ones and severe burns) where severely enhanced oxidative and/or nitrative stress and/or too much secretion of vasodilatory neuropeptides from C-fibres are important parts of the pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to the death of the patient. Some case histories (with discussion of some of those mechanisms that may have been responsible for the observed therapeutic outcome) are given for illustration of the likely validity of these concepts and their relevance both for treatment of severe infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
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H S Kumar S, Anandan R. Biochemical studies on the cardioprotective effect of glutamine on tissue antioxidant defense system in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 40:49-55. [PMID: 18437213 PMCID: PMC2291504 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.40.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms with a central role involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The protective effect of glutamine on myocardial antioxidant defense system was investigated during isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction, an animal model of myocardial infarction of human beings. Levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in heart tissue were determined. Injection of isoprenaline caused significant increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue. A parallel decline in the levels of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and GSH and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes in heart tissue was also observed. Prior oral administration of glutamine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced adverse effects and maintained myocardial antioxidant status at near normal status. The cardioprotective effect of glutamine is probably related to a strengthening of the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action, or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property, or to its ability to maintain near to normal status the activities of free radical scavenging enzymes and the level of GSH, which protect myocardial membrane against oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam H S Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072, INDIA
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Cozzoli A, Rolland JF, Capogrosso RF, Sblendorio VT, Longo V, Simonetti S, Nico B, De Luca A. Evaluation of potential synergistic action of a combined treatment with alpha-methyl-prednisolone and taurine on the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:243-56. [PMID: 20618838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Glucocorticoids are the sole drugs clinically used in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in spite of the relevant side effects. Combination of glucocorticoids with synergistic drugs may be one strategy to lower doses and control side effects, meanwhile providing wider control of the complex pathology. This study is a preclinical evaluation of the effect of a combined treatment of α-methyl-prednisolone (PDN) with taurine, a safe aminoacid with positive effects on some pathology-related events. METHODS PDN (1 mg/kg/day i.p.) and taurine (1 g/kg/day orally) were administered either alone or in combination, for 4-8 weeks to male dystrophic mdx mice chronically exercised on a treadmill. Effects were assessed in vivo and ex vivo with a variety of methodological approaches. RESULTS In vivo, each treatment significantly increased fore limb strength, a marked synergistic effect being observed with the combination PDN + taurine. Ex vivo, PDN + taurine completely restored the mechanical threshold, an electrophysiological index of calcium homeostasis, of extensor digitorum longus myofibres and the benefit was greater than for PDN alone. In parallel, the overactivity of voltage-independent cation channels in dystrophic myofibres was reduced. No effects were observed on plasma levels of creatine kinase, while lactate dehydrogenase was decreased by taurine and, to a minor extent, by PDN + taurine. A similar histology profile was observed in PDN and PDN + taurine-treated muscles. PDN + taurine significantly increased taurine level in fast-twitch muscle and brain, by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. CONCLUSIONS The combination PDN + taurine has additive actions on in vivo and ex vivo functional end points, with less evident advantages on histopathology and biochemical markers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cozzoli
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaco-biology, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari Metabolic Disease Unit, Paediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
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Implication of Substance P in myocardial contractile function during ischemia in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 167:185-91. [PMID: 21256875 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that substance P (SP) participates in the pathology of acute myocardial ischemia and infarction but the profiles of the peptide in regulation of cardiac functions are still elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of substance P in regulation of cardiac functions and its association with adrenergic mechanism in acute myocardial ischemia and infarction with rodent models. The experiments were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats. SP and norepinephrine were significantly up-regulated in myocardium at 15min, 30min and 60min of coronary artery occlusion. Pretreatment of the rats with a specific antagonist of neurokinin-1 receptor, D-SP, significant increased+dp/dt and decreased -dp/dt, compared with the controls, pretreated with 0.9% saline. Pretreatment of the isolated CAO hearts with substance P (10(-7)mol/L) significantly increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure. SP producing no effects on cardiac functions when given alone to isolated (non-CAO) heart caused significant attenuation of the changes in the contractility and diastolic functions induced by norepinephrine, when given with norepinephrine. SP attenuated the increase in the activity of PKA provoked by norepinephrine in cultured myocytes. In conclusion, the findings may indicate SP regulates cardiac functions via modulation of adrenergic activity, through suppression of over-activation of PKA.
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Zeng R, Chen YC, Zeng Z, Liu WQ, Jiang XF, Liu R, Qiang O, Li X. Effect of mini-tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase/mini-tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase on ischemic angiogenesis in rats: proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Heart Vessels 2010; 26:69-80. [PMID: 20963594 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-010-0032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of mini-tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase/mini-tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (mini-TyrRS/mini-TrpRS) on ischemic angiogenesis in rats with acute myocardial infarction and proliferation, migration, potential signaling pathways of rat coronary venular endothelial cells (RCVECs). The effects of mini-TyrRS/mini-TrpRS on RCVECs proliferation were evaluated using the MTT colorimetric assay. Cell migration was assayed using a modified Boyden chamber technique. The potential involvement of Erk and PI3K signaling pathways was explored using selective chemical inhibitor or Western-blot analysis. Left coronary artery ligation was used to establish the model of acute myocardial infarction in rats (Sprague-Dawley male rats, 200-250 g, 2-3 months old), 20 μl of mini-TyrRS, mini-TrpRS, or PBS (vehicle) was injected subcutaneously every 12 h. The rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: sham operated group; coronary artery ligation (CAL); CAL + mini-TyrRS (20 μl, twice daily, 600 μg kg(-1) day(-1)); and CAL + mini-TrpRS (20 μl, twice daily, 600 μg kg(-1) day(-1)). The experiment was carried out at four time points on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th day after ligation. To determine whether mini-TyrRS/mini-TrpRS affected the angiogenesis activity of rats with myocardial infarction, we measured the myocardial infarction size by TTC staining, and microvessel density (MVD) was determined by CD34 staining. The results show that proliferation and migration in RCVECs could be promoted by mini-TyrRS at concentrations of 1-100 μg/ml, and inhibited by mini-TrpRS. Phospho-PI3-kinase and Erk expression increased significantly when mini-TyrRS was added, but could be attenuated by mini-TrpRS. Compared to the CAL group, the myocardial infarction size of the mini-TyrRS group at the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th day were decreased, while mini-TrpRS increased, but only in days 14 and 28 was there a significant difference. Except that, the microvessel density of RCVECs was promoted in mini-TyrRS group but inhibited in the mini-TrpRS group. These results indicated that angiogenesis could be either stimulated by mini-TyrRS or inhibited by mini-TrpRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, School of Clinic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Goodman CA, Horvath D, Stathis C, Mori T, Croft K, Murphy RM, Hayes A. Taurine supplementation increases skeletal muscle force production and protects muscle function during and after high-frequency in vitro stimulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:144-54. [PMID: 19423840 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00040.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies report that depletion and repletion of muscle taurine (Tau) to endogenous levels affects skeletal muscle contractility in vitro. In this study, muscle Tau content was raised above endogenous levels by supplementing male Sprague-Dawley rats with 2.5% (wt/vol) Tau in drinking water for 2 wk, after which extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were examined for in vitro contractile properties, fatigue resistance, and recovery from fatigue after two different high-frequency stimulation bouts. Tau supplementation increased muscle Tau content by approximately 40% and isometric twitch force by 19%, shifted the force-frequency relationship upward and to the left, increased specific force by 4.2%, and increased muscle calsequestrin protein content by 49%. Force at the end of a 10-s (100 Hz) continuous tetanic stimulation was 6% greater than controls, while force at the end of the 3-min intermittent high-frequency stimulation bout was significantly higher than controls, with a 12% greater area under the force curve. For 1 h after the 10-s continuous stimulation, tetanic force in Tau-supplemented muscles remained relatively stable while control muscle force gradually deteriorated. After the 3-min intermittent bout, tetanic force continued to slowly recover over the next 1 h, while control muscle force again began to decline. Tau supplementation attenuated F(2)-isoprostane production (a sensitive indicator of reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation) during the 3-min intermittent stimulation bout. Finally, Tau transporter protein expression was not altered by the Tau supplementation. Our results demonstrate that raising Tau content above endogenous levels increases twitch and subtetanic and specific force in rat fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Also, we demonstrate that raising Tau protects muscle function during high-frequency in vitro stimulation and the ensuing recovery period and helps reduce oxidative stress during prolonged stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Goodman
- School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1319-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Briet F, Keith M, Leong-Poi H, Kadakia A, Aba-Alkhail K, Giliberto JP, Stewart D, Errett L, David Mazer C. Triple nutrient supplementation improves survival, infarct size and cardiac function following myocardial infarction in rats. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:691-699. [PMID: 18359616 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We evaluated the impact of triple nutrient supplementation (TNS: carnitine, taurine and coenzyme Q(10)) vs. carnitine alone (CARN) or placebo on survival, infarct size, cardiac function and metabolic gene expression using a model of myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were randomized to three groups divided in two independent studies prior to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD): TNS vs. Placebo and TNS vs. CARN. Nutrient supplementation [L-carnitine (300 mg/day), coenzyme Q(10) (15 mg/kg body weight/day) and taurine (0.1M)] was administered daily for four weeks prior to and for 10 days after MI. At that time, cardiac function and infarct size were measured. Metabolic gene (mRNA) expression in the peri-infarct tissue of left ventricle from TNS, placebo or corresponding time-control rats (TNS or placebo without LAD ligation) was measured 10 days after MI. When compared to placebo, TNS significantly improved survival (60% vs. 34%, p<0.02), cardiac function, and reduced infarct size (30+/-7% vs. 42+/-9%, p<0.001). Although CARN improved survival like TNS (45% vs. 50%, not significant), it did not reduce infarct size (32+/-14% vs. 19+/-10%, p<0.05) or delay myocardial remodeling. In the placebo group, MI was associated with a significantly altered pattern of metabolic gene expression (glucose transporter 1, liver carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; p<0.01 for all three) in the left ventricle peri-infarct tissue. In contrast, gene expression was normalized in the group receiving TNS. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the potential cardioprotective impact of TNS during myocardial ischemia. In contrast to carnitine supplementation alone, TNS improved survival as well as cardiac function, gene expression and delayed remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Briet
- Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Parildar H, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Mehmetçik G, Ozdemirler G, Koçak-Toker N, Uysal M. Lipid peroxidation potential and antioxidants in the heart tissue of beta-alanine- or taurine-treated old rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008; 54:61-5. [PMID: 18388409 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.54.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the changes of taurine levels in the hearts of old rats on endogenous malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels and ascorbic acid (AA)- and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation as well as non-enzymatic (glutathione, vitamin E and vitamin C) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase). Two groups of old (22 mo) rats were treated with beta-alanine (3%, w/v; in drinking water), a taurine depleting agent, or taurine (2% w/v; in drinking water) for 6 wk. Significant decreases were observed in taurine contents of hearts in old rats as compared to young (5 mo) rats. We found that MDA and DC levels and AA- and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation increased, but non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants did not alter in heart homogenates of aged rats. beta-Alanine administration resulted in significant decreases in heart taurine levels of old rats. This treatment did not cause further increases in MDA or DC levels or changes in antioxidants. However, AA- and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation was higher than that of old rats. Taurine treatment caused significant increases in heart taurine levels of old rats. This treatment was found to decrease endogenous MDA and DC levels without affecting the antioxidant system in the heart homogenates of aged rats. AA- and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation was also reduced in old rats when given taurine, although not statistically significantly. Our results indicate that the changes in heart taurine levels may influence the susceptibility of heart tissue to lipid peroxidation in aged rats and that taurine supplementation has protective effects on age-dependent oxidative stress in heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Parildar
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zeng X, He H, Yang J, Yang X, Wu L, Yu J, Li L. Temporal effect of Guanxin No. 2 on cardiac function, blood viscosity and angiogenesis in rats after long-term occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:485-494. [PMID: 18579111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cardiac infarction is one of the main causes of death in both developing and developed countries over past decades. Currently available approaches for treating patients with this disease are not satisfactory. Traditional Chinese medicines have been increasingly paid attention to. The aim of this study was to characterize the dynamic protective effects of Guanxin No. 2 decoction (GX II) on cardiac dysfunction combined with the blood viscosity and myocardial hypertrophy parameters in myocardial infarction (MI) rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (180-200 g) were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated, coronary artery ligation (CAL), and CAL plus GX II (GX II, 10.0 g raw materials/kg/d, bid, p.o.). The experiment was carried out at 4 time points as the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th day after ligation. RESULT It was found that on the one hand, GX II could significantly improve the heart function, and remarkably decrease infarct size and inhibit ventricular remodeling. On the other hand, GX II showed some unique effects such as angiogenesis which was induced in the left ventricular tissue. This result was consistent with the finding of an augmented vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in this area. CONCLUSIONS The studies demonstrated that GX II exerted extensively beneficial cardioprotective effect on CAL rats, it might stimulate angiogenesis of ischemic region to compensate blood supply to the heart via upregulated VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Guan X, Dei-Anane G, Liang R, Gross ML, Nickkholgh A, Kern M, Ludwig J, Zeier M, Büchler MW, Schmidt J, Schemmer P. Donor Preconditioning with Taurine Protects Kidney Grafts from Injury After Experimental Transplantation. J Surg Res 2008; 146:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kincius M, Liang R, Nickkholgh A, Hoffmann K, Flechtenmacher C, Ryschich E, Gutt CN, Gebhard MM, Schmidt J, Büchler MW, Schemmer P. Taurine protects from liver injury after warm ischemia in rats: the role of kupffer cells. Eur Surg Res 2007; 39:275-83. [PMID: 17519554 DOI: 10.1159/000102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Warm ischemia to liver with subsequent Kupffer cell-dependent pathology is associated with many clinical conditions. Taurine prevents Kupffer cell activation and improves graft survival after experimental cold ischemia and liver transplantation. Thus this study was designed to assess its effects after warm hepatic ischemia. METHODS The left liver lobe of female Sprague-Dawley rats (170-210 g) underwent 60 min of warm ischemia. Animals were given either intravenous taurine or Ringer's solution 10 min prior to warm ischemia. Transaminases, histology, in vivo microscopy, intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) expression, TNF-alpha and tissue hydroperoxide were compared between groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or ANOVA on ranks as appropriate. RESULTS Taurine significantly decreased transaminases and improved histologic outcome. Phagocytosis of latex beads, serum TNF-alpha levels and tissue hydroperoxide concentrations were also significantly reduced. Stickers in sinusoids and post-sinusoidal venules significantly decreased. In parallel, both leukocyte infiltration and ICAM-1 expression decreased (p < 0.05), while flow velocity of red blood cells as well as sinusoidal perfusion rate were improved (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that taurine blunts Kupffer cell-dependent hepatic pathology after warm ischemia in vivo via mechanisms including leukocyte-endothelial interaction, microcirculation disturbances and protection against lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kincius
- Department of General Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ganesan B, Rajesh R, Anandan R, Dhandapani N. Biochemical Studies on the Protective Effect of Betaine on Mitochondrial Function in Experimentally Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Ganesan
- Vinayaka Mission's University
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology
| | | | - Rangasamy Anandan
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology
| | - Nanjappan Dhandapani
- Vinayaka Mission's University
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R.V.S College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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